2015 THE BERLIN JOURNAL all

f A Magazine from the American Academy in Berlin Number Twenty-Nine Fall 2015 NUMBER 29

THE BERLIN JOURNAL THE BERLIN

Crisis and Convergence An overview of German- American relations

Gonth g Ba Mary Cappello on sound and mood

A Deeper Freedom Philip Kitcher on Dewey’s Democracy and Education

Architecture and Cold-War Hospitality by Vladimir Kulić

The End A new short story by Anthony Marra A biomass facility in South Africa +++ Turns cow dung into electricity +++ Providing 30 percent of power for our Rosslyn plant +++ The BMW Group +++ Pioneering renewable energy +++ Sustainable cars and production +++ Going hand in hand Watch the video here: BMWGROUP.COM/WHATSNEXT OTHERS HAVE ONE ENERGY SUPPLIER. WE’VE GOT 25,000. PRODUCTION USING 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY. IT’S WHAT’S NEXT FOR US. CONTENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS

focus features notebook 4 24 64

7 Changing Moods, Enduring 26 th gONg Ba 66 Henry A. Kissinger Prize 2015 Interests by Mary Cappello to Hans-Dietrich Genscher by Josef Joffe and Giorgio Napolitano 29 vuLa ie a bord de l’eau 10 TransaTLANTIC Crises by Michael B. Miller 69 CNew hairman and Trustees by Karsten Voigt 34 Methlabs and Industrial Alchemy 70 pROfiles in Scholarship 14 Air Berlin by Jason Pine Class of Fall 2015 by William I. Hitchcock 38 Artist Portfolio 72 Book Reviews 18 Remembering Tempelhof Adrià Julià; text by Alena J. Williams by Tara Bray Smith Interviews with Gail Halvorsen and Adam Ross 46 A Deeper Freedom and Michael Hoth by Philip Kitcher 75 Alumni Books 20 The Fight over Peace 50 Building between Worlds 76 sUpporters and Donors by Philipp Gassert by Vladimir Kulić 54 The End by Anthony Marra 58 sTRONgman Theory A discussion about authoritarianism 62 Boredom in the Bloc by Paulina Bren

Josef Joffe, a founding trustee of the Mannheim and co-author of Amerikas Fall 2015 Axel Springer Fellow Vladimir Kulić ­American Academy in Berlin, is editor/pub­ Kriege (2014). Fall 2015 Holtzbrinck Fellow is an associate professor of architecture lisher of Die Zeit. His latest book is The Myth Mary Cappello is a writer and professor of at Florida State University. Anthony Marra of America’s Decline (2013). Karsten Voigt English and creative writing at the Univer­ teaches writing at Stanford University and was a Social Democrat member of the sity of Rhode Island. Michael B. Miller is a is the fall 2015 Mary Ellen von der Heyden Bundes ­tag from 1976 to 1998 and served professor of history at the University of Fellow in Fiction. Martin Dimitrov headed as the German federal government’s coor­ Miami and the fall 2015 Nina Maria Gorrissen the Richard C. Holbrooke Forum summer dinator of German-American Cooperation Fellow of History. Jason Pine is the fall 2015 2015 retreat. He teaches political science at from 1999 to 2010. William I. Hitchcock is Bosch Fellow in Public Policy and an assistant Tulane University. Academy trustee Wolfgang a ­professor of history at the University of professor of anthropology and media, soci­ Ischinger is a German diplomat and the ­Virginia and the Pulitzer-nominated author ety, and the arts at SUNY Purchase. Adrià chairman of the Munich Security Conference. of The Bitter Road to Freedom: The Human Julià, a Los Angeles-based multidisciplinary Paulina Bren teaches history at Vassar Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe artist, is the fall 2015 Guna S. Mundheim College and is co-editor of Communism (2009). Gail Halvorsen, the original Candy Fellow in the Visual Arts. Alena J. Williams Unwrapped: Consumption in Cold War Eastern Bomber, is a retired career officer and com­ is an assistant professor in the Department Europe (2012). Tara Bray Smith is the mand pilot in the US Air Force. Michael of Visual Arts at University of California, author of West of Then: A Mother, a ­Daughter, Hoth is a retired US Air Force sergeant and San Diego. John Dewey Professor of Philos­ and a Journey Past Paradise (2004), a administration specialist at Tempelhof ophy at Columbia University Philip Kitcher memoir about Hawaii. Adam Ross, a 2014 Aiport. Philipp ­Gassert is the chair of is working on his project “Renewing Prag­ Academy alumnus, is a writer and author of ­contemporary history at the University of matism” as the Daimler Fellow of fall 2015. the award-winning novel Mr. Peanut (2010). the berlin journal founder Richard C. Holbrooke founding chairmen Thomas L. Number Twenty-Nine Farmer, Henry A. Kissinger, Fall 2015 Richard von Weizsäcker chairman Gahl Hodges Burt publisher Gerhard Casper editor R. Jay Magill Jr. trustees Manfred Bischoff, managing editor Stephen B. Burbank, Gahl Johana Gallup Hodges Burt, Caroline Walker advertising Berit Ebert Bynum, Gerhard Casper, design Susanna Dulkinys Roger Cohen, Mathias Döpfner, & Edenspiekermann Marina Kellen French, Michael E. Geyer, Hans-Michael Giesen, Copyright © 2015 C. Boyden Gray, Vartan American Academy in Berlin Gregorian, Andrew S. Gundlach, ISSN 1610-6490 Helga Haub, Florian Henckel We are deeply von Donnersmarck, Wolfgang Cover Image: A. Herrmann, Stefan von grateful to © Claus Goedicke, Telefon, 2011, Holtzbrinck, Dirk Ippen, from the series “Some Things,” Wolfgang Ischinger, Josef Joffe, Courtesy Galerie m Bochum, Michael S. Klein, John C. Germany Kornblum, Regine Leibinger, TELEFÓNICA DEUTSCHLAND HOLDING AG Vincent A. Mai, Wolfgang Printed by Ruksaldruck, Berlin Malchow, Nina von Maltzahn, Kati Marton, Julie Mehretu, Michael Müller (ex officio), the american academy Adam Posen, George E. Rupp, in berlin Volker Schlöndorff, Peter Y. Solmssen, Kurt F. Viermetz, president Christine I. Wallich, Maureen Gerhard Casper White, Pauline Yu chief operating officer Christian U. Diehl chairman emeritus Karl M. von der Heyden Am Sandwerder 17–19 14109 Berlin trustees emeriti John P. Tel. (49 30) 80 48 3-0 Birkelund, Diethart Breipohl, Fax (49 30) 80 48 3-111 Richard K. Goeltz, Wolfgang americanacademy.de Mayrhuber, Norman Pearlstine, and Fritz Stern 14 East 60th Street, Suite 604 New York, NY 10022 executive director emeritus Tel. (1) 212 588-1755 Gary Smith STEFAN VON HOLTZBRINCK Fax (1) 212 588-1758

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Crises in the Partnership

Since arriving in Berlin, I have frequently listened to report- by two eyewitness accounts by men who flew planes in and ers and others stating their belief that the US-German rela- out of Tempelhof, both during the Airlift and the Cold War. tionship is in trouble. “You have become president of the Finally, University of Mannheim historian Philipp Gassert Academy at a time when the German-American relation- looks at the context and consequences of the 1979 NATO ship is at an all-time low—in fact, when it is in the midst of Double-Track Decision. Taken together, these articles sug- a historical crisis.” I have also heard more sanguine views gest that the nations’ intertwined twentieth-century histo- on the matter, but this one seems to be the most prevalent. ries have led to a series of interactions that at times have Revelations about the scope of the National Security been more emotional than those between sovereign na- Agency’s intelligence gathering have undoubtedly in- tions usually are. They also show that the values forming creased German criticism of the United States, especially the bedrocks of our political systems—democracy, freedom among the younger generations, and have sparked the con- of the press, rule of law, and inalienable human rights— cern that this episode might signify the onset of a long-term have endured. rift, even though a number of observers note that differenc- As always, the bulk of the Berlin Journal is dedicated es voiced in public do not reflect the reality of continued to our resident fellows, whose presence and work at the cooperation in government-to-government relations. Academy comprises the heart of our mission. The Features In the more than fifty years that I have lived in the section offers a mix of essays and stories from some of United States I have observed many a crisis in German- America’s most interesting scholars, writers, and artists. American relations. Philosopher Philip Kitcher looks to John Dewey’s hallmark The Focus section of this Berlin Journal is therefore ded- work Democracy and Education for keys to reconceiving our icated to taking a look at past tensions the two countries own democratic virtues; writer Mary Cappello’s first-per- have endured, as well as at some of the highpoints of the re- son account ventures into the topic of overlapping moods lationship since the end of World War II. In the opening es- and sound; architectural historian Vladimir Kulić discusses say, Die Zeit’s Josef Joffe, a founding trustee of the Academy, Yugoslavia’s imaginative Cold-War building projects; novel- observes, “The record shows that Germany’s affection for ist Anthony Marra offers a vivid story from his new collec- the US has waned since the early postwar years, yet in tion; historian Michael B. Miller hinges French identity to spite of an ever-changing setting, common interests have the country’s many waterways; anthropologist Jason Pine prevailed.” Karsten Voigt was for more than twenty years a investigates the home-manufacturing of illegal narcotics in Social Democratic member of the Bundestag and from 1999 the American heartland; and Los Angeles-based artist Adrià to 2010 served as the German federal government’s coordi- Julià offers some images of his latest multimedia work. nator of German-American Cooperation. Voigt, from a po- We hope these contributions will entice you to join us litical and from his personal vantage point, analyzes some —in person or via our livestream channel—at the Hans of the multiple, at times existential, crises that have im- Arnhold Center, which in many ways itself symbolizes pacted the countries’ alliance. University of Virginia histo- Germany’s complex history in the twentieth century and rian William I. Hitchcock lends a micro-history of the Berlin its singular relationship to the United States. Airlift—that chapter in US-German relations that last year marked its sixty-fifth anniversary. This history is enlivened Gerhard Casper FOCUS Crisis and Convergence

Changing Moods, Enduring Interests by Josef Joffe 7

A Long View of Transatlantic Crises B y Karsten Voigt 10

Air Berlin B y William I. Hitchcock 14

Remembering the Airlift & Cold-War Tempelhof Interviews with Gail Halvorsen and Michael Hoth 18

The Fight over Peace B y Philipp Gassert 20

Interior view of Douglas C-47 Dakota plane in Faßberg, near Celle, Germany, 2013. Photo Wikimedia Commons/ Oxfordian Kissuth, CC-BY-SA-3.0. 6th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

CRISIS AND CONVERGENCE

An overview of German-American flash points and high points since World War II

How serious is the current rift in American-German relations? Triggered by revelations about the National Security Agency’s activities in Germany, tensions between the two countries have recently increased. But is this truly a “crisis,” as some commentators worry?

Rather than attempting to provide definitive answers, the focus section of this Berlin Journal presents a few historical perspectives to place recent developments in a broader context. Academy trustee Josef Joffe, editor/ publisher of Die Zeit, and Karsten Voigt, the SPD’s coordinator of German- American affairs for over a decade, offer side-by-side, overarching analy­ ses of recent German-American affairs. The section then highlights two specific moments in the history of convergence and crisis: the remarkable achievement of the Berlin Airlift, of 1948–49, and the 1979 NATO Double- Track Decision, which created tremors throughout German society during the grave uncertainty of the Cold War. Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 7

CHANGING MOODS, ENDURING INTERESTS

The German love affair with America ended long ago, but government-to-government relations could not be better

by Josef Joffe

erman s don’t really like the United States. Says found out. Asked whether their country should use force in who? The Pew Research Center, in a fresh study, the event of a Russian attack on an alliance member—say, G from June 2015, on America’s global standing. Forty- on Poland or the Baltics—almost six out of ten Germans re- five percent of Germans held a negative view of the United spond with the slogan of the American anti-Vietnam gen- States; just one-half were favorably disposed. So the “likes” eration, as it were: “Hell no, we won’t go.” Thus, the times have a slight majority, but for a better grasp, look at the oth- are a-changin’. In past centuries, Prussians and Germans er countries in the survey: in Spain, Britain, France, Poland, were quick to conquer the lands to the east; now, they don’t and Italy, the approval rates range from two-thirds to over seem to care. four-fifths of the population; the negatives vary from 14 to This indifference to Germany’s glacis does not make 27 percent. So, Germany stands out with the highest “don’t sense. So, on to the third set of numbers, which resolve like” number in the bunch. But hold it. If you don’t like one the puzzle. Germans believe by a majority of seven to three opinion poll, try some others. that, in extremis, Uncle Sam will come to the aid of Germany In another Pew report, more than seven out of ten and threatened allies. So it is pacifism, plus free-riding. Why Germans regard the United States as a “reliable ally,” accord- defend yourself, let alone others, if you can outsource secu- ing to data collected in May 2015. On the eternal “Rapallo rity to the United States? This rosy outlook dovetails nicely Question”—Germany playing Russia against the West— with the belief in the “reliability” of the United States and the United States wins, hands down. Almost six out of ten the strong preference for the US over Russia. Uncle Sam will prefer “strong ties with the US,” while Russia gets a paltry be there for us. 15 percent. He’d better be, as the hard realities suggest. Germany, How to explain the discrepancy between the “don’t like” once the most feared nation in Europe, has become as ag- and the “strong ties?” The missing link is a sober assessment gressive as a pussycat. No more Clausewitz, that Prussian of Europe’s strategic reality in an age of renewed Russian strategist who famously proclaimed that “war is the contin- expansionism. It consists of three sets of numbers. uation of policy with the admixture of other means.” Force One, Germans deeply cherish the Western alliance, with is no longer an integral tool of German diplomacy. The coun- almost seven out of ten in favor. But, two, they don’t want to try has put its money on trade, suasion, and institutional- fight for it, as yet another recent Pew Research Center study ized cooperation. 8th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

Nor does Germany have the tools. The current army has America’s cousins, who have lost their cultural supr­ emacy shrunk from 680,000 during the Cold War (West plus East to the upstart from across the sea. Their children wolf down Germany) to 180,000. Once numbering 3,500, main battle fast food, dance to American tunes, gobble up Hollywood’s tanks have dwindled to 250. Compared to the Cold War, latest, sport Nikes and baseball caps, and imitate the infor- defense outlays have more than halved, from 3 per cent mal manners, even the body language, of their American of GDP to 1.2. When Berlin deployed some 8,000 troops to contemporaries. But pop culture is not the only problem. Afghanistan, the Bundeswehr was practically at the end of Harvard and Stanford have displaced the universities of its tether. It lacks projection forces, readiness, ordnance, Göttingen and Heidelberg, once the global model. Sixteen and the sophisticated state-of-the-art stuff, like space- of the world’s top-twenty universities are American. The based surveillance. Given its melting defense budget, Berlin first German one shows up in slot 51, according to the will not acquire the wherewithal any time soon. most- of­ ten cited global ranking of Shanghai’s Jiao Tong Hence, the free-riding reflex, as mirrored in the public University. Third, the “chattering classes” love to hate opinion figures and in the refusal to fly along with Allied America as a spearhead of unregenerate capitalism and as forces in the air war against Libya’s Muammar Gaddafi, in a threat to the expansive and egalitarian welfare state of 2011. Given the mindset as well as the lack of resources, postwar Europe. The unwritten social contract enshrines it makes perfect sense to like the Alliance and trust in an equality and stability rather than the uncertain benefits America that, after all, has lent Germany its strategic um- of competition. Americans cheer winners, Germans worry brella for the past seventy years. about social—that is, distributive—justice. This outlook also explains the staggering US-German American capitalism doesn’t quite correspond to the opinion gap on the issue of whether “Germany should projection; government transfer payments as a fraction play a more active military role.” More than five out of ten of GDP have risen relentlessly since the New Deal. Yet Americans say “yes” to greater German commitment. Yet Americans are far more attuned to those Calvinist virtues in Germany, less than half as many opt for more engage- the German sociologist Max Weber saw as the engines of ment. By the time this poll was taken, ISIS and Russia were earthly success. Restlessness, hustling, and “making it” still already on a roll. predominate in the culture. Tomorrow will be better than “Verweil doch, du bist so schön. Werd ich zum Augenblicke today; that article of faith is central to the American creed. sagen,” declaims Faust; roughly: “Please stay, thou art so Germans, looking back at the horrors of the twentieth cen- lovely, I shall plead with that blissful moment.” At this point tury, are not so sure. Hence, they prefer an egalitarian, car- in history, Germany’s moment in the shadow of American ing capitalism that protects and provides while serving up power may not last, given the return of power politics in change in palatable doses. Europe and the expansion of Terror International all the But change is as rapid as it was in the first industrial way into Turkey, a NATO member since 1952. revolution, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century. Not to put too fine a point on it, but the future in the digital et culTURE does not change as quickly as the strate- age is being invented—and astronomic fortunes are being gic setting. Once a pariah among nations, the New made—in Silicon Valley, where the world’s best and bright- Y and Improved Germany has found moral worth as est congregate. They hail not only from such usual suspects bastion of peace and restraint. Pacifism has replaced bel- as China and India, but also from France and Germany. licism; gone are the imperial reflexes of yore. Today, this The world’s icons and images are Made in U.S.A. Nor does German giant is surrounded only by friends, a breathtak- American culture—high or low—need a gun to travel. Its ing historical change. Why collect enemies when friendship progress does not come from imposition but seduction. As is so sweet? Uncle Sigmund would pontificate, we hate the seducer as Moral worth regained—and the urge to advertise it well as ourselves for yielding to temptation. —explains public, especially published, opinion toward Continuing, Dr. Freud would invoke the subconscious America, which is neutral at best but more often ranges need for compensation. Like: the Americans have the pow- from critical to unsympathetic. A content analysis of the er, but we have the social and moral advantage. They bomb media would not reveal a surfeit of affection for the United others and kill their own, be it in the execution chamber or States. The distinct exceptions are Die Welt and the mass in the streets of Ferguson. We respect the Other; they op- tabloid Bild. press their minorities. We share the wealth; they special- What are the sources of estrangement? ize in inequality. They know the price of everything and the First, nobody likes the mighty, and the United States, worth of nothing. These yahoos like to go to war while we, the world’s Gulliver, inspires resentment by dint of sheer after centuries of bloody-minded imperialism, have finally weight and invasiveness, not to speak of America’s wars in learned the ways of peace. the early 2000s and its drones and stealth bombers in the A caricature? Of course. But the socio-cultural divide ­current decade. highlights a puzzling paradox, which is the divergence of Second, America is the steamroller of modernity, the public/published opinion and the enduring kinship of gov- disruptor of ancient dispensations that forces Europeans ernments. Not even the Iraq War, when anti-­Americanism to adapt and compete. This pressure does not sit well with was rampant in Germany, could unhinge the partnership. Chancellor Schröder did cobble ­together an anti-Bush Our top export: alliance with France and Russia. Yet he also granted basing and overflight rights to the US, while German troops guarded US barracks to free American soldiers legal advice for duty in Iraq. This is what good allies do. Chancellor Merkel deftly deflected rising anger over NSA snooping, preserving the close cooperation made in Germany of the intelligence services. In spite of mounting agi- tation against TTIP, the transatlantic trade pact, Berlin keeps holding the line. Obama and Merkel stayed in tandem when Putin moved into Ukraine. They also did so during the nuclear negotiations with Iran. In con- trast to its traditionally trade-dominated diplomacy, Berlin helped to uphold sanctions against Moscow and Tehran. Government-to-government relations remain as agreeable as can be, given a slew of disparate inter- ests that bedevil all diplomacy. The relationship has survived each and every crisis since 1949, when the Federal Republic was born. As Germany celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of reunification, in 2015, the political class remembered the indispensable services of the George H.W. Bush administration. Washington smoothed the path to unity by cajoling Moscow and corralling London, Paris, and Rome, seeking, at least, to brake the momentum.

tates have no permanent friends, only perma- nent interests—a piece of homily variously as- S cribed to Palmerston, Talleyrand, or De Gaulle. The record shows that Germany’s affection for the US has waned since the early postwar years, yet in spite of an ever-changing setting, common interests have pre- vailed. Why? Germans still cherish America’s strategic umbrella, and the US likes to have Germany around— Europe’s linchpin and strongest economy. The problem is indifference to the outside world, and it afflicts both countries. So, one last set of num- ALICANTE bers: one-half of both Americans and Germans agree BERLIN with this statement: “Our country should deal with its BRATISLAVA BRUSSELS own problems and let other countries deal with their BUCHAREST own.” Only four out of ten say, “Help others.” The gap BUDAPEST will not narrow, as a look at the age cohorts reveals. DRESDEN Among the young, 57 percent of Americans and 54 per- DÜSSELDORF cent of Germans opt for self-containment. FRANKFURT/M. LONDON For all their cultural differences, Americans and MOSCOW Germans share similar isolationist reflexes. These MUNICH numbers reflect not national traits but rather the com- NEW YORK mon ways of postmodern democracy, foreseen almost PRAGUE two hundred years ago by Tocqueville, still the sharp- WARSAW est-eyed analyst of the democratic mind. Eventually, he predicted, democracies would turn pacific, prefer- NOERR.COM ring their own gardens to the costly pleasures of pow- er and glory. Majorities in America and Germany are currently confirming Tocqueville’s point, whatever else divides them. □ 10th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

A LONG VIEW OF TRANSATLANTIC CRISES

Increasing closeness, increasing friction by Karsten D. Voigt

n 1969, wHEN I was elected national chairman of the remain Germany’s most important partner outside the Young Socialists (Jungsozialisten—Jusos), the SPD youth European Union. Differences between the US and Germany I organization, the future US ambassador to Germany notwithstanding, common interests and values prevail. But John Kornblum was a young diplomat stationed in Bonn. relations between the two countries over the past several Many years later, he told me that after that Young Socialist decades have been subject to repeated periods of discord. congress, American diplomats had been gripped by the fear Some of these have passed quickly. Others have developed of a grave future crisis in transatlantic relations. The prevail- into serious crises. ing analysis was: “If this generation of Young Socialists one Despite the overwhelmingly positive outcomes, in ret- day assumed the leadership of the SPD or—even worse— rospect, one will never be able to count on transatlantic cri- control of the federal government, relations between the ses resolving themselves. On the contrary, in politics there US and Germany would be plagued by conflict and mistrust.” is no law of the series—especially not of a positive one. Each Henry Kissinger expressed similar skepticism to me when generation will therefore have to begin anew the work of Joschka Fischer became foreign minister. These pessimistic overcoming differences in opinion and forging commonali- scenarios of the future have proven to be wrong. ties. This is all the more true given that, in years to come, Since the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany, German and American politics will have to prove them- its relations with the US have shaped not only its foreign selves in the face of completely new challenges. but also its domestic policy. In the future, too, the US will Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 11

My predominantly positive view of American politics was precedence over respect for democratic values. And when, first shaken during the Hungarian crisis of 1956. Over in August 1968, Soviet troops violently ended the experi- half of my school class was made up of boys who had fled ment of “Socialism with a human face,” it reinforced the ­Germany’s Soviet-occupied zone with their families after narrative among the undogmatic Left that the two world the uprising on June 17, 1953. That’s why we were, more powers, America and the Soviet Union, resembled each than other students, interested in developments east of the other to the degree that, in their respective spheres of in- Federal Republic of Germany. The American government’s fluence, they made the limits of the democratic right to self- rhetoric at the time had created the impression in me that determination dependent on their geostrategic interests. that the US would rush to the aid of the Hungarian demo- When we demonstrated with red banners in Frankfurt’s crats against the Soviet troops. From my vantage point, the Niederrad district that August, in front of the Soviet mili- contradiction between the US government’s words and its tary mission, against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, actions robbed the roll-back rhetoric of the then-American the mission was protected not only by the German police secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, of all credibility. but also by American GIs. Our suspicions were reinforced After the Berlin Wall went up, in 1961, I perceived the when Allende’s democratically elected leftist government actions of the US administration as ambivalent: on the one was toppled—with US assistance—in a bloody military hand, the tanks at Checkpoint Charlie confirmed American coup, in September 1973. security guarantees for West Berlin. On the ­other, it became The Vietnam War and the military coups in Greece and clear, once and for all, that, indispensable as American mili- Chile shook US democratic credibility. But they didn’t lead tary power was for the protection of the West, it was unsuit- to serious conflicts between the US and West German gov- ed and ultimately largely irrelevant in the quest for bringing ernments. This was different with the Yom Kippur War, in change to East Germany and Eastern Europe. Later—in my 1973. Back then, the US delivered weapons to Israel via West opinion, much too late—President Kennedy flew to Berlin, Germany without informing the federal government in ad- where he was welcomed by jubilant crowds. Despite the vance, let alone asking for its permission. After tolerating cheers, however, I understood that American and German these shipments for a time, the Foreign Office protested priorities weren’t always identical. The experiences of that against the further use of Bremerhaven for this purpose period prompted Willy Brandt and Egon Bahr to develop (Chancellor Willy Brandt seemed at the time to have tak­ en their Ostpolitik. For similar reasons, they led me to join the a different position on the matter than Foreign Minister SPD, shortly after the Wall was built. Scheel). The US and, of course, Israeli governments reacted The decades that followed 1961 were fundamentally with indignation. shaped by an unchanging constellation: West German Two problems that played a role in this conflict repeat- politics was always aware that it needed US backing for its edly led to friction in the following decades. One was to Ostpolitik and domestic policies. At the same time, it was what extent the consideration of Arab sentiments and in- clear to the politicians in both Washington and Bonn that terests limited German solidarity with Israel. The second the perspectives, aims, and methods of the two govern- was the extent to which actions by US government agen- ments were by no means always identical. Listening to Egon cies on German soil compromised the sovereignty of the Bahr and Henry Kissinger speaking about this period, one Federal Republic of Germany. The latter point is central to could clearly feel the simultaneity of intensive cooperation an understanding of the current conflict over the behavior and mutual reservation. German and American Ostpolitik of the National Security Agency. Some time after the end of had, in part, differing motives. But they complemented the Yom Kippur War, before I had become a member of par- each other in their outcomes. liament, I traveled to Washington for the first time, where The Vietnam War didn’t substantially influence the I was asked at the State Department what position I would ­relationships of various West German governments with have taken as a German politician in this situation. My an- the US, but it changed a whole generation’s image of the swer back then was that such American arms shipments United States. While young Germans of my generation from German soil without the prior knowledge and approv- could identify with domestic American resistance to US al of the federal government were unacceptable. But with policy, it was the actions of US administrations that dom- an eye to our relations with Israel, I would have agreed to inated our perception of the country, painting a negative an American request of this kind. picture in our minds. Willy Brandt was indignant of the fact In the latter half of the 1970s, questions of nuclear strat- that I publicly accused him of having an insufficiently criti- egy and related issues of nuclear arms control began to cal stance toward America’s Vietnam policy. He saw in this strain transatlantic relations. The resulting conflicts did not reproach a challenge to his moral integrity. And this moral confine themselves to national borders. While the protests integrity was, above all else, what it was all about: Western of the peace movement in Germany were aimed primar- values were being betrayed by Western policies. An accusa- ily at the policies of various US administrations, they also tion then, and again later, during George W. Bush’s Iraq War. demonstrated against decisions the US had made in sub- The weak reaction of the US and other NATO members stantial part with the involvement of—and, in some ­cases, to the coup by Greek colonels in April 1967 increased the only at the urging of—the German federal government. suspicion that, for the US, geostrategic considerations took 12th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

