DOCSLIB.ORG

Zanzibar: Its History and Its People

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Zanzibar: Its History and Its People Zanzibar: its history and its people http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.PUHC025 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Zanzibar: its history and its people Author/Creator Ingrams, W.H. Publisher Frank Cass & Co., Ltd. Date 1967 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Northern Swahili Coast, Tanzania, United Republic of, Zanzibar Stone Town, Tanzania Source Princeton University Library 1855.991.49 Rights By kind permission of Leila Ingrams. Description Contents: Preface; Introductory; Zanzibar; The People; Historical; Early History and External Influences; Visitors from the Far East; The Rise and Fall of the Portuguese; Later History of the Native Tribes; History of Modern Zanzibar. Part II-Ethnological. A. Foreign Influences. B. Native Tribes of Zanzibar. Format extent 539 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.PUHC025 http://www.aluka.org ..... .... .... ..... .... .... 4r ub DumITI't ZANZIBAR MOSQUE WITH MINARET, MALINDI, ZANZIBAR. (Built late 19th century. Shape of Minaret and Pattern of Chevron very similar to those used by the builders of Zimbabwe.) (Fronitispiece) ZANZIBAR ITS HISTORY AND ITS PEOPLE W H. INGRAMS FRANK CASS & CO. LTD. 1967 Published by FRANK CASS AND COMPANY LIMITED 67 Great Russell Street, London W.C.1 by arrangement with H. F. and G. Witherby First edition New impression 1931 1967 Printed in Holland by N. V. Grafische Industrie Haarlem PREFACE THOUGH the modern city of Zanzibar is at the most two hundred years old, it has a fascination usually attributed only to much older foundations. The impression it makes on the casual visitor is a distinct one, that is not eclipsed, much less effaced, by sojourns in other and better known Eastern cities. It is generally admitted that one can recapture more of the atmosphere of The Thousand Nights and a Night in Zanzibar than in the modern City of the Caliphs, and I know of no other town where in a few short hours one can see such a pageant of history as is paraded before one's eyes in Zanzibar in the early months of the year. At this season one sees anchored in the harbour those strange crafts whose prototypes for years untold have brought traders and colonizers from all parts of the East, and one encounters in the streets representatives of all the many races that have helped to make the island's history. But the fascination of Zanzibar extends beyond the confines of the city. The island cannot aspire to majestic scenery, but there is beauty to be found all round its coral shores and in the waving palm and scented clove groves of the interior. The interest and the influence of Zanzibar, however, reaches far beyond its own borders. For centuries it was the principal emporium of the eastern seaboard of Africa. I have written at length of the countries that traded with Zanzibar and the east coast from the earliest times in the - historical chapters of this book, but I had not thought it possible that those who traded there could have dealt with the city of London in early days. However, it seems likely that produce from Eastern Africa reached London long before the merchants of Mincing Lane traded in its cloves, for, delving into the history of Smithfield, I found in Fitzstephen the following lines on London's foreign trade, written in the twelfth century: Aurum mittit Arabs : species et thura Sabeus Arma Scythes: oleuim palmarum divite sylva Pingue solum Babylon : Nilus lapides pretiosos." 5 PREFACE At one time the Zanzibar Empire stretched from Guardafui to the Rovuma River, and inland beyond the great lakes. In addition, its ruler held sway over all the south-eastern corner of Arabia, and his influence stretched beyond even these extensive borders. At this time, the heyday of the Zanzibari-Omani Empire, the island became celebrated in the well-known saying, " When you play the flute at Zanzibar, all Africa, as far as the Lakes, dances." This empire has passed, but much of its influence remains. Swahili is one of the principal languages of the world, and it has been spread far and wide from Zanzibar. From Port Said to Durban, from Zanzibar across the Congo to the west coast, in Southern Arabia, Western India and in Madagascar, there will be found men who speak it. Many of the Creoles of Mauritius and R6union are of Zanzibar origin, and the Creole language, though French in its vocabulary, is Bantu in its grammar. You may hear in the Creole of Mauritius the folk-lore that you have heard in the Swahili of Zanzibar. As for the Island of Pemba, though it is somewhat overshadowed by the glory of Zanzibar, it is not without its fame. It has been described as the " Pearl of the Indian Ocean," and to the Arabs it is known as Jezirat al Khuthra, or the Green Island. It is certainly one of the beauty spots of the world. In East Africa and Madagascar it has a more sinister fame, as it is looked on as the very University of Witchcraft. From