Map 3 Asia Occidentalis Compiled by M

Home , Abarshahr, Arachosia, Bishapur, Carmania (region), Drangiana, Ecbatana

Map 3 Asia Occidentalis Compiled by M. Roaf and the Project Office, 1998

Introduction

Most of the territory shown only on this map consists of the deserts of Arabia, inland Iran and central Asia. Note that the areas marked with the “dry lake, wadi” symbol in inland Iran are treacherous “kavir,” a thin dry crust covering liquid mud beneath; many travelers have perished when the crust gave way beneath their feet. The only regions with significant settlement are in southern Iran (eastern Persis and Carmania) and Sistan (Drangiane). Very little archaeological fieldwork has been carried out in south-east Iran and western Afghanistan, and there are many outstanding problems concerning the historical geography of these regions between the beginning of the Achaemenid period and the end of the Sasanian. The standard works on Islamic historical geography (Schwarz 1896; Le Strange 1905) are based on written sources, and do not take into consideration any twentieth-century archaeological investigations; the same general point applies to entries in RE. The suggestions made by these scholars for the identification of ancient place names are often based on the similarity of modern and ancient ones; they are sometimes plausible, but seldom certain. In several cases it is certain that names have moved from one settlement to another. Sometimes the distances are not great: for example, Sasanian and early Islamic Darabgird is little more than four miles from modern Darab, and Sasanian and early Islamic Sirjan is about ten miles from the modern town of the same name. But in other cases the distances are greater: [Bardasir], for example, is about forty miles from modern Kerman. Where substantial ancient remains have not been identified, or the textual references do not unambiguously determine the location, a place is marked as approximate. Thus Sasanian Yazd and Bam, for example, are marked with an approximate symbol placed at the modern sites, since there is no certain evidence that the pre-Islamic cities were actually in the same place as the present-day ones. Likewise some identifications which have appeared with great regularity in earlier studies are omitted here. These include Poura = Bampur, and Teisa = Tis, because the similarity of the name is the main evidence for the identification. A particular problem lies in locating the chief city of ancient Carmania, which according to some sources was called Karmana. I would expect it to be in the vicinity of Jiroft/Sabzevaran, but no survey has yet revealed a suitable site. Later the name was transferred to the future capital of the province, Kerman. Parsa in Achaemenid times included Carmania, and places later known to be in Carmania are sometimes said to be in Persis. Later, Sakastan(e) included Drangiane and western Arachosia, including modern Kandahar (ancient Alexandria/Alexandropolis/Cufis, Map 6 B3).

Directory

Names

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

G2 Abarshahr IRN See Map 97 D2 Aborras/ SYR / TKY See Map 91 Chaboras fl. D2 Adiabene IRQ See Map 91 E2 Adur Gushnasp IRN See Map 90 MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS 33

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B3 Aegyptium Mare See Map 74 B3 Aegyptus EGY See Map 1 C4 Aelana/ JOR See Map 76 Aila B4 Aelaniticus Sinus See Map 76 Aila = Aelana A3 Alexandria EGY See Map 74 H3 Alexandria HR AFG IsidChar 18; Fraser 1996, 127-40 H3 Alexandria Ariorum/ AFG See Map 98 Artacavan/ Harey H2 Alexandria/ TKM See Map 98 Antiochia/ Merv E2 Amardos fl. IRN See Map 90 C3 Amata Nabq? SAU Speidel 1987, 217-18 D2 Amida TKY See Map 89 H3 Anauon R around Phra(da) in S IsidChar 16 Ar(e)ia AFG C2 Anazarbos TKY See Map 67 B2 Ancyra TKY See Map 63 B2 Anemurium TKY See Map 66 F4 Antiocheia Persidos? IRN See Map 94 B2 Antiochia/ TKY See Map 62 Caesarea C2 Antiochia TKY See Map 67 Antiochia = Alexandria C2 Antitaurus M. TKY See Map 64 B2 Apamea TKY See Map 62 C2 Apamea SYR See Map 68 B4 Arabia EGY See Map 77 D4 Arabia CHRL NPauly D1 Araxes fl. See Map 90 F3 Araxes? fl. IRN See Map 94 D2 Arbela IRQ See Map 89 E3 Archous? fl. IRQ See Map 93 F4 Ardashir-Khurra IRN See Map 94 H3 Ar(e)ia AFG See Map 98 H3 Ari(m)aspai CHR AFG / IRN André 1980, 124; Bosworth 1980, 365-66 § Euergitae C H2 Arius fl. AFG See Map 98 C2 Armenia ARM / TKY See Map 89 Armuzia = Harmozeia D2 Arsanias fl. TKY See Map 89 Artacavan = Alexandria Ariorum D2 Artaxata ARM See Map 89 G4 Asabon M. OMN / UAE See Map 95 A2 Asia Minor TKY See Map 1 F3 Aspadana/ IRN See Map 92 (I)Spahan/ Gay/ Gabai? C2 (As)Syria ACHRL RE E4 Attene/ SAU See Map 95 Chattenia

