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Map 3 Asia Occidentalis Compiled by M. Roaf and the Project Office, 1998 Introduction Most of the territory shown only on this map consists of the deserts of Arabia, inland Iran and central Asia. Note that the areas marked with the “dry lake, wadi” symbol in inland Iran are treacherous “kavir,” a thin dry crust covering liquid mud beneath; many travelers have perished when the crust gave way beneath their feet. The only regions with significant settlement are in southern Iran (eastern Persis and Carmania) and Sistan (Drangiane). Very little archaeological fieldwork has been carried out in south-east Iran and western Afghanistan, and there are many outstanding problems concerning the historical geography of these regions between the beginning of the Achaemenid period and the end of the Sasanian. The standard works on Islamic historical geography (Schwarz 1896; Le Strange 1905) are based on written sources, and do not take into consideration any twentieth-century archaeological investigations; the same general point applies to entries in RE. The suggestions made by these scholars for the identification of ancient place names are often based on the similarity of modern and ancient ones; they are sometimes plausible, but seldom certain. In several cases it is certain that names have moved from one settlement to another. Sometimes the distances are not great: for example, Sasanian and early Islamic Darabgird is little more than four miles from modern Darab, and Sasanian and early Islamic Sirjan is about ten miles from the modern town of the same name. But in other cases the distances are greater: [Bardasir], for example, is about forty miles from modern Kerman. Where substantial ancient remains have not been identified, or the textual references do not unambiguously determine the location, a place is marked as approximate. Thus Sasanian Yazd and Bam, for example, are marked with an approximate symbol placed at the modern sites, since there is no certain evidence that the pre-Islamic cities were actually in the same place as the present-day ones. Likewise some identifications which have appeared with great regularity in earlier studies are omitted here. These include Poura = Bampur, and Teisa = Tis, because the similarity of the name is the main evidence for the identification. A particular problem lies in locating the chief city of ancient Carmania, which according to some sources was called Karmana. I would expect it to be in the vicinity of Jiroft/Sabzevaran, but no survey has yet revealed a suitable site. Later the name was transferred to the future capital of the province, Kerman. Parsa in Achaemenid times included Carmania, and places later known to be in Carmania are sometimes said to be in Persis. Later, Sakastan(e) included Drangiane and western Arachosia, including modern Kandahar (ancient Alexandria/Alexandropolis/Cufis, Map 6 B3). Directory Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference G2 Abarshahr IRN See Map 97 D2 Aborras/ SYR / TKY See Map 91 Chaboras fl. D2 Adiabene IRQ See Map 91 E2 Adur Gushnasp IRN See Map 90 MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS 33 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B3 Aegyptium Mare See Map 74 B3 Aegyptus EGY See Map 1 C4 Aelana/ JOR See Map 76 Aila B4 Aelaniticus Sinus See Map 76 Aila = Aelana A3 Alexandria EGY See Map 74 H3 Alexandria HR AFG IsidChar 18; Fraser 1996, 127-40 H3 Alexandria Ariorum/ AFG See Map 98 Artacavan/ Harey H2 Alexandria/ TKM See Map 98 Antiochia/ Merv E2 Amardos fl. IRN See Map 90 C3 Amata Nabq? SAU Speidel 1987, 217-18 D2 Amida TKY See Map 89 H3 Anauon R around Phra(da) in S IsidChar 16 Ar(e)ia AFG C2 Anazarbos TKY See Map 67 B2 Ancyra TKY See Map 63 B2 Anemurium TKY See Map 66 F4 Antiocheia Persidos? IRN See Map 94 B2 Antiochia/ TKY See Map 62 Caesarea C2 Antiochia TKY See Map 67 Antiochia = Alexandria C2 Antitaurus M. TKY See Map 64 B2 Apamea TKY See Map 62 C2 Apamea SYR See Map 68 B4 Arabia EGY See Map 77 D4 Arabia CHRL NPauly D1 Araxes fl. See Map 90 F3 Araxes? fl. IRN See Map 94 D2 Arbela IRQ See Map 89 E3 Archous? fl. IRQ See Map 93 F4 Ardashir-Khurra IRN See Map 94 H3 Ar(e)ia AFG See Map 98 H3 Ari(m)aspai CHR AFG / IRN André 1980, 124; Bosworth 1980, 365-66 § Euergitae C H2 Arius fl. AFG See Map 98 C2 Armenia ARM / TKY See Map 89 Armuzia = Harmozeia D2 Arsanias