the Colonial Civil Servant's point of view, I suspect that there is but one Zanzibar and that one is rather spoilt by starting a career in the Protectorate, but none the less I count myself very fortunate to have spent the years from 1919-1927 there. Nearly all the material in this book was collected during that time from the inhabitants themselves. Certain of the history has been gleaned from other authorities, but as regards the ethnographical part, I found an unexplored field and therefore, despite its shortcomings, I hope the book will be of use to those whose study lies in tbis subject, and also to those who come to the island to help its people to achieve their destiny. I think it is true to say that Zanzibar until recently has been only dimly aware of its earlier history, and barely conscious of the fact that it is the mother 'of the other dependencies of Eastern Africa. Some of this history I have already published in work derived from the historical chapters in this book and from others that from PREFACE 7 considerations of space have had to be omitted. An abstract of it first appeared, together with a r~sum6 of the Ethnography, in Zanzibar, an Account of its People, Industries, and History, and in the School History of Zanzibar, which Mr. Hollingsworth, of the Zanzibar Education Department, and I wrote in 1925. Some of it has reappeared in Mr. Hollingsworth's Short History of the East Coast of Africa, and the children of Zanzibar and the east coast are therefore now enabled to learn something of the story of their own country. No country can afford to neglect its history, and it is my hope that lessons may be gained from this story which may be of value in the making of future history. It is possible that Zanzibar history may yet be taken much farther back. In 1927 I took to the South Kensington Museum some fossils obtained in blasting operations at Chukwani, six miles south of Zanzibar town, and was informed that they had the appearance of being a typical Pleistocene stone breccia. It has yet to be proved that they are what they seem, namely the remnants of the meals of Stone Age men, from the bottom of a collapsed cave. As regards the ethnography, nothing beyond the r6sum6 referred to above and a few articles in Man and the Zanzibar Gazette has appeared before. The only safe foundation for any civilization is that built on the traditions and life of a people, and so I hope that this record of the manners and customs of the Zanzibaris will be of use to them and those who are called on to administer them. I have included in the book a good deal of the magic practised in both islands, and I hope that an understanding of it will help, with patience and sympathy, to its elimination as education progresses. I have given an extensive bibliography of Zanzibar literature in Zanzibar, an Account of its People, Industries, and History. Space forbids the reproduction in this book of the names of any books not actually used. I have to acknowledge the help and encouragement given to me by Mr. T. A. Joyce, M.A., O.B.E., Deputy Keeper of the Department of Ceramics and Ethnography in the British Museum. It was he who first instigated me to write the book, and he has given me every help possible towards getting it published.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Battle for Bahrain Continues
    INSS Insight No. 329, April 25, 2012 The Battle for Bahrain Continues Yoel Guzansky More than a year after the "Arab spring" came to Bahrain, the fire has still not died down. Although recent days were essentially no different from those that preceded it, the Formula One Grand Prix held in the kingdom brought the uprising back to the headlines, with the royal family seeking to use the race to demonstrate business as usual, and the Shiite opposition exploiting it to win people over to its cause. The popular uprising in Bahrain began soon after the start of the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt, but in recent months, as a result of events in Syria, media attention has turned elsewhere. Meantime, however, the protest of the Shiite majority – estimated to constitute some 70 percent of the population – against the Sunni royal family has continued on a low flame. Demonstrations take place every week, generally in Shiite villages outside the capital, Manama, and not infrequently, they deteriorate into serious violence. Thus far, the regime has acknowledged the deaths of twenty people, while the opposition claims that eighty have been killed. Bahrain’s territory is 760 square kilometers. Its neighbor Qatar is located to the southeast, while Saudi Arabia, connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Bridge built in the mid 1980s, is to the west. Bahrain’s population is slightly over 1 million, about half of whom are foreign workers. Bahrain was the first state in the Gulf to discover oil, but because of the depletion of its reserves over the years, its main revenues come from profits from a Saudi oil field and its role as a banking and commercial center.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) Vol