D3 Babylon IRQ See Map 91 E3 Babylonia IRQ See Map 93 C4 Baclanaza SAU See Map 83 H3 Bagoon M. AFG See Map 6 E2 Balarath? fl. IRN See Map 90 C2 Balihu fl. SYR / TKY See Map 67 34 MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

G4 Bam IRN EncIran Bam [Bardasir] = Veh Ardashir H4 Barna CH perhaps near Gwādar RE Badara PAK Bashiyan? = Tell-i Zohak C5 Berenice EGY See Map 80 C3 Berytus LEB See Map 69 Bishapur = Veh Shapur C3 Bostra SYR See Map 69

Caesarea = Antiochia B3 Caesarea ISR See Map 69 C2 Caesarea TKY See Map 63 Callinicum = Nicephorium B2 Calycadnus fl. TKY See Map 66 B2 Cappadocia TKY See Map 64 B2 Cappadox? fl. TKY See Map 86 G4 Carmania CHRL IRN RE Karmania C2 Carrhae TKY See Map 67 F2 Caspium/ See Map 90 Hyrcanium Mare B5 Cataracta Prima EGY See Map 81 B5 Cataracta Secunda SUD See Map 81 Chaboras fl. = Aborras fl. E3 Chaldaici? L. IRQ See Map 93 C5 Chardaleon SAU See Map 4 H2 Chatracharta H?RL Chardzhou? TKM RE; Fontaine 1977, 104 Chattenia = Attene F2 Chindrum? fl. IRN See Map 96 C2 Cilicia TKY See Map 67 B2 Cilicius Aulon See Map 72 D2 Circesium SYR See Map 91 B2 Claudia Archelais TKY See Map 63 B4 Claudianus M. EGY See Map 78 B4 Clysma EGY See Map 74 C2 Commagene TKY See Map 67 B4 Coptos EGY See Map 80 D3 Ctesiphon IRQ See Map 91 B2 Cyprus CYP / CYX See Map 72

H2 Dahae TKM See Map 97 H3 Dahan-i Ghulaman/ CH? IRN EncIran Dahan-e Golaman Zra(n)ka? CH EncIran Drangiana §Drangai §Zarin C C3 Damascus SYR See Map 69 F4 Darabgird IRN EncIran Darab D3 Dastagird? IRQ See Map 91 E3 ‘Diabas’ fl. IRN / IRQ See Map 91 F2 Dihistan TKM See Map 96 B4 Diospolis Magna/ EGY See Map 80 Thebai H3 Drangiane/ CHR Helmand basin AFG / EncIran Drangiana; EncIs Sistan Zarangiane CHR IRN §Drangae HR § Derangae R § Drangiani L § Sarangai C § Zarangae L §Zranka CH C4 Dumatha RL SAU Speidel 1987, 213; Millar 1993, 185 D3 Dura/ SYR See Map 91 Europus MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS 35

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

E3 Ecbatana IRN See Map 92 C2 Edessa TKY See Map 67 C4 Egra SAU See Map 83 E3 Elymais IRN See Map 93 C3 Emesa SYR See Map 68 F5 Epimaranitae?/ R UAE RE; Potts 1990, 310, 323 Nareitai? H?R § Anareitai H3 Erymandros fl. AFG / PAK See Map 6 C4 Erythr(ae)um/ See Map 4 Rubrum Mare Erythr(ae)um Mare = Persicus Sinus E3 Eulaeus? fl. IRN / IRQ See Map 92 C2 Euphrates fl. See Map 93 Europus = Dura

Frakh-kar-Peroz = Phra(da)

