DOCSLIB.ORG

A Critical Analysis of Indigenous Māori Language Revitalisation and the Development of an Ontological Data Base

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Critical Analysis of Indigenous Māori Language Revitalisation and the Development of an Ontological Data Base A Critical Analysis of Indigenous Māori Language Revitalisation and the Development of an Ontological Data Base Norman Albert Anaru A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology In fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2017 Te Ipukarea ~ The National Māori Language Institute, Faculty of Culture and Society DEDICATION Ki tōku tipuna tāne, Tīweka Anaru, ki tōku tipuna wahine, Paretio (Heremia) Anaru Ki tōku koroua Hoani (Johnny) Anaru, ki tōku kuia Hikiana (Waenga) Anaru Ki tōku pāpā Hone (Taip) Anaru, ki tōku māmā Eleanor (Thompson) Anaru I tāpaea tēnei tuhinga whakapae hai whakamaharatanga ki ōku tīpuna, ki ōku mātua hoki, hui e tāiki e. ii ABSTRACT This thesis examines the integration of mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) and political theories as a basis from which to understand Indigenous language revitalisation and in particular, Māori language revitalisation in order to develop effective strategies for the survival of the Māori language for future generations. It asks the question, are Māori language revitalisation strategies and initiatives informed by theory[ies] and mātauranga Māori? Or, are Māori language revitalisation strategies ad hoc and reactionary to an environment where native speakers are becoming fewer and the quality of the language very limited? Kaupapa Māori research ethics and principles inform the research methodology and Indigenous methodologies provide a framework from which to locate and interpret the research ensuring that the research is managed through a culturally appropriate lens. The development of an ontological data base is an outcome of this research, where relationships between the concepts and classifications in a subject area or domain pertaining to Indigenous Māori language revitalisation are examined. The aim of this is to develop a store of information to assist those in the revival, survival and or revitalisation of the Māori language. Through using the information contained within the data base, together with Indigenous Māori views and principles, resilient and culturally congruous approaches and strategies to Indigenous language revitalisation can be formed. This study also highlights a range of other classifications and concepts juxtaposed with Indigenous language revitalisation and although some seem to have minimal connection to each other, the common threads between them all is the domain of Indigenous rights against a background of colonialism, imperialism, hegemony, equality, institutionalised racism, Māori poverty, injustice and health issues. Therefore, this study recommends that these facets must be considered in order to develop robust and enduring Indigenous language revitalisation strategies, methods, initiatives and approaches. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page Dedication ii Abstract iii Figures viii Images viii Tables viii Attestation of Authorship xi Acknowledgements xii Preface xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 1 The Status of Languages Globally 1 Language Revitalisation Models 3 A Māori World View 5 Insights of Pūrākau 6 Approaches and Indigenous Methodologies 10 The Moko Mataora Model – A Kaupapa Māori Methodology to Language 13 Revitalisation - Ripanga Tuatahi 17 - Ripanga Tuarua 17 - Ripanga Tuatoru 18 - Ripanga Tuawhā 18 - Ripanga Tuarima 19 - Ripanga Tuaono 19 - Ripanga Tuawhitu 20 - Ripanga Tuawaru 21 - Ripanga Tuawhitu 21 - Ripanga Tekau 22 - Ripanga Tekau mā tahi 23 - Ripanga Tekau mā rua 24 - Ripanga Tekau mā toru 24 - Ripanga Tekau mā whā 25 - Ripanga Tekau mā rima 26 - Ripanga Tekau mā ono 27 - Ripanga Tekau mā iwa 28 - Ripanga Tekau mā waru 29 - Ripanga Tekau mā