    Comparative Study of Post-Marriage Nationality Of Women in Legal Systems of Different Countries http://ijmmu.com [email protected] International Journal of Multicultural ISSN 2364-5369 Volume 2, Issue 6 and Multireligious Understanding December, 2015 Pages: 41-57 Public Perception on Calligraphic Woodcarving Ornamentations of Mosques; a Comparison between East Coast and Southwest of Peninsula Malaysia Ahmadreza Saberi1; Esmawee Hj Endut1; Sabarinah Sh Ahmad1; Shervin Motamedi2,3; Shahab Kariminia4; Roslan Hashim2,3 1 Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, 40450, Malaysia Email: [email protected] 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3 Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 4 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art, Architecture and Urban Planning, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran Abstract Woodcarving ornamentation is considered as, a national heritage and can be found in many Malaysian mosques. Woodcarvings are mostly displayed in three different motifs, namely floral, geometry and calligraphy. The application of floral and geometry motifs is to convey an abstract meaning of Islamic teachings to the viewers. However, the calligraphic decorations directly express the messages of Allah almighty or the sayings of the prophets to the congregations. Muslims are the main users of mosques as these are places for prayers as well as other religious and community activities. Therefore, the assessment of users’ opinion about this type of decoration needs to be investigated. This paper aims to evaluate the perception of two groups of mosque users on the calligraphic woodcarving ornamentations from two regions, namely the East Coast and Southwest of Peninsula Malaysia.
    [Show full text]
  • Duke University Dissertation Template
    A Sea of Debt: Histories of Commerce and Obligation in the Indian Ocean, c. 1850-1940 by Fahad Ahmad Bishara Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Edward J. Balleisen, Co-supervisor ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Co-supervisor ___________________________ Janet J. Ewald ___________________________ Timur Kuran ___________________________ Bruce S. Hall ___________________________ Jonathan K. Ocko Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 i v ABSTRACT A Sea of Debt: Histories of Commerce and Obligation in the Indian Ocean, c. 1850-1940 by Fahad Ahmad Bishara Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Edward J. Balleisen, Co-supervisor ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Co-supervisor ___________________________ Janet J. Ewald ___________________________ Timur Kuran ___________________________ Bruce S. Hall ___________________________ Jonathan K. Ocko An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 Copyright by Fahad Ahmad Bishara 2012 ABSTRACT This dissertation is a legal history of debt and economic life in the Indian Ocean during the nineteenth and early-twentieth century. It draws on materials from Bahrain, Muscat, Bombay, Zanzibar and London to examine how members of an ocean-wide commercial society constructed relationships of economic mutualism with one another by mobilizing debt and credit. It further explores how they expressed their debt relationships through legal idioms, and how they mobilized commercial and legal instruments to adapt to the emergence of modern capitalism in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • May Newsletter
    THE KIPLING SOCIETY FOUNDED 1927 Registered Charity No.278885 Bay Tree House, Doomsday Garden, Horsham, West Sussex, RH13 6LB England Telephone: 07801 680516 e-mail: [email protected] NEWSLETTER – MAY 2021 As the second wave of the pandemic comes to an end in the UK and we look forward to a return to some sort of normality, this will be the final edition of the Newsletter which we intend to print and distribute by post. If any member who currently receive it this way would in future like to receive it electronically, please could they let us (at the e-mail address above) have an e-mail address to which it can be sent. Alternatively, the current edition (and past ones) can be found on the Society News page of our website. FUTURE MEETINGS • Monday 14th June: 6.00pm. The Honourable Artillery Company is hosting a historical lecture and dinner jointly with the Kipling Society at Armoury House, City Road, London, EC1. After a two-course dinner, Professor Ian Beckett will address the company on ‘Kipling’s Army Revisited’, with a finish time no later than 9.00pm. The event will be held in accordance with the ‘rule of six’, with guests seated six per table in a large banqueting hall. Full details and an application form are appended to this newsletter. • Wednesday 30 June, 5.00pm. (by Zoom) AGM. After which Adrian Munsey will address the Society on the production of his acclaimed documentary Rudyard Kipling: a Secret Life. Adrian will show some clips from the film and describe to us how it was conceived, planned and shot.
