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National Assessment of Urban Rail Noise

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National Assessment of Urban Rail Noise , REPORT NO UMTA-MA-06-0099-79-2 JJ DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF TRANSPORTATION URBAN RAIL NOISE J UN 6 */9/y Gregory Ch i s holm LIBRARY Herbert Boge n Michael Di nn i ng Michael Prim eggi a . of T ra ns port a t i o n U S . department Research and Special P rogr ams Admi n i s t r a t i o n Transportati on Sys terns Cen ter i 021 42 Cambr dge , MA Of TRaa. MARC H 1979 FINAL REPORT DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE U.S. PUBLIC THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA 22161 Prepared for U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION ADMINISTRATION Office of Technology Development and Deployment Office of Rail and Construction Technology Washington DC 20590 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Govern- ment assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse pro- ducts or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are con- sidered essential to the object of this report. Technico! Report Documentation Pag 1 . Report N o 2 Government Accession No. 3. Recipient s Cotolog No. UMTA-MA-06-0Q9 9-7 9-2 S 5. Report Date natioVal assessment OF URBAN RAIL NOISE March 1979 6. Performing Orgomzotion Code 8. Performing Orgoni zotion Report No 7. Author s' Gregory Chisholm, et al. DOT-TSC-UMTA-7 9-10 9. Performing Orgom lotion Nome and Address 10 Work Unit No IT RAIS) U.S. Department of Transportation UM 94 9/R97 43 Research and Special Programs Administration n -ontroct or Gront No. transportation Systems Center Cambridge, MA 02142 DEPARTMENT C] >p. ' ype of Report and Period Covered 12 Sponsoring Agency Nome and Address TRANSPORTATK )tti, Lai Report U.S. Department of Transportation Oc ober Urban Mass Transportation Administration 1975 to March 1978 Office of Technology Development & Deployment b /' JUN 19 Pl4. Office of Rail and Construction Technology : jonsonng Agency Code Washington DC 20590 15 Supple rnentory N o e s LIBRARY 16 Abstroc This report summarizes seven individual \ noise assessments of the urban rail transit systems in Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Lindenwold | (N.J.), Cleveland, Chicago, and San Francisco. The assessments were j performed by DOT and contractor research teams using a noise I measurement methodology developed at TSC and tested on ! the MBTA in Boston. Sound level measurements were taken inside the transit car, in stations, and in the community situated near the rail rights-of-way. For the purposes of this national assessment report, measured noise level data have been extrapolated to characterize sound levels at all places on each of the systems. Distributions of noise levels for each transit system are compiled in terms of the acoustic measures L^(Max), Le q» and L . In addition, noise levels in the wayside community (including trains) are compared with estimated ambient community noise levels which would exist if train noise were not present. Finally, estimates are made of the number of persons exposed to the various levels of noise in the transit car, station, and wayside community. Distributions of noise levels and noise exposure are presented for a composite rail system, made up of all seven transit systems. Several Government and industry noise level guidelines applicable to rail transit systems are discussed. Sound level distributions for each of the seven systems are compared with noise level goals developed by the American Public Transit Association. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Stotement Noise, Rapid Transit, Transportation Noise, Rail DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE U.S. PUBLIC Vehicle Noise, Noise THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL Assessment, Noise Exposure, Noise INFORMATION SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD. Guidelines VIRGINIA 22161 19. Security Clossif. (of this report) 20. Security Clossif. (of this poge) 21« No. of P ages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 312 (8-72) Form DOT F 1700.7 Reproduction of completed page authorized I PREFACE This report has been prepared as part of the Urban Rail Noise Abatement Program, managed by the Transportation Systems Center (TSC) under the sponsorship of the Office of Rail and Construction Technology, Office of Technology Develop- ment and Deployment of the Urban Mass Transportation Administra- tion (UMTA) . Dr. Robert Lotz and Dr. Leonard Kurzweil, tech- nical monitors for the study, made important contributions to the report through their