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Configurations of the Indic States System
Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 34 Number 34 Spring 1996 Article 6 4-1-1996 Configurations of the Indic States System David Wilkinson University of California, Los Angeles Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Wilkinson, David (1996) "Configurations of the Indic States System," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 34 : No. 34 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol34/iss34/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Wilkinson: Configurations of the Indic States System 63 CONFIGURATIONS OF THE INDIC STATES SYSTEM David Wilkinson In his essay "De systematibus civitatum," Martin Wight sought to clari- fy Pufendorfs concept of states-systems, and in doing so "to formulate some of the questions or propositions which a comparative study of states-systems would examine." (1977:22) "States system" is variously defined, with variation especially as to the degrees of common purpose, unity of action, and mutually recognized legitima- cy thought to be properly entailed by that concept. As cited by Wight (1977:21-23), Heeren's concept is federal, Pufendorfs confederal, Wight's own one rather of mutuality of recognized legitimate independence. Montague Bernard's minimal definition—"a group of states having relations more or less permanent with one another"—begs no questions, and is adopted in this article. Wight's essay poses a rich menu of questions for the comparative study of states systems. -
Barly Records on Bantu Arvi Hurskainen
Remota Relata Srudia Orientalia 97, Helsinki 20O3,pp.65-76 Barly Records on Bantu Arvi Hurskainen This article gives a short outline of the early, sometimes controversial, records of Bantu peoples and languages. While the term Bantu has been in use since the mid lgth century, the earliest attempts at describing a Bantu language were made in the lTth century. However, extensive description of the individual Bantu languages started only in the l9th century @oke l96lab; Doke 1967; Wolff 1981: 2l). Scholars have made great efforts in trying to trace the earliest record of the peoples currently known as Bantu. What is considered as proven with considerable certainty is that the first person who brought the term Bantu to the knowledge of scholars of Africa was W. H. L Bleek. When precisely this happened is not fully clear. The year given is sometimes 1856, when he published The lnnguages of Mosambique, oÍ 1869, which is the year of publication of his unfinished, yet great work A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages.In The Languages of Mosambiqu¿ he writes: <<The languages of these vocabularies all belong to that great family which, with the exception of the Hottentot dialects, includes the whole of South Africa, and most of the tongues of Western Africa>. However, in this context he does not mention the name of the language family concemed. Silverstein (1968) pointed out that the first year when the word Bantu is found written by Bleek is 1857. That year Bleek prepared a manuscript Zulu Legends (printed as late as 1952), in which he stated: <<The word 'aBa-ntu' (men, people) means 'Par excellence' individuals of the Kafir race, particularly in opposition to the noun 'aBe-lungu' (white men). -
Component-I (A) – Personal Details
Component-I (A) – Personal details: Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Outlines of Indian History Module Name/Title Mahajanapadas- Rise of Magadha – Nandas – Invasion of Alexander Module Id I C/ OIH/ 08 Pre requisites Early History of India Objectives To study the Political institutions of Ancient India from earliest to 3rd Century BCE. Mahajanapadas , Rise of Magadha under the Haryanka, Sisunaga Dynasties, Nanda Dynasty, Persian Invasions, Alexander’s Invasion of India and its Effects Keywords Janapadas, Magadha, Haryanka, Sisunaga, Nanda, Alexander E-text (Quadrant-I) 1. Sources Political and cultural history of the period from C 600 to 300 BCE is known for the first time by a possibility of comparing evidence from different kinds of literary sources. Buddhist and Jaina texts form an authentic source of the political history of ancient India. The first four books of Sutta pitaka -- the Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta and Anguttara nikayas -- and the entire Vinaya pitaka were composed between the 5th and 3rd centuries BCE. The Sutta nipata also belongs to this period. The Jaina texts Bhagavati sutra and Parisisthaparvan represent the tradition that can be used as historical source material for this period. The Puranas also provide useful information on dynastic history. A comparison of Buddhist, Puranic and Jaina texts on the details of dynastic history reveals more disagreement. This may be due to the fact that they were compiled at different times. Apart from indigenous literary sources, there are number of Greek and Latin narratives of Alexander’s military achievements. They describe the political situation prevailing in northwest on the eve of Alexander’s invasion. -
The History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein Contained, Vol
The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained, Vol. 3 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.nuhmafricanus3 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained, Vol. 3 Alternative title The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained Author/Creator Leo Africanus Contributor Pory, John (tr.), Brown, Robert (ed.) Date 1896 Resource type Books Language English, Italian Subject Coverage (spatial) Northern Swahili Coast;Middle Niger, Mali, Timbucktu, Southern Swahili Coast Source Northwestern University Libraries, G161 .H2 Description Written by al-Hassan ibn-Mohammed al-Wezaz al-Fasi, a Muslim, baptised as Giovanni Leone, but better known as Leo Africanus. -
Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature
YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE KLAUS KARTTUNEN Studia Orientalia 116 YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE KLAUS KARTTUNEN Helsinki 2015 Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature Klaus Karttunen Studia Orientalia, vol. 116 Copyright © 2015 by the Finnish Oriental Society Editor Lotta Aunio Co-Editor Sari Nieminen Advisory Editorial Board Axel Fleisch (African Studies) Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Tapani Harviainen (Semitic Studies) Arvi Hurskainen (African Studies) Juha Janhunen (Altaic and East Asian Studies) Hannu Juusola (Middle Eastern and Semitic Studies) Klaus Karttunen (South Asian Studies) Kaj Öhrnberg (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Heikki Palva (Arabic Linguistics) Asko Parpola (South Asian Studies) Simo Parpola (Assyriology) Rein Raud (Japanese Studies) Saana Svärd (Assyriology) Jaana Toivari-Viitala (Egyptology) Typesetting Lotta Aunio ISSN 0039-3282 ISBN 978-951-9380-88-9 Juvenes Print – Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy Tampere 2015 CONTENTS PREFACE .......................................................................................................... XV PART I: REFERENCES IN TEXTS A. EPIC AND CLASSICAL SANSKRIT ..................................................................... 3 1. Epics ....................................................................................................................3 Mahābhārata .........................................................................................................3 Rāmāyaṇa ............................................................................................................25 -
Searching for the Ancient Harbours of the Erythraean Sea Wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui an Analytical Investigation
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd fghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq Searching for the Ancient Harbours of the Erythraean Sea wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui An Analytical Investigation 30/9/2010 opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg Carmen Tânia Macleroy Obied hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 11 ͞,ĂƌďŽƵƌƐĂŶĚ/ŶĚŽ-ZŽŵĂŶdƌĂĚĞ͟ 1.1. Aims and Research Questions......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1.1. PROPOSED RESEARCH ................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1.2. AIMS ......................................................................................................................................................................... -
Unit Magadhan Territorial Expansion
UNIT MAGADHAN TERRITORIAL EXPANSION Structure 18.0 Objectives 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Location of Magadha 18.3 Note on Sources 18.4 Political History of Pre-Mauryan Magadha 18.5 Notion of 'Empire' 18.5.1 Modern views on definition of 'Empire' 18.5.2 Indian notion of ~hakravarti-~setra 18.6 Origin of Mauryan rule 18.7 Asoka Maurya 18.7.1 The Kalinga War 18.7.;' Magadha at Asoka's death 18.8 Let US Sum Up 18.9 Key Words 18.10 Answers To Check Your Progress Exercises 18.0 OBJECTIVES In this Unit we shall outline the territorial expansion of the kingdom of Magadha. This will provide an understanding of how and why it was possible for Magadha to ,. becolne an 'empire'. After reading this Unit you should be able to: 0. identify the location of Magadha and its environs and note its strategic importance. learn about some of the sources that historians use for writing on this period, have a brief idea of the political history of Magadha during the two centuries preceding Mauryan rule. underst d the notion of 'empire' in the context of early periods of history, trac/;I the chief events leading to the establishment of Mauryan rule, learn about the early Mauryan kings - Chandragupta and Bindusara - and their expansionist activities, explain the context of the accession and coronation of Asoka Maurya and the importance of the Kalinga War, and finally, identify the boundaries of the Magadhan 'empire' at the death of Ashoka. 18.1 INTRODUCTION In Unit 15 you were introduced to the various Janapadas and Mahajanapadas that are known to us from primarily early Buddhist and Jaina texts. -
Architectural Features of the Early Harappan Forts
Ancient Punjab – Volume 8, 2020 103 ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF THE EARLY HARAPPAN FORTS Umesh Kumar Singh ABSTRACT What is generally called the Indus or the Harappan Civilization or Culture and used as interchangeable terms for the fifth millennium BCE Bronze Age Indian Civilization. Cunningham (1924: 242) referred vaguely to the remains of the walled town of Harappa and Masson (1842, I: 452) had camped in front of the village and ruinous brick castle. Wheeler (1947: 61) mentions it would appear from the context of Cunningham and Masson intended merely to distinguish the high mounds of the site from the vestiges of occupation on the lower ground round about and the latter doubt less the small Moghul fort which now encloses the police station on the eastern flank of the site. Burnes, about 1831, has referred to a ruined citadel on the river towards the northern side (Burnes 1834: 137). Marshall (1931) and Mackay (1938) also suspected of identifying Burnes citadel and Mackay (1938) had to suspend his excavations whilst in the act of examining a substantial structure which he was inclined to think was a part of city wall. Wheeler had discovered a limited number of pottery fragments from the pre- defense levels at Harappa in 1946 but the evidence was too meager to provoke serious discussion. The problem of origin and epi-centre of the Harappa Culture has confronted scholars since its discovery and in this context the most startling archaeological discoveries made and reported by Rafique Mughal (1990) is very significant and is a matter of further research work. -
Alexander the Not So Great William Baran Bill Ba