    [Show full text]
  • The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: a Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2019 The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: A Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966 Azizeddin Tejpar University of Central Florida Part of the African History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Tejpar, Azizeddin, "The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: A Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 6324. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6324 THE MIGRATION OF INDIANS TO EASTERN AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF THE ISMAILI COMMUNITY, 1866-1966 by AZIZEDDIN TEJPAR B.A. Binghamton University 1971 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2019 Major Professor: Yovanna Pineda © 2019 Azizeddin Tejpar ii ABSTRACT Much of the Ismaili settlement in Eastern Africa, together with several other immigrant communities of Indian origin, took place in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries. This thesis argues that the primary mover of the migration were the edicts, or Farmans, of the Ismaili spiritual leader. They were instrumental in motivating Ismailis to go to East Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Pachyderm 44
    Probable extinction of the western black rhino Yemen’s attitudes towards rhino horn and jambiyas Lucy Vigne, Esmond Martin PO Box 15510 – 00503, Nairobi, Kenya; email: [email protected] Abstract In 1990 the Marxist government of the south that had banned civilians from possessing weapons, including the jambiya dagger, was ousted. South Yemen united with North Yemen to form one country. Were more people in the south going to emulate the northerners and buy jambiyas once again? Having not been in the southern region since 1993, we surveyed five main southern towns in early 2008 to see if influences from the north had encouraged the southerners to wear jambiyas in recent years. In many ways the southerners are emulating the northerners: they have shed Marxism in favour of capitalism and there has been an increase in traditional Islamic practices, but they still look down on jambiyas. However, the dagger is still a proud sign of being a northern tribesman, and Sanaa remains the centre of the jambiya industry - with rhino horn most favoured for handles; Taiz trails a distant second in importance. We learned more about the attitudes of Yemenis, especially from the younger more prosperous men in Sanaa who are likely to buy a rhino horn jambiya. And we increased public awareness on the plight of the rhino, distributing DVDs on Yemen’s rhino horn trade and supplying other educational materials to Yemenis in Sanaa and Taiz. Résumé En 1990 le gouvernement marxiste du sud qui avait interdit aux civils de posséder des armes, y compris le poignard jambiya, a été évincé.
    [Show full text]
  • Presents Children of Uganda Tuesday, April 25Th 10Am
    Presents Children of Uganda Tuesday, April 25th 10am and noon, Concert Hall Study Guides are also available on our website at www.fineartscenter.com - select Performances Plus! from Educational Programs, then select Resource room. The Fine Arts Center wishes to acknowledge MassMutual Financial Group for its important role in making these educational materials and programs available to the youth in our region. About this Guide The Children of Uganda 2006 Education Guide is intended to enhance the experience of students and teachers attending performances and activities integral to Children of Uganda’s 2006 national tour. This guide is not comprehensive. Please use the information here in conjunction with other materials that meet curricular standards of your local community in such subjects as history, geography, current af- fairs, arts & culture, etc. Unless otherwise credited, all photos reproduced in this guide © Vicky Leland. The Children of Uganda 2006 tour is supported, in part, with a generous grant from the Monua Janah Memorial Foundation, in memory of Ms. Monua Janah who was deeply touched by the Children of Uganda, and sought to help them, and children everywhere, in her life. © 2006 Uganda Children’s Charity Foundation. All rights reserved. Permissions to copy this Education Guide are granted only to presenters of Children of Uganda’s 2006 national tour. For other permissions and uses of this guide (in whole or in part), contact Uganda Children’s Charity Foundation PO Box 140963 Dallas TX 75214 Tel (214) 824-0661 [email protected] www.childrenofuganda.org 2| Children of Uganda Education Guide 2006 The Performance at a glance With pulsing rhythms, quicksilver movements, powerful drums, and bold songs of cele- bration and remembrance, Children of Uganda performs programs of East African music and dance with commanding skill and an awesome richness of human spirit.