iwa 30 The Spiritual Moko of Te Reo Māori 33 Conclusion 37 CHAPTER TWO: TE TIRITI O WAITANGI, GENEALOGY, 39 HISTORY AND POLITICS OF TE REO MĀORI Introduction 39 The Genealogy, History and Politics of Te Reo Māori 39 Austronesian Language Family 43 iv Theories of Māori and Polynesian origins and settlement of the Pacific 50 Te Tiriti o Waitangi (The Treaty of Waitangi) 58 The New Zealand Company 64 Te Tiriti o Waitangi Document 69 Te Reo Māori History 77 The decline of te reo Māori and Māori pedagogy 89 Māori Language Restoration Strategies 95 Te Ataarangi 97 Māori Language Movement 101 Māori Language Health 109 Conclusion 117 CHAPTER THREE: INDIGENOUS POLITICAL THEORISTS 118 Introduction 118 Indigenous Māori Theorists – Critical Theories 118 Dr Margaret Mutu 119 Dr Moana Jackson 120 John Te Rangi-Aniwaniwa Rangihau 124 Dr Graham Smith 126 Dr Ranginui Walker 128 Critical Theory 130 Political and Critical Theories 131 Cornel West 131 Noam Chomsky 136 Gloria Jean Watkins (aka – bell hooks) 140 Albert Memmi 145 Ngugi wa Thiong’o 149 Conclusion 152 CHAPTER FOUR: POLITICAL THEORISTS – EARLY 153 CONTEMPORARY AND ANCIENT POLITICAL PHILOSOPHERS Introduction 153 Political Theorists – Early Contemporary and Ancient Political Philosophers 153 Three areas of focus 154 A brief intro: Paulo Freire 156 Analyses and Critique 158 Indigenous Perspective 159 A brief intro: Edward Said 160 Analyses and Critique 161 Indigenous Perspective 162 A brief intro: Michel Foucault 164 Analyses and Critique 166 Indigenous Perspective 167 A brief intro: Frantz Fanon 168 Analyses and Critique 170 Indigenous Perspective 171 A brief intro: Antonio Gramsci 172 Analyses and Critique 174 Indigenous Perspective 175 v A brief intro: Karl Marx & Freidrich Engels 175 Analyses and Critique 177 Indigenous Perspective 179 A brief intro: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 179 Analyses and Critique 181 Indigenous Perspective 182 A brief intro: Niccolo Machiavelli 183 Analyses and Critique 185 Indigenous Perspective 186 A brief intro: Plato 187 Analyses and Critique 188 Indigenous Perspective 189 Conclusion 190 CHAPTER FIVE: LANGUAGE REVITALISATION MODELS 192 Introduction 192 The plight of endangered languages 192 Te Reo Māori, the Māori Language Bill and Te Mātāwai 193 Language Revitalisation Approaches/Joshua Fishman- GIDS 197 Spolsky on Language Management and Policy Theory 204 Ken Hale & Leeann Hinton (Green Book of Language Revitalization in 206 Practice School Based Programmes 211 Children’s Programmes Outside of School 212 Adult Language Programmes 212 Documentation and Materials Development 213 Home Based Programmes 215 Raising Bilingual Children 215 One Parent, One Language 216 Developing and using endangered languages 217 Language Change 218 Language Planning 220 UNESCO 222 UNESCO Document 225 Moko Kauae Model - An evaluation tool to ascertain the health level of 227 te reo Māori - Ripanga tuatahi 229 - Ripanga tuarua 230 - Ripanga tuatoru 230 - Ripanga tuawhā 230 - Ripanga tuarima 231 - Ripanga kore 231 Conclusion 234 CHAPTER SIX: LANGUAGE REVITALISATION THEORY 236 Introduction 236 Kotahi Mano Kaika 236 Tapuika – Language Revitalisation Strategy: Preparing for the next 50 years 240 Māori 4 Grown Ups – Māori 4 Kids Inc. 242 Te Whanake Māori Language Resources 244 vi Te Kete Ipurangi and the Ministry of Education 246 Interviews with tohunga (experts) of Te Reo Māori 250 Professor John Moorfield (aka, Te Murumāra) 250 Te Panekiretanga o Te Reo Māori – Institute of Excellence in the Māori 257 Language Professor Te Wharehuia Milroy 258 Tā Tīmoti Kāretu 263 Te Ipukarea – The National Māori Language Institute 266 The Master Apprentice Language Learning Program (MAP) 271 Breath of Life – Silent no more ~Language Revitalisation Programme 279 Conclusion 285 CHAPTER SEVEN: FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND 286 RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction 286 The Research Question 286 Ontological Data Base 