In West German public opinion, an antinuclear mood had “Evil Empire” had no credibility with Germans committed been dominant since the end of World War II. At the begin- to policies for peace. The reservations vis-à-vis the Reagan ning, it had been directed, above all, against the positioning Administration were significantly greater among the of nuclear weapons on German soil, and especially against German population than in the government. The mistrust Franz Josef Strauss’ advocacy at that time for German of these segments of the population, however, was dir­ ected ­possession of nuclear weapons. The use of nuclear technolo- not only at the US but also at their own government. It was gies for civil purposes, on the other hand, had the support of primarily the conflict with its own political base that ulti- the majority of the population. This changed gradually over mately brought down the Schmidt government. the course of the 1970s. For their part, Federal Chancellor No issue in the transatlantic conflict moved more peo- Schmidt and his government endorsed not only an expan- ple to demonstrate publicly in the following years than the sion of the civil use of nuclear energy but also the modern- conflict around the stationing of medium-range nuclear ization of nuclear weapons as part of the Western strategy missiles. Helmut Schmidt wasn’t always right in his politi- of deterrence. cal and military beliefs. In terms of outcome, however, his- When the US and the USSR reached a SALT accord, tory proved him right. I know many former protesters who Helmut Schmidt was disposed to agree to the stationing of still have difficulty admitting this. When, in later decades, neutron weapons in West Germany, given the superiority of the remnants of the peace movement, members of parlia- the Soviet Union and its allies in the area of conventional ment, or even members of the federal government tried to arms, should arms-control negotiations not result in Soviet take up the issue of “nuclear arms in Germany,” they found willingness to reduce stocks of conventional weapons. that it never even remotely resonated with the public as it When the Soviets began stationing SS-20 medium-range had in the early 1980s. After the end of the East-West con- missiles, Schmidt feared the possibility of nuclear blackmail flict, with the change in Germany’s geostrategic situation, by the USSR in a crisis, since the strategic parity agreed to the fear of nuclear war on German soil began to wane. in the SALT treaty—even as the Soviet Union preserved its simultaneous superiority in other areas—would undermine fter German reunification, the topics subject to the American security guarantee. In this sense, Schmidt’s transatlantic conflict also changed. Geostrategically 1977 speech at the IISS in London was, above all, a declara- A speaking, Germany today finds itself better situated tion of mistrust toward President Jimmy Carter. Schmidt’s than it has for centuries—surrounded by nations that are reservations were heightened when Carter, in 1978, surpris- friends, want to be friends, or at least claim to be friends. ingly and without consulting his allies, decided against the For this reason, Germany today is in demand as an exporter production of neutron weapons. of security and stability, unlike during the Cold War, when Jimmy Carter’s decisions regarding nuclear weapons the potential conflict situations and the associated range of and his initiatives against nuclear proliferation were quite deployment scenarios for the German armed forces were popular among left-leaning sections of German society, in clear. This is no longer the case, which makes decisions part more popular than those of Helmut Schmidt. I was not more difficult­ and, at the same time, increases their urgency. convinced by Schmidt’s military arguments for the devel- At the start of the Gulf War, in 1991, Helmut Kohl could opment and placement of new US medium-range missiles. still claim that the Basic Law barred German participation. Even after the SALT accord, I thought the existing American Based on this argument, he limited Germany’s contribution nuclear weapons were sufficient to deter the Soviets from to financial support of the US campaign. From the German embarking on any military adventures in Europe. However, side, one could have also said more honestly that it would after numerous trips to the USSR, I no longer believed that be unwise to commit German soldiers for foreign military the Soviet Union could be moved to reduce, let alone dis- operations so long as the Soviet troops had not been com- mantle, its nuclear weapons without the threat of the sta- pletely withdrawn from Germany. Yet in parts of the peace tioning of American medium-range missiles. Giving priority movement, too, the constellation that had defined the to arms-control policy, I then voted for the NATO Double- ­debate on the NATO Double-Track Decision had changed: a Track Decision in 1979. At that time, I was still the spokes- minority of those who had demonstrated against it showed man for the left wing of the SPD. My stance on the NATO an understanding for the American action against Saddam Double-Track Decision led to my being removed from this Hussein. Others protested against the “War in the Gulf” and post in 1982, primarily at the instigation of Oskar Lafontaine. consciously avoided demonstrating in locations where In the subsequent years, the implementation of the American soldiers and war matériel were loaded to be sent NATO Double-Track Decision repeatedly led to serious to the Gulf. Thus, for months, American transport planes strains in the German-American relationship. Relations took off from the military section of Frankfurt Airport, in between the governments during the period of the Reagan full view of civilian passengers, without conflicts arising administration revolved, above all, around the significance as they had in the early 1980s. of arms control, which the US didn’t prioritize as highly as The Iraq War begun by President George W. Bush, in did Germany. The two countries’ respective rhetoric and 2003, took place against a completely changed backdrop: policies toward the USSR also figured prominently. Anyone immediately following the terrorist attacks on New York who, like President Reagan, spoke of the Soviet Union as the and Washington there were spontaneous professions Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 13

in Germany of sympathy for the US. Federal Chancellor emphasis has remained on security. When I taught at a col- Schröder promised the US the “unlimited solidarity” of the lege in Arkansas, during the “German Autumn” of the 1970s, Germans. And this was not limited to words. In a departure German measures to combat terrorism were seen as a re- from German postwar tradition, the German military took vival of German authoritarianism. Today, I more often hear part in the mission in Afghanistan. Cooperation between the accusation that the Germans, because of their history, the intelligence services was intensified, and common lack the resolve to decisively act against terrorist dangers. strategies against international terrorism were developed. But when President Bush took the attacks of Septem- he cONTROversy over the actions of the NSA fits into ber 11 as a pretext for war against Iraq, in violation of inter- this context. In the past, too, the American intelli- national law, the mood in Germany quickly turned; one of T gence agencies played a different and more impor- the most serious intergovernmental crises of the postwar tant role than the German intelligence agencies. Covert period ensued. Schröder’s “No” to the Iraq War was justified military operations on the ground in other countries, espe- and remains so, too, from today’s perspective. His “No” was cially without prior parliamentary authorization, and tar- aligned with the principles of German postwar policy with geted killings of presumed terrorists using drones would regard to peace policy and international law. His rhetoric, constitute a violation of Germany’s legal order. When lead- on the other hand—especially his speech in Goslar—was in- ing German politicians and diplomats assumed that their fluenced by the national election campaign that was simul­ American allies wouldn’t eavesdrop on their telephones taneously underway. and computers, this was naïve. In America, Britain, and Shortly after the start of the war, I traveled to the US, several other NATO countries, friendship doesn’t preclude seeking to help prevent lasting damage to the German- spying on one another. Many of my American interlocu- American relationship. This was in keeping with the aims tors assume that this is—in contrast to German practice—­ of the federal government. Although it had spoken out German policy as well. Any hope of German politicians that very clearly against the war and thus against the policy of they might move the US to conform to German practice is the Bush administration, it had no objections to the use of an ­illusion. In the future, we will have to continue to deal American bases in Germany. This was taken for granted by with this difference between the political cultures as un- the US. As could be seen in the behavior of the Turkish gov- emotionally as possible. ernment, however, it should not have been. Had the German Germany and the US invoke essentially the same fun- government taken the stance of the Turkish government, damental values. But in individual cases, they practice a the bitter conflict between the Bush­ administration and different hierarchy of values. Their political cultures, histo- the Schröder/Fischer government would have resulted in a ries, and self-conceptions also differ. The more one works ­lasting crisis in transatlantic relations. to achieve an understanding of these differences, the more The federal government went a step further: it made constructively one can deal with any conflicts that may available 8,000 German soldiers to protect the American arise. This will be even more important in the future than military bases. In this way, it contributed indirectly to in- it was in the past, as Germany will have to engage more creasing the numbers of deployable US troops. The German strongly in matters of foreign and security policy on the bor- government opposed America’s war, but, of course, it still ders of and outside of Europe. This role is new for Germany. wanted the US to win this war. And it searched for new Understandably, we are still unpracticed and unsure in fill- common ground. Out of this arose the German-American ing this role. The US should practice understanding and cooperation to prevent Iran from developing atomic patience in this area. On the other hand, Germany should weapons. continue to be not only a partner but also a counterpart When I explained during my American visit how when the US—as in the Iraq War—causes additional insta- Germany, despite its clear and principled “No” to the Iraq bility rather than fostering stability. War, supported the US more substantially than did a num- The US and Europe increasingly have relations not only ber of the other countries that had stridently voiced their in foreign policy but also in areas of domestic policy. The backing of the US, Germany’s behavior was taken as a mat- fight overTT IP, the protection of privacy, and the limits to ter of course. Yet it wasn’t at all. This assistance ran coun- the freedom of expression on Facebook touch on conflicts ter to Article 26 of the German Constitution, which made that used to belong primarily to domestic policy but that preparations by the federal government for a war of aggres- today are matters of both domestic and foreign policy. Out sion a punishable offense. In Germany at that time, when of this increasing dissolution of domestic policy boundar- the accusation was levied that practical support for the US ies arise new points of friction. The resulting conflicts are marked a violation of Article 26, I responded evasively. seen by some observers as a sign of “estrangement.” I see The terrorist attacks on New York brought lasting them, on the contrary, as a result of increasing closeness. changes to the US, both internally and in its actions toward Increasing closeness doesn’t always lead to greater sym­ the outside world. In the perpetually contentious balance pathy but often also to additional points of friction. Foreign between security and freedom, the pendulum swung heav- policy actors on both sides of the Atlantic must in the f­ uture, ily to the side of security. Meanwhile, small corrections have more than before, learn to deal with these “problems of been made, yet compared to the pre-September 11 era the closeness.” □ 14th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

AIR BERLIN

The planes that changed morale by William I. Hitchcock

June 24, 1948 until May 12, 1949, Tem- at the end of the war to work together to govern defeated pelhof Airport, in Berlin, was the Germany, to dismantle its war industries, reshape its gov- From center of the world. Over the course ernment, and re-educate its people. Yet the occupiers bit- of that year, every 45 seconds an American or British aircraft terly disagreed on basic matters such as how to rebuild took off or landed at the sprawling airport complex, navigat- the German political system, how to reorient the German ing bad weather, slick runways, blocks of nearby apartment ­economy, and how to contain German power so that the towers, careening fuel trucks, overworked ground crews, nation could never again threaten the peace of the world. and a leaden sky filled with the heaving, lumbering trans- As the occupiers bickered, Germans suffered. Food, port planes that were bringing life-giving supplies to the electricity, coal, and housing were all in terribly short sup- embattled city of Berlin. The Berlin Airlift, a massive relief ply. For more than two years after the war, Germans had to operation designed to meet the daily food and fuel needs survive on a diet of 1,000 calories a day, mostly supplied of 2.1 million people in the Western sectors of ­Germany’s from outside the country. Berlin still looked like “the city of former capital, did more than rescue a besieged city. It also the dead” that greeted the victorious Allied armies in 1945. changed world politics. Housing was very scarce; half the buildings in the city were Before the airlift, Germany was still an unwanted step- in ruins. The lucky residents who had shelter often did not child of the Western powers: divided, occupied, difficult have heat or running water. Such shortages undermined the to govern, with an uncertain future. After the airlift, the claims of the liberators that life would be better ­under dem- ambiguity disappeared. Britain, France, and the United ocratic rule. As the governor of the American zone, General States quickly moved to forge a new West German state Lucius D. Clay, put it at the time, “You cannot build real ­ and link it tightly to the West. The new Federal Republic of democracy in an atmosphere of distress and hunger.” Germany, formed in May 1949, progressively gained inter- The Soviet authorities seemed in no hurry to improve national legitimacy­ by joining the Council of Europe and the quality of life in their zone of occupation. The Russian receiving Marshall Aid. It would join the European Coal and people, after all, had suffered terribly at the hands of the Steel Community in 1951 and, in 1955, West Germany was Germans, and they felt little sympathy for Germany’s trou- invited to take a seat alongside its former bitter enemies in bles. The Soviets took some pleasure in dismantling German the NATO military alliance. All this occurred as a direct con- factories and shipping them back to the Soviet Union, along sequence of the emotional experience of the Berlin Airlift. with tons of desperately needed coal. Germany languished, What led the Western powers to expend such huge resources and the consequences hit not only Germans but other and accept enormous risks—including the risk of war with European nations whose economies relied upon Germany the Soviet Union—to bring aid to the people of Berlin? as Europe’s engine. Located more than one hundred miles deep in the By the middle of 1947, the Americans had given up heart of the Soviet zone of occupation, Berlin could only looking for common ground with the Russians. Secretary be accessed with the forbearance of the Russian authori- of State George Marshall announced his plan for European ties. The roads, railways, and even the rivers and canals economic recovery in June. The Marshall Plan announced a that crossed the Soviet zone all were carefully monitored new start for American reconstruction efforts across Europe, by the Russians. Cars, trains, and barges carrying vital daily signaling that the US would defy Soviet obstructionism. supplies of food and coal into the city were often halted for Meanwhile, the British agreed to fuse their zone with the inspection and endured unexplained delays. Flights into Americans, creating the nucleus of a West German state. Berlin had to ­follow specified air corridors from Hamburg, The Anglo-American occupiers now allowed anincr ­ ease Hannover, or Frankfurt. The Soviets did not wish to share in industrial productivity, and laid out new institutions Berlin with the other occupying powers, and they set out to for German self-government. By the start of 1948, even the make access into the city as difficult as possible. often difficult French had aligned themselves with this The tension over Berlin reflected the larger contest for Western policy of German recovery. Germany itself. The victorious wartime allies had agreed Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 15

a new German state. In June 1948, they released their plan. They would allow the Germans to call a Parliamentary Council to draw up a new German constitution. The powerful industries of the Ruhr would be placed under an international author- ity that would monitor production of coal and steel and ensure strict German compliance with all disarmament requirements. But the key point was that now the Allies would encourage, not in- hibit, economic recovery. The London agreements, everyone knew, marked the start of a new West German state. As a crowning gesture, General Clay announced, on June 18, 1948, the introduc- tion of a new currency, the Deutsche Mark, to replace the inflated and worthless Reichsmark. The new currency would also be valid in Berlin. The United States would make its own Germany, whether the Soviets liked it or not. They did not. America’s actions, supported by Britain and France and, of course, welcomed by most Germans, provoked a swift and serious Soviet response. On June 24, the Russians cut electricity to the Western zones of Berlin, and blocked all rail, canal, automobile, and pedestri- an traffic into and out of the city. More than two © Bettmann/Corbis million people in the Western sectors of the city were now hostages.

d id the Russians hope to gain by Having accepted the breakdown of joint control in this assertion of strength? Clearly, Germany, the three Western occupation powers called a What they did not want war with the conference in London in February 1948 to plan for the cre- United States. But the formation of a West German govern­ ation of a West German government. They excluded the ment was a direct provocation, one the Soviets could not Russians from the conference. In retaliation, the Russians accept with equanimity. If the Allied powers wanted to increased their interference with rail and road traffic into forge a new West German state, they would not be allowed Berlin, slowing deliveries to a crawl. General Clay cabled to take Berlin with them. Stalin gambled that the Western his superiors in Washington with dire prognostications: powers would give up on Berlin and leave it in Soviet hands. “For many months,” he wrote on March 5, “I have felt and The Allied powers had three choices: leave Berlin; stay held that war was unlikely for at least ten years. Within the and do nothing as the city starved; or try as best they could last few weeks, I have felt a subtle change in [the] Soviet to break the blockade. It was an easy call: to give up Berlin attitude which I cannot define but which now gives me a now would be to admit defeat not just in Berlin but in feeling it may come with dramatic suddenness.” Germany and perhaps in Europe. The events of Munich in In this atmosphere of increasing tension, the allies 1938 were very fresh in the minds of the decision-­makers. worked feverishly in London to frame the institutions of Americans vowed never to appease Soviet aggression. 16th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015 Deutsche Bank deutsche-bank.de/sportstipendium

Although the precise means to supply Berlin were as yet un- service in the airlift. And he initiated the construction of clear, President Harry Truman and British Foreign Minister a new airport, Tegel, that would be built in three months, Sports Fellow of the Year 2015: Sophia Saller Ernest Bevin were both determined that they must remain mostly by German manual labor. Ground crews worked reg- in Berlin at all costs. On June 26, Bevin told the press that ular 16-hour shifts and sometimes stretched to 24. Airmen, Congratulations on achieving top performance in sport and studies “we intend to stay in Berlin,” and he secretly asked the when they were not flying, slept in hastily built Nissen huts Americans to send a fleet of B-29s, capable of carrying atomic on airfields, in a deafening roar of aircraft engines. For the third time, Deutsche Bank and Deutsche Sports Aid Foundation have named the sports bombs, to Britain to demonstrate this commitment to the fellow of the year. The award is given annually to an athlete from the Deutsche Bank Sports Russians. (The planes were sent—without their atomic pay- system produced Scholarship programme who excels not only in their sport but also in their academic career. load—in July). ­re suLTs. In July, Al- The same day, President Truman, in a move that was Tunner’s lied aircraft notched This year‘s winner of the public poll is triathlete and mathematics student Sophia Saller. never anticipated by the Russians, ordered a massive airlift 13,000 flights into and out of Berlin. That figure rose to al- The under-23 world triathlon champion for 2014 earned a Master‘s degree in mathematics at to supply the city until a solution to the blockade could be most 20,000 by September. The planes ferried 70,000 tons the University of Oxford, graduating with first class honours. She is currently reading for her resolved. It was a masterstroke. The Russians could easily into the city in July; 120,000 in August; and 148,000 tons in doctorate in Oxford and will be competing in the World Triathlon Series with the aim to score high. cut off ground traffic into the city, but the only way to halt October. A steady stream of planes roared overhead day af- an airplane was to shoot it down. That would have been an ter day, night after night, without pause. By the fall of 1948, act of war that the Russians dared not take. And so the relief Tempelhof had 50 percent more traffic thanLaGuar­ dia of Berlin would come from the skies. ­airport, then the busiest in the world. Or so everyone hoped. Berlin needed two thousand And yet it was barely enough. One hundred days into tons of foodstuffs a day—flour, cereals, meat, potatoes, the airlift, Berlin was receiving only about 40 percent of sugar, coffee, milk, fats, and oils—to survive. One American the already-meager shipments that reached the city before C-47 transport plane could only carry 2.5 tons—a drop in the the blockade. And when heavy fog rolled across the city in bucket. And what about raw materials like coal, oil, and gas- November, flights were dramatically scaled back. Berliners oline that heated homes, fueled the city’s electric plants and shivered in a dark, cold city during the winter of 1948–49. factories? Power stations alone needed 1,650 tons of coal a But Tunner’s system eventually turned the tide. In January, day to produce electricity. Worse than that, the Americans, the skies cleared and the tonnage ticked up, to 170,000 tons, who had built ten thousand C-47s during the war, now only then in April 1949 to 235,000 tons. In May the staggering had seventy of them in working order in all of Europe. The figure of 250,000 tons of food and fuel was flown into the rest had been mothballed after the war. city: over 8,000 tons a day. In the end, US and British air- The gigantic scale of the problem was immediately evi­ craft deli­ vered 2.3 million tons of food, fuel, and supplies dent on the first day of the airlift, when American C-47s and into Berlin. Royal Air Force Dakotas managed to bring in just eighty tons Behind the scenes, Tunner forced his exhausted pilots of food into the city. At that rate, Berlin would soon starve. to adhere to his grinding routine. Publicly, the blockade was General Clay thought the airlift would never be able to given a human face by the actions of a tall, gangly Mormon meet Berlin’s needs and considered sending an armed con- from Salt Lake City, named Gail “Hal” Halvorsen. A wartime voy along the Autobahn to challenge the Russians and dare transport pilot, Halvorsen was pressed into service as the them to fire on American soldiers. Fortunately, henev­ er blockade began. He noticed that each time he approached ­attempted such a confrontational scheme. Tempelhof airport, small groups of skinny children gathered That is because, with astonishing speed, the airlift, to watch the big planes soar down to the runway. Halvorsen dubbed “Operation Vittles,” picked up steam. What start­ ed hit upon the idea of dropping his personal ration of candy as an improvisation by a small band of can-do pilots turned down to the kids. One day in late August, he gathered up do- into a meticulously planned operation governed by slide­ nations from other pilots and threw an armful of candy bars rules and timetables. The man who really made the ­machine tied to handkerchiefs out the window of his C-54 airplane. work was William H. Tunner. Known as “Willie the Whip,” Within a few days, the groups of expectant children Major General Tunner was a humorless, driven Air Force of- grew larger, and thank-you notes addressed to the “Candy ficer, who during World War II had organized the extremely Bomber” started to show up at American airbases. Halvorsen difficult supply route known as “the Hump”—flying -sup figured he would get into trouble, but Tunner knew a good plies from India across the Himalayas to Allied forces in public- r­ elations opportunity when he saw it. Halvorsen was China. Taking over the Berlin Airlift in late July 1948, Tunner put in front of reporters, who splashed his story across the immediately imposed order upon the chaos. American papers. His act of kindness captured the imagi- Tunner aimed to squeeze more hours out of his planes nation of readers across the country. Schoolchildren began and his pilots. He set up a grueling regimen that kept aircraft sending thousands of donated handkerchiefs to Halvorsen in the air 24 hours a day, without let up or rest. He asked to use as parachutes. Candy manufacturers boxed up bars General Clay to get him more planes, especially the larger of chocolate for delivery to Rhein-Main airbase, where they C-54 “Skymasters” that could transport ten tons each, and could be distributed by the pilots. Just before Christmas, Clay got President Truman to approve the transfer of 160 of Halvorsen received 13,000 pounds of candy bars, all of the behemoths to Berlin. Tunner had all available reserve which was distributed to children’s Christmas parties across pilots and some commercial pilots called up for immediate the city.

1510_5945_DB_ANZ_SPORTSTIPENDIAT_SALLER_210x280.indd 1 23.10.15 16:31 Deutsche Bank deutsche-bank.de/sportstipendium Sports Fellow of the Year 2015: Sophia Saller Congratulations on achieving top performance in sport and studies

For the third time, Deutsche Bank and Deutsche Sports Aid Foundation have named the sports fellow of the year. The award is given annually to an athlete from the Deutsche Bank Sports Scholarship programme who excels not only in their sport but also in their academic career. This year‘s winner of the public poll is triathlete and mathematics student Sophia Saller. The under-23 world triathlon champion for 2014 earned a Master‘s degree in mathematics at the University of Oxford, graduating with first class honours. She is currently reading for her doctorate in Oxford and will be competing in the World Triathlon Series with the aim to score high.

1510_5945_DB_ANZ_SPORTSTIPENDIAT_SALLER_210x280.indd 1 23.10.15 16:31 18th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

were, of course, Remembering the Airlift: grateful for the ma- An Interview with Gail Halvorsen Berliners terial goods the air- lift delivered. Yet more than food and fuel, the Berlin Airlift delivered something Germans had not had for many years: The Berlin Journal was delighted to receive answers a sense of moral purpose. The city was imprisoned by a cruel to a few questions from Gail Halvorsen, the Candy blockade that punished defenseless women, children, and Bomber, now age 94, from his home in Utah. the elderly; that cut off medical supplies and electricity to hospitals; that starved civilians of even their meagre ra- Did you and your peers have a sense that the airlift tions. Yet still the spirit of Berliners soared. The popular so- might escalate into World War III, or were you not cial-democratic mayor of Berlin, Ernst Reuter, declared to a ­concerned with geopolitics? How intensely did you packed stadium of 50,000 Berliners on the day the blockade sense the Soviet threat? began that “we shall apply all the means at our disposal and A lot of us were concerned that the situation could es- repel to our utmost the claim to power which wants to turn calate to that level. How the last war started was fresh us into slaves and helots for a political party. We lived under in our memory. Stalin’s real object was unknown, and such slavery in Adolf Hitler’s empire. We have had enough that was the concern. He was headed west. He hadn’t of that.” On September 9, some 300,000 Berliners staged a downsized his force, as we had. He had underground giant rally at the burnt, vacant Reichstag to protest Soviet factions in Italy and France. President Truman said, restrictions, and a handful of youths climbed to the top of “We are in Berlin, and we will stay in Berlin.” The ball the Brandenburg Gate and tore down the Soviet flag. was then in Stalin’s court. It was up to him—unpre- The American public, watching daily reports in the press dictable. about the airlift, also shared this sense of common purpose We were involved with geopolitics. Our military and moral certainty. Just three years earlier, American had monthly briefings at all locations to advise us and British aircraft had rained down tons of lethal bombs of the current world situation including geopolitics. on the German people; now they were risking war to sup- Good briefings! Because of the briefings I was con- ply the captive city with basic supplies. The generosity of cerned. the Allies was a story that war-weary peoples around the world longed to hear. And men gave their lives for this effort. What did you think of being called the “Schokoladen­ Seventy-three Allied airmen were killed during the airlift, onkel”? Did you suspect that your actions would have the victims of mid-air collisions, engine failure, crash-land- such resonance with West Berlin? ings, or just plain fatigue. I liked it. Chocolate was certainly appropriate with a The blockade marked a new era for German-American positive connotation, and Onkel sounded like they ac- relations and created a groundswell of favorable public re- cepted me as relative! They had little to no chocolate action toward the Western powers. The Russians watched for a long time. That was a special niche. I thought it glumly as Ernst Reuter, General Clay, and President Truman was cool. I had no idea that it would turn out so well took on the mantle of Germany’s saviors. For the Russians, with the West Berlin survivors, young and old. the airlift was a propaganda and diplomatic fiasco. After a year, Stalin had had enough and finally ended the blockade, How did you come to see the US-German ­relationship on May 12, 1949. He did so in exchange for a Western pledge during the days of your crucial involvement with to re-open discussions on Germany’s status. This meeting, the airlift? held in Paris during June 1949, produced no agreement and One change factor was the sacrifice of the 31 American revealed that all the parties had taken firm and inflexible and the 39 British Airmen who gave their lives to keep positions on the division of Germany. the former enemy alive. The success of the overall air- The blockade also galvanized opinion in the West and lift combined with that sacrifice became the healing in Germany itself. The NATO alliance grew directly out of balm on the wounds of war. These were the contribut- the airlift experience and was formed in April 1949. Many ing reasons that enemies became friends! Europeans, once reluctant, now embraced the American military presence in Europe. What was your most memorable moment from your For the West Germans themselves, many of whom felt service in Berlin? wary about taking the first step toward statehood and there- It was when 20,000 pounds of flour was being un- by formally dividing the country, the blockade steeled their loaded by former German servicemen from my air- courage. In August 1949, with memories of the blockade craft, on the ramp at Tempelhof. A little girl carrying a fresh, Germans held national elections, and the Christian worn teddy bear in her arms came up to me at my C-54. Democrats won 7.36 million votes, nudging out the Social She tried to give it to me. I couldn’t understand her. I Democrats, who won 6.93 million. On September 15, 1949, didn’t want to take it. I thought it was all she had left of the new German Bundestag, meeting in the new capital city of Bonn, elected Konrad Adenauer as federal chancellor. □ Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 19

her personal belongings. Her mother, in good English, said Prague Spring. On August 21, 1968, the Soviets and their that during the bombing of Berlin they would go to the air allies invaded Czechoslovakia and ousted Dubček. This raid shelter if they had time. If not they would go in their happened to be the day my wife and I had chosen to take basement. It was there her daughter would clutch the bear leave and visit friends in Bavaria. As we transited the 110 in her arms. The bombs fell around them but not on them! mile route from West Berlin, through the GDR, to the West A teddy bear is a good luck symbol in Germany. The little German border at Helmstedt, we observed large convoys girl wanted to give it to me to save the lives of our crew! of Soviet military personnel and equipment heading in She didn’t know I was the Candy Bomber. That made it the opposite direction. It was not until the next ­morning even more meaningful! I wasn’t married at the time. Later, that I found out what had happened. After contacting when I had children, the teddy bear lasted through three my duty section, I was advised to stay where I was and of our five. It was a constant reminder of the gratitude of not attempt to return to West Berlin until the situation the Berliners as a whole. □ stabilized. The second event that affected us was the rise in anti-­ American demonstrations that student activists were Cold-War Tempelhof: holding to protest America’s involvement in Vietnam An Interview with Michael Hoth and Southeast Asia. These demonstrations mostly took place near the Free University, which bordered the US Command Headquarters, in the Dahlem district, and in Two questions for Michael Hoth, retired US Air Force the vicinity of the Technical University, which was conve- sergeant and administration specialist at Tempelhof niently located in close proximity to the America House, Airport, where he was on active duty from 1966–1970. on Hardenbergstraße, in the British Sector. The demon- Hoth has lived in Berlin since 1992. strations hit their peak when one of the most outspoken of the activists, Rudi Dutschke, was shot in the head, on Can you describe a bit the atmosphere of Tempelhof in April 11, 1968, by a disgruntled German ultra-conservative 1968? This was the year of enormous social ­upheaval, named Josef Bachmann. Those of us who were members in both the US and Germany—and in Berlin with the of the forces were advised to stay away from any of these ­undercurrent of Cold-War tension. What was that like? demonstrations. The atmosphere at Tempelhof in 1968 was exciting for a young American airman but also gave a sense of being in What was your most memorable moment from your a trip-wire situation. We had been told that if the Soviets, ­service in Berlin? along with the GDR and other Warsaw Pact allies, were Just choosing one is hard, so I will give two that stick out to attack West Berlin, we were expected to hold out until in my memory. Berlin in the 1960s was a great place to reinforcements could reach us from West Germany and interact with some of the great and not-so-great person- other NATO allies. There was a certain sense of absurdity ages of the era. My first exposure was being part of the to this plan and a great amount of skepticism on our part. welcoming contingent at Tempelhof to greet Willy Brandt, A fatalistic attitude prevailed: if the Soviets and their al- in late November 1966, when he returned home to West lies wanted to take West Berlin, they would merely hang Berlin, from Bonn, where he had been selected as the POW signs on their side of the Wall and we would become West German foreign minister. I also met his successor, the largest concentration of POWs ever. We and the other Heinrich Albertz, in 1967 and Mayor Albertz’s successor, Western Allies (France and Great Britain) were outnum- Klaus Schütz, also in 1967. Mayor Schütz was kind enough bered approximately twenty to one, so our attitude was to to give me his direct telephone number, in the event I ever “eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow . . . ” needed to contact him. I was also part of the first mili- Nevertheless, our US Air Force mission was to keep tary formation that President Richard Nixon inspected as the three air corridors viable at all times. This mission was commander-in-chief, in February 1969, shortly after he accomplished with enthusiasm and zeal. The US Army’s took office. Berlin Brigade was to provide armored and artillery de- But the memory that has had a lasting impact on me fense for us. was meeting USAF Colonel Gail Halvorsen, in 1969, at the Air Force personnel at this time had very good rela- Tempelhof Open House, which was an annual two-day tions with the local West Berlin populace, whose memory event and drew 200,000 to 300,000 Berliners. Colonel of the 1948–49 Berlin Airlift was still fairly fresh. But two Halvorsen had been invited as a special guest, from his events occurred in 1968 that did cause us to take pause stateside assignment, for his role as the Berlin Candy and wonder which direction world events would take. The Bomber, during the Berlin Airlift. He returned as the base first was when Alexander Dubček was installed as the new commander of the 7350th Support Group (Tempelhof President of Czechoslovakia, in January 1968, and started Central Airport) in January 1970, and I served under his relaxing some of the authoritarian rules, leading to the command until October 1970. □ 20th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

