qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd fghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq Searching for the Ancient Harbours of the Erythraean Sea wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui An Analytical Investigation 30/9/2010 opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg Carmen Tânia Macleroy Obied hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 11 ͞,ĂƌďŽƵƌƐĂŶĚ/ŶĚŽ-ZŽŵĂŶdƌĂĚĞ͟ 1.1. Aims and Research Questions......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1.1. PROPOSED RESEARCH ................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1.2. AIMS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1.3. SIGNIFICANCE ............................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.2. Context and Scale .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.1. HARBOUR ARCHAEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................... 15 RED SEA ANCHORAGES ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.2. GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 17 EGYPT .................................................................................................................................................................................. 17 RED SEA ............................................................................................................................................................................... 18 EASTERN DESERT .................................................................................................................................................................. 18 EAST AFRICAN COAST ........................................................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.4. ITEMS OF TRADE OF THE EASTERN COMMERCE ........................................................................................................... 23 1.3.5. NATURAL RESOURCES ................................................................................................................................................. 25 1.3.6. EVIDENCE FOR IMPORTED SOURCES ............................................................................................................................ 26 1.3.6.1 POTTERY ................................................................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 31 "Data Sources" 2.1. ANCIENT LITERARY SOURCES ..................................................................................................................................... 31 2.2. TOPONYMICAL EVIDENCE ........................................................................................................................................... 33 2.3. CARTOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................................ 34 2.4. FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY: Papyri and Ostraka ...................................................................................................................... 37 2.5. RECENT PUBLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES ...................................................................................................................... 38 2.5. RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS .................................................................................................................. 39 2.5.1 Sources on Material Culture and Trade ......................................................................................................................... 39 2.5.2. QuantitatiVe Data on Trade in the Region .................................................................................................................... 39 2.5.3. Sources on the Geography and Coastline ..................................................................................................................... 40 2 CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 41 ͞,ŽǁƚŽ>ŽĐĂƚĞhŶŝĚĞŶƚŝĨŝĞĚŶĐŝĞŶƚ,ĂƌďŽƵƌƐ͟ 3.1. Methodological Approach .............................................................................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 44 "Maps and Distances" 4.1. EARLY CARTOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................ 44 4.2. COASTING DISTANCES ................................................................................................................................................. 45 ͶǤ͵Ǥ Dzdzǫ .............................................................................................................................................. 45 4.3.1. STADE VALUE FOR THE EARTH'S CIRCUMFERENCE ................................................................................................ 46 4.4. HOW MANY STADES IN A "RUN"? ................................................................................................................................ 47 4.5. PTOLEMY'S COORDINATES .......................................................................................................................................... 50 4.5.1. Ptolemy's Work: Case-Studies on Reconstructions ................................................................................................... 50 4.5.1. Ancient Sources: A Positive Approach ....................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 52 ͞ŶĐŝĞŶƚ,ĂƌďŽƵƌƐŽĨƚŚĞƌLJƚŚƌĂĞĂŶ^ĞĂ͟: Data Collected & Analysis 5.1. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE ERYTHRAEAN SEA ........................................................................................................................ 52 5.3. COORDINATES AND DISTANCES ...................................................................................................................................... 53 5.4. SEARCHING FOR PARALLELS: Ptolemy & Periplus ............................................................................................................ 54 5.5. Known Distances: Distances from Identified Sites ........................................................................................................... 56 5.7. Errors and Distortions .................................................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 6 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 63 ͞Possible Solutions": Discussion & Suggestions .................................................................................................................... 63 5.1. ANCHORAGES ................................................................................................................................................................ 63 5.2. KNOWN AND PROBABLE LOCATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 65 ͞Z^WKZd^͟................................................................................................................................................................. 65 ARSINOE/CLYSMA ...............................................................................................................................................................