293 Recommendations and Interventions 294 Conclusion 295 References 299 Glossary 324 Appendices 328 Appendix One: The history of Te Tiriti o Waitangi with key attention to political Events and the precarious passage of the Treaty document Appendix Two: Te Reo Māori: Selected events 1800-2016 Appendix Three: UNESCO Document 2003 Appendix Four: Timeline for te reo Māori vii FIGURES, IMAGES AND TABLES FIGURES Figure 1: Rangihau’s Conceptual Model 11 Figure 2: Tīenga Model 12 Figure 3: Te Kawau Mārō Model 13 Figure 4: Waharoa of the Moko Mataora Model 14 Figure 5: Facial Moko (Robley) 15 Figure 6: Map of Austronesian Language Diversification 43 Figure 7: Proto-Oceanic 45 Figure 8: Formosan – Malayo-Polynesian (and Proto-Oceanic) sub- 47 groupings Figure 9: Formosan and Malayo-Polynesian Dialects 47 Figure 10: Austronesian Language 49 Figure 11: The Polynesian Triangle 51 Figure 12: Map of Captain Cooks Exploits 55 Figure 13: Map of Hawaiian Islands 57 Figure 14: Māori language Statistics 111 Figure 15: Proposed New Māori Language Strategy 2013 113 Figure 16: Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS) 198 Figure 17: Phase of ideological clarification 200 Figure 18: Language Vitality and Endangerment (LVE) 222 Figure 19: Ethnologue Language Vitality Model 223 Figure 20: Expanded GIDS Model 225 Figure 21: Moko Kauae Model 228 Figure 22: Te Whanake – Transition from print to digital 245 Figure 23: Te Whanake Resources 246 Figure 24: Internet Stats 248 Figure 25: Internet usage by age and ethnicity 249 Figure 26: Master apprentice program (MAP) 272 Figure 27: Ngā rauemi mō te whakarauora o te reo Māori (NRWOT) 291 Figure 28: Ontological data base, relating to Indigenous Māori language 293 revitalisation framed within the domain of Indigenous Rights IMAGES Image 1: Raperape 1 Image 2: Koru 39 Image 3: Christopher Columbus & Ferdinand Magellan 52 Image 4: Captain James Cook 55 Image 5: The nine sheets of Te Tiriti o Waitangi 59 Image 6: James Busby 61 Image 7: Flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand 62 Image 8: Edward
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Art's Histories in Aotearoa New Zealand Jonathan Mane Wheoki
    Art’s Histories in Aotearoa New Zealand Jonathan Mane Wheoki This is the text of an illustrated paper presented at ‘Art History's History in Australia and New Zealand’, a joint symposium organised by the Australian Institute of Art History in the University of Melbourne and the Australian and New Zealand Association of Art Historians (AAANZ), held on 28 – 29 August 2010. Responding to a set of questions framed around the ‘state of art history in New Zealand’, this paper reviews the ‘invention’ of a nationalist art history and argues that there can be no coherent, integrated history of art in New Zealand that does not encompass the timeframe of the cultural production of New Zealand’s indigenous Māori, or that of the Pacific nations for which the country is a regional hub, or the burgeoning cultural diversity of an emerging Asia-Pacific nation. On 10 July 2010 I participated in a panel discussion ‘on the state of New Zealand art history.’ This timely event had been initiated by Tina Barton, director of the Adam Art Gallery in the University of Victoria, Wellington, who chaired the discussion among the twelve invited panellists. The host university’s department of art history and art gallery and the University of Canterbury’s art history programme were represented, as were the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, the City Gallery, Wellington, the Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, New Plymouth, the Dunedin Public Art Gallery and the University of Auckland’s National Institute of Creative Arts and Industries. The University of Auckland’s department of art history1 and the University of Otago’s art history programme were unrepresented, unfortunately, but it is likely that key scholars had been targeted and were unable to attend.
