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Cultura Medieşană Vii PRIMĂRIA MUNICIPIULUI MEDIAŞ CULTURA MEDIEŞANĂ VII MEDIAŞ 2018 1 Consiliul ştiinţific Dr. Andeea Atanasiu-Croitoru – Muzeul Marinei Române din Constanţa Dr. Gherghina Boda – Muzeul Civilizaţiei Dacice şi Romane, Deva Dr. Constantin Ittu – Muzeul Brukenthal din Sibiu Dr. Cătălina Mărculeţ – Institutul de Geografie al Academiei Române, Bucureşti Dr. Vasile Mărculeţ – Colegiul Tehnic „Mediensis” din Mediaş Dr. Sime Pirotici – Facultatea de Arhivistică a Academiei de Poliţie „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Bucureşti Dr. Nicolae Rusan – Institutul Meteorologic, Sibiu Dr. Mihail Zahariade – Institutul de Arheologie „Vasile Pârvan” din Bucureşti Comitetul de redacţie Christine Thellmann – viceprimar, coordonator DMCSTT Mediaș Elena Sajgo – director DMCSTT Mediaș Dr. Vasile Mărculeţ – redactor şef – Colegiul Tehnic „Mediensis” din Mediaş Dr. Ioan Mărculeţ – redactor şef adjunct – Colegiul Naţional „I. L. Caragiale”, Bucureşti Delia Crişan – secretar de redacţie – Colegiul Tehnic „Mediensis” din Mediaş Membri: Drd. Viorel Ştefu – Muzeul Municipal Mediaş Helmuth Julius Knall – Liceul Teoretic „St. L. Roth” din Mediaş Dr. Alexandru Bucur – Sibiu Dr. Dragoș-Lucian Țigău – Școala Comercială Superioară „Nicolae Kretzulescu”, Bucureşti Traducerea rezumatelor Limba engleză: Theodora Mărculeţ; Angela Porime; Crina Sincu; Sultana Anca Veronica Avram Limba franceză: Stefania Di Pucchio; Elena Jampa Corespondenţa, schimburile de carte şi comenzile se vor trimite la: La correspondance, les échanges et toutes commandes seront envoyés au: The correspondence, the book exchange and the orders could be sent to: Primăria Municipiului Mediaș Direcţia pentru Cultură, Sport, Turism şi Tineret Piaţa Corneliu Coposu, nr. 3 551017, Mediaş jud. Sibiu, România [email protected] Editor: Primaria Municipiului Mediaș prin Direcția Municipală pentru Cultură, Sport, Turism și Tineret Responsabilitatea pentru ideile exprimate, conţinutul şi acurateţea corecturii materialelor publicate revine exclusiv autorilor. ISSN 2285 – 4045 ISSN-L 2285 – 4045 2 NOTA REDACȚIEI Anuarul Cultura Medieșană, VII reuneşte lucrările prezentate de autori în cadrul Sesiunii naţionale de comunicări ştiinţifice dedicată Zilei Naționale a României, organizate de Colegiul Tehnic „Mediensis” din Mediaş, în parteneriat cu Primăria Municipiului Mediaş, în noiembrie 2017. Ediția din noiembrie 2017 a Sesiunii naţionale de comunicări ştiinţifice dedicată Zilei Naționale a României, s-a desfășurat sub egida proiectului «MEDIAȘ – 750», care a inclus totalitatea activități cultural-artistice și științifice organizate de Primăria Municipiului Mediaș cu ocazia aniversării a 750 de ani de la prima atestare documentară a localității. În acest context, Sesiunii naţionale de comunicări ştiinţifice, dedicată acestui important moment din istoria Municipiului Mediaș, a fost inclusă în calendarul respesctivelor activități. Manifestare științifică de amploare și ținută națională, sesiunea a reunit specialiști din importante institute de cercetare și muzee din țară (București, Cluj-Napoca, Constanța, Deva, Sibiu, Sighișoara), cadre didactice din mediul universitar și preuniversitar, persoane pasionate de istorie și preocupate de mediu. O mare parte a comunicărilor prezentate în cadrul sesiunii au fost cuprinse în prezentul număr al anuarului. Structura actualului număr al anuarului, Cultura Medieșana, urmează, pe cât posibil, pe cea a sesiunii de comunicări științifice. În consecință, actualul număr al anuarului cuprinde un număr de 24 de studii, cu o tematică extrem de variată, grupate în cadrul a trei secțiuni: „Istorie și arheologie”, cu 14 de lucrări, „Cultură și civilizație”, cu 5 lucrări, și „Geografie și științele mediului”, cu 5 lucrări. În procesul de realizare a prezentului număr, redacţia