THE FIGHT OVER PEACE

What was the NATO Double-Track Decision all about? by Philipp Gassert

nder the slogan “No to Rearmament,” more than Despite all of it, the Bundestag, with the votes of the Uone million people came together across the F­ ederal Christian Democrats (CDU/CSU) and the Free Democrats ­Republic of Germany in the fall of 1983 to demonstrate (FDP), implemented NATO’s decision to station missiles, on against the deployment of cruise and Pershing II missiles. November 22, 1983. This also marked the end of one of the The missiles were to be stationed in West Germany and other longest and fiercest debates in Bonn’s parliamentary his- European nations, in accordance with NATO’s Double-Track tory. Shortly thereafter, the first missiles were stationed in Decision of December 12, 1979. Human chains, sit-down Mutlangen, near Stuttgart, and in Comiso, Sicily. The peace blockades, and large-scale demonstrations dominated the movement had failed to realize its short-term political aims. press photos. In that abundance of protests—ranging from Over the following years, however, it remained capable of small-scale street theater, local marches, and missile-­depot repeatedly mobilizing people to action for peace-related blockades to mass events like the chain of hundreds of political issues. Although the Kohl-Genscher administra- thousands of citizens that stretched from Ulm to Stuttgart, tion emerged from the conflict stronger, a second missile on October 22, 1983—“peace” was the defining issue. debate appeared to be a political impossibility, as Helmut

Peace march, Dortmund-Brussels, 1983. Photo © ullstein bild, Klaus Rose Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 21

Kohl himself admitted when, at the end of the 1980s, a new nuclear strikes against strategic targets, would suffice to round of modernization loomed, this time of NATO short- achieve this. For the French, the German question was in range missiles. The “fight for peace” had clearly left deep any case more important than a Soviet nuclear threat. To marks in West Germany’s political culture. allay German fears, Paris supported the NATO Double-Track Decision without becoming directly involved.

The West German fear of decoupling he Double-Track Decision was also a consequence of the T technological leaps that had taken place or were immi- What was this great transatlantic fight over peace about? nent in the latter half of the 1960s, and to which both sides, To the proponents of the NATO Double-Track Decision, the NATO and the Warsaw Pact, were obliged to respond. In ac- causes and effects were clear. In Foreign Minister Genscher’s cordance with the Harmel Report, NATO pursued a strategy view, the Western rearmament—a term he very deliberately of détente and defense by deterrence. By means of a diplo- coined—was triggered by the Soviet challenge. He held that matic modus vivendi, one sought to achieve greater security the deployment, beginning in the mid-1970s, of ever more through détente, while at the same time not neglecting, but Soviet SS-20 medium-range missiles posed a new kind of rather modernizing, one’s own defense. Traditionally, both threat to Western Europe. Federal Chancellor Kohl saw this the US and NATO as a whole relied militarily on technologi- as having given the Warsaw Pact an arms advantage over the cal solutions and nuclear deterrence; these were lower cost West, which now threatened to undermine NATO’s doctrine and hence less burdensome to taxpayers and politically of flexible response that had been adopted in 1967–68. The more acceptable (“a bigger bang for the buck”). The price West didn’t possess any corresponding weapons. This posed was NATO’s relative disadvantage in conventional arms. For a potential dilemma for the American president: in an emer- the open societies of the West, nuclear weapons were better gency, he would have had to decide to either come to the aid because they were cheaper. Moscow thwarted this calcula- of the US’s European allies with intercontinental missiles or tion as it approached nuclear parity, from the 1960s onward. to accept a decoupling of Europe, in a move to safeguard his Thus it wasn’t the East alone that pushed the arms own country against a Soviet intercontinental counterstrike. spiral upward. Long before the SS-20 became a problem, However, the portrayal of the NATO Double-Track new conventional and nuclear weapons systems were be- Decision as being merely the answer to a unilateral nuclear ing planned by NATO. Pershing II and cruise missiles had arms push by the Soviets is indeed only half the truth. To been in development since 1969 and 1970, respectively, and understand its origins, one must dig deeper into history. The construction of the neutron bomb resumed in 1972, after it Double-Track Decision was a paradoxical consequence of had been suspended in 1958. Both alliances developed new the détente of the 1960s and 1970s. In a famous speech often airplanes that revolutionized warfare, such as the MRCA seen as the birth of the Double-Track Decision, delivered by Tornado, with dazzling high-performance electronics and Federal Chancellor Schmidt at the International Institute for capable of delivering nuclear and conventional weapons Strategic Studies in London in October 1977, he cautiously behind enemy lines at low altitude, or the so-called Backfire pointed out that the medium-range systems, which had a bomber of the Soviets, a potential intercontinental bomber considerable reach, had been “forgotten” in the SALT talks that unsettled the Americans. These were complemented between the superpowers on intercontinental missiles. by a new generation of artillery and battle tanks such as According to Schmidt, the SS-20 fell precisely into this “gray the Leopard 2. These new weapons threw into doubt, as the area,” as none of the existing treaties applied to it. Because Potsdam military historian Oliver Bange noted, the hereto- they threatened above all Europe and East Asia due to their fore prevalent war concept, based on World War II, of large- range of 5,000 kilometers, this was a problem. It opened up scale, decisive tank battles. a gap in the escalation continuum. NATO had no flexible- Reciprocal perceptions, including of threats, are cen- response stage with which to react to the SS-20. tral to an understanding of the Cold War. The causes of the Even at that time, there was—especially within the Soviet missile build-up are therefore a subject of heated Western strategic community—considerable doubt regard- debate among historians. One side argues that the USSR, ing Schmidt’s thesis that the SS-20 divided Western deter- always well-informed about NATO deliberation and plan- rence into two spheres. After all, the British and French each ning, wanted to preempt the expected modernization of the had substantial nuclear capabilities of their own. Planners Western arsenals with their SS-20. According to this view, like Sir Michael Quinlan, chief strategist of the British gov- Moscow, being ideologically convinced that the West had ernment, didn’t share Schmidt and Kohl’s fear of the po- inherently belligerent intentions, countered with its own tential regionalization of a nuclear war in Europe. Nuclear new weapons the imminent introduction of the cruise mis- weapons, he maintained, sent an important political signal. siles and Pershing II, which had been in planning since 1970. They served deterrence, that is, the prevention of war, or, Other authors hold that, during the decadent phase of the failing this, the rapid ending of a conflict. In certain circum- late Brezhnev era, the Soviet “military-industrial complex” stances, in keeping with an option stated in NATO’s strategy ultimately acted independently of political requirements, document MC 14/3 of 1967–68, the targeted (“demonstra- whereas the orthodox anticommunist interpretation of the tive”) detonation of a single atomic bomb, or a few precise USSR assumes aggressive motives on part of the East. 22th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

he NATO Double-Track Decision was not solely about For Schmidt’s successor, Kohl, as well, following through T the Soviet challenge; it was also about the internal co- with the deployment was of critical importance for the hesion of the transatlantic alliance. It was one of the results political alliance. He accused the peace movement of anti- of a deep crisis in transatlantic trust. Another contribution Americanism and conjured the frightful vision of a trans­ was German political elites’ growing self-confidence and atlantic estrangement due to American disappointment their concern that thirty years after the end of World War II, over ungrateful Germans. East and West Germany were once again threatened with becoming a battlefield. When the Cold War made a conspic- uous return, after the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, The specter of nuclear Armageddon West German Christian Democrats were definitely less in- clined to adopt the sharp anticommunist rhetoric of the The peace movement had little patience for these diplomatic American neoconservatives around Ronald Reagan. The intricacies. It countered the advocates of rearmament with West German governments continued to hope for orderly its own transatlantic alliance. Given the destructive poten- cooperation between East and West and sought to secure tial of nuclear weapons of any range, the peace movement the advances that had been made druing the period of dé- simply lacked an understanding of strategic war games tente. This stood in sharp contrast to the US administrations, or the political scenarios of NATO. From Oslo to Athens, a which, in part for domestic political reasons and because mighty opposition took shape. The membership figures of of the Vietnam trauma, from Jimmy Carter onward, took a Britain’s Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament soared from more confrontational stance toward Moscow. 3,500 in 1980 to over 100,000 in 1985. In 1980, more than Schmidt’s self-assured admonitions to Washington, as four million in the Federal Republic signed the “Krefeld well as diverging perceptions of détente, therefore need to Appeal,” even though it had been initiated by communist be seen as part of an intra-Western line of conflict that con- groups. In October 1981, 300,000 demonstrated in Bonn tributed to the making of the NATO Double-Track Decision. and 250,000 in London’s Hyde Park. Mass protests were also As the Berlin political scientist Helga Haftendorn argued held in Amsterdam (350,000), Brussels (200,000), and Rome many years ago, the Double-Track Decision was based par- (500,000). New York was brought to a standstill in June 1982 tially on a German-American misunderstanding. In the tra- by a demonstration of nearly one million, the largest in the dition of his predecessors Adenauer and Kiesinger, Schmidt city’s history up to that time. And millions more were mo- was plagued by the nightmare scenario of a superpower bilized in the following years as the faltering Geneva talks complicity at Germany’s expense. He saw the advances made the missile deployment ever more probable—culmi- in détente achieved by the US and USSR in the framework nating in the forest walk of negotiators Kvizinski and Nitze, of the SALT talks to be of little benefit to the Germans. His in July 1982. remarks in London in 1977 were an emphatic reminder to The fear of a nuclear apocalypse spread­ throughout the Americans that SALT would potentially create imbal- Europe. When questioned as to their motives, peace- ances, and thus more insecurity, in Europe. On the part of movement supporters named moral indignation over the the Carter Administration, this was interpreted as a call for ­destructive power of atomic weapons. This resonated in the more weapons. The NATO Double-Track Decision opened an popular culture. In drastic images, films like The Day After, effective way out of this dilemma: the threat ofr ­ earmament Threads, and When the Wind Blows envisioned the “nuclear in the medium-range segment (Pershing II and cruise mis- holocaust,” the dire consequences of a nuclear exchange, siles) was coupled with the offer of negotiations as well as a and the protracted human suffering due to radiation expo- unilateral decommissioning of hundreds of outdated NATO sure. They depicted the post-nuclear collapse of public order nuclear weapons (something that has been completely in orgies of anarchic violence and prophesied the new Stone ­forgotten). Age of the “nuclear winter.” The German word Angst lodged Thus, the Double-Track Decision was designed in part to itself in the English vocabulary. Songs like “99 Red Balloons” bridge divergences within NATO and strengthen transatlan- and “Ein bisschen Frieden” (A Little Bit of Peace) climbed to tic cohesion. The Western alliance had suffered greatly from the top of the pop charts. The powerful return of the specter the upheavals due to the Vietnam War, and Europeans and of nuclear death was not a matter of course, however: for Americans had drawn different conclusions from­dét ente. years, nuclear warheads had been stored in Europe with- After Carter’s inauguration, Schmidt had held out little hope out much public protest; people had grown accustomed to for an improvement in German-American relations because ­living “with the bomb.” of what he saw as Carter’s amateurish politics. With the So, why did this debate now provoke such fear, when Double-Track Decision, NATO was able to demonstrate unity. the world had been living in the shadow of the atomic bomb NATO went to great lengths to prevent the appearance of since 1945? The political and cultural context offers some -an a nuclear isolation of West Germany. For this reason, the swers. One part of the answer is simply “Reagan,” “Thatcher,” nuclear-armed cruise missiles were to be deployed not just and “Kohl”—the protagonists of the conservative turn of in the Federal Republic, but also in Britain, the Netherlands, the 1980s whom the peace movement was fighting, and not Belgium, and Italy (the Pershing II missiles were stationed just for reasons of foreign policy. After all, the NATO Double- only on German soil because of their more limited range). Track Decision had originally been a social-democratic idea. Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 23

Only after Callaghan, Carter, and Schmidt had been ousted themselves as part of a transatlantic political community by inner-party resistance—articulated in part around the —a community divided among itself, across all national Double-Track Decision—the parliamentary left roundly borders. With consensus on the foreign-policy course of rejected rearmament. As foreign-policy matters normally the Reagan administration lacking in the US, such ­unity don’t decide elections, the Double-Track Decision was well- couldn’t have been expected in West Germany either. suited to the straightening of domestic political fronts. This While Kohl lamented that on his visits to the US he had to included its proponents as well: it allowed Kohl, Reagan, ­answer “probing questions” from his American friends as and Thatcher to demonstrate steadfastness and the willing- to “where the path of the Federal Republic was leading,” the ness to make “unpopular” decisions at little domestic po- Green member of parliament and peace activist Petra Kelly litical cost. The issue of the Double-Track Decision became stressed that she and her American friends were “fighting an arena in which various political forces worked out the for hope.” And SPD chairman Willy Brandt made it clear to Wende, especially given that Reagan perfectly personified his friends in the US that the rejection of new missiles was the left-liberal European anxiety with regard to American not anti-Americanism but was rather in keeping with the policy. demands of the American “Freeze” movement, which found strong support in the Democratic Party and among liberal he missile controversy was thus partly a struggle for senators like Edward Kennedy. T West Germany’s self-image. As the massive criticism of Reagan and the pronounced anti-Americanism of some op- ponents of the Double-Track Decision shows, it was about What remains? how to deal with complex processes of societal change, which the struggle over peace nonetheless allowed to break Uncompromising though the positions often were during down into clear alternatives. Against the background of the the rearmament debate, a thirty-year retrospective view oil price shock, doubts had grown in the 1970s concerning sheds light upon just how much the opposing sides shared. technological approaches to solving problems, as repre- Neither did newly “harmony-craving” West Germans drift sented by bestsellers like The Limits to Growth. In the SPD, off into international political irresponsibility and oblivi- the upper hand was gained by those such as the recently ousness to the obligations of power, as the Bonn political deceased Egon Bahr, and by Erhard Eppler, then state party scientist Hans-Peter Schwarz feared in 1985, nor were they chairman of the SPD in Baden-Wuerttemberg, who propo- about to separate from the Western alliance as “migrants gated “post-materialistic” values, not least in the interest between East and West.” Neither did the grim scenarios of of reintegrating the alternative left-wing spectrum into the a world thrown into “nuclear holocaust,” as predicted by SPD. Here too, they were at odds with Chancellor Schmidt. authors such as Jonathan Schell and Anton-Andreas Guha, There was an analogous dynamic within the British Labor come true, nor did the slogan of the journalist and CDU Party, where a similar culture war loomed. renegade Franz Alt, “Missiles are Magnets,” prove to be a This “fight for peace” therefore also served as a space timely alarm. Indeed, the cultural and political integration for reflection upon the much-discussed “change in values” with the West seems to have been solidified—incidentally, of the time. The issues included questions of the Federal in parallel with West Germany’s gradual acceptance of its Republic’s integration in the West, given the criticism aimed burdensome National Socialist legacy as a positive resource at Reagan and the US, and the challenge this represented for its national identity. to an apparent West German foreign-policy consensus. The To what degree the resistance against the ­“nuclear questioning of whether the security-policy plans of the madness” contributed to a change in thinking among Reagan administration were in line with German interests conservative forces, too, once the rearmament had been ultimately even led to a strengthening of the Western orien- ­implemented and the West had demonstrated its ­unity, tation of the Federal Republic. Proponents were forced to re- will remain an open question. For his part, as early as 1981 learn how deterrence functioned in the alliance. The peace Reagan surprisingly proposed the “zero option.” He ended movement, for its part, continually pointed to its trans­ his second term in office in 1989 as a president of peace. atlantic networks and solidified its own Western ties. On this Reagan made a greater contribution than any other US basis, West German peace-movement activists vehemently president to achieving the massive reduction of the nu- refuted the accusation that they harbored anti-American clear arsenals of the superpowers. The USSR, too, softened prejudices. After all, American activists also took part in its stance. The Communist Party’s new general secretary, peace marches in Bonn and sat down alongside Germans Mikhail Gorbachev, ended the ruinous arms buildup ­policy to block the Mutlangen missile depot’s gates. and challenge to the West, with which his predecessors Even in the critical years of 1981 to 1983, public appr­ oval had failed completely. of NATO and of the alliance with the US remained consis- And when, on December 8, 1987, eight years almost tently strong, even registering higher numbers than ten to the day after that fateful NATO decision in Brussels, years before. The struggle over peace thus reinforced West Gorbachev and Reagan signed the INF Treaty to liquidate Germany’s Atlantic orientation on all sides. Opponents as all medium-range missile systems, a European nuclear war well as advocates of the NATO Double-Track Decision saw ­became improbable. □ FEATURES New Work by Academy Fellows and Visitors

Gong Bath B y Mary Cappello 26

La vie au bord de l’eau B y Michael B. Miller 29

Methlabs and Industrial Alchemy by Jason Pine 34

Artist Portfolio B y Adrià Julià t ext by Alena J. Williams 38

A Deeper Freedom B y Philip Kitcher 46

Building between Worlds B y Vladimir Kulić 50

The End B y Anthony Marra 54

Strongman Theory Martin Dimitrov, Wolfgang Ischinger, and Gerhard Casper 58

Boredom in the Bloc B y Paulina Bren 62

Adrià Julià, Untitled (from the Truc Trang Walls series), 2006. Photocollage, 140 × 178cm. Courtesy Dan Gunn, Berlin. 26th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015 GONG BATH

The overlapping orbs ll I had said was “mood” and determination that my brothers and of sound and declension “sound” and “envelopes,” in re- I learn to swim early on. My mother A sponse to the question, “What can’t swim, but throughout my child- are you working on?,” when a friend of hood she writes poetry in response by Mary Cappello mine invited me to a group event, or to the call of a nearby creek that she an individual experience, I wasn’t sure studies and meditates near. I maintain which. It would require twenty dollars, an aversion to putting my head under she said; it would last for about an water even after I do learn how to hour. She said she’d thought I’d really swim. How can I ever push off or dive get a lot out of a “Gong Bath.” deep if my mother cannot float? Immediately I pictured a take- Swimming won’t ever yield the me-to-the-river experience. I think I same pleasure for me as being small thought a midwife might be present. enough to take a bath in the same I needed to know if nakedness was place where the breakfast dishes are a requirement, or if a bathing suit washed. No memory will be as flush was optional. I imagined a toga, or with pattering—this is life!—as the sen- endlessly-­unwinding winding sheet. sation that is the sound of the garden The water would be turquoise-tinted hose, first nozzle-tested as a fine spray and warm—bathtub-warm but bubble- into air, then plunged into one foot of less. Everything would depend on my water to re-fill a plastic backyard pool. willingness to go under—to experience The muffled gurgle sounds below, but a form of suspended animation. No I hear it from above. My blue bathing doubt sounds would be relayed to me— suit turns a deeper blue when water underwater healing sounds—to which hits it, and I’m absorbed by the shape, I’d be asked to respond with my eyes now elongated, now fat, of my own closed, all the while confident I would foot underwater. The nape of my neck not drown. is dry; my eyelids are dotted with Then I remembered how my droplets, and the basal sound of water mother was ever unable to float and moving inside of water draws me like how her fear of water fueled her the signal of a gong: “get in, get out, Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 27

get in.” The water is cool above and the waters of a deeper understanding: behind their closed lids, my eyes felt warm below, or warm above and cool this art. Which might explain why my as though they were sliding to either below: if I bend to touch its stripes, first Gong Bath was so affecting, but side of my head. This must be what one of my straps releases and goes the power of suggestion is only part of happens to us when we die, though I lank. Voices are reflections that do not it. If sound’s amplitude is full enough wasn’t for that moment afraid of dying. pierce me here; they mottle. I am a and the roof beams not too low, if fish in the day’s aquarium. the human subject is surrounded on he lover’s discourse—any word The Gong Bath turns out to be a all sides by sound, she really has no uttered by the beloved—takes middle-class group affair at a local choice but to give in to it. T up residence in the lover’s body yoga studio, not a private baptism Our guide explained that the and rings there unstoppably. This pang in a subterranean tub. The group of sound of the gongs had the power to that requires Roland Barthes to halt bourgeoisie of which I am a member fill up every particle in the room until all occupation he calls “reverberation.” pretends for a day to be hermits in a a bath of sound was formed—a Gong Without the aid of microphones or desert. It’s summertime, and we arrive Bath. It was true: the sound was so speakers, the sound of gongs material- with small parcels: loosely dressed, highly resonant and painstakingly izes and reverberates in the supine jewelry-free, to each person her mat slow to fade that I began to feel awash body—for my own part, I felt sound and a pillow to prop our knees. in it. For a person who hates to swim, enter though the palms of my hands We’re to lie flat on our backs, we’re I was amazed by how the more the and the heels of my feet. In the concert told, and to try not to fidget. We’re to sounds filled the particles that made hall, a cough or sneeze, whisper or shut our eyes and merely listen while me, me, the more I felt that I was crunch is a too ready reminder of the two soft-spoken men create sounds living in some blissfully underwater body of our fellows in the room. At a from an array of differently sized place without the need to come up for rock concert, we maybe sway or sweat Tibetan gongs that hang from wooden air. Sometimes the sound was bowl- together in a half-high haze but are poles, positioned in a row in front of like; other times, it was bell-like. Think careful still to keep the edges of other us. Some of the gongs appear to have of the sound achieved by running your bodies a-blur; we pitch our tent on the copper-colored irises at their center. finger around the circular edge of a edges of group oblivion. In the Gong In their muted state, they hang like glass, but the glass is made of felted Bath, other bodies are nodal points unprepossessing harbingers of calm. metal or of wood. Sometimes the that sound bounces off of. I felt sound sound was snared, faint as the needles bounce off the body of the person next t its furthest reaches, science’s against paper on a lie-detector test, to me, onto me, and on down the line; mood is poetry, at that point or birds’ feet stick-like in snow. What I felt it in my stomach like a pang. Awhere it gives up on controlling sounded like water pulled forcibly over Here we might want to pause to the things it studies, agreeing instead pebbles made me feel my body was distinguish between auditory hallu- to a more profound devotion to spare literally raked. Other times the sound cinations and auditory hallucinogens, sounds whose tones the mysteries of was a booming trundle, loud enough with the Gong Bath a form of the latter. existence brush up against asymptot­ to liken you to early theater-goers Was I letting myself get all New Age ically: the rustle of pages weighted who fled their seats convinced by the kooky, producing a form of socially with results, the fluttering of questions screen’s illusion of an oncoming train acceptable psychedelia that has no pondered in obscurity, the settling of a in 3D. But you stay your course, not basis in fact? That sound can affect the log on a forgotten fire, the hiss inside knowing what’s next, only that the central nervous system goes without the grate. Even in its earliest incarna- gong’s most powerful effect has been saying. That sound can therefore be tions, the science of acoustics turned to enliven one part of you while mak- harnessed therapeutically to allay pain to water as its scribe by dropping a ing another part supremely groggy. or alter the course of a disease has pebble on a liquid surface—plunk— I know it will sound like I was never been the drawing card of mod- and watching the rings around it form. tripping if I say I felt as though I was ern Western medicine. A little research So, too, mood finds a home in circles dropped down a watery chute inside a can go a long way, and a student of and widening gyres: the geometry that Gong Bath. The sounds slowed things mine once made me aware of pre- accompanies mood—whether fore-, down to the point of a drugging of scribable sounds, or “audioceuticals.” back-, sur-, or gr- is “round.” And now my inner voice: suddenly that voice Vibroacoustic Therapy is discounted as these gongs waiting to be struck are was the cab of a hot air balloon that I simply silly, along the order of overly also ringed, from darkest center to had to climb up into to enter should priced vibrating easy-chairs, until shimmering edge. I ever feel the need to return to it. Is it someone gives a sound massage to a Even if I’m the sort to be emi- possible for the mind to revert to pure person with Parkinson’s and finds that nently seducible—ever in the mood sound? I began to have a feeling I’d circulation is enhanced and rigidity for love—I’m not sure that makes me a never known before: my eyes weren’t decreased. White noise as a treatment quick study. I’m a ready convert to any rolling backwards into my head— for ADHD, vibrating insoles to help religion, keen to smuggle its riches into this wasn’t exactly an ecstatic state; the elderly maintain balance, or the 28th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

space-age sounding SonoPrep— the place of touching. Sounds touch inexplicable, and private as those one a skin-permeation device through me, and mood is the window of allow­ experiences in dreams, I remained a which a blast of low-frequency ultra- ance, wide or narrow, to let sound in: translator stranded upon a shore and sonic waves opens a pore in the skin in my moods are equivalent to what I let not a bather, immersing down and in. lieu of a needle—suggests territories myself touch, and be touched by in The images were dark: a boy shivering we’ve barely begun to broach. Though turn, but also what I have no choice in his coat before drowning; my open neither I nor anyone I know has been in the matter of being encased in. A mouth attempting but unable to offered a non-invasive therapy tool tongue stuck to a cold pole; bare feet in pronounce the name of the person that can liquefy tumors of the prostate mud. The bare of your back; the sting nearest to me in life and longing, my and the breast, or sonically bore a of my words. If I were a cat, touch long-term partner, Jean. There was a tiny hole into an infant’s deformed would create a purring machine; if you Toucan and a typewriter, an avalanche ­heart-valve, the sound technology and over-touch me, I swat. Give us this of marbles, a body encased in wax. its practitioners apparently do exist. day our daily sounds. How conscious Having stirred up some unpleasantly are we of our ability to create our own tinged flotsam and jetsam, the Gong hat’s this got to do with soundscape exclusive of earbuds? How Bath left me feeling bereft, unlike great mood? Applying sound to will you tune your day? What will you music “that move[s] us,” as Peter Kivy W mood is not my method; tune into with no instruments at your once wrote, “because it is expressive I want to make sidekicks of mood and disposal but your whistle and gait? of sadness,” not by “making us sad.” sound, to consider them in sync, then Sad music puts us in an exalted mood, see what emerges from that thought est I seem to idealize my twenty- rendering us capable of experiencing experiment. Oceanographers tell us dollar experience, I should note the expression of sadness. that sound moves faster in water than L that fifty minutes was way too In order for a Gong Bath to work, it does in air, but isn’t air part liquid? long a time for listening to gongs. Five sound has to obliterate language They say they can measure qualities of minutes would have had the same for a spell so we can touch mood’s sound that are impossible to hear. They effect, but the gong players wanted ­casement, its resonant shell. We have observe that sound pushes particles to give us our money’s worth. Every to be coaxed by sound to suspend together and pulls them apart, and Gong Bath since my first one has left our image-making tendencies even if that sound is the effect of a material’s me cold. They’ve really flopped. The pure mind like pure sound is impos- compression and expansion. When second one I attended was on the far sible. But why should we try? After my they add that the speed of sound in other end of the continent from the first Gong Bath, I was convinced the water is dependent on night or day, first, but the guide, it turned out, had phenomenon was going to become the temperature, weather, and locale, I trained the people back in Providence, audioceutical fad for twenty-first cen- begin to feel I’m in the realm of sound Rhode Island. The room was too small, tury Americans. It could join the ranks with mood. So too when they describe and everyone felt nervous. Nor was of our half-understood borrowings a dolphin’s “kerplunk” as a slap of a the atmosphere improved by the from traditions not our own, providing tail on water to keep an aggressor at suggestion that we could have the an opiate to the all too comfortable bay; when they note a whale’s “moans, same experience if we only bought the classes, a soother to a whine. My groans, tones, and pulses,” and a seal’s leader’s home-made CDs which he prediction was a way of denying that underwater “clicks, trills, warbles, stacked and unstacked in a sad little I was in search of something, of an whistles, and bells,” I begin to glimpse pile at the beginning and the end of experience, deeply felt, and not just an a mood, part-sea. the class. The third and final bath was observer doing fieldwork. I wanted A philosopher steps in and says headed by an overly self-conscious to be invited to go under while you the body itself is a skin stretched over woman who talked more than gonged, provide the sounds, to shed anticipa- resonant matter beneath. We are our who sang songs whose lyrics likened tion and bathe in curiosity, alive for own water filled drums of emotionality humans to totemic animals, and called a spell in the day’s aquarium. □ and indigestion, of sounds and moods. upon the healing winds. It was cold in A poet parts ways to say that water is the room, and some people wrapped Excerpted from Life Breaks In: sound; sound creates moods; all mood themselves in so many blankets that A Mood Almanack, forthcoming­ is aqueous sound. they appeared as a row of impene­ from the University of Chicago It’s the feeling a Gong Bath gives of trable pods or middle-aged campers Press in fall 2016. encountering sound beneath a thresh- devoid of starlight. old, submerged, and then absorbed What happened to me in this that makes me ally sound with mood Gong Bath is that I never got past the as liquid. The Gong Bath doesn’t affect all-too-probable tendency to supply my mood—it’s the model for a mood; an image to every sound I heard, even it is a mood, and it can’t be reproduced. entire narratives. Though the images It says that mood and sound meet at were as unconsciously imbued, Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 29 LA VIE AU BORD DE L’EAU