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery of the Sea
    The Discovery of the Sea "This On© YSYY-60U-YR3N The Discovery ofthe Sea J. H. PARRY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley • Los Angeles • London Copyrighted material University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Copyright 1974, 1981 by J. H. Parry All rights reserved First California Edition 1981 Published by arrangement with The Dial Press ISBN 0-520-04236-0 cloth 0-520-04237-9 paper Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 81-51174 Printed in the United States of America 123456789 Copytightad material ^gSS3S38SSSSSSSSSS8SSgS8SSSSSS8SSSSSS©SSSSSSSSSSSSS8SSg CONTENTS PREFACE ix INTROn ilCTION : ONE S F A xi PART J: PRE PARATION I A RELIABLE SHIP 3 U FIND TNG THE WAY AT SEA 24 III THE OCEANS OF THE WORI.n TN ROOKS 42 ]Jl THE TIES OF TRADE 63 V THE STREET CORNER OF EUROPE 80 VI WEST AFRICA AND THE ISI ANDS 95 VII THE WAY TO INDIA 1 17 PART JJ: ACHJF.VKMKNT VIII TECHNICAL PROBL EMS AND SOMITTONS 1 39 IX THE INDIAN OCEAN C R O S S T N C. 164 X THE ATLANTIC C R O S S T N C 1 84 XJ A NEW WORT D? 20C) XII THE PACIFIC CROSSING AND THE WORI.n ENCOMPASSED 234 EPILOC.IJE 261 BIBLIOGRAPHIC AI. NOTE 26.^ INDEX 269 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 An Arab bagMa from Oman, from a model in the Science Museum. 9 s World map, engraved, from Ptolemy, Geographic, Rome, 1478. 61 3 World map, woodcut, by Henricus Martellus, c. 1490, from Imularium^ in the British Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology and Heritage of the Sudanese Red Sea Region: Importance, Findings, and Challenges
    The Archaeology and Heritage of the Sudanese Red Sea Region: Importance, Findings, and Challenges AHMED ADAM Head Department of Archaeology - University of Khartoum Director of the Red Sea Project for Archaeological Research Abstract This paper seeks to shed a high light on the archaeological sites discovered in the area of Suakin, Arkaweet, and Sinkat as a part of the project of the department of Archaeology ß university of Khartoum, so, the archaeological sites discovered in this region belong to different periods such as Pre-Historic, Medieval, Islamic, and others are unknown, which means that the region used to link the Red Sea Cultures with those on the central Sudan and Egypt far north and Eretria in the east. Through this study I am also seeking to evaluate the field work (Archaeological and Ethnographic) conducted in the area of Arkaweet and Sinkat town, and Suakin port, then to put a plan for the managing and protecting the archaeologi- cal sites and ethnographic materials. Therefore I will follow or apply a number of approaches in this study such as description, survey analysis of the sites and its contents as well a comparison will be made between the results of the present study with the results of the previous studies in the field of archeology and ethnography conducted on other sites in the Sudanese Red Sea Region. The historical sources will also be compared with the study findings. Keywords Red Sea, Archaeology, Heritage, Sudan, Survey, Suakin 188 1. INTRODUCTION The Red Sea lies in an ideal geographical location between eastern and west- ern seas in general, and between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Zanzibar: the Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa
    Zanzibar: the island metropolis of eastern Africa http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200014 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Zanzibar: the island metropolis of eastern Africa Author/Creator Pearce, Francis Barrow Date 1920 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Northern Swahili Coast, Tanzania, United Republic of, Kilwa Kisiwani Source Smithsonian Institution Libraries, DT435 .P4X Description Provides an account of the historical development of the Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba as well as a contemporary chronicle of the islands in the 1920s. The last section provides some commentary on the architecture and ruins on the islands.