fl. TKY See Map 89 Artacavan = Alexandria Ariorum D2 Artaxata ARM See Map 89 G4 Asabon M. OMN / UAE See Map 95 A2 Asia Minor TKY See Map 1 F3 Aspadana/ IRN See Map 92 (I)Spahan/ Gay/ Gabai? C2 (As)Syria ACHRL RE E4 Attene/ SAU See Map 95 Chattenia D3 Babylon IRQ See Map 91 E3 Babylonia IRQ See Map 93 C4 Baclanaza SAU See Map 83 H3 Bagoon M. AFG See Map 6 E2 Balarath? fl. IRN See Map 90 C2 Balihu fl. SYR / TKY See Map 67 34 MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference G4 Bam IRN EncIran Bam [Bardasir] = Veh Ardashir H4 Barna CH perhaps near Gwādar RE Badara PAK Bashiyan? = Tell-i Zohak C5 Berenice EGY See Map 80 C3 Berytus LEB See Map 69 Bishapur = Veh Shapur C3 Bostra SYR See Map 69 Caesarea = Antiochia B3 Caesarea ISR See Map 69 C2 Caesarea TKY See Map 63 Callinicum = Nicephorium B2 Calycadnus fl. TKY See Map 66 B2 Cappadocia TKY See Map 64 B2 Cappadox? fl. TKY See Map 86 G4 Carmania CHRL IRN RE Karmania C2 Carrhae TKY See Map 67 F2 Caspium/ See Map 90 Hyrcanium Mare B5 Cataracta Prima EGY See Map 81 B5 Cataracta Secunda SUD See Map 81 Chaboras fl. = Aborras fl. E3 Chaldaici? L. IRQ See Map 93 C5 Chardaleon SAU See Map 4 H2 Chatracharta H?RL Chardzhou? TKM RE; Fontaine 1977, 104 Chattenia = Attene F2 Chindrum? fl. IRN See Map 96 C2 Cilicia TKY See Map 67 B2 Cilicius Aulon See Map 72 D2 Circesium SYR See Map 91 B2 Claudia Archelais TKY See Map 63 B4 Claudianus M. EGY See Map 78 B4 Clysma EGY See Map 74 C2 Commagene TKY See Map 67 B4 Coptos EGY See Map 80 D3 Ctesiphon IRQ See Map 91 B2 Cyprus CYP / CYX See Map 72 H2 Dahae TKM See Map 97 H3 Dahan-i Ghulaman/ CH? IRN EncIran Dahan-e Golaman Zra(n)ka? CH EncIran Drangiana §Drangai §Zarin C C3 Damascus SYR See Map 69 F4 Darabgird IRN EncIran Darab D3 Dastagird? IRQ See Map 91 E3 ‘Diabas’ fl. IRN / IRQ See Map 91 F2 Dihistan TKM See Map 96 B4 Diospolis Magna/ EGY See Map 80 Thebai H3 Drangiane/ CHR Helmand basin AFG / EncIran Drangiana; EncIs Sistan Zarangiane CHR IRN §Drangae HR § Derangae R § Drangiani L § Sarangai C § Zarangae L §Zranka CH C4 Dumatha RL SAU Speidel 1987, 213; Millar 1993, 185 D3 Dura/ SYR See Map 91 Europus MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS 35 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference E3 Ecbatana IRN See Map 92 C2 Edessa TKY See Map 67 C4 Egra SAU See Map 83 E3 Elymais IRN See Map 93 C3 Emesa SYR See Map 68 F5 Epimaranitae?/ R UAE RE; Potts 1990, 310, 323 Nareitai? H?R § Anareitai H3 Erymandros fl. AFG / PAK See Map 6 C4 Erythr(ae)um/ See Map 4 Rubrum Mare Erythr(ae)um Mare = Persicus Sinus E3 Eulaeus? fl. IRN / IRQ See Map 92 C2 Euphrates fl. See Map 93 Europus = Dura Frakh-kar-Peroz = Phra(da) Gabai? = Aspadana B2 Galatia TKY See Map 63 E2 Ganzak? IRN See Map 90 G4 Garm-Kerman L IRN Gyselen 1989, 49 E2 Garrah fl. IRN See Map 90 Gay = Aspadana B3 Gaza GAZ See Map 70 H4 Gedrosia CHRL Baluchistan-Makran RE §Kedrosia IRN / PAK B2 Germa TKY See Map 62 E4 Gerra? SAU See Map 95 D2 Gordyene TKY See Map 89 G2 G(o)urgan? IRN See Map 96 [Govasir] = Veh Ardashir F4 Granis? fl. IRN See Map 94 Gurgan = G(o)urgan F4 Hajjiabad IRN See Map 94 B2 Halys fl. TKY See Map 87 F2 Harborz M. IRN See Map 96 Harey = Alexandria Ariorum G4 Harmozeia/ CHRL IRN RE Armuzia § Harmozon D1 Harpasos fl. TKY See Map 87 D2 Hatra IRQ See Map 91 F2 Hecatompylos? IRN See Map 96 E3 Hedyphon? fl. IRN / IRQ See Map 93 C3 Heliopolis LEB See Map 69 B4 Hermopolis Magna EGY See Map 77 A2 Hermus fl. TKY See Map 56 B4 Heroopoliticus Sinus See Map 76 B4 Hibis EGY See Map 79 C2 Hierapolis SYR See Map 67 C2 Hierapolis TKY See Map 67 D2 Hirmas fl. SYR / TKY See Map 89 F2 Hyrcania IRN / TKM See Map 96 Hyrcanium Mare = Caspium Mare H2 Iasonion TKM See Map 98 36 MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference C5 Iathrippa SAU See Map 83 E4 Icarus Ins. Failaka KUW See Map 93 H4 Ichthyophagoi CHRL IRN / PAK RE Ichthyophagi C3 Ierusalem ISR See Map 70 B3 Internum Mare See Map 1 C3 Iordanes fl. See Map 70 C1 Iris fl. TKY See Map 87 F3 Isatichai H?R near Yazd IRN RE B2 Isauria TKY See Map 66 (I)Spahan = Aspadana C2 Issicus Sinus See Map 67 B3 Iudaea See Map 70 E3 Ivan-i Karkheh IRN See Map 92 G4 Jumeirah L UAE Potts 1990, 298-300 E3 [Jundishapur] IRN See Map 93 G5 Kalaiou Nesoi R Ad Daymaniyat OMN Potts 1990, 315 G5 Kalon Oros R Jebel Akhdar OMN Potts 1990, 315 E3 Kambadene IRN See Map 92 Kapros? fl.
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