River cities of the Loire where the candles on the torches were of French history had ever imagined. lit, and then on to the chapel at the Practically all of these are lined by by Michael B. Miller Tertre Saint Laurent. villages and towns. Of the more than In French river cities there have ninety departments—France’s basic long been associations between town administrative unit since the French and water that, even if history has Revolution—in the country proper, n the year 1578, François frayed them, have never alt­ ogether over 70 percent are named for rivers de Valois, Duke of Alençon broken. Even when the French Revo­ that run through them. A still greater I and Anjou, arrived in the lution replaced the Sacre with its percentage of the capitals of these de- city of Angers, in western own symbolic rites, its adherents still partments are located on or by a river. France, to an extraordinary scene: ­followed the course of its predecessor. There are cities in France that are not a sham fortress on the river, assaulted Today, more than half a million on rivers, of course, but their opposite by galleys filled with men dressed in people a year cruise the rivers of is so preponderant that the distinction Muscovite, Moorish, Turkish, or other Europe. These voyages traverse from “river city” seems redundant. If nearly garb, the two sides armed with canons one river city to another, where his- all cities are on rivers, big or puny, and pikes, all to the accompaniment tory and leisure converge as readily what quality does the river bring to of beating drums. The spectacle as the streams themselves. They have their identity? transpired for the amusement of the become a boon for the travel industry Take Lyon, traditionally France’s royal visitor but also for the crowd of as well as for the contemplation of second (or third) largest city, depending perhaps sixty thousand people lining Europe’s past. Yet as one river city on when you’re counting. Here city the waterfront, peering out windows, cedes to its successor, and as the space, city history, city architecture, and packed onto local bridges. Such stories become a kind of river trope, city pleasure, and city ritual were all events—half honorific gesture, half one wonders how many of those who tied to the city’s rivers in one way or civic pomp—were repeated for at least glide down these ancient waterways another. Even when railroads put paid another two centuries, sometimes ask what actually makes a river city, to the greater share of river traffic, or accompanying the greatest ritualized or how interwoven with history the when nineteenth-century city expan- moment of all along the river: the quality of “river cityness” actually is. sion spread far beyond the river banks, Sacre, or Grand Sacre, held on the day France, as the opening scene mental mapping in Lyon remained observing the Feast of Corpus Christi. suggests, offers a particularly good river-oriented.1 Lyon lies at the conflu- The city of Angers’s procession was example of how finely tuned this very ence of two rivers and thus possesses special, famed for its great “torches” or simple concept—river towns—can four river banks; it is almost a sitting massive assemblages of life-size wax be. This is a country where geography duck as far as writing about river cities figures, frequently representing an and administration have long aligned Old Testament scene, set in elaborate with its rivers, the great fleuves of the housing and requiring at least 12 men, Seine, Loire, Rhône, and Garonne, and 1 I look specifically at Lyon in “Lyon: The sometimes 16, to carry them. The great the often only slightly shorter rivières, Meaning of a River City,” a paper presented at the River Cities: Historical and Contempo- cortege of guildsmen, clergymen, and like the Moselle or the Marne. Any rary symposium, Dumbarton Oaks, May 8, municipal officers wound from the foray into public works records will 2015; an extended version will be published cathedral across the Grand Pont to the reveal by department more rivers in a forthcoming volume on river cities by abbey of Ronceray, on the right bank, and streams than even a connoisseur Dumbarton Oaks. 30th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

goes. What, then, of France’s river cit- the river. Yet unlike the serpentine Of the two, Orléans was the ies sited on a single river, perhaps high Seine, the Loire runs relatively straight, greater river city—at the beginning above for protection from flood waters with strong downstream currents of the nineteenth century there were below, where city life and culture face and prevailing ocean westerlies that 32 sugar refineries profiting from the inland as much as towards the river? can propel a sailboat four hundred river’s flows—although as late as the How can we see in these cities, too, kilometers upstream. In the absence 1860s Angers could boast that ten a validation of the ways French life, of any competitive land transport, the thousand boats frequented its port ­history, and identity have entwined Loire functioned well into the nine- in a given year. But in the modern with the country’s rivers, and how that teenth century as France’s primary age, river traffic, especially along the rich and evolving relationship pro- east-west transversal. Merchant boats poorly navigable Loire, was living on duced river cities in more than name? used the Loire to transport wines borrowed time. If railroads stripped from Burgundy; Mediterranean oils, these cities of nearly all their trans- wo Loire Valley cities— Venetian silks, and the products of port purposes, the construction of Orléans and Angers—will the Levant transshipped via Lyon; better road networks a half-century T serve this purpose well, salt from Poitou; leathers and oranges earlier began the process of diverting because at first glance from Spain and Portugal; metals from Orléans’s transit traffic through other neither would appear to possess the England; cloth from Flanders; wines cities, particularly Paris. striking river-city qualities of a town from Bordeaux; and the wines, tiles, Ironically, it was the riverborne like Lyon. River traffic has all but de- and other products of the rich Loire steamboat, destined a short career serted since the coming of the railroad, Valley itself. Following the opening but long enough to validate upstream in the middle of the nineteenth cen- of the New World, colonial products, traffic on the Seine, that dealt the tury. In neither city are the great noble especially sugar, poured in via Nantes. knock-out blow to Orléans’s formerly structures—ecclesias­tical or govern- The 1642 construction of the Briare commanding position on the Loire. mental—built along the riverfront. Canal, linking the Loire to the Seine The geographer Roger Dion, in an Neither city’s promenades are aligned upstream from Paris (and thus an article that spelled out the rise and primarily with the river or with river easy waterborne voyage), confirmed fall of Orléans’s river trade, noted that views in mind. In Angers, postwar the Loire’s role as a provisioner of the by 1900 it was possible to compare the economic revival began with the capital, although the river had already loss of Loire river skills to that of the creation of an inland industrial park been a conduit to the city for centuries. mastery of medieval stained glass, so adjacent to Route nationale 23 and the It is not surprising, then, to find completely had river traffic seemingly Paris-Nantes railroad, as if to confirm that Angers, located at the passageway dried up. But memories and ­identities a turning of the city’s back upon the between the three immediate rivers died hard. At least up to World War I, river. Indeed Angers, identified as a to the north (Mayenne, Sarthe, and the business communities of Loire Loire river city, sits not on the Loire but Loir) and the Loire to the south, or river cities, including Orléans and on the Maine, a 12-kilometer stretch of Orléans, located at the critical point Angers, were lobbying for grand engi- water formed by the conjoining of the where the Loire bends west, came to neering projects to remedy defects and Sarthe and Mayenne rivers, offering serve as great transit points of French resurrect the glories of the past. Loss a water-borne passage south to the trade before the age of steam. Orléans of function did not translate into loss Loire. Here was a different kind of river especially was one of the great empo- of connection to the river. We are told city justified by its access to a body of rium cities of France. Even before the that Orléans sulked for decades over water it did not border. Romans it had flourished as a com- the eclipse of its commercial centrality, Yet Orléans and Angers had both mercial center. Maintaining their seat but in that sulk it remained as much been strategically sited on rivers for in the city were the quaintly named as ever wedded to the Loire. their waterborne connections and yet powerfully influential “marchans It would, however, be a poor for two millennia had lived off and fréquentans la rivière Loyre et autres river city whose ties to the water were prospered from the commerce of the fleuves descendans en icelle” (roughly: strictly economic; religion, too, played Loire. This was a first definer of their merchants frequenting the Loire River a role. From the early Merovingian river-city identity, even if railroads and its tributaries), who exercised years into the High Middle Ages we reduced these trades to a memory a monopoly of river navigation along find the abbeys whose renown was well over a century ago. The Loire is the entire Loire basin and assumed often coterminous with these river France’s longest river, but anyone who the role of keeping the river as free towns and whose names carried over has traveled along it will have noticed as possible of natural obstructions to city quarters, founded along river that sand often seems as bountiful and feudal tolls. In the eighteenth lands and granted river rights over as water and that in summer months and early nineteenth centuries, both tolls, fisheries, and mills as the source the river is exceedingly shallow. At Angers and Orléans linked urban of their wealth. Their histories were best, mariners could get eight or nine renewal to the building of quays along also river histories. decent months of voyaging out of their waterfronts. The abbey of Ronceray, established in 1028, on the right bank of the Maine, by Foulques Nerra and his wife, Hildegarde, Count and Countess of Anjou, was one of Angers’s most celebrated institutions. Its charter accorded it mills on the approaching bridge and adjoining fisheries. Not long after Ronceray’s founding, the abbey become embroiled in legal conflicts with Angers’s Chapter of Saint-Laud over mill rights, at the point where the Maine flows into the Loire. Rich and powerful, a convent house for the daughters of the aristocracy, Ronceray grew into a dominant presence in Angers and an essential way station in the city’s most ritualized moment, the aforementioned Sacre, the elaborate proces- sion that led across the bridge from one side of the river to the other. At Orléans, many of the great ecclesiastical foundations—Saint Mesmin, Saint Aignan, the Convent des Augustins—were likewise river-bound in some way or another. Even where cities grew back from the water- front, the river determined city space. Loire river towns, for example, as noted by geographer Yves Babonaux, were often built along two axes, one paralleling the riverfront and the other traversing the city and the river. At Orléans, when the depth inland from the river was at most a thousand meters, the waterfront extension was double that length. Road patterns also aligned with the river valley, an ancient pattern replicated, often with disastrous urban effects, by the building of postwar highways. In fact, the consequences of living on and off the river were often catastrophic. Orléans, the entrepôt, had reached right down to the river, which left it vulnerable to the fickleness of Loire waters, which repeatedly overflowed into the city. The historical chronicle of Orléans is peppered with the dates of great floods, recorded as far back as 581. Angers was built higher off the river, but its bridges were battered and occasionally broken by flood waters. Its elevated siting re- sulted also from the strategic choice to command the river valley, as powerful a motivation behind Angers’s establishment as the pursuit of river gain—for while the river took, it also brought. From the ninth-century Normans who sailed up the Loire and the Maine and burned both cities practically to the ground, to the Wehrmacht in 1940, who bore down on Orléans with the strate- gic imperative of capturing a bridge, the history of these Loire cities was often as much defense from invasion as expansion through trade. Both cities ringed themselves with fortifications and focused their strong points on the river. Until the nineteenth century the Châtelet, a Merovingian fortress whose origins may date back to the 32th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

Roman era, dominated the Orléans was also one of the great commercial waterfront. It has been said that Clovis avenues of the city. Ralph de Diceto, made it his palace, although another dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, city historian identifies its construction visited Angers in the twelfth century with Clovis’s son, Clodimir, in 511. Louis and sang its praises. As late as the VII married Constance, the daughter French Revolution the bridge remained of the King of Castille, in the Châtelet, a desirable location. From 1791, we get in 1160. Later it housed the province’s this advertisement: “For Rent—House medieval courts. Still, its primary pur- situated on the Grand Pont, comprised pose was to command the river and of five beautiful rooms, four with the bridge across it and to defend the fireplaces, two fine lofts, and one cellar, city from attack. The Châtelet stands said house having a very pretty view no more, but no one who proceeds of the river.” It was, of course, across downriver to Angers will fail to rec- this bridge that marched the bearers ognize that the signature structure of of the fantastic “torches” on Corpus this city is its riparian counterpart, the Christi. Today a version of the Sacre still colossal citadel constructed by Saint occurrs—even if the Grand Pont has Louis above the banks of the Maine. been rebuilt and renamed the Pont de Bridges especially reveal how city Verdun. life centered upon the river. In Angers At Orléans, history could not be as well as Orléans, bridges were also written without the bridge, because symbolic places. On the central bridg- it was there, at its heavily fortified es of both cities stood a great stone southern terminus, that Joan of Arc cross. Built as a passageway, the bridge raised the seven-month siege of the was also a processional path for the city that is the foundation of her ceremonial and ritual life of the city. legend and of ultimate French triumph At Angers there were two principal in the Hundred Years War. There is no bridges, the Pont des Treilles, which other moment in French history to was already being shredded by the rival it, not even 1944, when liberation Maine in the seventeenth century, from occupation came, ironically, with and the stone bridge built by Foulques the return of the Anglo-Saxons. The Nerra in the eleventh century and story was a fabulous one, but no more known as the Grand Pont. To these so than what the city and its historians could be added the series of bridges made of it. Only a few years after that spanned the Loire at Ponts-de-Cé, the events themselves, the people only a few kilometers away and, in of Orléans inaugurated the tradition, truth, an Angers suburb: the author continued into the present day, of of an 1862 guide to Angers described parading across the bridge and back on of Orléans did not just tell the great Ponts-de-Cé as “the place of choice May 8, the day following the decisive siege story; they made it into the for Angevins; on Sundays and holi- battle and when the English aban- city’s defining moment. They told days they go there in great numbers.” doned the siege. This was Orléans’s it as Joan’s epic, but also Orléans’s: Forming part of Angers’s southern equivalent to Angers’s Sacre. Just two in 1429 Orléans’s people, rich or com- defenses, the Ponts-de-Cé had their years following Joan’s rehabilitation, mon, male or female, had rallied to own storied and bloody river history. in the 1450s, the city erected a monu- the national cause and with great But let us stay with Angers proper. ment to the Maiden and placed it on sacrifice had held and then retaken the Both bridges were very old. The Pont des the bridge. As Léon de Buzonnière bridge. Thus, as river traffic waned in Treilles was a twelfth-century bridge. noted in his nineteenth-century the nineteenth century, a prolonging The Grand Pont was older and stood at architectural history of Orléans, “The of identity with the river occurred, as a point where, according to Angers’s bridge and the banks of the river had memory if no longer as waterborne nineteenth-century archivist, bridges been the principal theater of her glory, business. Nor did bridges over the had existed “since the earliest times.” the bridge served as the pedestal to Loire ever lose their functional or Both bridges possessed mills. The her statue. From there she dominated symbolic significance. When the old city’s fairs had been held on the Grand the waves of the Loire and could, so bridge neared collapse, Orléans built Pont down to the thirteenth century. to speak, look out still upon the sites a new one in the eighteenth century Until the nineteenth century, shops bearing witness to her exploits.” that projected the transversal axis lined both sides of this bridge; a thor- De Buzonnière was typical of his formed by the city’s main street, oughfare to the other bank, the bridge age. The nineteenth-century historians rue Royale, across the Loire. In the Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 33

Plan et profil au naturel de la ville d’Orleans, Gilles Hotot, 1648. The Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library. twentieth century occupation began but in their stead were now rowboats Babonaux, writing on the middle with the capture of the city’s bridges and sailboats and the pleasure of river Loire in the latter half of the twentieth in 1940 and reconstruction with their walks and river regattas. First on the century, stressed this “riverness” by rebuilding, once the Germans were Loiret, the romantic 12-kilometer river twinning Orléans and Tours as towns driven out. Yet another bridge opened that parallels the Loire just beyond whose likeness and intimacy with the the city’s twenty-first century, just as Orléans’s left bank, then on the Loire, river set them off from other towns a 1998 two-volume history of Orléans the boating clubs of the Loiret no more distant but outside the Loire explicitly ended with its conception, (Orléans), Tours, Saumur, and Angers Valley. Meanwhile, Angers, for all its the closing bracket to a two-thousand- competed for prizes before shore- postwar growth, remains anchored to year-long parenthesis that had begun gathered crowds. In 1831, at the peak of the Maine. Because proximity to a river with Caesar’s seizing of the original its river traffic, Orléans had built a vast had always had sundry connotations, bridge across the Loire. warehouse, the Entrepôt, a soon-to-be towns founded to profit from the river white elephant, until, significantly, the were still river-bound in memory and losure—also that of nearly boating club converted it into a boat- usage, even after those bounties van- two millennia of river house. Regatta races merely updated ished. As river cities today rediscover C trade—has never truly centuries-long rivalries between towns their waterfronts and profit from new ended river identities in like Orléans and Tours, or Angers and river trades, they need only to look to France. At the end of the nineteenth Saumur, for political and commercial their riverine past to comprehend their century, the old riverboats and prince- precedence. Again, association, even as river future. □ ly river visits had largely vanished, competition, turned towards the river. 34th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015 METHLABS AND INDUSTRIAL ALCHEMY

A toxic allegory them to it. The social pressures to use had the highest number of methlab of social suffering can be considerable, but even more busts in the country for about a decade powerful is the allure of newfound (currently it is number two, after energy and enthusiasm to work longer Indiana), and one northeastern county by Jason Pine hours in order to make ends meet. had by far the highest number in the A sacred art and a country-kitchen state, earning it the unfortunate title tradition. This is a perverse way of of Meth Capital of the United States. eth cooking is at once sacred describing home meth-manufacture, However, the statistics that Mand sorcerous because of but really it isn’t. For one, “ordinary” produce this “Meth Capital” gloss its alchemical promise. The base working-class country living and over the complexities of the political ­matter of chemical-industrial, mass- cooking in the so-called American and economic geography that makes consumer everyday life—Wal-phed heartland rarely resembles the pas- measuring methlab incidents pos- Nasal Decongestant, Coleman Camp toral that more cosmopolitan types sible or desirable in any given county Fuel, Walgreens Instant Cold Packs, might imagine it to be—just as urban or state. Rather than revealing the Energizer batteries—is transmuted cosmopolitanism is a phantom a half- extraordinariness of one area of the US, into an elixir to cure all ills, the ills hour north, in Ferguson. The country the statistics obscure the intricacies of precarious living: underemploy- kitchen is laced with leaching heavy of what I call “narco-capitalism,” or ment, insecurity, and the internalized metals and industrial chemicals that how drugs are entangled with broader feeling of being unproductive. With are pervasive in “Middle American” economic interests, cycles, and forms demiurgic mastery, meth cooks tap consumer products that populate of embodiment, and of what my col- occulted potencies and with their country, suburb, and city alike, from league, William Garriott, in his book arts produce an acrid powder that foods to cooking tools, to countertop, Policing Methamphetamine, calls heightens the pleasure derived from table, and floor. “narcopolitics,” or how concerns about engaging in repetitive tasks, whether drugs are woven into forms of gover- it’s factory work, working concrete, any methamphetamine cooks in nance, particularly policing. cleaning, or screwing. Or tinkering Mthe small-town Missouri county While on a one-year visiting at home, including cooking meth. where I’ve been conducting ethno- professorship at the University of Users stay awake for days, sometimes graphic fieldwork on and off for a Missouri at Columbia, from 2005 to weeks. They feel exuberant, invincible, decade hint at the distinctive material 2006, I quickly learned, while talking and free of all obstacles, like hunger, world with which this singular craft is to people and reading the local news, fatigue, and boredom. They “get more entangled. That world is composed of that methamphetamine manufacture life.” Many of the people I spent time a regional geography and topography, and use were of great concern. The with in a northeastern Missouri county a consumer-culture landscape, and topic both troubled and fascinated me, began using meth on the job, where forms of labor and other material cul- and I decided to pursue it as a research colleagues and supervisors introduced tural practices. Until recently, Missouri project. One of the people I talked to Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 35

told me that he comes from the county A few—too few—were recovering but novelty elsewhere. I borrow this term with the highest number of methlab suffered other terrible obstacles and from the anthropologist Kim Fortun, busts in the country (205 in 2005), far traumas. Some people whom the court for whom it means deteriorating infra- exceeding the number of busts in the system had snared and released on structure, wasted landscapes, climate next county (135) on the infamous list parole were immobilized by debt and change, knowledge production and of the Missouri State Highway Patrol. severely restricted earning opportuni- governance laced with commercial This person told me his aunt was ties. One man I have gotten to know interests, and a persistent consumer caring for a meth cook and user with well invited me to the wake of his desire for toxic goods that continues terminal brain cancer and that both teenage daughter, who had died of to motivate their mass manufacture. his aunt and her patient were willing a heroin overdose. But dispossession and a limited to talk with me. When I took them up My research provided a readily future are not enough to explain the on the offer I soon entered into the available way of making sense of the radical decision to take on the risks small networks of cooks and users, high incidence of methlabs in the area: associated with the DIY manufacture ­active and recovered, in a county deindustrialization. The shift from and use of a powerfully addictive, where meth seemed always to lurk, large-scale, single-location factory illegal narcotic. I have found more if not in actuality as the statistics production to globally dispersed nodes answers by looking carefully at the suggest, then at least as specter. of production, and from material material life of this late-industrial I spent ten months with nearly a production to knowledge production region, including the material compo- hundred people in the county who and service work, combined with sition of meth and its material effects. were involved, in one way or another, uneven geographic development, has The sheriff’s department of the county with meth. These included meth cooks left many people of once-thriving where I conducted most of my field- and users and their families, addic- industrial centers, such as St. Louis, work (I have also conducted fieldwork tions treatment specialists, chemists, Detroit, Pittsburgh and their sur- throughout Missouri and Arkansas, physicians, dentists, parole officers, rounds, without jobs that can provide as well as parts of small-town and narcotics agents, judges, public a living wage. People move away for urban Texas, New York, Vermont, and ­defenders and prosecutors, Walmart opportunities elsewhere and new California) publishes a complete listing­ and other retail-store employees, talent (teachers, doctors) and new of the addresses of methlab busts church pastors, pawn-shop owners, businesses are difficult to attract. In on a yearly basis. I visited some two and many others. I hung out in bars Missouri, the megalith Walmart has hundred addresses and found many and restaurants. I visited thrift stores snuffed out other retailers (and even homes destroyed by fire and aban- and storage units, and all the Walmarts, some manufacturers), while providing doned and others that were simply Home Depots, Dollar Trees, and cheap goods and low-wage jobs with abandoned and subsequently stripped Family Dollars. I went to the mouse limited possibilities for advancement. of all recyclable materials and fixtures. races at the Lions Club. I met with a Those who remain in these areas are I also found many homes that bore partner of a start-up pharmaceutical effectively dispossessed of the means no signs of being a methlab and were company whose sole reason for being to live decently and opportunities up for sale or for rent or had already was to produce a meth-cook-resistant, to make changes to their material been passed on to new residents. In pseudoephedrine-based cold medicine. ­conditions. one case, I posed as a renter to find I visited the county jail and the storage out if the owner would disclose the unit where confiscated methlab equip- he term “postindustrialism” has ­property’s former status as a methlab ment and chemicals are kept, and I T long been used to characterize the (it is unlawful not to disclose the spent an afternoon in the narcotics new economy, but it generally refers information, if you have it), but he agents’ safe house. I also rode with not to these geographic areas but to never did. In another case, I came the agents when they went on meth places that have enjoyed job growth upon a site where it seemed none of busts. I attended a Presbyterian service and greater circulation of informa- the evidence had been collected. Dirty most Sundays. I attended auctions tion, goods, and services, as well as syringes, powder encrusted jars, a and gun shows, participated in shoot- increases in a different kind of poverty, camping stove, gas mask, empty pack- ing competitions, and I completed that is, precarious non-contractual or ages of cold medicine, and a hundred a concealed-carry licensing course limited-contract flexible labor. In areas dissembled pieces of electronics and (which became a spinoff project on like Missouri, home of the Old Lead mechanical objects, as well as severed small-town “gun culture”). Belt and many of the first and latest fork ends with prongs resculpted After I moved back to New York, Walmarts—and where nearly 10 per- into the form of hands giving you the I made follow-up research trips to cent of the population performs manu- ­finger. When I asked the narcotics the county (three weeks in 2012, four facturing labor—”late-industrialism” is agents why they did not gather the months in 2013). Some of the people a more appropriate descriptive term. It evidence, they told me that I had just I knew were nowhere to be found. refers to a late stage in a long industrial reported a new, active methlab. Others were incarcerated or had died. era that overlaps with postindustrial 36th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