    [Show full text]
  • The Qur'ân and Hadíth
    The Qur’ân And hAdíTh BY: ALLAMAH SAYYID SAEED AKHTAR RIZVI Printed and Published by: Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania P.O. Box 20033 Dar es Salaam Tanzania ISBN 9976 956 87 8 First Edition 1971 : 700 Copies Second Edition 1975 : 5,000 Copies Third Edition 1988 : 5,000 Copies Fourth (Revised) Edition 1994 The picture in yellow background on the cover is a section (verses 14:37-40) from a parchment of the Qur’ânic manuscript in Kufi script attributed to Imâm ‘Ali (a.s.) at the Astâna-e-Quds Library, Mashhad, Iran. CONTENTS Preface . .i Chapter One: REVELATION 1. Meaning of Wahyi & Ilhâm . 1 2. Modes of Revelation . .2 Inspiration . 2 From Behind a Curtain . .4 Through Angels . 5 3. Epilepsy & Revelation: A Christians’ Allegation Analyzed . .5 Chapter Two: PRE-ISLAMIC REVELATIONS 1. Some Previous Books . .11 2. The Torah History of Its Present Compilation . .12 Further Details about the Torah . 15 Old Testament: Contradictions & Absurdities . 16 3. The Injil Was it a Book? . 18 Who Wrote the “Gospels”? . .20 The Gospels: Not Trustworthy . .21 The New Testament: Misinterpretations . 23 4. The Qur’ân, Hadíth Qudsi & Hadíth . .26 Chapter Three: THE QUR’ÂN 1. The Preliminary Details The Revelation of the Qur’ân . .30 Name . .30 Sûrah & ‘Âyah . .32 Makki & Madani . 33 2. Writing & Collection of the Qur’ân . 34 Scribes . .35 Position of ‘Âyât . 35 Memorizing the Qur’ân . 35 A Set Arrangement . 36 3. Collection of the Qur’ân . .37 4. More About Authenticity . .39 Marginal References . 41 Letters and Vowels Counted . .42 5. The Qur’ân: A Miracle Performer .
    [Show full text]
  • Matrix Become a Fan Without Being Irrevocably Cut Off from Any SF Roots
    £1.25 110 NewsCetter Of tile Brittsll Science Yiction Association Ye6ruar9 - Marcil 1994 Morrix110 Datarife Determinants It seems to make more Sense to start a new year in February when the Membership weather is once more becoming civilised, rather than having it This costs £15 per year (UK and EC). immediately adjacent to the glullony and indulgence of Christmas. A British winter seems to be an endless tunnel of low-level misery and New members: Alison Cook, 27 Albemarle Drive. Grove, Wantage. dampness, so the first appearance of Ihe sun produces a primitive Oxon aXIl ON8 resurgence of joy. As the skeleton trees slowly blur into buds and the ground changes from mud to mud with stalks, there seems more point Renewals: Keith Freeman, 269 Wykeham Road, Reading RG6 IPL to life: and, perhaps, there may seem to be more to life than reading SF. USA: Cy Chauvin. 14248 Wilfred Street, Detroit. M148213, USA Unlike the metamorphosis from larva to dragon fly, an SF reader can Matrix become a fan without being irrevocably cut off from any SF roots. A fan will almost by definition stan as an SF reader who wishes to take Jenny and Steve Glover. 16 Aviary Place, Leeds LSl2 2NP a mOTe active role in the SF community. I'm not entirely convinced. Tel: 0532 791264 though, that people deliberately set out to become fans, There are a whole series of circumstances which seem to be coincidences and Vector which cascade onto the unwary reader but which will fail to activate anyone unless some spark of curiosity or sense of wonder gets ignited Catie Cary.
    [Show full text]