    [Show full text]
  • A Tour of Christchurch New Zealand Aotearoa & Some of the Sights We
    Welcome to a Tour of Christchurch New Zealand Aotearoa & some of the sights we would have liked to have shown you • A bit of history about the Chch FF Club and a welcome from President Jan Harrison New Zealand is a long flight from most large countries New Zealand is made up of two main islands and several very small islands How do we as a country work? • NZ is very multi cultural and has a population of just over 5 million • About 1.6 M in our largest city Auckland • Christchurch has just on 400,000 • Nationally we have a single tier Government with 120 members who are elected from areas as well as separate Maori representation. • Parliamentary system is based on a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy. How has Covid 19 affected us? • Because of being small islands and having a single tier Govt who acted very early and with strong measures Covid 19, whilst having had an impact on the economy, has been well contained • We are currently at level 1 where the disease is contained but we remain in a state of being prepared to put measurers in place quickly should there be any new community transmission. • There are no restrictions on gathering size and our sports events can have large crowds. • Our borders are closed to general visitor entry. • We are very blessed South Island Clubs Christchurch Christchurch Places we like to share with our visiting ambassadors First a little about Christchurch • Located on the east coast of the South Island, Christchurch, whose Maori name is Otautahi (the place of tautahi), is a city of contrasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Data and Information Committee Agenda 9 June 2021 - Agenda
    Data and Information Committee Agenda 9 June 2021 - Agenda Data and Information Committee Agenda 9 June 2021 Meeting is held in the Council Chamber, Level 2, Philip Laing House 144 Rattray Street, Dunedin Members: Hon Cr Marian Hobbs, Co-Chair Cr Michael Laws Cr Alexa Forbes, Co-Chair Cr Kevin Malcolm Cr Hilary Calvert Cr Andrew Noone Cr Michael Deaker Cr Gretchen Robertson Cr Carmen Hope Cr Bryan Scott Cr Gary Kelliher Cr Kate Wilson Senior Officer: Sarah Gardner, Chief Executive Meeting Support: Liz Spector, Committee Secretary 09 June 2021 02:00 PM Agenda Topic Page 1. APOLOGIES No apologies were received prior to publication of the agenda. 2. PUBLIC FORUM No requests to address the Committee under Public Forum were received prior to publication of the agenda. 3. CONFIRMATION OF AGENDA Note: Any additions must be approved by resolution with an explanation as to why they cannot be delayed until a future meeting. 4. CONFLICT OF INTEREST Members are reminded of the need to stand aside from decision-making when a conflict arises between their role as an elected representative and any private or other external interest they might have. 5. CONFIRMATION OF MINUTES 3 Minutes of previous meetings will be considered true and accurate records, with or without changes. 5.1 Minutes of the 10 March 2021 Data and Information Committee meeting 3 6. OUTSTANDING ACTIONS OF DATA AND INFORMATION COMMITTEE RESOLUTIONS 8 Outstanding actions from resolutions of the Committee will be reviewed. 6.1 Action Register at 9 June 2021 8 7. MATTERS FOR CONSIDERATION 9 1 Data and Information Committee Agenda 9 June 2021 - Agenda 7.1 OTAGO GREENHOUSE GAS PROFILE FY2018/19 9 This report is provided to present the Committee with the Otago Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory FY2018/19 and report.