Spending time with cooks and ex- the other, giving him a head start of Missouri and beyond. Meth is periencing firsthand the grain of their on packing if needed. strikingly easy to make, particularly everyday materiality (and the material Eric never had the TV on because because the precursor ingredients environment they help to shape) has he wanted to be able to hear every- are wholly accessible. helped me better understand why thing, but nothing he could name drew And meth is easy to make in small- small-scale home methlabs could be his eyes to it. The screen stared back, town and rural Missouri, where there so pervasive in this and other similar blind and dumb. is space and seclusion. Wooded, rocky regions in the US. And the stories they It’s just thoughts, he told himself. ridges and ample distances between told me contain several hints. What It was after midnight. He always homes—this last feature reportedly follows is one of them. waited until after midnight, because an inheritance of a frontier sensibility he was playing with that Black Magic falsely attributed to Daniel Boone as The cooking oil was starting to pop, stuff. He’s a believer in Jesus Christ the maxim: When you see the smoke so he turned down the electric skillet. and God, but cooking is satanic. rising from your nearest neighbor’s It was ready for the Pyrex pie-plate. It’s sorcery. chimney, it’s time to move on. On the In his hand he held the Pace Salsa jar. Just as he turned his attention contrary, people are very neighborly, At the bottom of the murky liquid, the back to the skillet, the Desert People but they do indeed mark, and often yellow was done changing to dark yel- showed up. They was in the TV but police, the borders of their property low. The darker the better, like rusting. really it was a reflection on the with dogs, fences, purple blazes, and That’s what old Will would always say. screen—two people with cone heads NO TRESPASSING signs (some of them Eric siphoned off the fuel and just like in Star Wars. Standing by the hyperbolically threatening). Minding poured what was left in the Pace jar stove where he was doin’ his thing, one’s own business often goes with the into the pie plate. Then he put the pie just ­grinning. One of them looked in territory. plate in the skillet. And like every other his pot and nodded. Geography and topography were time the Pyrex touched Teflon, a drop His girlfriend made a noise. important until around 2008, when of cooking oil splashed on his hand. She was looking at the TV too. the Shake-and-Bake recipe emerged. And like every other time, the same That fired him up. What do you This method doesn’t require anhydrous thought came. It came an incarnated see? Point at it and describe it! ammonia, the dangerously volatile sign, a hieroglyph branded on his skin. He knew now it wasn’t just farm fertilizer whose sale is regulated You burn that muratic off it in thoughts, but he wasn’t going to tell by the federal government but which a ’lectric skillet like this, Will told him her what he seen so he could hear in farming regions is at least available while stirring the yellowed mixture it from her. for theft. The anhydrous ammonia with the long plastic spoon. If I ever get Kelly pointed to the TV. There’s “two-pot” recipe produces a ­powerful breakage, it all stays right there in the two Desert People in there standing smell and, when things go wrong, ’lectric skillet. at the skillet. This time she wasn’t a powerful explosion. The Shake-and- I gotcha, said Eric to his mentor. just ­tweaking. Bake methlab produces far less of a So instead of burnin’ up the burner Oh my God, he whispered. smell and, although it is small, can with the muratic, it’s only the skillet be just as dangerous—perhaps even gets messed up. The first thing Eric’s story underscores more dangerous, as the ingredients Will shook his head. Fire. I don’t is that meth is cooked from ordi- are combined in a single plastic soda wanna be around no fire. That’s why nary domestic consumer products. or Gatorade bottle. The cook holds I’m here. Energizer lithium batteries (lithium is the bottle in his hands. Shaking the That’s why I’m here. Eric repeated it a key ingredient not mentioned in the bottle speeds the reaction, but pres- like a prayer or a spell with each cook. above scene) and muriatic acid, com- sure builds up, making it necessary What’s that? His girlfriend heard monly used to clean brick patios or to intermittently “burp” the bottle by him talking. She was already worked unclog drains, are available at big-box opening the cap to provide release. up. She was prone to some pretty wild stores like Lowes and Walmart, which But when the pressure gets too high tweaking, like that one time he found have long dominated local retail or when moisture ignites the lithium her outside and there she was at three markets across the Midwest. In the strip (peeled from the battery) and o’clock in the morning rewiring the same stores one finds acetone, or paint turns the bottle into a blowtorch, the cable. thinner, and Coleman camping fuel, injury is close-range and catastrophic. Oh my God, was all he could say. the brand favored by cooks. Pyrex, Eric was too concentrated on what Teflon, Pace Salsa jars, and plastic have found it useful to bracket the he was doing to hear Kelly’s voice. They spoons. These are cooking materials I singular, and sometimes spectacular, were in a log-cabin resort. He always found in stores almost anywhere in qualities of meth cooking in order to stayed on the second floor because he the US, including the little-box chain consider it as one practice within a could see the few scattered houses on stores Dollar Tree and Dollar General, repertoire of local material cultural one side and the protected forest on which are ubiquitous across much practices. Approaching it in this way Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 37

throws into relief the do-it-yourself every tool in his tidy garage, including to pharmaceuticals like Adderall (an quality the craft shares with more each of the components of his methlab. amphetamine widely prescribed for common regional practices, such as Other cooks develop creative ways Attention Deficit Disorder), Modafinil fixing one’s own vehicles (also known of keeping their labs hidden or even (an increasingly popular alternative as shade-tree mechanics), home camouflaged in plain sight. In all of wakefulness drug used by the armed improvement, homesteading, hunting these reverse-engineered, unmade forces, paramedics, academics, stock and fishing, and dressing your catch. and redesigned homes, cooking is the brokers, and tech-industry profession- The material familiarity and manual primary activity, and food is the last als) and other performance enhance- dexterity entailed in this repertoire can consideration (meth suppresses appe- ment biotechnologies, including Viagra contribute to the perception that it is tite for food), perhaps precisely be- for sex, non-prescription supplements reasonable to tinker with potentially cause meth is affective, even spiritual, for improved cognition, sleep, and harmful chemicals extracted from nourishment. Meth fires up attention, mood, steroids and testosterone for household products in order to pro- interest and energy. It makes life athleticism, sex, and physique, and duce a substance of great value. exciting. It makes life worth living. more direct corporeal interventions, In fact, this perception explains, On the other hand, Eric did not like the enlargements, reductions, lifts, in part, the metaphor of “cooking” that have a home. Home was where he and tucks of plastic surgery. These meth-makers invoke. Meth, in other made meth. He checked into cottages enhancements have economic value in words, is a homey domestic product. and extended-stay hotels (including different vocations and social worlds, Some “recipes” are coveted like pre- one that I unwittingly stayed in), set and the two are usually entangled. cious secrets and shared only with up shop, and then moved on when They perform powerful material func- privileged intimates, sometimes across the cook was done. Cooking was his tions but they also have enormous multiple family generations. Secrecy mission. He believed that he was a symbolic purchase on everyday socio- is a form of intimacy. The metaphor is priest and the people he supplied economic material life in the US and so powerful that, although methlabs with meth were his parishioners. elsewhere, where aspirations for more are found anywhere in a house (just as He would cut people off if they were and better are moral imperatives. the ingredients of meth are found in failing “to put bread on the table” for any ordinary home and the consumer their families. Once he even paid the n my writing and lectures about landscapes they populate), manufac- electric bill for someone in his “parish” I this research I am committed to ture of meth is always called “cooking.” who had gotten in too deep. The vitality, making these connections across It’s as if methlabs have siphoned off the supreme—yet seemingly xeno­ socioeconomic classes, practices, and a vital power from a fundamental biotic—nourishment that he provided materials. I do this not only conceptu- human practice, where domesticity, his users made him the demiurge, the ally but also on the level of language. intimacy, commensality, and cultiva- earthly creator whose works could I shaped Eric’s story, for example, from tion are collapsed into a chemical do both good and evil. Eric’s sacred carefully transcribed recordings of cottage industry. art was passed on to him by his older conversations and recast them in an This kind of cooking carries the mentor, Will. This sort of apprentice- ambiguous voice, a literary technique home through startling transmuta- ship is common among meth cooks, called “free indirect discourse,” which tions. The boundaries between the like a male-centric country-kitchen blurs distinctions between author, garage (or yard), bathroom, kitchen, tradition. With the emergence of the narrator, and subject. This is a way of and bedroom blur, and their materials smaller-scale Shake-and-Bake method, rejecting the transcendent voice of and objects intermingle. Acid burns which yields only enough meth for use the God-like academic observer, who through countertops and pipes, heavy among a few intimates, it seems that narrates life-scenes while disavowing rust covers pots, pans, doorknobs, and more women have taken up the craft. any connection to them. door hinges; trash piles upon the floors Methlabs and the explosion of every room (trash can be incrimi- hese transmutations of home of materials they host are indeed nating, so some meth cooks avoid T economics and workaday habits fascinating and troubling, but to taking it out). Cooks also set up labs in are not unique to meth cooks and approach them only for this reason abandoned and wrecked homes and meth users. They are homologous with risks further marginalizing the people are always on the watch for new loca- the self-enterprising and self-designing and places associated with them. For tions, just as other residents are aware practices of middle-class and more me, methlabs are like allegorical forms. of the outer signs of home methlabs. affluent Americans, who respond to They are inextricably entangled in the Home methlabs can also be im- imperatives to remain on alert to shifts material life of a place but they can maculate. The increased focus and in stock, real estate, consumer, and also be critically interpreted (a practice attention to detail that taking meth job markets that might leave them Walter Benjamin likened to alchemy) induces can be channeled toward feeling underproductive or worse: as the explosive matters in which my obsessive cleaning and organizing. unemployed, hopelessly indebted, own middle-class cosmopolitan life One cook, for example, Dymo-labeled and dispossessed. Many people turn is implicated. □

Adrià Julià

Portfolio [1]

[previous page, 1, 2] As if the Sea In- deed Was a Bottomless Reservoir of Well Preserved Anachronisms, 2014. Red wall, translucent screen, two 16mm films, black and white, silent 1′11″ and 48″ loops. Installation view at Friche la Belle de Mai, Marseille.

[3] Film Script for Square Without Mercy, 2014. 33 Petanque balls, plas- tic container. Courtesy Dan Gunn, [3] Berlin. [2] [5] [4]

[4] Notes on the Missing Oh, 2009– 2011. 3-channel video installation, video, and 16mm b&w film trans- ferred to video, sound, 1 lightbox. Installation view at Project Art Centre, Dublin, 2011. [5] ­Campus, 2013. Installation. 2 slide projec- tors, 1 video projector, sound. In- stallation view at Todd Madigan Gallery, California State University, Bakersfield.

next page: [6, 7] Negative Inchon (from the Notes on the Missing Oh series), 2012. C-prints, 70 × 100cm each. Courtesy Dan Gunn, Berlin.

[6]

[7] Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 45

that barely perceptible moment when the camera operator releases the but- Fragments, ton to stop recording. Julià examines this identification between the human body and the film camera further in Recollections Grip (2013)—comprised of two color photographs of differing views of a By Alena J. Williams handgrip detached from its camera— and in Recording Machines (2014), a 16mm film featuring a series of plas- ticine replicas of a hand in the poses Wanhen Rol d Barthes writes about Julià created a slide show by reanimat- necessary for releasing the shutter for love in A Lover’s Discourse: Fragments, he ing a series of vintage postcards of a range of analogue film cameras. emphasizes the difficulty in bridging Los Angeles he collected online. Played In the large-scale installation the divide between two subjects. But back with a computerized voice recit- As If the Sea Indeed Was a Bottomless he points out that their inextricable ing hand-written messages to anony- Reservoir of Well-Preserved Anachronisms connection takes shape in the “mere” mous loved ones, the work reflects (2014) and his Notes on the Missing Oh words, “I love you,” which he spells out Julià’s inventive handling of a variety series (2009–2013)—Julià unearths as a unified word: “I-love-you,” under- of media while addressing subject the relationship between history, site, scoring mutual investment and consti- ­relations, displacement, and longing. and event. In As If the Sea Indeed Was tution. This short statement points out To meander through Julià’s reper­ a Bottomless Reservoir of Well-Preserved that the intersection of subjectivity— toire is to encounter what French Anachronisms, two 16mm films cap­ by way of the verb “love”—is at once a film theorist Christian Metz identified turing the same square in Marseilles complex and double-edged sensibility. when he suggested, in The Imaginary are projected on either side of a trans­ It is this sensibility, which lies at the Signifier: Psychoanalysis and the Cinema, lucent screen. Derived from Bauhaus nexus of ideas about subjective identi- that cinema was a “chain of mirrors,” artist László Moholy-Nagy’s 35mm fication and cinematic representation, a “mechanism”—”like the human body, film Impressionen vom alten Marseiller that has long marked the work of like a precision tool, like a social insti­ Hafen (Vieux port) (1929) and postwar Los Angeles-based artist Adrià Julià. tution.” His work not only ties percep- newsreel footage of the same urban Since completing his MFA at tion to technological tools but also to space, the images play back in a dark- California Institute of the Arts, in 2003, the materiality of the body. Often these ened corridor in non-synchronized Julià has been mining a vast field ideas play out in a dialectical manner. loops, converging into what Moholy- of cinematic imagery as a means of In one of the images from his Cat on Nagy might call a “poly-cinema”—a questioning the presumptions of the Shoulder series (2013–ongoing), cinema of overlapping and competing cultural representation. Sharing an made with flat lenticular lenses, Julià images. According to Moholy-Nagy, affinity with the strategies of American interrelates a free-form line-drawing poly-cinemas “make new demands artist Jack Goldstein and German film- with an iconic portrait of Hungarian upon the capacity of our optical organ maker and essayist Hartmut Bitomsky, war photographer Robert Capa car- of perception, the eye, and our center the archaeology of cinema lies at the rying his 16mm camera. When Julià’s of perception, the brain.” In Julià’s center of his practice, and yet one also image is held, manipulated, turned, Notes on the Missing Oh, a series of comes across a variety of social and inspected askance, Capa and his video and 16mm film installations, political reflections in his work by way camera appear to merge together as a sculptures, color and black-and-white of photography, drawing, sculpture, singular body with the insides made photographs, he excavates a wealth and installation. Indebted to the visible—like a cartoonish vivisection. of material around the ruins and voids conceptual art and structuralist film In contrast, in Handheld Line and The of Terence Young’s 1981 film Inchon, traditions of the 1970s, Julià is primar- Recording Finger (2013), two distinct a failed epic drama that sought to ily concerned with perceptual lacunae. 16mm films, Julià approaches similar capture the victory of the Korean War’s Yet, instead of attempting to fill the content with a cool conceptualism. 1950 Battle of Inchon. gaps, he gives them greater space to Instead of depicting a figure like Capa, But much like the interface of the take shape and materialize, develop- Julià seeks to register his own interface subject and the camera—or the inter­ ing new psychic and metaphorical with the camera—in one case, direct- relation of two lovers—Adrià Julià’s relations between historical events, ing his gaze at a masked window in work reflects the dialectical inter- artifacts, and their modes of depiction. multiple exposures, and, in the other, weaving of two positions, eschewing For example: taking Barthes’s text as filming himself in front of a mirror with spectacle in favor of fragments and a point of departure for his recent piece his hand on the shutter-release button. conjuring up new recollections rather Perpetual Monologues Apropos of a The Recording Finger is a pivotal than solid facts. □ Loved Being: Los Angeles 1943–1991 (2015), work because it attempts to capture 46th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015 A DEEPER FREEDOM

John Dewey’s Democracy john dewey was America’s most plete reconstruction, but only the and Education revisited influential philosopher. Democracy addition of another element. This was and Education, published in 1916, was preparation for citizenship.” To under­ his most influential book. In it, Dewey stand the “reconstruction” Dewey by Philip Kitcher summed up his experience at the envisaged, the deep connection to be Laboratory School at the University forged between democracy and edu­ of Chicago—a progressive school he cation, it’s crucial first to understand founded in 1896 and which remains how he gave content to both these in operation—and pointed to further difficult concepts. educational reforms he saw as ur- gently needed. The provocative juxta- in dewey’s time, as in ours, democracy position of the title invites people who was often identified with a system have heard of Dewey (and his impact of government in which the citizens on American schools) but who have regularly have opportunities to vote, not read his book to guess its central choosing from a slate with more thesis: education aims not merely to than one candidate, after there have prepare the young to make a living but been more-or-less free and open also to shape future citizens who will discussions of the issues taken to be make informed and reflective electoral at stake. For those who identify it in choices. That conjecture sells Dewey this way, demo­cracy is in place when short. He proposed a far more radical people troop to the polls and emerge position, one with far-reaching conse- happily waving ink-stained fingers quences. in the air. From Dewey’s perspective, Already in 1902, Dewey had ex- such scenes equate democracy with plained how his yoking of education its superficial manifestations. To see to democracy was not simply a plea the scenes as paradigmatic offers no to add another subject, “Civics,” to the insight into democracy’s distinctive school curriculum. “Even when the value. Dewey preferred the penetrat- democratic impulse broke into the ing judgments of hostile critics to the isolated department of the school,” he ­shallow rhetoric that flourished in wrote in “The School as Social Center,” his day, as it does in ours. delivered before the National Council Plato, whose dialogues Dewey of Education, “it did not effect a com- enjoyed reading and re-reading, was Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 47

no fan of democracy. He feared that would have argued, because, too often, capacities,” Dewey writes, “and train- the ignorant urges of the many would popular celebrations of “democracy” ing them so that they would connect overwhelm the wisdom of the few, are too polite. That is to say, politicians with the activities of others.” leading democratic states to ruin. Yet from many nations sing the praises of That deeper sense has been lost in he recognized the charms that seduce their “democracies” at a time when the the wake of the industrial revolution democrats. They will, he claimed, cel- important forms of freedom are being (with its undeniable economic gains), ebrate the freedom democracy brings. eroded. In an age when governments as social institutions, the educational History bears out Plato’s predic- often seem most concerned with system prominent among them, turn tion. Briefs for democracy have been protecting the assets of the wealthy, away from that proper function— drafted by self-styled champions “democracies” are turning into statis­ human growth. of liberty. But what exactly is the tical plutocracies. In some countries, In Dewey’s judgment, Plato en- freedom they have hoped to secure? perhaps most blatantly in the United crusted his educational insight with For John Locke, and for the American States, election results are the product two errors. First, his division of people revolutionaries who followed him, of a vast electoral machine. At one into three classes—the ordinary work- freedom centered on non-interference. end, the plutocrats insert the cash; ers, the soldiers, and the philosopher- To be free is to enjoy safeguards at the other end, the ballots are cast guardians—radically underestimates against those who would intrude into and counted. Plutocracy is statistical human individuality. In addition, a your life, coercing your body or seiz- because the contributors can only act young person’s fate is imposed from ing your land. But as the agricultural to raise the chances of achieving the the outside, assigned by the guardians society shaping Locke’s conception of electoral outcomes they desire. Yet it in their wisdom. Like the intelligence private property evolved into a world would be entirely wrong to attribute testers who are his contemporary heirs, dominated by industrial entrepreneurs, freedom to the tiny cogs—the voters— Plato was confident that inborn poten- this conception shifted. Freedom whose actions mark the final stages tial and inborn limits can be reliably became identified in terms of a capital- of the machine’s operation. identified, enabling educators to turn a ist economy. Democracy’s central task Milder neoliberals oppose the child in the most suitable direction. turned out to be one of protecting the identification of investment with free John Stuart Mill’s classic essay ability of citizens to engage in produc- speech. They might recruit Dewey On Liberty forcefully challenges both tive endeavors, ventures ensuring as an ally, seeing his connection of Platonic assumptions. Following Kant continued growth. democracy and education as empha- and Wilhelm von Humboldt, Mill Today’s “neoliberalism,” with its sizing the importance of an informed insists that a person’s life must be her emphasis on not interfering in the electorate. Indeed, they might be own: working of capitalism, reflects this inspired by his specific suggestions economic turn in understanding about the acquisition of capacities The only freedom which deserves freedom, and consequently democracy. for cogent reasoning, hoping that the name is that of pursuing our In its extreme form, it supposes that children schooled in critical thinking own good in our own way, so long the freedom deserving protection will be more likely, as adults, to find as we do not attempt to deprive extends to the ability to invest almost their way through the fog induced by others of theirs or impede their unlimited amounts in candidates who well-funded “free speech.” Yet again, efforts to obtain it. . . . Mankind will support the policies you favor. Dewey’s concerns go deeper. For him, are greater gainers by suffering The money you donate (or should it be the Lockean tradition that culminates each other to live as seems good “lend”?) can be used to advertise the in neoliberalism, whether mild or to themselves, than by compelling merits of your preferred ideas in the extreme, distorts the importance of each to live as seems good to public forum. Investment becomes a freedom. the rest. mode of free speech—as the Citizens Opponents of democracy often United decision has proclaimed. see more clearly what neoliberals He continues by lamenting the ways When citizens are clear about overlook. A third of the way through in which customs and social pressures where their interests lie, voting can Democracy and Education comes a narrow the range of options people serve as an expression of their free- sentence to startle Dewey’s readers: view as open to them. Instead, healthy dom. If, however, the distribution of “Much which has been said so far is societies should foster individuality, time at the public megaphone reflects borrowed from what Plato consciously encouraging “experiments of living.” patterns of investment, Plato’s critique taught the world.” Dewey elaborates A precondition of doing so is a rich takes on a new twist: collective judg- by praising Plato’s sense of the inter- education, one that allows children to ments do not go awry because the dependence between social arrange- explore a variety of themes that might citizens are stupid (as Plato wrongly ments and the education of the young. underlie their lives, leading them to supposed); freedom is just as easily “It would be impossible to find a deeper a reflective and informed choice of undercut by artificially-induced igno- sense of the function of education in which might best suit their own pro­ rance and confusion. This is so, Dewey discovering and developing personal pensities and talents. 48th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

Dewey applauds Mill’s radical as his success (or failure). In healthy democratic freedom must go beyond revision of Plato’s insight, and his communities, these “conjoint activities” the negative freedom of Mill and his detailed suggestions about the reform do not simply consist of preserving the Anglo-Saxon tradition, providing of American schools emphasize the lore or the institutions as they currently opportunities for meaningful contribu- importance of self-discovery. He also are, but of attempts to improve them. tions to community life. Citizens of takes a further step, one compressed in Community life should not block the democracies must be free to participate his talk of connecting “with the lives paths individuals hope to follow or in rich exchanges with their fellows, of others.” Although Mill is skeptical forbid fresh “experiments of living.” and the conditions for their doing so about the value of an existence lived Rather, the healthy community aims must be in place. Third, among those by a hermit upon a pillar, his account at its own progressive development, conditions must be enough equality, of freedom imposes no condition to achieved through the growth of its of opportunities and of resources, to exclude it. Autonomy is everything. members, as they find their own enable the educative exchanges to be Your own good might be a purely chosen ways. reciprocal and the joint activities to be solitary occupation, lacking even the Above all, the members of a com- genuinely shared. Dewey’s egalitarian- slightest interest to anyone else. munity are in conversation with one ism is explicit: On Liberty follows a long Anglo- another, and that conversation is cru- Saxon tradition of conceiving freedom cial to forging the individual identities: . . . this idea [the idea of education as freedom from. We are free when “What one is as a person is what one as continued growth] cannot be others are prevented from interfering is as associated with others, in a free applied to all the members of a with our projects. (In the language of give and take of intercourse.” Dewey society except where intercourse Isaiah Berlin’s famous distinction, this ­maintains that “the very process of of man with man is mutual, and is negative freedom.) Dewey’s early living together educates,” and that except where there is adequate philosophical training immersed him education is critical for the formation provision for the reconstruction of in a different lineage, particularly in of the self: social habits and institutions by the writings of Hegel, and, despite his means of wide stimulation arising later preference for a Darwinian form Through social intercourse, through from equitably distributed inter- of historicism, some Hegelian residues sharing in the activities embodying ests. And this means a democratic —particularly from the Philosophy beliefs, he [the growing person] society. of Right—persisted in his thought. gradually acquires a mind of his Chief among them is the conception own. The conception of mind as Dewey believed that the America of individuals as finding themselves a purely isolated possession of in which he lived decisively failed through relations to others, through the self is at the very antipodes this test. The economic results of the being joined in a community. of the truth. industrial revolution “relegate many Education ought not only to equip men to a servile status.” you to find your preferred way but to The heart of democracy is the genera- do so through connections with other tion of freedom—the “only freedom . . . the majority of human beings people. The worthwhile life is not only which deserves the name”—through still lack economic freedom. Their autonomously chosen, but it is a life exchange of ideas on terms of equal- pursuits are fixed by accident and whose actions and whose satisfactions ity, in a conversation that envisages necessity of circumstance; they are embedded in a community. Now further social progress. “A democracy are not the normal expression of “community” is a notoriously vague and is more than a form of government,” their own powers interacting with ambiguous word, and Dewey ventures Dewey writes, “it is primarily a mode the needs and resources of the no definition that might anchor a of associated living, of conjoint, environment. responsible interpretation. Instead, his ­communicated experience.” readers have to glean his conception Democracy and Education renews a from the specific values he finds in three important consequences flow theme Dewey had sounded more than community life. from this vision of the interconnec- a decade earlier. Material socialism, Over twenty passages in Democracy tions among freedom, democracy, dedicated to the equal distribution and Education explain how the mem- community, and individual develop- of material resources, can be a topic bers of a community are related to one ment. First, Dewey’s title is care- for debate; but “there is a socialism another. They must be like-minded, fully chosen. For democracy, as he regarding which there can be no such sharing “aims, beliefs, aspirations, understands it, is a form of lifelong dispute—socialism of the intelligence knowledge”; they must engage with education; equally, the growth to be and of the spirit.” Equally divided one another in the pursuit of common fostered by education must engage the or not, the resources, including the goals, adjusting their actions to the child in conversation and cooperative public goods of a community, must be behavior of their fellows, each feeling projects with others, in democracy as distributed so that all can share in the the success (or failure) of the venture “a mode of associated living.” Second, exchange of ideas and the projects that Get Old express the freedom of the individual members. The failure of American democracy in the early twentieth century as in the early twenty-first goes beyond the widespread “suspicion that political parties, their leaders and platforms, are agencies administered by commer­ cial forces,” as Dewey wrote in a 1906 paper, “Culture and Industry in Edu­ cation.” It is apparent in the conditions of work, in the plight of the boy of fifteen, whose job consists of­grinding the slight roughness off a piece of iron, “grinding at the rate of over one a minute for every minute of his day.” Dewey’s example recalls a passage, late in The Wealth of Nations, where Adam Smith recognizes the effects of intensifying the division of labor: the worker becomes “as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human to be.” The insight did not lead Smith to rewrite the opening chapters with their applause for the division of labor (he moves quickly on to his next topic). Marx, however, learning his political economy by reading Smith, discerned in this example the alienation of labor under industrial capitalism. So too did Dewey. We’re getting older. Post-industrial economies have changed the sites of alienation but hardly abolished the phenomenon. And that’s good news. Our contemporary world retains the inequalities that interfere with It’s the little moments that mean so much to us. We want Deweyan democracy. Our societies to be able to cherish those moments for many tomorrows have arguably weakened the ties to come. Pfizer is working around the world to this end. that unite the members of genuine For more than 160 years, we have been researching communities. As Pope Francis has and developing innovative drugs to help people improve reminded the world, the economic their health and quality of life at all ages. Every day, we framework for contemporary social make every effort to put our vision into action: Working policies distorts our visions of our- together for a healthier world. selves and blocks the possibility of the global cooperation required for coping with urgent environmental problems. Dewey’s analysis brings us to the same diagnoses, not in the language of any specific religious view, nor in the idiom of revolutionary politics. Instead, his calm prose begins from ideals to which the vast majority of Americans would pay lip service. The logic of his argument proceeds from the core of democracy itself. We would do well to pay attention. □ www.pfizer.de

PFI_ANZ_GETOLD_BerlinJournal_105x280mm_RZ.indd 1 17.04.14 13:43 50th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015 BUILDING BETWEEN WORLDS