guidance and suggestions. Dr. Herbert L. Bogen, of Raytheon Service Company, provided the framework for the analysis of wayside noise exposure, wrote the section on guidelines for rail noise, and was responsible for the supervision of the Raytheon Service Company staff. Michael Dinning and Michael Primeggia, of Raytheon Service Company, performed much of the analysis of noise levels and exposure as co- invest igators with Gregory Chisholm, and made substantial contributions to the methodology of the analysis of wayside noise exposure, as well as writing the major portion of the final report. Helpful advice was provided by Professor John Large, of the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southhampton, U.K., while consulting at the Transportation Systems Center. Assistance was also provided by Jeffrey Benjamin, Scott Crout , Nancy Cooney, James Sterling, Adelle Ransom, and John Verrilli, of Raytheon Service Company. iii 1 i 1 !!(li -iVi 3 * at -S-T-8 o Iff m m 1 -it i 1 |l -• Hit! ilii Ilf Hi ill i t 5 £ P ifi 2 * #» * u* I i 8 n s O N r rM !• wy n . ill] : fi H ° ' - 8 S V * ISii! ml | I ta.oi.QO • « *• f 6 E E .§ Ve 5 E EE FACTORS CONVERSION | |l|l • l| lllllll I • 1 1 1 III MM • 1 1 1 1 1 1 I II II I I 1 1 1 III I III Mil 1111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T|T T|T 1 1 I inch#* METRIC § & e S 5 2 E E E EE i •• i..i 5 S ; ml. Hi II || 1 iilil ill lllllllii «< Ul «* *• « # # 9 * . s * =n } N O f mgooomoo ? ~ a d ~ O Jnli jji! Iiii iiili 111 hi nil 1 lcl£ •fcVi 8 S fli S.'V't IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 2-1 2.1 Determinants of Urban Rail Noise 2-1 2.1.1 Receivers, Sources, and Paths of Noise.. 2-1 2.1.2 In-Car Noise 2-1 2.1.3 In-Station Noise 2-3 2.1.4 Wayside Noise 2-5 2.2 Definitions of Noise Measures 2-8 2.3 Exposure Methodology 2-13 2.3.1 Community (Wayside) Noise Exposure 2-14 2.3.2 In-Car Noise Exposure 2-15 2.3.3 In-Station Noise Exposure 2-18 3 GUIDELINES FOR URBAN RAIL NOISE 3-1 3.1 APTA Guidelines 3-1 3.1.1 In-Car Noise Levels (Empty Car) 3-2 3.1.2 Station Noise Levels 3-4 3.1.3 Wayside Noise Design Goals 3-7 3.2 Comparison of APTA Wayside Noise Design Goals with EPA Guidelines 3-13 3.3 Comparison of APTA and FHWA Design Noise Level Guidelines 3-14 3.4 A Case Study: Applying APTA Guidelines to an Existing Transit Line 3-18 3.5 CHA3A Guidelines 3-18 3.6 A Summary Three-Way Comparison of EPA, APTA, and FHWA Guidelines 3-20 4 COMPOSITE RAIL SYSTEM 4-1 4.1 System Description 4-1 4.2 In-Car Noise 4-5 4.2.1 Plateau Sound Levels 4-5 4.2.2 Equivalent Sound Levels 4-12 4.2.3 Noise Exposure 4-12 4.2.4 Sound Level Comparison with APTA Goals.. 4-12 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Section Page 4.3 Station Noise 4-16 4.3.1 Maximum Sound Levels 4-16 4.3.2 Equivalent Sound Levels ' 4-19 4.3.3 Noise Exposure 4-19 4.3.4 Comparison with APTA Guidelines 4-22 4.4 Wayside Noise 4-22 4.4.1 Maximum Sound Levels - L^(Max) 4-22 4.4.2 L(jn (Trains) 4-29 4.4.3 L^n (Ambient ) 4-31 4.4.4 Relative Ldn 4-32 4.4.5 Wayside Exposure 4-34 4.4.6 Comparison of Wayside L^(Max) with APTA Guidelines 4-35 5 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5-1 5.1 Noise Assessment Summary 5-1 5.2 Recommendations for Assessment Methodologies.. 5-1 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6-1 APPENDIX A - URBAN RAIL NOISE ASSESSMENT OF MBTA SYSTEM A-l APPENDIX B - URBAN RAIL NOISE ASSESSMENT OF SEPTA SYSTEM... B-l APPENDIX C - URBAN RAIL NOISE ASSESSMENT OF PATCO SYSTEM... C-l APPENDIX D - URBAN RAIL NOISE ASSESSMENT OF RTA SYSTEM D-l APPENDIX E - URBAN RAIL NOISE ASSESSMENT OF BART SYSTEM E-l APPENDIX F - URBAN RAIL NOISE ASSESSMENT OF CTA SYSTEM F-l APPENDIX G - URBAN RAIL NOISE ASSESSMENT OF NYCTA SYSTEM... G-l APPENDIX H - IN-CAR NOISE H-l APPENDIX I - STATION NOISE 1-1 APPENDIX J - WAYSIDE NOISE J -1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 2-1 In-Car Noise Sources and Paths 2-2 2-2 In-Station Noise Sources and Paths 2-4 2-3 Wayside Noise Sources and Paths 2-6 2-4 Change in Sound Level with Distance from the Track Relative to a One-Car Train at 50 Feet 2-7 2-5 Sample Time History of In-Car Noise Levels •. 2-9 2-6 Sample Time History of Station Platform Noise Levels (dBA) 2-9 2- 2-7 Sample Time History of Wayside Noise Levels (dBA) 3- for Two 4-Car Train Pass-Bys in Succession 2-10 2-83- Comparison of Noise Sources 2-11 2-9 MBTA System, Wayside Noise Exposure 2-16 4- 2-10 Transit Trip Time Distribution 2-17 2-11 MBTA System, In-Car Noise Exposure 2-19 12 MBTA System, In-Station Noise Exposure 2-20 1 Relative L^n - Assuming Train Pass-By Sound Levels were at APTA Goals for Average Residential Areas..
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