Gabai? = Aspadana B2 Galatia TKY See Map 63 E2 Ganzak? IRN See Map 90 G4 Garm-Kerman L IRN Gyselen 1989, 49 E2 Garrah fl. IRN See Map 90 Gay = Aspadana B3 Gaza GAZ See Map 70 H4 Gedrosia CHRL Baluchistan-Makran RE §Kedrosia IRN / PAK B2 Germa TKY See Map 62 E4 Gerra? SAU See Map 95 D2 Gordyene TKY See Map 89 G2 G(o)urgan? IRN See Map 96 [Govasir] = Veh Ardashir F4 Granis? fl. IRN See Map 94 Gurgan = G(o)urgan

F4 Hajjiabad IRN See Map 94 B2 Halys fl. TKY See Map 87 F2 Harborz M. IRN See Map 96 Harey = Alexandria Ariorum G4 Harmozeia/ CHRL IRN RE Armuzia § Harmozon D1 Harpasos fl. TKY See Map 87 D2 Hatra IRQ See Map 91 F2 Hecatompylos? IRN See Map 96 E3 Hedyphon? fl. IRN / IRQ See Map 93 C3 Heliopolis LEB See Map 69 B4 Hermopolis Magna EGY See Map 77 A2 Hermus fl. TKY See Map 56 B4 Heroopoliticus Sinus See Map 76 B4 Hibis EGY See Map 79 C2 Hierapolis SYR See Map 67 C2 Hierapolis TKY See Map 67 D2 Hirmas fl. SYR / TKY See Map 89 F2 Hyrcania IRN / TKM See Map 96 Hyrcanium Mare = Caspium Mare

H2 Iasonion TKM See Map 98 36 MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C5 Iathrippa SAU See Map 83 E4 Icarus Ins. Failaka KUW See Map 93 H4 Ichthyophagoi CHRL IRN / PAK RE Ichthyophagi C3 Ierusalem ISR See Map 70 B3 Internum Mare See Map 1 C3 Iordanes fl. See Map 70 C1 Iris fl. TKY See Map 87 F3 Isatichai H?R near Yazd IRN RE B2 Isauria TKY See Map 66 (I)Spahan = Aspadana C2 Issicus Sinus See Map 67 B3 Iudaea See Map 70 E3 Ivan-i Karkheh IRN See Map 92

G4 Jumeirah L UAE Potts 1990, 298-300 E3 [Jundishapur] IRN See Map 93

G5 Kalaiou Nesoi R Ad Daymaniyat OMN Potts 1990, 315 G5 Kalon Oros R Jebel Akhdar OMN Potts 1990, 315 E3 Kambadene IRN See Map 92 Kapros? fl. = Zabas Mikros fl. B2 Karalis L. TKY See Map 65 H3 Karkuya/ L perhaps Karku in Sistan Schippmann 1971, 37-45 ‘Korok’? R IRN RE § Carcoe? L RE G4 Karmana CHRL IRN RE Karmania C2 Karmalas? fl. TKY See Map 67 H2 Kasp? fl. IRN See Map 98 D2 Kentrites fl. TKY See Map 89 F4 Kish L IRN Whitehouse 1973, 41, 45 F2 Komisene IRN See Map 96 E3 Koprates? fl. IRN / IRQ See Map 93 G5 Korodamon? Akron H?R Ra's al-Hadd OMN Potts 1990, 321-22 ‘Korok’? = Karkuya G5 Kryptos Limen? H?R Muscat OMN Potts 1990, 321 H3 Kuh-i Khwaja HRL IRN Schippmann 1971, 57-70 E1 Kyros fl. AZE / GEO See Map 90 B5 Kysis EGY See Map 79

G3 Lakh-mazar RL IRN Labbaf 1994 A2 Laodicea TKY See Map 65 C2 Laodicea SYR See Map 68 C4 Leuke Kome? SAU See Map 83 C3 Libanus M. LEB See Map 69 C3 Litas fl. LEB See Map 69 B2 Lycaonia TKY See Map 66 E1 Lychnitis Limne ARM See Map 88 A2 Lycia TKY See Map 65 C1 Lykos fl. TKY See Map 87 Lykos? fl. = Zabas Megas fl.