Yugoslav architecture leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira economic cooperation. Yugoslavia’s and Cold-War hospitality Gandhi, and Sirimavo Bandaranaike; place in the movement was logical, three US presidents: Richard Nixon, even if not entirely obvious. With its Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter; two long history of struggle for indepen- by Vladimir Kulić secretaries general of the Soviet dence and its reputation for resisting Communist Party: Leonid Brezhnev the imperial incursions—staving off and Mikhail Gorbachev; leaders from Stalin in 1948 was a defining moment hen Berlin found itself both sides of the divided Europe, in that history—the country was a divided by barbed wire, on including the Bundesrepublik’s Willy natural ally of the various anticolonial W the morning of August 13, Brandt and Helmut Schmidt, as well as movements and the young postcolo- 1961, the Cold War assumed architec- the GDR’s Erich Honecker; and a dozen nial states across the world. But it was tural form. Within a short time, the crowned heads, including Emperor also a European country that was com- Berlin Wall became much more than Hirohito of Japan, Queen Elizabeth II parably more developed than many of a pragmatic device to prevent East of Great Britain, and King Carl Gustaf its peers in Africa or Asia and thus not Germans from fleeing to the West; it of Sweden. Many of them have long really a part of the Third World. As a became an architectural metonymy since deceased, of course, but in matter of fact, in the global system of for a world divided by ideology and a Friendship Park they continue living the Cold War, Yugoslavia did not really stand-in for an entire period in global through the trees they planted, side by belong to the remaining two “worlds” history. side and on an equal footing. either. It maintained close economic Less than three weeks after the Friendship Park was one of the key and cultural ties with the First World, construction of the Wall, another symbolic sites of Yugoslavia’s socialist but it was certainly not a developed urban project with far-reaching geo- globalization, a space of geopolitical capitalist country; and it was a social- political connotations arose, some representation par excellence, where ist country but not a member of the six hundred miles to the south. On the country’s commitment to open Second World institutions, such as the September 1, 1961, the leaders of the borders and cooperation across the Warsaw Pact and the CoMEcon. On so-called Third World gathered in ideological divisions was reinforced the symbolic map of the Cold War, Belgrade for the first Conference of the with every new tree-planting ceremony. Yugoslavia occupied a unique place at Heads of State or Government of Non- But Friendship Park was also some- the fulcrum of the three-world system, Aligned Countries. The ceremonies thing more: it was a representation serving as a conduit of modernization­ during the meeting included a walking of space that projected a vision of the between the developed and the de- sojourn into the empty plains of New world as it should be, if seen from a veloping worlds, as well as a cultural Belgrade—socialist Yugoslavia’s new subaltern perspective. mediator between the rival ideologies. modernist capital—to plant “trees of Indeed, the global Cold War was The Iron Curtain, which divided friendship” in what would become not just a confrontation between the Europe from the Baltic to the Balkans known as Friendship Park. The seeds West and the East; it was also fought into two opposed blocs, solidified had surely been planted: over the next in, over, and by the Third World, then especially firmly around Berlin to thirty years practically every foreign struggling for decolonization. The form a fortified wall. At its southern statesperson who visited Belgrade Non-Aligned Movement, as the his- end, however, it parted to allow people, contributed a tree to the park, totaling torian Tvrtko Jakovina argues, thus goods, ideologies, and culture from more than 120 trees at the time of the emerged as the Cold War’s “third side,” either side of the Iron Curtain to spill country’s collapse, in 1991. The list of even though it was not organized as over into Yugoslavia, where they could contributors reads like a “who’s who” a military alliance but rather as a rela- be mixed and negotiated. It was there of the Cold-War era: Third-World tively informal network of political and that East and West Europeans could Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 51

temporarily meet, most regularly at regularity and speed. In that process, and left more than 150,000 homeless. the Adriatic coast, a favorite space of Yugoslavia became the recipient of Within days, aid started pouring in mass leisure. Many such sites across architectural expertise from either side from all over the world. Prefabricated Yugoslavia reveal that the topology of of the Iron Curtain and, at the same homes, hospitals, and schools were the Cold War was far more complex time, started exporting architecture shipped from countries as distant as than we normally assume: instead of across the world, most notably to the Mexico. The US and Soviet soldiers absolute binary division, that topology Non-Aligned countries of Africa and arrived in the city to help clear up the was more akin to a Moebius strip, its the Middle East. Although motivated rubble, engaging in a highly symbolic two seemingly opposite sides united by distinct goals, these two modes of display of collaboration, their first by the same underlying dreamworld. architecture’s geopolitical engagement since the onset of the Cold War. Even In constructing Yugoslavia as a were often so closely interrelated that some anticolonial liberation move- site of Cold-War encounter, architec­ at certain moments they became ments from Africa chipped in as a sign ture contributed much more than almost indistinguishable. The influx of solidarity. Such efforts were quickly providing a few useful metaphors. of foreign architectural expertise interpreted as potent symbols of Cold- On the one hand, it was instrumental often acquired such representational War détente, tying in with the enthu­ in the building of a vast new infra- power that its original purpose of siasm generated by the recent signing structure of hospitality. In addition to aiding the country’s development of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. providing for the burgeoning tourism became overshadowed by a sense that Similar interpretations ­carried industry, that infrastructure also Yugoslavia was actually hosting foreign over to the urban plans for the recon- included the facilities for numerous architecture on its soil. In return, the struction of Skopje, which the United international and global events, such expertise in designing the hospitality Nations spearheaded as a way of as the 1979 Mediterranean Games infrastructure became one of the coun- building expertise for all subsequent in Split, Croatia, or the 1984 Winter try’s successful exports, across Eastern post-disaster interventions. The plan- Olympic Games in Sarajevo. On the Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. ning process was coordinated by Ernst other hand, architecture became a Consider, for example, Skopje. On Weissmann, a former apprentice of currency of global exchange, as mobile July 26, 1963, the capital of Macedonia Le Corbusier and the founding member designs began circulating across was destroyed in a massive earthquake of the Yugoslav group within CIAM geopolitical borders with increasing that killed over a thousand inhabitants (Congrès internationaux d’architecture

Hotel Haludovo, Malinska, Krk island, Croatia. Architect: Boris Magaš, 1972. Photo © CCN Images, Zagreb. 52th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

moderne), the leading organization to be associated with certain countries, fellow socialist country than to the of modernist architects. Weissman, for example, large tracts of prefabricat- West; and the occasional international who immigrated to the United States ed homes that came from Scandinavia. celebrity staying in one of the increas- just before the war, was an official Poland funded the construction of ingly common luxury hotels. The archi- of the UN Secretariat’s Department of the Museum of Contemporary Art, tectural infrastructure built for such an Economic and Social Affairs, and it which was designed by a team of encounter was appropriately diverse, was through him that the UN enlisted leading Polish architects. Switzerland ranging from modest camping sites numerous international experts in the donated a school, designed by another and socialized resorts to sprawling ­planning of Skopje. These included, prominent CIAM member, Alfred Roth. high-end complexes, equipped with most importantly, the influential Rather than donating individual build- their own swimming pools, casinos, office Doxiadis Associates from Greece, ings, the superpowers opted for contri- and marinas. The regional plans for the known for their involvement in the butions with more far-reaching effects. coast helped coordinate such complex planning of Islamabad in Pakistan, and The Soviet Union thus constructed construction and were explicitly the Polish planner Adolf Ciborowski, a factory of prefabricated concrete directed toward avoiding overcrowd- whose international reputation rested panels, whereas the United States ing and overbuilding, the pitfalls of on his leading role in the postwar awarded a group of young Macedonian mass tourism found elsewhere on reconstruction of Warsaw. The UN architects with scholarships for the Mediterranean. They were rather also organized a highly publicized graduate studies at leading American successful, as they allowed the coast competition for a detailed plan of the universities. The successful replication to retain much of its natural beauty city center and invited the proposals of the American cultural influence until the late 1990s, when the com- from several prominent international was the most explicit in the work of mercial pressures began undermining offices, including the Dutch architects the architect Georgi Konstantinovski, the plans and regulations established Jaap Bakema and Jo van der Broek. The whose Brutalist designs from the late under socialism. winner was Kenzo Tange from Japan, 1960s clearly revealed that he had who proposed a system of massive been a student of Paul Rudolph at Yale olitical representation was Metabolist megastructures evocative and then an employee at I.M. Pei’s never far from tourism; in of the traditional urban forms of the New York office. P fact, it actually may have been “city wall” and “city gate,” an im- Skopje established a precedent for instrumental in inaugurating the mensely ambitious project that likely further transsystemic collaborations Adriatic as a desirable destination. The would have surpassed the technical in the field of planning. For example, most iconic site associated with non- and material abilities of countries it was again the United Nations that alignment in Yugoslavia was not really considerably more developed than ­coordinated a wide range of inter­ Friendship Park but an archipelago Yugoslavia. Originally, Tange shared national offices and agencies in the off the coast of Istria, where President the first prize with a Yugoslav team regional planning for the Adriatic coast, Tito started developing his summer whose proposal was considered more another quintessential site of Cold-War residence as early as 1946. It was at “realistic,” but the representational encounter. That encounter was even the Brijuni Islands that he met Prime power of his name was such that he more multifaceted than the one in Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru ­ultimately received the commission on Skopje. Socialism promised subsidized and Egyptian President Gamal Abdel his own. Indeed, this was the first ma­ leisure time for everyone, but early Nasser to discuss the ways in which jor project ever by a Japanese architect on it became clear that tourism could the developing world could oppose outside of Japan, and it testified to how also be a business capable of bringing the Cold War, thus paving the way that country reinvented itself after the in much needed hard currency. By the for the founding of the Non-Aligned war into a peaceful and constructive time the UN became involved, in the Movement. It was also there that he contributor to international relations. late 1960s, the Adriatic had already received close to a hundred heads of In turn, for the UN the selection of emerged as one of the chief summer state and countless other officials, Tange showcased its role in fostering destinations in Europe. Participating many of whom also planted their trees international cooperation, and for the in the postwar boom of mass tourism in Belgrade’s Friendship Park. But it Yugoslavs it demonstrated their open- East and West, it brought together was also there that he received the less ness to such cooperation. diverse sets of population: the locals official guests, including the members The reconstructed Skopje became employed in the tourism industry; the of the international jet-set with whom something akin to an international continental Yugoslavs vacationing in Tito liked to socialize, most famously architectural exhibition, offering a workers’ resorts or commercial hotels; Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Gina global cross-section of the aesthetics West Europe’s lower middle classes Lollobrigida, Sophia Loren, and Carlo and technologies characteristic for the attracted by some of the most afford- Ponti. Everything about the Brijuni 1960s, as well as the varying ambitions able prices on the Mediterranean; East defied the stereotype of the allegedly and strategies of exerting cultural European tourists, who could more drab socialist environments, offering influence. Whole neighborhoods came easily obtain permits to travel to a instead an attractive image of relaxed Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 53

style and hedonism. The message was, premises. Halfway through the hat urban spaces would be no doubt, political, distinguishing the construction, Bob Guccione, the reinscribed with new meanings country from the rest of the socialist founder of the American “magazine T after Yugoslavia’s disappear- world and thus buttressing its inde- for men” Penthouse, decided to invest ance was, of course, natural. Yet it is pendent foreign policy. But it was also in Haludovo, forming a joint venture still surprising how thoroughly—even a subliminal advertisement for the with the original owner, the Yugoslav brutally—that has occurred in many tourism industry, making it clear that shipping company Brodokomerc. instances. In an act of bitter cynicism, visiting Yugoslavia was not only politi- Guccione was a believer in the power Slobodan Milošević’s regime chose cally acceptable; it was also desirable. of tourism to promote understanding Friendship Park as the site for the The construction of tourism infra- between nations, and he hoped to bring monument to the 1999 NATO bomb- structure boomed after the economic an end to the Cold War by encouraging ing, sending the message that no reforms of the mid-1960s. Answering people to travel. It is probably fair to friendship is forever. Nevertheless, the expanded market mechanisms, say that Haludovo played a negligible the park is still there, even if it has not efforts to raise the comfort level of role in bringing down the Berlin Wall, welcomed many high-level contribu- tourism facilities acquired prominence but it certainly staged some unusual tors in almost 25 years. The Olympic in the following years as a way to encounters, as the Penthouse’s “pet facilities in Sarajevo were not as encourage the influx of hard­curr ency. girls” served the well-to-do Americans, fortunate, as most of them burned Yugoslavia had the reputation as “one who gambled side by side with the likes down during the Bosnian war, in the of the cheapest countries in Europe to of the non-aligned leader Muammar early 1990s. Other sites suffered in visit,” as the New York Times reported el-Gaddafi or Swedish Prime Minister the transition to neoliberal economy: in 1960. The available accommoda- Olof Palme. after changing hands several times, tions were accordingly modest. When The 1970s were, no doubt, the between increasingly shady owners, the esteemed architectural critic Ada period of Yugoslavia’s most intense Haludovo has lain abandoned for years, Louise Huxtable visited Dubrovnik global engagement. The country its once lavish hallways and pools now in 1969, she still found the rooms hosted the Conference for European covered in shattered glass. But perhaps in one of the city’s best hotels, the Security and Cooperation in 1977, the the most willful negation of one’s own modernist Excelsior, to be at the Mediterranean Games in 1979, and cosmopolitan past has occurred in Existenzminimum level: “In the West, secured the hosting of the Winter Skopje: over the past five years, the we would call it excellent economy Olympics in 1984. Hosting all these otherwise impoverished government accommodations.” events required the construction of of Macedonia has invested an undis- By the early 1970s, however, vast new architectural infrastructures. closed amount—reportedly in the luxury resorts and marinas started ap- At the same time, the exports of range of tens of millions of dollars— pearing in greater numbers, ushering architecture exploded, especially to in reinventing the city as a national in a new hedonistic lifestyle one would Africa and the Middle East through the capital. Every trace of the downtown’s not expect to find in a socialist country. networks of non-alignment but also in international origin disappeared Had Huxtable returned to Dubrovnik a the aligned world. For example, in the behind an elaborate stage-set of quasi- few years later, she would have had a early 1970s, Yugoslav companies were Baroque facades, transforming Skopje chance to enjoy proper American-style almost simultaneously engaged in the into an orgy of historicist kitsch. What luxury, for example, at Babin kuk, a construction of the Olympic village in was once a display of global solidarity sprawling complex designed through Munich and of the massive Panorama has become a theme-park of frustrated a collaboration between the Yugoslav Hotel in Oberhof in the GDR. It was nationalism. office Centar 51 and the office of the highly symbolic that this exceptional All these episodes reveal how the well-known American modernist decade of global exposure culminated different forms and motivations of Edward Durell Stone. In Istria, she with Tito’s funeral, in 1980. Yugoslavia hospitality—political representation, could have stayed at Bernardin Hotel survived for another eleven years, commercial tourism, and transfer of in Portorož, designed by The Architects’ maintaining and in some ways even expertise—worked in synergy to force Collaborative from Boston, which had strengthening its position as a site the Iron Curtain to part and open a famously included Walter Gropius. Or, of encounter, but it also had to deal space of encounter in a world defined she could have gone to Haludovo at with the rise in nationalist particular- through division. If some of these the island of Krk, a sprawling resort isms and economic problems, which stories appear unfamiliar, strange, or and casino designed by the Croatian undermined two of the three pillars perhaps even bizarre, whence does architect Boris Magaš, one of the first that supported the country; when the their strangeness originate? Is it merely on the Adriatic to offer a self-sufficient Berlin Wall collapsed, the third pillar a local aberration of the “­normal” postmodern environment, in which —non-alignment—lost its apparent order of things? Or does it point to the the guest could spend the whole day purpose as well. As Germany reunited, essential strangeness of the Cold-War roaming from one ambience to Yugoslavia disappeared. world? □ ­another without ever leaving the 54th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015 THE END

by Anthony Marra Through the capsule’s stern portal, Wiping again the glass, I peer the sun is a coppery wink. But no, it is through the observation portal but The following story is no longer the sun, only one star dis- every point of starlight is small enough solving by degree into the gauzy sweep to snuff with a thimble. Beyond the adapted from the author’s of the Milky Way, for the moment titanium and thermal lining of the new collection, The Tsar still polished brighter than the others. ­capsule hull, the temperature treads of Love and Techno. A half billion kilometers past over absolute zero. Solar panels are Neptune’s orbit, the vaporizer died and winged on either side of the entry the cabin turned into a desert. Dryness hatch. An emergency fuel cell stores unlike anything I’ve ever felt: a low enough energy to filter the air and acrid burn that makes my joints groan, makes my skin hold the shape of a pinch long after my fingers let go. A POSTAGE I sift through the dust for my fore­ head and press my finger to the skin. STAMP OF SKIN The pain is iridescent. I imagine the UNSEALS FROM bruises in lush purples and crimsons, and wish for a mirror, if only to see MY WRIST AND those colors again. Turning toward DRIFTS INTO the portal window, metal crinkles. Beneath my uniform, sheets of foil THE AIR. I AM insulation hold my heat to my body. TURNING TO To reach the end of the solar sys- tem I must have journeyed for years, DUST. but it feels as if I have only just arrived, just woken here. eject the dregs once more, twice more, The coughing resumes, more before reaching the Kuiper Belt. spirited than before. It is a point Consider that last horizon line: forever pressed against my trachea. the outer limits of the solar system, The ­balaclava brings little relief. an elliptical orbit of frozen methane, Goggles fastened from spectacles, ammonia, and rock. Even with an foam, and duct tape shield my eyes. operational navigation system, the A postage stamp of skin unseals from capsule couldn’t pass through. And if it my wrist and drifts into the air. I am could, what then? Consider the emer- turning to dust. Soon I will suffocate gency fuel cell, the taste of filtered air. me. The cassette tape is buttoned in Consider how the last gasp of electric- my breast pocket. It is the only part ity might otherwise be used. I can of me that isn’t disintegrating. breathe clean air again, for a bit longer, Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 55

or I can power the onboard computer, own, pressed through the layers until When I lived on Earth I would play the tape, and hear for the first my fingers found the valleys between watch you sleep. You would listen to time the last song of an extinct world. your vertebrae. I trumpeted a melody your headphones, propped on a hay- from The Nutcracker and we cratered stack of cushions. When you fell asleep, The cosmos began with the poster the frost. you would slump to the mattress and of the periodic table father hung on “This is a march,” you stammered. the cushions towered overhead. Once, the bedroom wall. Warm sunshine “You don’t waltz to a march.” I woke to your cries, a cushion fallen of halogens, deep indigo of transition “I don’t even know what a waltz is,” on your face. I turned on the lights and metals: more color in those elements I said, spinning you in a circle, then lifted the cushion. Your cheeks were than the rest of the room. It stretched dipping you until your hair swished wet plum flesh, a dampness war- a pixelated rainbow over my bed. against the gravel. Below big burgundy painted in the hollows of your eyes. With his deep shaking bass, a clouds, in an amphitheater of deci- “You’re okay, you’re okay. There’s ball bearing rattling in his voice box, mated industry, I taught the grand- nothing there,” I said. father described the bonded weight daughter of a prima ballerina to dance. “There isn’t?” you asked. of protons, the unmappable orbits of What an improbable thing it was to Consider the beliefs of the an- electrons. I sat on the floor in a legless be alive on Earth. cients who hand-printed cave walls. chair and listened to him explain that Consider the stars as apertures in a hydrogen, with one proton, and helium, I wAKE to this forever night, this starlit spherical firmament, pinpricks in a with two, were the only elements amnesia. The nightmares ceased not veil through which the light of an outer naturally present after the Big Bang. long after the capsule passed the existence shines. Are those pinpricks They gathered into gaseous clouds rings of Saturn. I no longer see visions. points of entry or departure? What which then turned into stars fusing Perhaps I have become one. Through darkness does this plane cast onto protons at tremendous temperatures. the observation portal, I watch the the next? Every element heavier than helium darkness that has dreamed me. was forged in the nuclear reactions How long have I been in flight? I had been married for year and I had a fueling stars, then launched across One hundred and twenty kilometers go promising future in the space program space in the flash of a supernova. by in the instant needed to articulate when the colonel called me into his “Hotter than inside the nickel the thought. The watch on my wrist office. He explained the operation in smelters?” I asked. died long ago. And if I wanted, if I tried, an office so thick with cigarettes the “Millions of times hotter,” father what is time quantified by the revolu- divan exhaled smoke when we sat. said. He pointed his cigarette to the tions of a dead planet around a reced- “One third of the GDP of our glorious twenty-eighth element and held it ing star, what measurement of reality socialist republic is funneled through long enough for the atomic number to remains to me? the military,” he said. “This great disappear within an ash-ringed hole. With a pocketknife I carve the out- expenditure creates pockets of wealth “The nickel smelted inside the furnaces line of my left hand above the observa- and secrecy in which men of our was first smelted in stars.” tion portal. Hundreds of other traced vision can work unhindered.” Nuclear The list went on, father enumerat- left hands cover the floor, ceiling, apocalypse was a potential tipping ed: the lead in factory paint, the iron in and walls of the capsule. I remember toward probability. Ostensibly, the barbwire, the gold in the Party boss’s photographs of hands painted on cave operation aimed to put a man in orbit, teeth, the aluminum coins of counter- walls and I sweep my palms across the able to radio the ground with firsthand feiters, the sulfur in the air, the radon scored surface. The carvings evidence reports on the global fallout of nuclear leaking beneath the police holding a past outside the capsule of memory, war. But the colonel had greater am- cells, they all came from supernovas. the only proof that I do not belong bitions. He knew what nuclear war Before we married, when we to an eternal present tense. meant. He was a patriot. Victory was were still in school, I took you in Lake When the dust grows dense simple: The last living member of the Mercury, and its mercury also came enough to suffocate me, visibility will species would be a Soviet citizen. from supernovas, as did all the exotic have dimmed to zero. The blindness I worked in the isolation of the chemicals that so saturated its waters through which the capsule drifts will Siberian Arctic with a team of cosmo- it remained unfrozen throughout have finally entered, will have finally nauts, engineers, and scientists. In the Arctic winter. We walked on the won. The emergency fuel cell is buried underground laboratories, we pushed gravel road that lassoed the silvery beneath the cabin floor, coupled by the bounds of technology, break- banks and you told me about your red veins of wire to a circular button throughs never recorded in academic great-grandmother, the famous prima the shade of a robin’s egg nested on journals. The elements labored to meet ballerina of the Mariinsky, about how the instrument panel. Coiled in copper productivity requirements. Surviving you were a terrible dancer and hated is enough energy to refilter the cabin beneath the surface of the Earth, the ballet lessons you had taken as a air or power the computer tape deck beyond reach of sunlight or society, child. I took your mittened hand in my for a short while. proved a fine education for what was 56th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

to follow. Every six months, I received On the last day of my furlough, I humanity with the crimson vision of a two-week furlough to come home wrapped a tape recorder in my knit hat a vengeful deity. But now that I am in to you. and left it on a pushed-in kitchen chair. a position to make final judgments, For the longest time, I hadn’t Your hair clung in thick, damp ropes none are necessary. Now I simply won- known why the colonel had chosen when you walked into the kitchen, the der what you did for thirteen minutes me to pilot the capsule. There were scent of lavender soap and a sundress I one morning when you were alone. younger, smarter cosmonauts, cosmo- had never seen before. Soft teal, I miss The tape, whatever it contains, nauts without pregnant wives waiting that color. is the last word, the answer to the for them at home. When the capsule I told you I would be gone for the question I have become. I wait with it, passed Saturn, the fragmented rings day and you nodded without looking weigh it against the taste of filtered air. of ice and rock burned with the light at me. We were together for two weeks of ten thousand crushed skylines. The every six months and you were three The dust thickens as I disintegrate. surface of the gas giant wheeled with months pregnant. There must have The upper layers of skin have dried and the lazy stirs of buttermilk in a saucer. been another man, I knew this and flaked into the air and all that I am is I thought of Saturn, the father of the did nothing. pink, tender, raw. Is this it? Is this how Gods who consumed his progeny, and I smoked three cigarettes in the we end? In blindness? In despair? I wondered if the colonel chose me ­alley outside before returning. I was only I press my goggled eyes to the precisely because of the commitments gone thirteen minutes. “I forgot my observation portal. Wipe the window that had anchored me to Earth, if he hat,” I said and slid the tape recorder and look out, repeat ad infinitum. chose me because he knew I would into my pocket. The next morning, mourn the vanished future as only a I boarded a military transport plane parent can. with the tape secured in your duffle. MY HEAD On the far side of the observation The tape, itself a sealed capsule, portal spreads a vastness that exceeds went directly to the colonel. SNAPPED conviction. There is doubt. I am gifted Several months later, the colonel BACK THREE with doubt, treasure it as I would a woke me, anxious and breathless, final revelation, as if I have made the the apocalypse no longer theoretical. SECONDS AFTER call and heard the response and cannot Technicians strapped me into the IGNITION AND know if the voice in my throat is my pilot’s seat. The colonel slid the cas- own or the echo of the answer I seek. sette tape into my breast pocket. THE CAPSULE I turn on the radio. “This is it,” he said. “This is it.” ROSE ON Transmissions from Earth ceased My head snapped back three three weeks after leaving its orbit. seconds after ignition and the capsule PILLARS OF Static reigns, my only companion. rose on pillars of smoked light. As SMOKED LIGHT. Cosmic microwave background radia- the rocket tore into the stratosphere, tion: the residual electromagnetism of I turned to the observation portal. the Big Bang. For 13.7 billion years, this Lines of exhaust striped the sky; open, Then, one of ten thousand strokes same static has reverberated across empty atomic missile silos studded the reveals the rim of Pluto. The moon the frequencies. The act of creation land. What divine imagination could Charon beside it. Beyond, the points endures, even after the created ends. conjure something so imperfect as life? of starlight overwhelm. This I cannot doubt. Consider the face of Earth. Unimaginable to see it, with bare The dust sandpapers my throat. America and the USSR possessed eyes, right there. Beige encrusted rock. Don’t cough. Don’t stir the air. Swallow enough nuclear warheads to destroy Ridges rising beside ravines. Could the itch and turn the radio volume all life many times over. Dust filled the colonel have considered this clockwise until it fills the cabin. It may the skies and the air became blind- while calculating the ascent? No, this be the voice of God. ness, suffocating those not already is something else. The intersection incinerated—a fate, it seems, that of great improbabilities; miraculous, Rigged within the onboard computer is has followed me to the solar system’s what could be more so? At the edge a cassette deck. Due to precise weight end. The radiation would mutate of the solar system, so far from home, restrictions, I was allowed only one every living thing. Our son was a few I see a familiar planet. cassette tape. On the official paperwork months old. A moment and it’s gone. Crane my returned to the colonel, I indicated a Halfway to the moon, I decided neck, push against the glass, but the compilation of Brezhnev speeches. not to listen to the tape until the end. planet is now far behind. The capsule But we both knew the one that is now First I was afraid the tape would hold drifts past the reach of the Gods. Pluto buttoned in my breast pocket would a betrayal, that I would hear you pick and Charon usher me on. I turn from take its place. up the telephone and call the other the window with a dance in my chest man, that it would make me remember where my soul has at last risen from its gravity. Dust fills the observation portal. I can’t see my hand reach out, flip the button’s safeguard. I can’t see the robin’s egg blue of the fuel cell release. A gentle whir, something like a fan in oscillation, cuts through the dark. Slide the cassette, first from my breast pocket, then from from its case. Insert the cassette, twist dials, click switches, and then, through the wiring of the cabin speakers, your voice. BUM BA-DA-DA DUM BUM, DUM DUM DUM. It’s you, it is. You mangle the march from Act One of The Nutcracker in the feral scat of the deaf or deranged, a voice so bursting and boisterous it’s a wonder your slender frame can summon it. You belt wildly, off-pitch and on tempo, the slosh of dishwater, the clatter of forks under the faucet, your fingers dipping into soapsuds, the bubbles blinking out against your wrists. I murmur the melody along with you. You have waited for me past the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, past each of Saturn’s rings. It’s ridiculous, so stupid, I know, to cross the entire solar system just to hear you butcher Tchaikovsky. If ever there was an utterance of perfection, it is this. If God has a voice, it is ours. Consider the calcium in the collar­ bones I kissed, the iron in the blood flushing your cheeks. We imprinted our intimacies and our cruelties upon atoms born from an explosion so great it still marks the emptiness of space. A shimmer of photons bears the memory across the long dark amnesia. We will be carried too, mysterious particles that we are. Orientation In what dream does the empty edge of the universe hold this echo of vitality? An uncompromising integrity in an In what prayer does the last human not ever changing world. That is what makes die alone? Who would have imagined you DIE ZEIT the most read and largest-selling would be with me, here, so far from life quality newspaper in Germany. on Earth, so filled with its grace? It gives me hope. □ www.zeit.de

Adapted from “The End” from The Tsar of Love and Techno: Stories by Anthony Marra. Copyright © 2015 by Anthony Marra. Published by arrangement with Hogarth, an imprint of the Crown Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC.