    [Show full text]
  • Āirani Cook Islands Māori Language Week
    Te ’Epetoma o te reo Māori Kūki ’Āirani Cook Islands Māori Language Week Education Resource 2016 1 ’Akapapa’anga Manako | Contents Te 'Epetoma o te reo Māori Kūki 'Āirani – Cook Islands Māori Language Week Theme 2016……………………………………………………….. 3 Te tangianga o te reo – Pronunciation tips …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5 Tuatua tauturu – Encouraging words …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 Tuatua purapura – Everyday phrases……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 ’Anga’anga raverave no te ’Epetoma o te reo Māori Kūki ’Āirani 2016 - Activity ideas for the Cook Islands Language Week 2016… 11 Tua e te au ’īmene – Stories and songs………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………… 22 Te au toa o te reo Māori Kūki ’Āirani – Cook Islands Māori Language Champions………………………………………………………………………….. 27 Acknowledgements: Teremoana MaUa-Hodges We wish to acknowledge and warmly thank Teremoana for her advice, support and knowledge in the development of this education resource. Te ’Epetoma o te reo Teremoana is a language and culture educator who lives in Māori Kūki ’Āirani Kūmiti Wellington Porirua City, Wellington. She hails from te vaka Takitumu ō Rarotonga, ‘Ukarau e ‘Ingatu o Atiu Enuamanu, and Ngāpuhi o Aotearoa. 2 Te 'Epetoma o te reo Māori Kūki 'Āirani - Cook Islands Māori Language Week 2016 Kia āriki au i tōku tupuranga, ka ora uatu rai tōku reo To embrace my heritage, my language lives on Our theme for Cook Islands Māori Language Week in 2016 is influenced by discussions led by the Cook Islands Development Agency New Zealand (CIDANZ) with a group of Cook Islands māpū (young people). The māpū offered these key messages and helpful interpretations of te au tumu tāpura (the theme): NGUTU’ARE TANGATA │ FAMILY Embrace and celebrate ngutu’are tangata (family) and tapere (community) connections.
    [Show full text]
  • Flood Hazard of Dunedin's Urban Streams
    Flood hazard of Dunedin’s urban streams Review of Dunedin City District Plan: Natural Hazards Otago Regional Council Private Bag 1954, Dunedin 9054 70 Stafford Street, Dunedin 9016 Phone 03 474 0827 Fax 03 479 0015 Freephone 0800 474 082 www.orc.govt.nz © Copyright for this publication is held by the Otago Regional Council. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, provided the source is fully and clearly acknowledged. ISBN: 978-0-478-37680-7 Published June 2014 Prepared by: Michael Goldsmith, Manager Natural Hazards Jacob Williams, Natural Hazards Analyst Jean-Luc Payan, Investigations Engineer Hank Stocker (GeoSolve Ltd) Cover image: Lower reaches of the Water of Leith, May 1923 Flood hazard of Dunedin’s urban streams i Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Scope .................................................................................................................... 1 2. Describing the flood hazard of Dunedin’s urban streams .................................................. 4 2.1 Characteristics of flood events ............................................................................... 4 2.2 Floodplain mapping ............................................................................................... 4 2.3 Other hazards ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Title: Expressions of Tangaroa
    A voyage in visual form Loretta Reynolds 2010 A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art & Design (MA&D) School of Art & Design Supervisors: Dale Fitchett and Simon Clark 1 Table of contents Page Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Attestation of Authorship …………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………................... 5 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 Introduction ………………………………….…………………………………………………………… 7 Chapter 1 Tangaroa’s place in traditional Rarotongan theology ………………………………… 11 Chapter 2 The history and the influence of the Church in Rarotonga …………………………… 13 Chapter 3 Tangaroa and cultural patterns in contemporary times......……………………………. 15 3.1 The resurrection of Tangaroa ……………………………………………………………. 15 3.2 Tangaroas importance and his place as an icon of national identity…………………. 16 3.3 Tangaroa in signage and public art………………………………………………………. 25 3.4 Cultural patterns & symbols of the Cook Islands’ used in the project………………… 27 Chapter 4 Methods and processes …………………………………………………………………. 28 2 4.1 Sign writing techniques……………………………………………………………………… 28 4.2 Engaging a contemporary perspective of Tangaroa……………………………………… 29 4.3 Introducing the morphing process to the project………………………………………….. 31 4.4 Testing the morphing idea…………………………….……………………………………… 32 4.5 Expressing the linear traditions of carved wood……………………………………….. 34 Chapter 5. Project exhibition………………………………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • And Did She Cry in Māori?”