C5 Macoraba H?R Mecca SAU RE Suppl. 12 Μακοράβα C4 Madiane SAU See Map 76 G5 Macae R UAE See Map 95 A2 Maeander fl. TKY See Map 61 G4 Maka/ IRN RE Makai 1; Vogelsang 1992, 43 Maketa F2 Mandros fl. IRN See Map 90 H2 Margiana/ TKM See Map 98 Margush/ Merv MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS 37

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

H2 Margus fl. TKM See Map 98 Margush = Margiana E3 Massabatene IRN See Map 92 E2 Matiane Limne IRN See Map 89 F2 Maziris? fl. IRN See Map 96 D3 Media IRN / IRQ See Map 92 E2 Media Atropatene IRN / TKY See Map 89 C2 Melas fl. TKY See Map 64 C2 Melitene TKY See Map 64 B4 Memphis EGY See Map 75 Merv = Alexandria Merv = Margiana E3 Mesene IRN / IRQ See Map 93 C2 Mesopotamia See Map 89 B4 Moeris L. EGY See Map 75 C3 Mortuum Mare See Map 70 B4 Myos Hormos? EGY See Map 80

C3 Nabataea Gatier 1988; ABD Nabateans H3 Nad-i Ali/ CHR AFG Ball 1982.752 Zarang? H?RL EncIran Drangiana Nareitai? = Epimaranitae? Narezzash? = Niriz G2 Nev-Shapur IRN See Map 97 C2 Nicephorium/ SYR See Map 91 Callinicum B4 Nilus fl. See Map 74 D2 Nineveh/ IRQ See Map 89 Ninos E3 Nippur IRQ See Map 93 F4 Niriz/ RL IRN Gyselen 1989, 28, 72-73 Narezzash? CH? RGTC 11 Narez(z)a(n/š) G2 Nisa(ia) TKM See Map 97 D2 Nisibis SYR / TKY See Map 89 Nysa = Scythopolis

G4 Oarakta Ins. CHR Qeshm Is.? IRN RE Ὀάρκτα B4 Oasis Magna EGY See Map 79 G4 Omana? UAE See Map 95 F3 Oroatis? fl. IRN See Map 93 C2 Orontes fl. SYR / TKY See Map 67 C2 Osrhoene SYR / TKY See Map 67 H2 Oxus fl. See Map 6 B4 Oxyrhynchus EGY See Map 75

C3 Palmyra SYR See Map 68 B2 Pamphylia TKY See Map 65 B2 Pamphylium Mare See Map 65 B3 Paphos CYP See Map 72 E3 Paraetacene IRN See Map 92 Parsa = Persepolis G2 Parthyene IRN / TKM See Map 97 Pasa? = Tell-i Zohak F3 Pasargadae IRN See Map 94 E3 Pasitigris? fl. IRN / IRQ See Map 93 B3 Pelusium EGY See Map 74 B2 Perge TKY See Map 65 F4 Persepolis/ IRN See Map 94 Parsa F4 Persicus Sinus/ CHRL Persian Gulf RE Persischer Meerbusen Erythr(ae)um Mare § Tamtu Shaplitu ACH RGTC 8, 227 F4 Persis IRN See Map 94 38 MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C3 Petra JOR See Map 71 C3 Philadelpheia JOR See Map 71 B3 Phoenicium Mare See Map 68 H3 Phra(da)/ R/ perhaps near Farah AFG RE Phrada Prophthasia/ HRL RE 2 Frakh-kar-Peroz L Gyselen 1989, 48 §‘Propasta’ L E2 Phraaspa? IRN See Map 90 A2 Phrygia TKY See Map 62 D3 Peroz-Shapur IRQ See Map 91 B2 Pisidia TKY See Map 65 B4 Porphyrites, Mons EGY See Map 78 Prophthasia = Phra(da) C2 (P)Saros fl. TKY See Map 66 B5 Pselchis EGY See Map 81 C2 Pyramos fl. TKY See Map 67

H3 Qal'a-i Sam HR IRN Caratelli 1966, 34-35; Scerrato 1970, 137

D3 Radani fl. IRQ See Map 91 D2 Resaina SYR See Map 89 F4 Rev Ardashir? IRN See Map 94 F2 Rhaga(i) IRN See Map 92 A2 Rhyndakos fl. TKY See Map 52 F2 Ridagnus? fl. IRN See Map 96 Rubrum Mare = Erythr(ae)um Mare