18199_ZANZ_EXT_BerlinJourna_ANZ [P].indd 1 14.09.15 09:30 58th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015 THE HOLBROOKE FORUM

constitution­ in the world is that of they try to endure. This is something the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. that our habitual thinking does not Its preamble, from 1780, states, “The really allow for. body politic is formed by a voluntary Martin, perhaps you can speak to association of individuals. It is a social this briefly, and then to you, Wolfgang. Strongman compact by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each Martin Dimitrov, associate pro­ Theory citizen with the whole people; that all fessor of political science at Tulane shall be governed by certain laws for University; chair of the Richard C. Martin Dimitrov, the common good.” That, of course, Holbrooke Forum retreat The Persis­ led to democracy, though in extremely tence of Authoritarianism: Thanks, Wolfgang Ischinger, various incarnations. Nevertheless, Gerhard. Ladies and gentlemen, it’s a and Gerhard Casper we can trace to 1776 and 1789 that in great privilege for me to get to intro- on the persistence order to be legitimate, a government duce to you what our group has been of authoritarianism really has to be democratic. And so doing for the past three weeks, and we all have this great commitment. the intellectual puzzles we have been In 2005, my Stanford colleague dealing with. Larry Diamond and an Italian political This retreat emerged from a prob- Gerhard Casper, president of the scientist named Leonardo Morlino lem that recent democracy-promotion American Academy in Berlin: Over published an edited volume called efforts have lately faced. In the 1980s the course of the more than two and Assessing the Quality of Democracy. and 1990s there was a lot of optimism a quarter centuries that have passed It is a very rigorous, very good book about the global spread of democracy, since 1776 and 1789, popular sovereign- that shows how many countries that and more and more countries were ty has become the prevailing doctrine call themselves democracies do not, becoming democratic. Then, in 1998, for legitimating government around in fact, live up to that label. the number of democracies stopped the world. I hope you have noticed that What I found absolutely fascinat- growing. And in the past two decades, I named these two dates chronologi- ing about the Holbrooke Forum that despite the Color Revolutions and the cally: in Germany it is largely unknown took place here over the past few Arab Spring, the number of govern- that the American Revolution came weeks, was that the various autocratic ments that are defined by Freedom before the French Revolution. It is very governments do what they do in order House as “free,” which means the important to drive home that point! to endure. Normally when we talk number of liberal democracies, has I’m a constitutional historian, and you about an autocratic government, we stood still at 46 percent of countries in will therefore understand that this is have the idea of an oppressive dictator- the world. The obverse of this trend is a fact very close to my heart. ship. That is part of the story. But the the global persistence of authoritari- Now, popular sovereignty has its participants in this Holbrooke Forum anism. There are some countries and logical stipulation in a social contract. retreat showed the very varied meth- regions in the world that are especially The oldest still-working written ods autocratic governments employ as important—China, Russia, and the Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 59

Middle East—which are outposts of the levels of public support that exist? power to becoming very much a status authoritarianism, and the knowledge We have a substantive section on the quo power. All the polls indicate this. of why they have survived as long as strategies that authoritarian regimes Most Germans believe, “Please, every- they have is insufficiently deep. use to engineer public support: one body leave us alone. We’ve had enough I think there are several problems is welfare and the other is catering to change. Things are fine the way they in our understanding of the resilience the consumption preferences of the are; we don’t need more of this.” of authoritarianism today. One is that publics in authoritarian regimes— Russia, of course, since approxi- a lot of thinking about the problem in Eastern Europe, China, the Middle mately 2011, when Putin re-assumed occurs in specific disciplines, so inter­ East. Another section deals with the role of president, has declared a disciplinary dialogue rarely takes strategies of cultural governance, or kind of war on revolution, with much place. Another problem is that scholars the use of ideology and propaganda the same intensity as George Bush of authoritarianism tend to focus on a to engineer public support for the declared a war on terror. When you specific area, such as the Middle East regime—such as neoliberal ideology think about it, Russia today, the home or China, and they don’t often engage as a fantasy of the good life in Syria or of communist world revolution, is now with specialists on authoritarianism in the use of public spectacle in Central the country that protects things as other areas. And the third problem is Asia and how that might create loyalty they are. Russia hated the departure that there are two separate lines of in- to a regime. We also look at countries of Yanukovytch; Russia hated the quiry about authoritarianism that take that were autocratic, became demo- removal of Mubarak in Egypt; Russia place on the two sides of the Atlantic: cratic, and then moved back into weak totally despises Western attempts to one in the United States, and one in authoritarian rule. get rid of Bashar al-Assad in Syria. The Germany. The idea for this retreat was list goes on. Russia is the protector of to bring a truly interdisciplinary group Wolfgang Ischinger, chairman things as they are, no matter how bad together that was able to counter these of the Munich Security Conference, they are. If it is in power, it can count problems. We have political scientists, ­former German ambassador to the on being protected by Russia. I think historians, sociologists, and a political United States: Well, thank you, that is part of our situation today. geographer. We have specialists on Gerhard. I don’t claim any expertise, I think one way to think about it China, specialists on the Middle East, but from my hands-on, practical is to make a distinction between the specialists on Latin America, special- experience in diplomacy, when we’re short term and the long term. If you ists on the former Soviet world, and on discussing this from a policy perspec- are thinking of the year 2015, we prob- contemporary Russia. tive, we are talking about one of the ably need to accommodate certain Every day for the last three weeks, most complex and difficult issues that dictatorships because we need to deal we heard a presentation and then democratic governments are dealing with them as they are. In the long term, brought in a German discussant who with. Let me try to make a few points: however, I think it is correct to try to commented and gave us the German part of the debate is about the differ- do whatever we can—as long as we perspective on the persistence of ence between status quo and change. conduct politically correct activities— authoritarianism. In the end, we will I’ve been struck by the fact, having to encourage the development and produce a book, which will, of course, lived for a while in the United States, evolution of less autocratic and more take some time. that the United States has, since 1776, democratic governments. Repression is an important factor been a non-status quo power. The In the long, long, long term, those in authoritarian regimes, but there are post-WWII Bonn Republic was, by countries that do not give personal limits to what a focus on repression definition, a non-status quo power freedom to their citizens are going alone can explain, so we wanted to because our Grundgesetz states that we to be inherently less stable than investigate other mechanisms that are trying to create something differ- democratic governments. If we want help the survival of these regimes. ent, namely a reunited Germany. We a world that is stable in the long term, What we are mostly interested in are were anti-status quo. My impression then that is probably not an incorrect the strategies that regimes can deploy is, if I bring Russia into the equation, recipe. But it is extremely important to build what we call “public support that today the US continues to be seen —and there are no easy solutions— for authoritarianism.” Accordingly, by Russia as a symbol of revolution- for this. Anyone who tells you that the counterintuitive title of our book, ary change. Because from Russia’s they know exactly how to handle this is Popular Authoritarianism: The Quest per specti­ ve, these famous Color Revo­ is probably telling you a bit of a story. for Regime Durability. lutions didn’t happen by themselves. What we do in the book is first In the Russian narrative, they were Casper: Martin, to what extent to problematize the issue of public helped by someone else. And that is status quo an important element in ­support: What is it? What kinds of someone else was probably based in the maintenance of autocratic gover- ­regimes believe that they need it? Langley, or somewhere nearby. nance? Do you agree with Wolfgang’s What kinds of technologies do they Germany, since the 1990s, has thinking about the dominance of use in order to collect information on moved from being an anti-status quo status quo thinking in Russia? 60th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

Dimitrov: One aspect of authori- calls Orbánization, or others like Casper: I have been in Turkey tarian rule is that there is a subclass Orbán emerging throughout Eastern frequently in recent years. Clearly we of authoritarian regimes that are very Europe. It is a troubling problem. have had a strongman phenomenon in good at learning from the collapse We don’t have definitive answers Turkey, to which the brakes may now of other authoritarian regimes. They on how democracies can avoid slip- have been applied. What strikes me so promote a message to their popula- ping back into authoritarianism, but much in the discussions of this group tions about the negative aspects of the one of the issues we discussed at great is that, just as autocratic govern­ments transition away from authoritarian- length is how important institutions are very different from one another, ism: chaos, unemployment, civil war, are to the maintenance of ­democratic and they use different methods, the perhaps the total collapse of authority. rule. What our participants have “slide” into authoritarianism has very This is one way through which they observed is that these reversions from different impulses. I was always struck manage to promote support for the democracy tend to occur in places that by how different the various publics status quo. So, yes, this is absolutely have not had a lot of experience with are in Turkey. Obviously the largest a very important aspect. democratic rule. The long-term answer public is the Anatolian public, which is that we need to be able to establish has a large fundamentalist Islamist Casper: I’ll open this up to the stronger institutions. inclination, and therefore identifies audience. I should also say that in Another aspect we talked about with Erdoğan. That then brings this my former life I was an American law is the foreign policy of the United strongman mentality into play. professor, and American law profes- States and what that democracy has sors, when they enter a room, advise done to tarnish the attractiveness Matussek: What about Singapore? everyone that they will call on them of democracy. if they don’t speak up voluntarily. Dimitrov: The interesting thing Ischinger: The strongman temp­ about Singapore is that it seems Thomas Matussek, former German tation you describe is a temptation to to fit the pattern that Wolfgang is ambassador to the United Kingdom, some. The problem I see is that once ­describing: yes, there is a demand for United Nations, and India: I would you go down that road, it’s not always a strongman, and a strongman who like to ask a question not so much easily apparent how you are going is able to deliver economic growth, about the traditional dictatorships to get rid of your strongman once but what Singaporean citizens want is or autocracies, but I see a trend in you have invited him to solve your more participation. The share of seats many democratic countries toward ­problems. He might wish to stay on, that the People’s Action Party (PAP) has ­authoritarianism. There is a country and then you have a different type in parliament is declining. We may be I know quite well, India, where the of problem. So, again, my approach unhappy at the speed of this decline, ­overwhelming majority of people want would be to think in terms of the but we do seem to have a breed of the strongman in order to get rid of short term and the long term. dictatorships that is managing to allow chaos, corruption, and so on. We see In the short term, maybe the for some public participation along- this in Hungary; we see this in Turkey; strongman can perform better, and we side the strongman. we see it in Japan. So, this is the have seen such examples. But at the I think Russia is another example argument that puts the onus on demo­ end of the day, if there is significant of this type of dictatorship. There, of cracies to explain why democracy is prosperity and peace, people want course, the desire to have a strong better equipped to handle the prob- participatory systems of government. hand came against the background of lems of today and tomorrow. And there They don’t want a dictator; they want the disaster of the 1990s: a government are many people, including here in this to be part of the decision-making. In that was technically considered demo- country—and I think immediately of this sense, in the short term it makes cratic but with somebody who was PEGIDA—who think it is nice to have sense not to succumb to this temp­ fully incapable of governing, a country a democracy when the times are OK: tation. If we had had a strongman in that was falling apart and barter was “But why don’t we do it like the Romans Berlin, our new airport would have emerging, and scholars were writing did: in times of crisis, get a dictator finally opened. But I wonder if that books about the imagined Russian to get rid of the problem, and then sail situation would be good for the devel- economy because things did not seem smoothly into the sunset.” opment for society as a whole. So, we to operate according to any economic should probably accept the fact that logic. So, people wanted someone who Dimitrov: This is the big issue sometimes decision-making is weak, could govern. They got that person, but with which we conclude the volume and it’s deficient and cumbersome. there also remained a limited amount I mentioned. We have several con- We experience that here every day of electoral competition, allowing tributions that focus on this rather in the extremely inefficient manner Putin to claim that Russia is a democ- troubling issue of public support for in which the European Union tries to racy. It is those types of regimes that authoritarian rule in democracies. solve the Greek-Eurozone problem. are very problematic. One of them analyzes what the author Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 61

Ischinger: Maybe the kind of Elizabeth Pond, author and jour­ George Orwell, Josef Goebbels, Russia authoritarian type of rule or democracy nalist: In the 1990s, when democrati­ Today—control of media in autocra- in Singapore is a kind that does allow zation seemed to be the way things cies, control of communications. There for a kind of evolution in the direction, were going, the basic political assump- was some hope with the Arab Spring, over time, of more freedom. It seems tion was that if you create rising living the “Twitter revolutions,” that these to me that countries like China and standards, a certain weight of middle communications were going to make countries like Russia today will have a class, then you will get a natural evolu- control in autocracies very difficult much harder time. President Putin, for tion toward democracy. Particularly in and would therefore play a role in the example, has felt that without further the case of China, this is not the case. decline of the persistence of autocra- restrictions on civil society, as we see Was there any hypothesis in the group cies. That doesn’t yet seem to be the today, his regime is going to be under as to what the driving dynamic is here? case. Will they play a significant role in some degree of threat. There is more what happens over the coming years? repression and less freedom for civil Dimitrov: Larry Diamond was society in Russia. It’s not getting better; with us the last few days. He ends his Dimitrov: Indeed the arrival of it’s getting worse. It’s not clear if that paper on an optimistic note, which the Internet came with the supposition trend will be reversed. So, are there is that China is unlikely to survive that it would take down authoritarian authoritarian regimes that have a as a single-party communist system regimes. Recall that in 2000 President capacity to reform and to open up? And beyond Xi Jinping’s second term in Clinton said that nailing down the are there others that are constructed in office—which means the next eight Internet is like nailing Jell-O to a a way that will lead to more and more years. His optimism is driven by the wall, you can’t control it, so it will repression because they feel threat- fact of rising per capita income and bring down dictatorships. It can have ened, as Russia does today, both from the expectation that, as incomes rise, destabilizing effects for authoritarian the inside and the outside? they drive middle-class demands regimes, but for that to happen certain for democratic rights. But China has preconditions have to be in place. You Dimitrov: One of our participants, defied all predictions social science have to have enough public discontent Tom Gold, a sociologist from the makes. There is a rising middle class, within the system, where technology University of California, Berkeley, but we don’t seem to find the indica- would allow the discontented to get wrote a paper on Taiwan. Now, Taiwan tions of a demand for democracy. So, organized. You also have to have a offers a very interesting case, where what is driving that? Some say innate government that is incapable of block- democratization occured—in the Chinese characteristics, Confucian ing that technology. We unfortunately paper’s argument—not as a result of values, “the Chinese are different,” and have numerous examples of regimes some strong domestic pressure for so on. Of course, predicting the future doing just that: Iran during the democratization but as the result of of China is dangerous. “Twitter revolution” that never took Chiang Ching-kuo wanting to leave a As a group, we are largely pessi­ place; China, in the Muslim-dominant good legacy for himself. What is inter­ mistic about the future of democrati­ region of Xinjiang, where all Internet esting about Taiwan democratizing zation in China, primarily because we service was cut off; there are also Cuba in the 1980s is that it occurred under have spent a lot of time thinking about and North Korea. There is a diffusion conditions of robust economic growth. the strategies that the Communist of Internet-filtering technologies from This is an interesting example, because Party is deploying in order to build one authoritarian regime to another: there have not really been any other public support: through the educa- Russia is borrowing Chinese technol- cases where autocrats willingly set tion system, welfare policy, and the ogy; when you are in Havana, all of the the conditions in place for giving up stymying of political civil society. All cameras and surveillance technology power. Whether Singapore will follow told, there is a very conscious effort is also Chinese-produced; Egypt also that example is unclear. by the Chinese government to prevent cooperated with China in that way. We have discussed the danger of a move toward democratization. If Technology on its own cannot have repression increasing under autocra- anything, it would be a split in the the effects that many hoped it would cies, and the danger, of course, is that Party—a divided elite—that would be have. Twitter does not break down autocrats face unpleasant surprises. predictive of a likely move away from authoritarian rule. Discontent does. □ When they repress at high levels, they the present authoritarian system. cannot be certain what the actual level The above discussion is derived from of discontent in society exactly is, and Ned Wiley, business advisor: a public talk that took place at the those that are discontented can get I am interested to know if the group Academy on July 9, 2015, to conclude the organized and protest dictatorship and addressed the issue of media and Richard C. Holbrooke Forum Summer so forth. In this regard, Putin’s strategy media technologies and the changes Retreat, where a group of international of intensifying repression may under- that are happening, and whether that experts on authoritarianism worked mine the system. could play a role in the persistence together on a forthcoming book for of autocracies. Over time we’ve seen Cambridge University Press. 62th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

the manufacture of these television in viewers of the television news on antennas abruptly ceased, and the Friday and Saturday if what followed antennas vanished from stores. As was a program that interested a large for the already installed aerials, while audience.” they were not physically removed, Another piece of advice from the they were subjected to a campaign of East Germans was no less significant: Boredom persuasion. In the region of Chomutov, to slot the political news in with action J.P. Morgan Private Bank for example, so-called street commit- films and television serials that resem- in the Bloc tees visited owners of pre-existing bled those produced in the West but antennae and reminded them that, for which, at the same time, were comfort- Einmalige Erkenntnisse zur Unparalleled insight to The uses of television politically conscious citizens, domestic ingly identifiable as East German. This in Soviet-controlled programming was sufficient. particular piece of advice—to create Erfüllung Ihrer Visionen. help fulfill your vision. Czechoslovakia But, of course, it was not. As one domestic programming that had the anonymous letter to Czechoslovak excitement of the West and the world- by Paulina Bren State Television lamented: “I wish that view of the East—was easier said than you would all realize that a person, done. And yet, Czechoslovakia’s vic- after running around all day, wants to tories, however few, were significant. enjoy himself in front of the television The Thirty Adventures of Major Zeman, Ltooking a postwar Eastern Europe, set. Except that this very entertainment a propagandistic take on postwar the GDR often seems to be the excep- is as elusive as an autumn crocus.” Czechoslovak history as told through tion, the odd man out of the Eastern The real threat, in other words, was not the eyes of a police detective, replete Bloc. The GDR, after all, had some- antennas but boredom. with car chases and exotic locations, thing no one else did: a capitalist Jan Zelenka, the head of Czecho­ was so popular in Czechoslovakia version of itself just a stone’s throw slovak state television, informed that it also premiered in the GDR in away. Moreover, courtesy of West General Secretary Gustav Husák that 1976 to accompany the lead up to Germany’s television signals, this surveys revealed that the majority the SED Party Congress. There it was alluring counterpart was in full view. of border residents did not switch “watched by enemies of the GDR (read: Yet, looking into the Czechoslovak to Western television for alternate West Germans) and fully held up in communist archives, one sees that interpretations of world events. They competition with capitalist produc- the East European regimes did not switched for the entertainment. It tions such as the detective serials view their German brothers as excep- was especially programs “too strongly Van der Valk, Privatdetektiv David Ross, tions but rather as crucial guides adapted to the demands of the Prague and Tot Eines Touristen.” The following forward. The GDR, in its exceptional intellectual elite” that had border- year, A Hospital on the Edge of Town, position, was tasked with testing the region Czechs and Slovaks tuning in a celebration of socialist healthcare ground for the imminent information to the latest capitalist Krimi. Comrade told through the trials and tribulations explosion thought to be just around Bogomolov, representative for the of the staff at a Czech hospital, also the corner. In Czechoslovakia, Party Soviet television agency APN, thus burst across and then through the Iron experts worried that with the advent urged Czechoslovak state television Curtain. West German viewers were in of satellite technology—which they to learn from the GDR and increase fact so enthusiastic for the series that, predicted would be widespread by the the focus on “light genres,” thereby in 1981, Czechoslovak State Television late 1970s—the entire country, indeed “bringing in masses of viewers, and not signed on to a second set of episodes the entire Eastern Bloc, would be remaining satisfied with only winning to be co-produced with a West German flooded with Western TV broadcasts. over the politically and culturally company. This would be an invasion for which mature type of viewer.” Yet despite these rare moments they would have to be fully prepared. Czechoslovak State Television took of airwaves travelling East to West, the The regime, therefore, carefully tracked his advice, and GDR’s formula proved general hum of the Eastern Bloc was Czechoslovakia’s border areas where transnationally successful. Writing to that of boredom. The predictability of , 2014, Acryl auf Leinwand, JPMorgan Chase JPMorgan Art Acryl Leinwand, Collection auf , 2014, Sylvia 1968), (Britisch, geboren Jason Brooks West German and Austrian television Husák, Zelenka bragged: “We’ve carried life, as well as the inevitability of its waves had already penetrated the out a successful experiment. Before daily predictability, was the common Iron Curtain. 7:00pm [when the television news note, its shared history; and the most Um mehr zu erfahren, kontaktieren Sie / To learn more, please contact: Here, special aerials able to catch goes on], we schedule undemanding, popular television programming, Western television signals were readily entertaining, and largely music-oriented watched by millions across the Bloc Håkan Strängh available: produced by a cooperative programs.” As a result, “viewership (and beyond), could offer merely a T: 069 / 7124 1430 in Pilsen, they were de rigueur for all of television news rose by at least respite. In recalling communism, E-Mail: [email protected] new high-rise apartment buildings. But 5%, which means minimally 300,000 it is sometimes easy to forget the at the end of 1971, as the post-Prague people. Similarly there was as much as ­boredom. □ Spring purges were winding down, a 30% increase (that is, 1.5 to 2 million) © 2015 JPMorgan Chase & Co. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. J.P. Morgan ist der Markenname des Private-Banking-Aktivitäten von JPMorgan Chase & Co. und aller dazugehörigen Filialen und Tochtergesellschaften.

JPM_Berlin Journal_ad Brooks v3.indd 1 08/10/2015 10:06:10 J.P. Morgan Private Bank Einmalige Erkenntnisse zur Unparalleled insight to Erfüllung Ihrer Visionen. help fulfill your vision. , 2014, Acryl auf Leinwand, JPMorgan Chase JPMorgan Art Acryl Leinwand, Collection auf , 2014, Sylvia 1968), (Britisch, geboren Jason Brooks

Um mehr zu erfahren, kontaktieren Sie / To learn more, please contact: Håkan Strängh T: 069 / 7124 1430 E-Mail: [email protected]

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Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Henry A. Kissinger, Giorgio Napolitano, Gerhard Casper

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2015 HENRY A. KISSINGER PRIZE

Honoring Giorgio Napolitano and Hans-Dietrich Genscher

n the evening of June 17, 2015, the Democratic Party of the Left in 1991. An American Academy in Berlin pre- early supporter of European integration, O sented the ninth annual Henry Napolitano later served in the European A. Kissinger Prize to former Italian Parliament, for five years, until 2004. He President Giorgio Napolitano and former was appointed Senator for Life in 2005. German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich German Foreign Minister Frank- Genscher. It was the first time two win- Walter Steinmeier spoke to the remark- ners were honored in the same year and able career of Hans-Deitrich Genscher, the first time the award has gone to a the Federal Republic of Germany’s non-German European. longest-serving Foreign Minister (1974 Among the 250 guests were Austrian to 1992) and a key contributor to the President Heinz Fischer, Italian Foreign peaceful resolution of the Cold War and Affairs Minister Paolo Gentiloni, and US Germany’s reunification. Genscher, who Ambassador John Emerson. The audi- had served as Minister of the Interior un- ence was welcomed by Gerhard Casper, der Chancellor Willy Brandt, was widely president of the American Academy, and respected in Paris, London, Washington, by Honorary Chairman Henry A. Kissinger, and Moscow for an effective but quiet who spoke to the key roles President diplomacy that would eventually help Napolitano and Minister Genscher played to end the Cold War—perhaps most in establishing and protecting Europe’s vividly remembered by his late-night, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Henry A. Kissinger, Giorgio Napolitano, Gerhard Casper postwar unity. He praised both for their September 30, 1989 announcement from “willingness to maintain vision through the balcony of the German Embassy in many difficulties” and as figures he Prague. Throughout Genscher’s long polit- ­identified “with the mood of the Atlantic ical career, he played a prominent role in ­relationship.” maintaining close US-German relations, Napolitano and Genscher’s achieve- dealing frequently with his counterparts ments were detailed by the evening’s in the US government—and, in particular, two laudators, Italian Constitutional James A. Baker, III—during the period­ Court Judge Giuliano Amato and German of German reunification. Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier. The 2015 Henry A. Kissinger Prize President Napolitano ­remains one of was generously supported by Bloomberg Italy’s most widely respected statesmen, Philanthropies, Robert Bosch GmbH, Amato reminded, and the longest serving and Cerberus Deutschland Beteiligungs­ president of the modern Italian ­republic beratung GmbH. □ (2006 to 2015). He was first elected to the Italian parliament in 1953, at the age of 28, and served for ten consecutive leg- islatures. He is credited with ending the isolation of the Italian Communist Party, whose leader he ultimately became, ­after having fought against the Nazis and the Italian fascists during World War II. Under Napolitano’s guidance the party sought dialogue with center-left parties­ Maggie Bult, Wolfgang Malchow in Italy and Europe and became the 68th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

Giuseppe Vita, Giulio Napolitano, Maria Elena Boschi, Pierferdinando Casini Barbara and Hans-Dietrich Genscher

Margit Fischer, Clio Maria Napolitano, Heinz Fischer, Walter Kissinger, Henry A. Kissinger, Giorgio Napolitano

Heinz Fischer, Marianne von Weizsäcker, Gerhard Casper Gaby Fehrenbach, Franz Fehrenbach, Henry A. Kissinger Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 69

WELCOMING THE he remains a member, and of the Carnegie Corporation of NEW CHAIRMAN AND New York, where he served as chairman of the investment THREE NEW TRUSTEES committee. Maureen White is a senior fellow at the Foreign Policy Institute at the Paul he American Academy He is a member of the Inter­ H. Nitze School of Advanced in Berlin’s trustees national Council at the International Studies, at Johns T elected Gahl Hodges Museum of Modern Art in Hopkins University. She was Burt as its new chairman at New York, a Commander the senior advisor on humani- the spring 2015 board meet- of the Bavarian Order of tarian issues in the Office of ing. A founding trustee of the Merit, and the North Rhine- the Special Representative to American Academy, Burt has Westphalian Order of Merit. Afghanistan and Pakistan in spent the last thirty years In 2013, he was named a the US Department of State in government service and Young Global Leader by the during the tenure of Richard with multiple NGOs. From World Economic Forum. C. Holbrooke. White served 1973 to 1982 she worked at Vincent A. Mai has been as national finance co-chair Barbara and Hans-Dietrich Genscher the US Department of State, chairman and CEO of the of the 2008 Hillary Clinton ­serving as personal assistant Cranemere Group Limited for President Campaign and to Secretary of State Henry A. since the firm was founded, as national finance chair Kissinger and then as assis- in January 2012. Originally of the Democratic National tant chief of protocol. She later from South Africa, Mai’s dis- Committee, from 2001–2006. served as White House social tinguished career has taken She has worked with a num- secretary to President and him from S.G. Warburg & Co., ber of international humani- Mrs. Reagan. She sits on the in London, where became tarian organizations address- boards of the Inter­national executive director; to Lehman ing human rights, refugees, Republican Institute, the List Brothers, where he co-headed and children affected by Project, and the Polyphony the firm’s investment banking; armed conflict, and repre- Foundation. to AEA, in 1989, where he was sented the US government at Three new trustees were CEO and, as of 1998, chair- the UN’s Children’s Fund from elected to the board: Florian man, until the end of 2011. Mai 1997–2001, working closely Henckel von Donnersmarck is is chairman of the board of on HIV/AIDS. White serves a writer/director best known Sesame Workshop (producers on the boards of the Inter­ for The Lives of Others (2003)— of Sesame Street) and on the national Rescue Committee recipient of the 2007 Academy boards of the Juilliard School (IRC), National Democratic Award for Best Foreign Lan­ and the International Center Institute (NDI), International guage Film—and The Tourist for Transitional Justice. He Women’s Health Coalition (2010), recipient of three was a director of the Council (IWHC), and the Center for Golden Globe nominations. on Foreign Relations, where Global Development (CGD). □