______________________________________________________________________________ Alexander the Not So Great William Baran Bill Baran, from Crystal Lake, Illinois, wrote "Alexander the Not So Great" during his senior year for Dr. Lee Patterson's Alexander the Great course in Fall 2015. He is currently a senior, majoring in history, and expects to graduate in May 2016. ______________________________________________________________________________ “It is perhaps Ptolemy who first coined the title ‘Great’ to describe Alexander, an epithet that has stayed with him to this day.”1 Whether or not this is true, somewhere along the way Alexander inherited the title “Great,” but is it one that he deserves? Alexander is responsible for expanding Macedonian territory significantly and it is something that he could not have accomplished alone. Since the backing of the army was crucial, why did some of Alexander’s generals not live past the life of Alexander? Although some of the generals and other army personnel inevitably died while in battle, others did not receive such a glorified death. Under Alexander’s rule numerous people in his army were murdered or died under suspicious circumstances. The death witnessed while Alexander ruled did not end there, because the army as a whole often suffered due to poor decision making on Alexander’s part. Whether direct or indirect Alexander ordered or caused the deaths of many because of anger, suspicion, or by poor choices. Alexander does not deserve the title “Great,” because of the deliberate killing under his command of both individuals and his army. Before embarking on the journey of tearing down Alexander’s title, it is important to understand the transition from Philip II to Alexander. -
Map 6 Asia Orientalis Compiled by M.U
Map 6 Asia Orientalis Compiled by M.U. Erdosy, 1997 Introduction Map 6 embraces four distinct regions: central Asia and the Indus valley, which had lengthy contacts with the Greeks and Romans; and Tibet and Chinese Turkestan, which had practically none. The first two entered Western consciousness through the eastward expansion of the Achaemenid empire, which brought them into the orbit of Greek geographical knowledge, and won them prominence as the theaters of Alexander the Great’s eastern campaigns. Although colonization in the wake of Macedonian conquests was short-lived, classical influence on the arts and crafts of the area, if not its religious and political institutions, remained prominent for centuries. Moreover, even though the Parthians and Sasanians effectively severed overland links between central Asia and the Mediterranean world, the Alexander legend helped preserve geographical information for posterity (albeit frequently in a distorted form), even if little in the way of fresh data was added until Late Roman times. By contrast, areas to the north and east of the Himalayas remained in effect terra incognita until the nineteenth century, when the heart of Asia first received serious exploration by westerners, mostly as a by-product of the “Great Game.” Despite the impressive lists of toponyms and ethnonyms found in Ptolemy’s Geography and Ammianus Marcellinus, few cities and tribes can be localized with any certitude, since ancient geographers not only lacked first-hand knowledge of the area, but were also hampered by a defective image of the world, which was sure to produce serious distortions in peripheral regions. As a result, the eastern half of Map 6 is largely devoid of identifiable sites (although it contributes extensively to the list of unlocated toponyms and ethnonyms), while the western half is densely populated. -
Michael Brooks Dissertation Graduate School Submission Revised 12-10
A Dissertation Entitled Prester John: A Reexamination and Compendium of the Mythical Figure Who Helped Spark European Expansion By Michael E. Brooks Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Doctor of Philosophy degree in History _______________________________ Advisor: Dr. Glenn J. Ames _______________________________ Dr. Larry Wilcox _______________________________ Dr. Michael Jakobson _______________________________ Dr. Andrew Schocket _______________________________ College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo December 2009 Copyright 2009, Michael E. Brooks This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no part of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of Prester John: A Reexamination and Compendium of the Mythical Figure Who Helped Spark European Expansion by Michael E. Brooks Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Doctor of Philosophy degree in History The University of Toledo December 2009 This work reinterprets the evolution and pervasiveness of the Prester John myth, following the legend from its geographical and historical roots in central and eastern Asia to its final setting in Abyssinia. However, unlike most works on the subject, which typically begin with the twelfth-century writings of Otto of Freising, the author of this dissertation argues that a more complete understanding of the legendary priest-king requires an analysis of the literary traditions that created the ideal environment for the naissance of the Prester John saga. In addition, the influence that the Prester John legend exerted on the mindset of late medieval and early modern Europeans has been understated by many historians; this is in part due to the effects of periodization, whereby modern writers expect historical figures such as the Infante Dom Henrique, Christopher Columbus, and Duarte Lopes to behave in a modern - rather than late medieval - fashion. -
Re-Assessment of Acts of Piracy Under Contemporary International
Golden Gate University School of Law GGU Law Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 11-30-2017 Re-assessment of Acts of Piracy Under Contemporary International Law With Particular Reference to Activities of Somali Pirates Nutcha Sukhawattanakun Golden Gate University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/theses Part of the International Law Commons, and the Law of the Sea Commons Recommended Citation Sukhawattanakun, Nutcha, "Re-assessment of Acts of Piracy Under Contemporary International Law With Particular Reference to Activities of Somali Pirates" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 79. https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/theses/79 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at GGU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of GGU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Re-assessment ofActs ofPiracy Under Contemporary International Law with Particular Reference to Activities ofSomali Pirates A Dissertation Submitted To The Committee of International Legal Studies In Candidacy for the Degree Of Scientiae Juridicae Doctor Department oflnternational Legal Studies GOLDEN GATE UNIVERSITY By Nutcha Sukhawattanakun San Francisco, California November 30, 2017 Copyright by Nutcha Sukhawattanakun 2017 i Golden Gate University The Dissertation Committee for Ms. Nutcha Sukhawattanakun Certifies that this