B2 Sagalassos TKY See Map 65 B2 Salamis CYX See Map 72 C2 Samosata TKY See Map 67 B2 Sangarius fl. TKY See Map 52 G5 Sarapi(a)s Ins. Masirah Is. OMN Potts 1990, 314-15, 322 G4 Sard-Kerman L IRN Gyselen 1989, 64 H3 Saripha M. See Map 98 H2 Sarnios fl. H?R Tejend TKM Strabo 11.8.1 Sarnios? fl. = Sideris? fl. H3 Sar-o Tar R AFG Ball 1982.1006 Saros fl. = (P)Saros fl. C1 Satala TKY See Map 89 C3 Scythopolis/ ISR See Map 69 Nysa C2 Sebasteia TKY See Map 64 D3 Seleucia IRQ See Map 91 Seleucia ad Eulaeum = Susa H3 Shahristan/ R?L IRN Schippmann 1971, 35-37 Zarang? H?RL Gyselen 1989, 62 § Ram-Shahrestan Gyselen 1989, 87 G4 Shiragan/ L Qal'ah-ye Sang IRN Gyselen 1989, 86 Sirjan L Morgan 1987, 26 B2 Side TKY See Map 65 G2 Sideris?/ IRN / TKM See Map 96 Sarnios? fl. C3 Sidon LEB See Map 69 B4 Sinai EGY See Map 76 D2 Singara IRQ See Map 89 F4 [Siraf] R?L Taheri IRN Whitehouse 1973, 33-35 Sirjan = Shiragan F4 Sitakos? fl. IRN See Map 94 C2 Skylax fl. TKY See Map 87 G5 [Sohar] RL OMN Potts 1990, 292-93, 296-97 C2 Sophene TKY See Map 89 MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS 39

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

Sousia = Tusa Spahan = Aspadana E3 Spasinou Charax? IRQ See Map 93 E3 Susa/ IRN See Map 93 Seleucia ad Eulaeum B5 Syene EGY See Map 80 C2 Syria SYR See Map 1 Syria = (As)Syria

F4 Taboca QAT See Map 95 B2 Tarsus TKY See Map 66 D3 [Tartaru] fl. IRQ See Map 91 B2 Tatta L. TKY See Map 63 B2 Taurus M. TKY See Map 66 F4 Tell-i Zohak/ CHRL/ Fasa IRN Hansman 1975 Pasa?/ C/ RGTC 11 Bašiyan Bashiyan? C B2 Tembris fl. TKY See Map 62 G4 Tepe Yahya CHRL IRN Lamberg-Karlovsky 1970, 6-26 Thebai = Diospolis Magna B4 Thebais EGY See Map 78 D2 Thospitis Limne TKY See Map 89 D2 Tigranocerta TKY See Map 89 D2 Tigris fl. See Map 93 B5 Triakontaschoinos EGY / SUD See Map 81 C3 Tripolis LEB See Map 68 B3 Trogodos M. CYP See Map 72 G2 Tusa/ IRN See Map 97 Sousia B2 Tyana TKY See Map 66 F4 Tylos Ins. BAH See Map 95 C3 Tyrus LEB See Map 69

E3 Uruk IRQ See Map 93

G4 Valashgerd R?L IRN Le Strange 1905, 317 §[Gulashkird] H2 Varakhsha RL UZB Frumkin 1970, 121-23 D3 Veh Ardashir IRQ See Map 91 G3 Veh Ardashir/ RL Kirman IRN Le Strange 1905, 302-3 [Bardasir]/ [Govasir] § Bih-Ardashir F4 Veh Shapur/ IRN See Map 94 Bishapur D3 Vologesias? IRQ See Map 91

G5 Wadi Samad R OMN Potts 1990, 293-96 C3 Wadi Sirhan SAU Winnett 1970, 56

A2 Xanthos TKY See Map 65

F3 Yazd L IRN Gyselen 1989, 49 H2 Yaz tepe TKM See Map 98 40 MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D2 Zabas Megas/ IRQ / TKY See Map 91 Zapatas?/ Lykos? fl. D2 Zabas Mikros/ IRQ See Map 91 Kapros?/ Zerbis? fl. D2 Zagrus M. HR Zagros range RE Zagros Zapatas? fl. = Zabas Megas fl. Zarang? = Nad-i Ali Zarang? = Shahristan Zarangiane = Drangiane Zerbis? fl. = Zabas Mikros fl. Zra(n)ka? = Dahan-i Ghulaman