GET SMART Margit Fischer, Clio Maria Napolitano, Heinz Fischer, Walter Kissinger, Henry A. Kissinger, Giorgio Napolitano

uring the summer months the American DAcademy received an exciting in-kind ­sponsoring from longtime supporter Daimler AG: a new smart car, called the smart fortwo, which replaces the previous car Daimler loaned to the Academy. The smart will allow the American Academy to of- fer its resident fellows flexible, demand-oriented research support. We are grateful to Daimler AG for supporting Bertram Johne, of smart center Berlin, with Gerhard Casper, our work in such a generous president of the American Academy in Berlin Judy Van Rest, Gahl Hodges Burt way since 2012. □ 70th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

PROFILES IN SCHOLARSHIP

Presenting the fall 2015 class history of health and on gen- awarded him its inaugural Fellow at Stanford University, of fellows and distinguished der and medicine in medieval Prometheus Prize for ­lifetime where he now teaches fiction visitors European history. She is the achievement in “expanding writing. author of Making Women’s the frontiers of science and Holtzbrinck Fellow Medicine Masculine: The Rise of philosophy.” His Academy Nina Maria Gorrissen Mary Cappello is the ­author Male Authority in Pre-Modern project, “Renewing Pragma­ Fellow of History of four nonfiction books, Gynaecology (2008), awarded tism,” expands and updates Michael B. Miller is a profes- including the Los Angeles Times the 2009 Margaret W. Rossiter John Dewey’s version of sor of history at the University bestseller Awkward: A Detour Prize, and Women’s Healthcare American pragmatism. of Miami. He has published (2007), Swallow: Foreign Bodies, in the Medieval West: Texts and extensively in the fields of Their Ingestion, Inspi­ration, and Contexts (2000), which was Axel Springer Fellow modern French and European the Curious Doctor Who Ex­ co-recipient of the 2004 John Vladimir Kulić is an ­associate history, business history, and tracted Them (2011), and Called Nicholas Brown Prize from professor of architecture at maritime history. His most Back: My Reply to Cancer, My the Medieval Academy of Florida Atlantic University. recent book, Europe and the Return to Life (2009), which won America. Green’s Academy His publications include Maritime World: A Twentieth- an Independent Publishers project, “A Global History of Modernism In-Between: The Century History (2012), was Prize. Cappello’s writing has Health,” is a historical narra- Mediatory Architectures of awarded the 2013 Hagley Prize appeared in Salmagundi, Hotel tive of all major infectious dis- Socialist Yugoslavia (co-author, for the best book in business Amerika, Southwest Review, eases, across the continents. 2012) and Sanctioning Modern­ history and the Alfred and Cabinet, New York Times, Salon, ism: Architecture and the Fay Chandler Book Award for and NPR; her work has been Guna S. Mundheim Fellow Making of Postwar Identities 2010–2012. Miller has held ­ selected six times for Best in the Visual Arts (co-editor, 2014). “Building several fellowships and American Essays. Her time at Adrià Julià is a multidisciplin­ between Worlds: Yugoslav received the University of the Academy is ­being spent ary artist based in Los Angeles Architecture in the Global Cold Miami Provost’s Award for on a new book, Life Breaks In: whose work includes multi- War,” Kulić’s Academy proj- Scholarly Activity in 2014. In A Mood Almanack, a medita- media installations and per- ect, centers upon Yugoslavia his Academy project, “France tion upon the relationship formances, with a particular as a unique space of architec- and Its Waterways,” he pro- of mood and sound. Cappello interest in the interdepen- tural encounter during the poses a new framework for is Professor of English and dence of individuals and their Cold-War period, yielding a exploring the intersection Creative Writing at the surroundings as they negoti- nuanced account of trans­ of French geography, history, University of Rhode Island. ate concepts of memory, resis- national exchanges of archi- and identity. tance, and displacement. He tectural expertise. Prior to Siemens Fellow studied art at the Universidad coming to Berlin, he was the Bosch Fellow in Robin Einhorn focuses on the de Barcelona, the Hochschule Ailsa Mellon Bruce Visiting Public Policy complex relationship ­between der Künste in Berlin, and at Senior Fellow at the National Jason Pine is Assistant Pro­ Americans and taxation and the California Institute of the Gallery of Art in Washington. fessor of Anthropology and on the continuing­ ­influence Arts. Julià’s work has been Media, Society, and the Arts of slavery on American anti­ presented worldwide and was M ary Ellen von der at Purchase College, State pathy towards taxation. included in, among others, Heyden Fellow in Fiction Uni ­versity of New York. Pine’s A regular book reviewer for the 2007 Biennale de Lyon, Anthony Marra is the ­author research focuses on people’s The Nation, Einhorn is author the 29th Sao Paulo Biennial, of the New York Times best- everyday pursuits of personal of Property Rules: Political and the 7a Bienal do Mercosul seller A Constellation of Vital sovereignty in alternative Economy in Chicago 1833–1872 in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Phenomena (2013), which won economies. His first book, (1991) and American Taxation, the National Book Critics The Art of Making Do in Naples American Slavery (2006). At Daimler Fellow Circle’s inaugural John Leonard (2012), examined how under- the Academy she is working Philip Kitcher teaches the Prize. His reviews and essays employed aspiring singers on a new book, Taxes in US philosophy of science at have been published in the became entangled with the History: Myths and Realities. Columbia University. His most New York Times, Washington Camorra, the region’s power­ Einhorn is Preston Hotchkis recent books include Life Post, Wall Street Journal, and ful organized crime ­network. Professor in the History of the ­after Faith: The Case for Secular New Republic. His first story In his Academy project United States at the University Humanism (2014), Deaths collection, The Tsar of Love “Meth­labs, Alchemy, and the of California, Berkeley, where in Venice (2013), Preludes to and Techno, was published in Matter of Life,” Pine looks at she has been honored with Pragmatism (2012), The Ethical October 2015. The Peacock small-scale methamphet- a Distinguished Teaching Project (2011), and Science, Palace, his Academy novel-in- amine manufacture in rural Award. Truth, and Democracy (2001). progress, explores the cultural Missouri to better understand Kitcher was elected a fellow and political shifts in Italy how people engage in the Anna-Maria Kellen Fellow to the American Academy and America from the 1920s “alchemical” work of self-­ Monica H. Green, Professor of Arts and Sciences in 2002, to 1950s. Marra received his production as they inherit the of History at Arizona State and, in 2006, the American MFA from the Iowa Writers’ toxic landscape of late indus- University, specializes in the Philosophical Association Workshop and was a Stegner trialism. Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 71

Ellen Maria Gorrissen shame, “Scham und Scham­ Condoleezza Rice and Hillary Fellow Richard von Weizsäcker losigkeit” (2013), received Clinton. In 2013 Cohen was Moishe Postone is a distin- Distinguished Visitor wide acclaim. Köhler is named as one of TIME’s “100 guished social theorist who Eric R. Kandel, MD, is one ­recipient of the 2003 Berlin most influential people.” His has taught modern European the world’s most renowned Book Critics Prize. American Academy lecture is intellectual history and critical neuro­scientists and recipi- “Shifting Power Dynamics in social theory at the University ent of the 2000 Nobel Prize Airbus Group the New Digital Age.” of Chicago since 1987. His in Medicine. He is University Distinguished Visitor extensive publications concern Professor at Columbia Uni- Hal Harvey is the CEO of American Academy Book global transformation and versity; Kavli Professor and Energy Innovation, a senior Presentation critical theory, memory and Director, Kavli Institute for fellow for Energy and the Robert M. Beachy is an asso­ identity in postwar Germany, Brain Science; Co-Director, Environment at the Paulson ciate professor of history and modern anti-Semitism. Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Institute, and founder and at Under­wood International Postone’s book Time, Labor, and Brain Behavior Institute; and former CEO of ClimateWorks College at Yonsei University, Social Domination: A Reinter- a Senior Investigator at the Foundation, a network of in Seoul. His recent research pretation of Marx’s Critical Howard Hughes Medical In- foundations that promote focuses on the origins and de- Theory (1993) has been widely stitute. A graduate of Harvard polices to reduce the threat velopment of sexual identity translated and won the College and NYU School of of climate change. From in nineteenth- and twentieth- American Sociological Asso- Medicine, Kandel trained in 2001–2008 Harvey served century Germany. His new ciation’s prize in theory. At the neurobiology at the NIH and as Environment Program book, Gay Berlin: Birthplace Academy, he is writing a book in psychiatry at Harvard Med- Director at the William and of a Modern Identity, ­situates that rethinks the first volume ical School. Editor of the stan- Flora Hewlett Foundation, the origins of modern male of Marx’s Capital in order to dard textbook Principles of and from 1990 through 2001 and female homosexual recast its fresh significance to ­Neural Science, Kandel is also as president of the Energy identity in Germany between contemporary life. the author of several prize- Foundation, which he found- the 1860s and the Weimar winning books. He has re- ed. Harvey has served on Republic and suggests that it Bosch Fellow in ceived 22 honorary degrees, is energy panels appointed by was in Berlin, rather than in Public Policy a Foreign Member of the Royal Presidents George H.W. Bush other European and American Christina Schwenkel is an Society of London, member of and Bill Clinton and has pub- cities, that ­contemporary ­associate professor of an- the US National Academy of lished two books and dozens­ gay and lesbian identity first thropology at the University Sciences, and of the National of articles on energy and na- emerged and flourished. of California, Riverside. Her Science Academies of Austria, tional security issues. He is research focuses on Vietnam’s France, Germany, and Greece. president of the board of the American Academy historical memory, aesthet- New-Land Foundation and Lecture ics, visual culture, and trans­ Fritz Stern Lecturer chairman of the board of MB Wendy Doniger is Mircea nationalism, drawing from Andrea Köhler is a New York- Financial Corporation. Eliade Distinguished Service her fieldwork in Hanoi and based cultural correspondent Professor of the History of Ho Chi Minh City. The author for the Swiss daily news­paper Stephen M. Kellen Religions at the University of of The American War in Con- Neue Zürcher Zeitung, for Distinguished Visitor Chicago Divinity School. Her temporary Vietnam: Trans­ which she has been writing Jared Cohen is the ­founder research and teaching focuses national Remembrance and since 1995. She is the ­author and director of Google Ideas on Hinduism and mythology. Representation (2009), of Lange Weile: Über das and an advisor to the execu- She has published over forty Schwenkel, in her Academy Warten (2007), published in tive chairman at Alphabet, books and translated several project, “Planning the Post- English as The Waiting Game: Inc. He is also an adjunct major works, among them a war City: East German Ur- An Essay on the Gift of Time; senior fellow at the Council new translation of the Kama ban ­Design and its Afterlife in and editor of Das Tier und Wir on Foreign Relations and a Sutra—the subject of her ­Vietnam,” examines the lega- (2009), Kleines Glossar des New York Times bestselling Academy lecture, “Nature and cies of socialist-humanitarian Verschindens (2003), and, with author. Previously he served Culture in the Kama Sutra.” practices and transnational Rainer Moritz, Maulhelden as a member of the Secretary movement between Vietnam un Königskinder (1998). Her of State’s Policy Planning Staff and former East Germany. recent essay on the history of and as a close advisor to both

IN MEMORIAM Svetlana Boym C.K. Williams 1959–2015 1936–2015

American Academy Alumna American Academy Alumnus of Class of Fall 2003 of Class of Fall 1998 72th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

BOOK REVIEWS

Set during the Russian-Chechen His sister-in-law’s compliance sets in war, Constellation primarily focused on motion a chain of unforeseen reper- several Chechens struggling to survive cussions whose tragic and redemptive the conflict while somehow retaining effects reverberate through subse- their humanity. It is a time-jumper quent decades. of a novel, spanning the years before, Markin’s peculiar genius, it during, and after the war, and is also turns out, is his ability to seamlessly morbidly hilarious. So, too, The Tsar airbrush enemies of the state from of Love and Techno, beginning, as it photographs and paintings—to disap- does, in Leningrad in 1937, during the pear them or, in the case of Lenin, give Red Terror, and ending in Outer Space, them eternal youth by touching them Year Unknown. Shot through with the up—a talent he honed sketching his same perverse humor, this collection beloved brother’s face when they were is a companion piece to the novel, but boys. He’s a hybrid himself. “I am an its cast of characters is predominantly artist first,” Markin says, “a censor sec- Russian. Not surprisingly, the politi- ond.” In a private act of Promethean cal forces acting upon its players are rebellion, he begins to resurrect his communism, totalitarianism, and the brother by surreptitiously painting Wild-West brand of cartel capitalism him into every work he censors. But that filled the vacuum following the Marra is acutely aware that in a totali- THE TSAR OF LOVE USSR’s collapse. “A half century had tarian state “one’s art is subordinate AND TECHNO past,” thinks Vera, in the story “Wolf to the mandates of power” and that of White Forest,”—she, a child-hero deviating from this fact will get you BY ANTHONY MARRA of the party lionized for unwittingly killed. Inevitably, Markin soon finds turning in her own mother as a traitor himself falsely accused as a traitor— Hogarth but now barely surviving in modern by whom he never learns—and then October 2015, 352 pages Russia—“and with it the Soviet disappeared himself. A Review by Adam Ross Union, Marxism-Leninism, the infal- The state erases and, in response lible tenets of communism that had to such overwhelming power, the I’m always suspicious of linked undergirded her faith—and now she artist creates, using all the talent, story collections, those unfortunate found herself the citizen of a nation not to mention humor, at his or her hybrids that suffer their dual alle­ politically enfeebled and spiritually disposal, in order to win back some giance to the short form’s economy desolated enough to permit prayer to freedom. This plot limns the trajec- and the novel’s expansiveness. It takes an authority more omnipotent than tory of Tsar’s intermeshed stories. a madly ambitious writer to believe its government. But how do you trade In “Granddaughters,” Galina Ivanova— such an enterprise can succeed in your gods so late in life?” whose grandmother was both a prima the first place; once animated, the This question hangs over the ballerina of the Kirov and traitor exiled creation tends to show its sutures as it entire collection, and every character to Siberia—lacks her forebear’s danc- shambles forward, its stitches strain- forced to answer it pays a high price. ing gifts but is blessed with another, ing to hold its disparate parts together, In the opening story, “The Leopard,” more germane one to post-fall-of- like Frankenstein’s monster. Of course, Roman Mikhailovich Markin, agent of the-Wall Russia: “being the center of the exceptions—Alice Munro’s The the Department of Party Propaganda attention.” She wins the Miss Siberia Beggar Maid, Sherwood Anderson’s and Agitation, appears at his sister-in- beauty contest, then the hand of an Winesburg, Ohio, and Denis Johnson’s law’s apartment with a terrible edict. oligarch, and goes on to become a Jesus’ Son come to mind—are, by She must erase all the remaining famous movie star. In “Prisoner of contrast, as wondrous as griffins, so images of her dead husband, Vaska, a the Caucasus,” Kolya, an embittered that when they do work, they seem declared enemy of the state who was Russian mercenary and imprisoned even more magical. To this short list, executed as a religious radical. Markin soldier, is forced to cultivate his cap- add Anthony Marra’s The Tsar of Love is on a perverse mission of mercy, tor’s land in the Chechen Highlands— and Techno, the follow-up to his highly having arrived to do his dead brother, a creative and transformative act that lauded debut novel, A Constellation “a final service” and “. . . ensure that bestows the first peace he’s enjoyed of Vital Phenomena. his fate doesn’t become a family trait.” in years. “He rakes the dirt, amazed Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 73

by its looseness, its warmth. The one country she’d only been living in for a almost invisible twist. The lever should time he buried a body back home, he few months.” And yet, ironically, Lydia, rest in your hand, getting warm, and had to empty a clip into the frozen forced by an annulment to return to you can only turn it once, not twice.” ground to break it up enough to begin Kirovsk, finds herself also unable to Marra can be forgiven for sometimes digging. When the head of the blue- trade in her newfound American god ignoring this advice because he aims handled trowel comes loose, he flings and succumbs to loose-lipped dissat- so high. The Tsar of Love and Techno it into the trees. From then on he isfaction—a dangerous, out-of-place confirms him as a major talent. It will does all garden work with his hands luxury in Mafia-controlled Russia— be something to see when he finally and at the end of the day they are so which has lethal consequences. decides to write about America. □ dark with dirt he no longer recognizes The Tsar of Love and Techno is them as his.” And in “Palace of the arranged as a mix tape, a gift from one People,” Chechen war veteran and brother to another, but its through- double amputee Junior Sergeant Kirill line is more akin to the landscape Andreyevich turns begging into an painting Empty Pasture in Afternoon, art, with the added benefit of earning by nineteenth-century Chechen himself a fortune, by literally palming master Pyotr Zakharov-Chechenets. his way through the Russian subway It is the first image into which Roman system. “All these people who opened Mikhailovich Markin inserts his their purses on the metro,” he tells his brother and is subsequently rescued assistant, “when they see a legless vet, from the wreckage of a Russian bomb- they feel ashamed and maybe a little ing raid by Chechen Ruslan Dokurov, pity. But when they see me crawling the deputy director of Grozny’s art across the metro car, they see some- museum, in the story “The Grozny one defiant, silent, not begging for Tourist Bureau.” (It depicts the exact anything, and they feel pride.” spot where Ruslan’s wife and child One of the many powerful effects were killed.) Throughout the collec- of Marra’s collection, especially for an tion, it changes hands over and over American reader, is an overwhelming again, borne on the winds of political appreciation—it’s practically crass upheaval. Ironically, painter Zakharov- to say it—of American liberty. Story Chechenets was also a man of dual to story, you can almost hear Polish allegiance, adopted by a Russian noble labor-leader Lech Wałęsa calling out but discriminated against by his new- his famous question-cum-accusation: found countrymen. “Here is a Chechen PARADISE OF THE PACIFIC: “America, what have you done with who learned to succeed by the rules APPROACHING HAWAII your precious freedom?” In The Tsar of his conquerors,” says Ruslan of him, of Love and Techno, people’s careers, wryly, perhaps because the deputy BY SUSANNA MOORE hopes, and bodies are decimated by director recognizes his own predica- Farrar, Straus and Giroux Russian bombs, NKVD agents, and ment in the painter’s, “a man . . . to be September 2015, 303 pages landmines; museum directors are admired and pitied.” The passage of forced to become taxi-driving tour this painting through Tsar’s world— A Review by Tara Bray Smith guides; soldiers earn their postwar liv- the additions, elisions, and damage ing as drug-cartel enforcers; children it suffers, not to mention its ultimate “The history of Hawai‘i may be seen become heroin couriers; and, rather ­restoration—takes on something as a story of arrivals,” writes Susanna than help their kids with homework, akin to novelistic crescendo as the Moore in her newly published history parents teach them how to keep silent collection concludes. of the island chain, Paradise of the during a prolonged interrogation. In Admittedly, Tsar’s stories don’t Pacific: Approaching Hawaii. “This is “Wolf of White Forest,” the wonder always work as stand-alones, and one true of many cultures,” she observes, of America’s blessed and hard-won occasionally feels that Marra the novel- “but in Hawai‘i, no one seems to have freedom isn’t lost on Lydia, a Russian ist is overstuffing his narratives with left.” The drama following the colo- email-order bride whose brief stint meaning or overstaying his welcome nization of one of the world’s most living in Southern California opens in order to connect the thematic dots. geographically isolated places—at first her eyes to its miracle: “When she “A phrase is born into the world both spores and seeds, then birds, finally saw her first wheelchair ramp in LAX, good and bad at the same time,” wrote humans—is the subject of Moore’s she had mistaken it for some kind the Russian short-story master Isaac book, which begins with the first of weird public sculpture. When she Babel, himself shot dead by the NKVD, outpouring of lava above the surface of learned what a wheelchair ramp was, under suspicion of being a Trotskyist, the sea millions of years ago and ends she felt a pure rush of patriotism for a in 1940. “The secret lies in a slight, with the official, some claim illegal, 74th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

annexation of Hawai‘i by the United than five-feet six-inches in height, but but, until Cook arrived, had to wait States in 1898. so dreadfully fat as to be out of all till it washed ashore) in confrontation Moore herself, a haole raised in proportion. Their countenances were with a newly industrial one, would the islands in the 1950s and early mild; and they were elegantly tattooed; be one of the last such meetings in the 1960s, left for New York after high one of them had even her tongue tat- history of the world. It is the story of school. (A complex word, haole tooed. Their familiarity had not that air understanding and misunderstanding, signifies a foreigner, or something of licentiousness which characterizes and the drama, passion, and loss that not native to Hawai‘i, but has come the women of the lower classes. They reverberates from such an epic clash. It to mean, basically, white.) She has allowed themselves however to be very is also the story of survival. Hawaiians recently moved back, perhaps a fulfill- freely handled; and he who should lay and Hawaiian culture, especially the ment of her point about no one ever his hand on the bosom of one, would be language, thanks to a robust school leaving—even Obama returns in the thought very deficient in politeness if language-immersion program, survive, winter—and in her books one reads he were to forget the other. even thrive. Part- and full-blooded the fascination mixed with longing Native Hawaiians now number some- of a writer who has made her child- Two years later the nude Hawaiian where around 500,000 in the United hood home the subject of her life’s body, along with the entire socio-­ States, approaching, or perhaps ex- work. Like Didion with California, or religious system of kapu—it has trick- ceeding, the pre-contact population. Faulkner with Yoknapatawpha County, led down into English as the much less We understand a paradise to be Moore’s focus skitters back again and refined “taboo”—would become one something set apart, a kind of earthly again to the islands of her youth. Her of many contested sites in the moral heaven. The word’s Persian root, first three books of fiction, including and cultural battles that followed the pardes, means “pleasure-ground” or the well-received My Old Sweetheart arrival of the first company of American “park.” In 2014 Facebook founder Mark (1982), were set at least partially in the Protestant missionaries, in 1820. Zuckerberg bought 700 acres on the islands; and I Myself Have Seen It: The The missionaries’ earnest, if north shore of the island of Kaua‘i. It Myth of Hawai‘i (2003), and Light Years: sometimes racist, memoirs, along with has become something of a fashion for A Girlhood in Hawai’i (2007), both contemporary histories written by na- wealthy Californians, especially from nonfiction, along with this elegant, tive scholars, tell the story of the near Silicon Valley, to acquire property in deeply sympathetic work of history, decimation and robbery of a people. the islands. (Larry Ellison, formerly can be read as a kind of double trilogy, There is considerable melancholy here, of Oracle, bought 97% of the island of bookending nearly forty years. and Moore traces with sensitivity Lana‘i in 2012.) They learn to surf, take She presents Hawai‘i’s history and thoroughness the history of the up paddleboarding. They like their more or less chronologically, starting Kingdom of Hawai‘i, which began privacy. with its colonization by seafaring with Kamehameha I’s uniting of the It turns out that paradise is also South Pacific islanders somewhere islands in 1810 and ended with Queen a place where power lodges itself. between 300–800 CE. Black-and-white Lili‘uokalani’s forced abdication, at Honolulu is the headquarters of the illustrations complement Moore’s the hands of an American-backed United States Pacific Command, nuanced portrait of ancient Hawaiian Committee of Safety, in 1893. She USPACOM, the world’s largest unified civilization, the art of which, especially avoids reveling in the tragedy, as so military command, covering fifty per- its featherwork and kapa cloth, is con- many historical observers have done; cent of the earth’s surface and more sidered among the most stylistically her story of Queen Ka‘ahumanu, than half of its population. In this advanced in the Pacific. Sources are Kamehameha’s favorite wife and a bold way, Hawai‘i’s story is also the story familiar but glow in the light of new political actor, is particularly rollicking. of how power insinuates itself into a combinations: Captain Cook’s crisp And though Moore’s steadfastly factual place; how it clothes itself in piety and notation about the apparent spread of accounting could be seen as a way of practicality, but also in the raiments of venereal disease after his landing in evading the fraught politics of identity a dream: of paradise, a place not quite 1778—the first known contact between in a place like Hawai‘i, we feel she’s real, and so, easily ignored. Moore’s Hawaiians and Europeans—has its earned it when she allows herself a rare comprehensive, expert account lends libertine counterpoint in the less- moment of commentary: “It is impossi- the island chain the renewed attention known diary of French artist Jacques ble not to feel at times ambivalent, and it deserves. □ Arago, “one of the more sophisticated to risk the ease of disapproval, if not ­observers” of Hawai‘i, who accompa- condemnation of foreign interference nied the navigator Louis de Freycinet when reading Hawaiian history. It will on his 1819 voyage around the world: be the obvious view of most readers that the Hawaiians should have been I found . . . [the queens] at the door, left to work out their own history.” lying on a bundle of cloth; never have I That history, one of an advanced seen such women. They were not more Pacific society (Hawaiians knew iron Fall 2015 · twenty-Nine · the berlin journal 75

ALUMNI BOOKS

Mark Bassin, Sergey Glebov, Hal Foster H.C. Erik Midelfort (Trans.) Kenneth E. Scott, Marlene Laruelle (Eds.) Bad New Days: Martin Muslow Thomas H. Jackson, Between Europe and Art, Ciriticism, Emergency Enlightenment Underground: John B. Taylor (Eds.) Asia: The Origins, Theories, Verso, September 2015 Radical Germany, 1680–1720 Making Failure Feasible. and Legacies of Russian University of Virginia Press, How Bankruptcy Reform Eurasianism Jonathan Franzen November 2015 Can End “Too Big to Fail” University of Pittsburgh Purity: A Novel Hoover Institution Press, Press, June 2015 Farrar, Straus and Giroux, W.J.T. Mitchell October 2015 September 2015 Image Science: Iconology, J.M. Bernstein Visual Culture, and Anthony Sebok, Torture and Dignity: Michael Geyer, Media Aesthetics Mauro Bussani (Eds.) An Essay on Moral Injury Adam Tooze (Eds.) University of Chicago Press, Comparative Tort Law: University of Chicago Press, The Cambridge History of November 2015 Global Perspectives September 2015 the Second World War, Edward Elgar Publishing, Volume 3. Total War: Susanna Moore August 2015 Edward Dimendberg (Ed.) Economy, Society and Paradise of the Pacific: Facing the Music: Culture Approaching Hawaii Michael Taussig Documenting Walt Cambridge University Press, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, The Corn Wolf Disney Concert Hall and June 2015 August 2015 University of Chicago Press, The Redevelopment of November 2015 Downtown Los Angeles. Susan Howe Lawrence Nees A Project by Allan Sekula The Quarry; The Birth-mark Perspectives on Early C.K. Williams East of Borneo, New Directions, Islamic Art in Jerusalem Selected Later Poems February 2015 November 2015 Brill, October 2015 Farrar, Straus and Giroux, September 2015 Leland de la Durantaye Jonathan Lethem, Paul A. Rahe Beckett’s Art of Mismaking Bill Kartalopoulos (Eds.) The Grand Strategy Harvard University Press, The Best American of Classical Sparta: November 2015 Comics 2015 The Persian Challenge Houghton Mifflin Hartcourt, Yale University Press, Gerald D. Feldman October 2015 November 2015 Austrian Banks in the Period of National Socialism Saba Mahmood Jed Rasula With an introduction by Religious Difference History of a Shiver: Peter Hayes. in a Secular Age: The Sublime Impudence Cambridge University Press, A Minority Report of Modernism October 2015 Princeton University Press, Oxford University Press, November 2015 December 2015 Juliet Floyd, James E. Katz (Eds.) Ben Marcus (Ed.) David Rieff Philosophy of Emerging New American Stories The Reproach of Hunger. Media: Understanding, Granta Books, August 2015 Food, Justice and Money in Appreciation, Application the Twenty-First Century Oxford University Press, Christopher Middleton Simon & Schuster, November 2015 Nobody’s Ezekiel October 2015 Hopewell, October 2015 76th e berlin journal · twenty-Nine · Fall 2015

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