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Searching for the Ancient Harbours of the Erythraean Sea Wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui an Analytical Investigation

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Searching for the Ancient Harbours of the Erythraean Sea Wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui an Analytical Investigation qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd fghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq Searching for the Ancient Harbours of the Erythraean Sea wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui An Analytical Investigation 30/9/2010 opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg Carmen Tânia Macleroy Obied hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 11 ͞,ĂƌďŽƵƌƐĂŶĚ/ŶĚŽ-ZŽŵĂŶdƌĂĚĞ͟ 1.1. Aims and Research Questions......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1.1. PROPOSED RESEARCH ................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1.2. AIMS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1.3. SIGNIFICANCE ............................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.2. Context and Scale .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.1. HARBOUR ARCHAEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................... 15 RED SEA ANCHORAGES ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.2. GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 17 EGYPT .................................................................................................................................................................................. 17 RED SEA ............................................................................................................................................................................... 18 EASTERN DESERT .................................................................................................................................................................. 18 EAST AFRICAN COAST ........................................................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.4. ITEMS OF TRADE OF THE EASTERN COMMERCE ........................................................................................................... 23 1.3.5. NATURAL RESOURCES ................................................................................................................................................. 25 1.3.6. EVIDENCE FOR IMPORTED SOURCES ............................................................................................................................ 26 1.3.6.1 POTTERY ................................................................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 31 "Data Sources" 2.1. ANCIENT LITERARY SOURCES ..................................................................................................................................... 31 2.2. TOPONYMICAL EVIDENCE ........................................................................................................................................... 33 2.3. CARTOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................................ 34 2.4. FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY: Papyri and Ostraka ...................................................................................................................... 37 2.5. RECENT PUBLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES ...................................................................................................................... 38 2.5. RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS .................................................................................................................. 39 2.5.1 Sources on Material Culture and Trade ......................................................................................................................... 39 2.5.2. QuantitatiVe Data on Trade in the Region .................................................................................................................... 39 2.5.3. Sources on the Geography and Coastline ..................................................................................................................... 40 2 CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 41 ͞,ŽǁƚŽ>ŽĐĂƚĞhŶŝĚĞŶƚŝĨŝĞĚŶĐŝĞŶƚ,ĂƌďŽƵƌƐ͟ 3.1. Methodological Approach .............................................................................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 44 "Maps and Distances" 4.1. EARLY CARTOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................ 44 4.2. COASTING DISTANCES ................................................................................................................................................. 45 ͶǤ͵Ǥ Dzdzǫ .............................................................................................................................................. 45 4.3.1. STADE VALUE FOR THE EARTH'S CIRCUMFERENCE ................................................................................................ 46 4.4. HOW MANY STADES IN A "RUN"? ................................................................................................................................ 47 4.5. PTOLEMY'S COORDINATES .......................................................................................................................................... 50 4.5.1. Ptolemy's Work: Case-Studies on Reconstructions ................................................................................................... 50 4.5.1. Ancient Sources: A Positive Approach ....................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 52 ͞ŶĐŝĞŶƚ,ĂƌďŽƵƌƐŽĨƚŚĞƌLJƚŚƌĂĞĂŶ^ĞĂ͟: Data Collected & Analysis 5.1. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE ERYTHRAEAN SEA ........................................................................................................................ 52 5.3. COORDINATES AND DISTANCES ...................................................................................................................................... 53 5.4. SEARCHING FOR PARALLELS: Ptolemy & Periplus ............................................................................................................ 54 5.5. Known Distances: Distances from Identified Sites ........................................................................................................... 56 5.7. Errors and Distortions .................................................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 6 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 63 ͞Possible Solutions": Discussion & Suggestions .................................................................................................................... 63 5.1. ANCHORAGES ................................................................................................................................................................ 63 5.2. KNOWN AND PROBABLE LOCATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 65 ͞Z^WKZd^͟................................................................................................................................................................. 65 ARSINOE/CLYSMA ...............................................................................................................................................................
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