A Critical Analysis of Indigenous Māori Language Revitalisation and the Development of an Ontological Data Base Norman Albert Anaru A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology In fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2017 Te Ipukarea ~ The National Māori Language Institute, Faculty of Culture and Society DEDICATION Ki tōku tipuna tāne, Tīweka Anaru, ki tōku tipuna wahine, Paretio (Heremia) Anaru Ki tōku koroua Hoani (Johnny) Anaru, ki tōku kuia Hikiana (Waenga) Anaru Ki tōku pāpā Hone (Taip) Anaru, ki tōku māmā Eleanor (Thompson) Anaru I tāpaea tēnei tuhinga whakapae hai whakamaharatanga ki ōku tīpuna, ki ōku mātua hoki, hui e tāiki e. ii ABSTRACT This thesis examines the integration of mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) and political theories as a basis from which to understand Indigenous language revitalisation and in particular, Māori language revitalisation in order to develop effective strategies for the survival of the Māori language for future generations. It asks the question, are Māori language revitalisation strategies and initiatives informed by theory[ies] and mātauranga Māori? Or, are Māori language revitalisation strategies ad hoc and reactionary to an environment where native speakers are becoming fewer and the quality of the language very limited? Kaupapa Māori research ethics and principles inform the research methodology and Indigenous methodologies provide a framework from which to locate and interpret the research ensuring that the research is managed through a culturally appropriate lens. The development of an ontological data base is an outcome of this research, where relationships between the concepts and classifications in a subject area or domain pertaining to Indigenous Māori language revitalisation are examined. The aim of this is to develop a store of information to assist those in the revival, survival and or revitalisation of the Māori language. Through using the information contained within the data base, together with Indigenous Māori views and principles, resilient and culturally congruous approaches and strategies to Indigenous language revitalisation can be formed. This study also highlights a range of other classifications and concepts juxtaposed with Indigenous language revitalisation and although some seem to have minimal connection to each other, the common threads between them all is the domain of Indigenous rights against a background of colonialism, imperialism, hegemony, equality, institutionalised racism, Māori poverty, injustice and health issues. Therefore, this study recommends that these facets must be considered in order to develop robust and enduring Indigenous language revitalisation strategies, methods, initiatives and approaches. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page Dedication ii Abstract iii Figures viii Images viii Tables viii Attestation of Authorship xi Acknowledgements xii Preface xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 1 The Status of Languages Globally 1 Language Revitalisation Models 3 A Māori World View 5 Insights of Pūrākau 6 Approaches and Indigenous Methodologies 10 The Moko Mataora Model – A Kaupapa Māori Methodology to Language 13 Revitalisation - Ripanga Tuatahi 17 - Ripanga Tuarua 17 - Ripanga Tuatoru 18 - Ripanga Tuawhā 18 - Ripanga Tuarima 19 - Ripanga Tuaono 19 - Ripanga Tuawhitu 20 - Ripanga Tuawaru 21 - Ripanga Tuawhitu 21 - Ripanga Tekau 22 - Ripanga Tekau mā tahi 23 - Ripanga Tekau mā rua 24 - Ripanga Tekau mā toru 24 - Ripanga Tekau mā whā 25 - Ripanga Tekau mā rima 26 - Ripanga Tekau mā ono 27 - Ripanga Tekau mā iwa 28 - Ripanga Tekau mā waru 29 - Ripanga Tekau mā iwa 30 The Spiritual Moko of Te Reo Māori 33 Conclusion 37 CHAPTER TWO: TE TIRITI O WAITANGI, GENEALOGY, 39 HISTORY AND POLITICS OF TE REO MĀORI Introduction 39 The Genealogy, History and Politics of Te Reo Māori 39 Austronesian Language Family 43 iv Theories of Māori and Polynesian origins and settlement of the Pacific 50 Te Tiriti o Waitangi (The Treaty of Waitangi) 58 The New Zealand Company 64 Te Tiriti o Waitangi Document 69 Te Reo Māori History 77 The decline of te reo Māori and Māori pedagogy 89 Māori Language Restoration Strategies 95 Te Ataarangi 97 Māori Language Movement 101 Māori Language Health 109 Conclusion 117 CHAPTER THREE: INDIGENOUS POLITICAL THEORISTS 118 Introduction 118 Indigenous Māori Theorists – Critical Theories 118 Dr Margaret Mutu 119 Dr Moana Jackson 120 John Te Rangi-Aniwaniwa Rangihau 124 Dr Graham Smith 126 Dr Ranginui Walker 128 Critical Theory 130 Political and Critical Theories 131 Cornel West 131 Noam Chomsky 136 Gloria Jean Watkins (aka – bell hooks) 140 Albert Memmi 145 Ngugi wa Thiong’o 149 Conclusion 152 CHAPTER FOUR: POLITICAL THEORISTS – EARLY 153 CONTEMPORARY AND ANCIENT POLITICAL PHILOSOPHERS Introduction 153 Political