    “ ... AND DID SHE CRY IN MĀORI?” RECOVERING, REASSEMBLING AND RESTORYING TAINUI ANCESTRESSES IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND Diane Gordon-Burns Tainui Waka—Waikato Iwi A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History The University of Canterbury 2014 Preface Waikato taniwha rau, he piko he taniwha he piko he taniwha Waikato River, the ancestral river of Waikato iwi, imbued with its own mauri and life force through its sheer length and breadth, signifies the strength and power of Tainui people. The above proverb establishes the rights and authority of Tainui iwi to its history and future. Translated as “Waikato of a hundred chiefs, at every bend a chief, at every bend a chief”, it tells of the magnitude of the significant peoples on every bend of its great banks.1 Many of those peoples include Tainui women whose stories of leadership, strength, status and connection with the Waikato River have been diminished or written out of the histories that we currently hold of Tainui. Instead, Tainui men have often been valorised and their roles inflated at the expense of Tainui women, who have been politically, socially, sexually, and economically downplayed. In this study therefore I honour the traditional oral knowledges of a small selection of our tīpuna whaea. I make connections with Tainui born women and those women who married into Tainui. The recognition of traditional oral knowledges is important because without those histories, remembrances and reconnections of our pasts, the strengths and identities which are Tainui women will be lost. Stereotypical male narrative has enforced a female passivity where women’s strengths and importance have become lesser known.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol 2 (1) 019 Jackson.Pdf
    A DISCURSIVE ANALYSIS OF RANGATIRATANGA IN A MÄORI FISHERIES CONTEXT Anne- Marie Jackson* Abstract Rangatiratanga is a nodal discourse that subsumes a number of smaller discourses. This paper utilises critical discourse analysis to examine the emergent discourses of rangatiratanga within the context of Mäori fi sheries management. Three Tiriti o Waitangi translation texts and six Waitangi Tribunal texts relevant to fi sheries were selected as the texts. The main conclusions are that there are multiple understandings of the discourses of rangatiratanga that allows for certain meanings and not others, and while the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi retain the spirit of the Treaty, the principles in fact limit and restrict the full authority of rangatiratanga that is guaranteed under the Treaty. It remains to be seen whether rangatiratanga that is provided in a Mäori fi sheries context allows for the myriad of understandings discussed in this paper. Keywords rangatiratanga, fi sheries, Tiriti o Waitangi, critical discourse analysis Introduction northern Mäori chiefs, particularly those of the hapü of He Wakaminenga o Nu Tireni Te Tiriti o Waitangi/Treaty of Waitangi is New (the Confederation of the United Tribes of Zealand’s founding constitutional document New Zealand). There are two versions of the (Jackson, 2010). It was signed on 6 February Treaty: Mäori language (Tiriti o Waitangi) and 1840 between the Queen of England’s rep- English language (Treaty of Waitangi), and resentative Captain William Hobson and both versions contain references to fi sheries. * University of Otago, School of Physical Education, Dunedin. Iwi: Ngäti Whätua, Ngäpuhi, Ngäti Wai, Ngäti Kahu o Whangaroa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Whare-Oohia: Traditional Maori Education for a Contemporary World
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. TE WHARE-OOHIA: TRADITIONAL MAAORI EDUCATION FOR A CONTEMPORARY WORLD A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Education at Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa New Zealand Na Taiarahia Melbourne 2009 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS He Mihi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 The Research Question…………………………………….. 5 1.2 The Thesis Structure……………………………………….. 6 CHAPTER 2: HISTORY OF TRADITIONAL MAAORI EDUCATION 9 2.1 The Origins of Traditional Maaori Education…………….. 9 2.2 The Whare as an Educational Institute……………………. 10 2.3 Education as a Purposeful Engagement…………………… 13 2.4 Whakapapa (Genealogy) in Education…………………….. 14 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW 16 3.1 Western Authors: Percy Smith;...……………………………………………… 16 Elsdon Best;..……………………………………………… 22 Bronwyn Elsmore; ……………………………………….. 24 3.2 Maaori Authors: Pei Te Hurinui Jones;..…………………………………….. 25 Samuel Robinson…………………………………………... 30 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCHING TRADITIONAL MAAORI EDUCATION 33 4.1 Cultural Safety…………………………………………….. 33 4.2 Maaori Research Frameworks…………………………….. 35 4.3 The Research Process……………………………………… 38 CHAPTER 5: KURA - AN ANCIENT SCHOOL OF MAAORI EDUCATION 42 5.1 The Education of Te Kura-i-awaawa;……………………… 43 Whatumanawa - Of Enlightenment..……………………… 46 5.2 Rangi, Papa and their Children, the Atua:…………………. 48 Nga Atua Taane - The Male Atua…………………………. 49 Nga Atua Waahine - The Female Atua…………………….. 52 5.3 Pedagogy of Te Kura-i-awaawa…………………………… 53 CHAPTER 6: TE WHARE-WAANANGA - OF PHILOSOPHICAL EDUCATION 55 6.1 Whare-maire of Tuhoe, and Tupapakurau: Tupapakurau;...…………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Culture and the Place of Haka in Commemoration at Gallipoli