Unlocated Toponyms

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Achaia HR in Ar(e)ia RE 7 Achindana fl. H?RL N Harmozeia? Ptol. 6.8.4; RE Achindanas Agris H?RL along coast of Gedrosia/Carmania Ptol. 6.8.7; RE Alexandria in Carmania H?R RE Alexandria 11 Anamis/ CHR in Carmania RE An(d)anis fl. Aradarum/ RL in Carmania RE; RE Potikara (H)Ardea Arai H?R tribe in Carmania Ptol. 6.8.12; RE Archedotis/ L in Carmania RE Arciotis Arciotis Ardea = Aradarum Artacoana/ CHR distinct from Alexandria Ariorum RE Artakoana; RE Areia 1 Artakauna

‘Bacinora’ L RE Cetrora Badara/ H?RL? RE Balara Badgis L in Ar(e)ia Gyselen 1989, 85 Badis CH on coast of Carmania Arrian, Anabasis 8.32.5; RE Bageia Pr. CHR along coast near Ichthyophagoi Ptol. 6.8.8; Arrian, Anabasis 8.28.9; RE Bagradas fl. H?RL between Persis and Carmania Ptol. 6.8.3; RE 2 Balara = Badara

Caumatis/ CHRL in Gedrosia RE Ῥόγανα; Potts 1989, 583 Kanate/ Kanthatis ‘Cetrora’ L RE Cetrora Charadrai H?R tribe in Carmania RE Chelonophagoi H?RL tribe RE 1; RE 3

Dagaseira CH in Gedrosia RE Daras fl. H?RL Daryab in Persis? RE 2 Dendrobosa CH NW Barna RE Derane Billa/ H?R on coast of Gedrosia RE ∆εράνη Βίλλα Derenobilla L

Guzeran-Ardashir / RL Whitehouse 1973, 31-32 [Kujaran] MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS 41

Name Period Probable Location Reference

(H)Ardea = Aradarum Hictanis/ HR RE Hyktanis Hyktanis fl.

Kanasida CH RE Τάλµενα Kanate = Caumatis Kanthatis = Caumatis Karpella Pr. H?R on border between Carmania and Ptol. 6.8.5 Gedrosia Kathraps fl. H?R RE Daras 2 Khwash/ L on R. Khwash? AFG Gyselen 1989, 86-87 Qash Kophanta / H?R port on Gedrosian or Carmanian RE Kophanta; RE Kophas Kophas CH coast Kophanta H?R inland Carmania region RE Kophanta [Kujaran] = Guzeran-Ardashir Kyiza CHRL on coast of Gedrosia RE

Nih R?L Nehbandan? Le Strange 1905, 340

Ogyris Ins. HRL in Persian Gulf RE Ὤγυρις Omiza H?R in Gedrosia RE Organa Ins./ CHRL/ RE Ὀργάνα ‘Turgana’ L Outioi C = Y(a)utiya? RE Οὔτιοι; RGTC 11 Iautiyaš

Pantyene L Potts 1989, 582-83 Parikane C RE Parikanioi 1; Foucher 1947, 196-97 Parsika M. on border of Carmania and RE Παρσικὰ ὄρη Gedrosia Portospana H?R in Carmania RE Poura CH RE Pura Pushang L in Ar(e)ia Gyselen 1989, 85

Qash = Khwash

Rogana H?R on coast of Gedrosia RE Ῥόγανα

Sabis H?R RE 3 Sabis fl. R RE 2 Saganos fl. H?R RE Salaros fl. H?R RE Salmous CH on coast of Carmania Potts 1989, 586-89 Semiramis M. H?R on coast of Carmania RE Σεµιράµιδος ὄρος Sidodone CH RE Karmania Sigara / H?R RE Σιγάρα Sigana Soxotai H?R tribe in Carmanian desert Ptol. 6.8.12

Talmena Η RE Τάλµενα ‘Tazora’ L RE Cetrora Teisa H?R RE Tisa

Zetis CH in Carmania RE Zorambos fl. H?R Ptol. 6.8.9; RE 42 MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS

Bibliography

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