Theorists – Early Contemporary and Ancient Political Philosophers 153 Three areas of focus 154 A brief intro: Paulo Freire 156 Analyses and Critique 158 Indigenous Perspective 159 A brief intro: Edward Said 160 Analyses and Critique 161 Indigenous Perspective 162 A brief intro: Michel Foucault 164 Analyses and Critique 166 Indigenous Perspective 167 A brief intro: Frantz Fanon 168 Analyses and Critique 170 Indigenous Perspective 171 A brief intro: Antonio Gramsci 172 Analyses and Critique 174 Indigenous Perspective 175 v A brief intro: Karl Marx & Freidrich Engels 175 Analyses and Critique 177 Indigenous Perspective 179 A brief intro: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 179 Analyses and Critique 181 Indigenous Perspective 182 A brief intro: Niccolo Machiavelli 183 Analyses and Critique 185 Indigenous Perspective 186 A brief intro: Plato 187 Analyses and Critique 188 Indigenous Perspective 189 Conclusion 190 CHAPTER FIVE: LANGUAGE REVITALISATION MODELS 192 Introduction 192 The plight of endangered languages 192 Te Reo Māori, the Māori Language Bill and Te Mātāwai 193 Language Revitalisation Approaches/Joshua Fishman- GIDS 197 Spolsky on Language Management and Policy Theory 204 Ken Hale & Leeann Hinton (Green Book of Language Revitalization in 206 Practice School Based Programmes 211 Children’s Programmes Outside of School 212 Adult Language Programmes 212 Documentation and Materials Development 213 Home Based Programmes 215 Raising Bilingual Children 215 One Parent, One Language 216 Developing and using endangered languages 217 Language Change 218 Language Planning 220 UNESCO 222 UNESCO Document 225 Moko Kauae Model - An evaluation tool to ascertain the health level of 227 te reo Māori - Ripanga tuatahi 229 - Ripanga tuarua 230 - Ripanga tuatoru 230 - Ripanga tuawhā 230 - Ripanga tuarima 231 - Ripanga kore 231 Conclusion 234 CHAPTER SIX: LANGUAGE REVITALISATION THEORY 236 Introduction 236 Kotahi Mano Kaika 236 Tapuika – Language Revitalisation Strategy: Preparing for the next 50 years 240 Māori 4 Grown Ups – Māori 4 Kids Inc. 242 Te Whanake Māori Language Resources 244 vi Te Kete Ipurangi and the Ministry of Education 246 Interviews with tohunga (experts) of Te Reo Māori 250 Professor John Moorfield (aka, Te Murumāra) 250 Te Panekiretanga o Te Reo Māori – Institute of Excellence in the Māori 257 Language Professor Te Wharehuia Milroy 258 Tā Tīmoti Kāretu 263 Te Ipukarea – The National Māori Language Institute 266 The Master Apprentice Language Learning Program (MAP) 271 Breath of Life – Silent no more ~Language Revitalisation Programme 279 Conclusion 285 CHAPTER SEVEN: FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND 286 RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction 286 The Research Question 286 Ontological Data Base 293 Recommendations and Interventions 294 Conclusion 295 References 299 Glossary 324 Appendices 328 Appendix One: The history of Te Tiriti o Waitangi with key attention to political Events and the precarious passage of the Treaty document Appendix Two: Te Reo Māori: Selected events 1800-2016 Appendix Three: UNESCO Document 2003 Appendix Four: Timeline for te reo Māori vii FIGURES, IMAGES AND TABLES FIGURES Figure 1: Rangihau’s Conceptual Model 11 Figure 2: Tīenga Model 12 Figure 3: Te Kawau Mārō Model 13 Figure 4: Waharoa of the Moko Mataora Model 14 Figure 5: Facial Moko (Robley) 15 Figure 6: Map of Austronesian Language Diversification 43 Figure 7: Proto-Oceanic 45 Figure 8: Formosan – Malayo-Polynesian (and Proto-Oceanic) sub- 47 groupings Figure 9: Formosan and Malayo-Polynesian Dialects 47 Figure 10: Austronesian Language 49 Figure 11: The Polynesian Triangle 51 Figure 12: Map of Captain Cooks Exploits 55 Figure 13: Map of Hawaiian Islands 57 Figure 14: Māori language Statistics 111 Figure 15: Proposed New Māori Language Strategy 2013 113 Figure 16: Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS) 198 Figure 17: Phase of ideological clarification 200 Figure 18: Language Vitality and Endangerment (LVE) 222 Figure 19: Ethnologue Language Vitality Model 223 Figure 20: Expanded GIDS Model 225 Figure 21: Moko Kauae Model 228 Figure 22: Te Whanake – Transition from print to digital 245 Figure 23: Te Whanake Resources 246 Figure 24: Internet Stats 248 Figure 25: Internet usage by age and ethnicity 249 Figure 26: Master apprentice program (MAP) 272 Figure 27: Ngā rauemi mō te whakarauora o te reo Māori (NRWOT) 291 Figure 28: Ontological data base, relating to Indigenous Māori language 293 revitalisation framed within the domain of Indigenous Rights IMAGES Image 1: Raperape 1 Image 2: Koru 39 Image 3: Christopher Columbus & Ferdinand Magellan 52 Image 4: Captain James Cook 55 Image 5: The nine sheets of Te Tiriti o Waitangi 59 Image 6: James Busby 61 Image 7: Flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand 62 Image 8: Edward