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences & Humanities 1-1-2015 Me Haka I te Haka a Tānerore?: Māori 'Post-War' Culture and the Place of Haka in Commemoration at Gallipoli Hemopereki Simon University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Simon, Hemopereki, "Me Haka I te Haka a Tānerore?: Māori 'Post-War' Culture and the Place of Haka in Commemoration at Gallipoli" (2015). Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers. 2971. https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/2971 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Me Haka I te Haka a Tānerore?: Māori 'Post-War' Culture and the Place of Haka in Commemoration at Gallipoli Abstract This article is an extensive discussion from a Maori perspective into issues around the use of Maori cultural terms, in particular haka, to commemorate the fallen in WWI. Embedded in the article are key theories of cultural memory, 'war culture' and 'post-war culture'. The research outlines the differences between European and Indigenous war and post war cultural practices focusing on Maori. It seeks to understand the reluctance of Turkish officials to see haka being performed when it was apparently banned from ceremonies in 2005. It outlines the media reporting on the issue and the subsequent reintroduction of haka in August 2015 at the centenary of the Chunuk Bair battle.
    [Show full text]
  • Maori Values Can Reinvigorate a New Zealand Philosophy
    Maori Values Can Reinvigorate a New Zealand Philosophy Piripi Whaanga A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy. Philosophy Department Victoria University of Wellington 2012 CONTENTS CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................................2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................................4 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................7 Thesis method ........................................................................................................................................11 Thesis chapter division ...........................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER ONE: PRE-PAKEHA MAORI VALUES .............................................................................................17 Tikanga of mauri .....................................................................................................................................17 Virtues as ethics .....................................................................................................................................20
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Design and Māori Development in Aotearoa New Zealand
    Accounting for Diversity: Policy Design and Māori Development in Aotearoa New Zealand Prepared by Dena Ringold With funding from the sponsors of the Ian Axford Fellowship in Public Policy July 2005 © Fulbright New Zealand 2005 ISBN 0-437-10213-7 i The Ian Axford Fellowships in Public Policy We acknowledge and thank the following corporate and government sponsors that support the programme: • ERMA New Zealand • LEK Consulting • The Department of Internal Affairs • The Department of Labour • The Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet • The Ministry for the Environment • The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry • The Ministry of Economic Development • The Ministry of Education • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade • The Ministry of Health • The Ministry of Justice • The Ministry of Research, Science and Technology • The Ministry of Social Development • The State Services Commission • The Treasury The Ian Axford Fellowships were named in honour of Sir Ian Axford, a New Zealand astrophysicist and space scientist. Since his education in New Zealand, England and later at Cornell University and the University of California, Sir Ian has been closely involved in the planning of several space missions, notably the Voyager probes to the outer planets. Since 1974, Sir Ian has been director of the Max Planck Institute of Aeronomy in Germany. He is the recipient of many notable science awards and was named “New Zealander of the Year” for 1995. In the world of space science, Sir Ian has emerged as one of the great thinkers and communicators, and a highly respected and influential administrator. Currently, he is working to create the first mission to interstellar space with the Voyager spacecraft.
    [Show full text]