s-a limitat la a asigura forma materialelor publicate. În consecinţă, unele dintre ele au suferit o serie de modificări faţă de cea transmisă de autori, fără a se face nici cea mai mică intervenţie în conţinutul acestora. De altfel, responsabilitatea pentru conţinutul lor, a ideilor şi opiniilor exprimate revine în exclusivitate autorilor. Redacţia, Mediaș, iulie 2018 3 ISTORIE ARHEOLOGIE ŞTIINŢE POLITICE 4 DATE NOI CU PRIVIRE LA MIJLOACELE DE TRANSPORT PE APĂ ILUSTRATE ÎN FRESCA BISERICILOR MEDIEVALE DIN SUDUL TRANSILVANIEI Dr. Adrian Stoia Abstract. New data on the means of water transportation illustrated in the frescoes of medieval churches in southern Transylvania. Numerous ecclesiastical monuments have been included in recent years in painting restoration programs, so that new mural ensembles have been brought to light. This is the case with the medieval churches of Daia (Harghita County), Mugeni (Harghita County) and the Franciscan Church of Sibiu. In the present study we will focus on the depictions of water transportation illustrated in the scenes of St. Ursula's martyr (Daia and Sibiu) and the legend of Jonah (Mugeni). Cuvinte cheie: mijloace de transport pe apă, artă, artă ecleziastică, pictură murală, Transilvania. Keywords: Water transport vehicles, eccesiastic art, mural painting, Transylvania. Încă de la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea, cercetătorii germani și maghiari au fost interesați de arta transilvăneană, de pictura, arhitectura și sculptura monumentelor ecleziastice, uneori și a bunurilor materiale din inventar: mobilier, piese liturgice etc.1. Mulțumită studiilor acestora, la momentul actual avem cunoștință și de existența unor piese (poliptice, fresce sau vase liturgice) astăzi dispărute. Repertorierea și descrierea imaginilor reproduse în iconografia medievală, de pe actualul teritoriu al României, a intrat în atenția cercetătorilor români la începutul secolului al XX-lea. Unul dintre printre primii autori români, care au descris imaginile imprimate pe manuscrise și cele realizate în fresca bisericilor din Muntenia și Transilvania, din punct de vedere al culturii materiale, a fost C. Bobulescu2. După această dată și după conștientizarea deplină a valorii documentar-istorice a imaginilor reproduse în pictură, ca purtătoare de informații legate de cultura materială medievală, numeroși autori au încercat, pe domenii de interes, o repertoriere și clasificare a pieselor reprezentate în artă3. Cele mai numeroase studii au apărut însă, după cum era de așteptat, în ultimele decenii.4 Cu privire specială asupra mijloacelor de transport pe apă, în câteva studii am încercat și noi o abordare a acestei teme5. Subiectul rămâne deschis. Numeroase monumente ecleziastice au fost incluse, în ultimii ani, în programe de restaurare a picturii, astfel că noi ansambluri murale, despre a căror existență avem date, au fost aduse la lumina zilei. Acesta este și cazul bisericilor medievale din Daia (jud. Harghita), Mugeni (jud. Harghita) și a bisericii Franciscane din Sibiu, edificate pe teritoriul de colonizare secuiesc și săsesc. În prezentul studiu nu vom lua în considerare reprezentările realizate în mediul laic, cu toate că avem cunoștință de ilustrarea unei corăbii și în fresca medievală a casei Giselle din Brașov. Aria geografică în care ne-am desfășurat cercetarea corespunde spațiului sud-est transilvănean, unde, datorită restaurărilor recente, au apărut date noi referitoare la reprezentarea în pictura murală a corăbiilor. Primul monument ecleziastic la care ne vom referi în acest studiu – și unde am identificat imaginea navei de transport pe apă, – este biserica reformată din Daia Secuiască. Prima menționare a localității datează din anul 1333: „item Clemens sacerdos de Daya solvit II et medium banale”6. Biserica reformată din Daia, edificată pe un platou în partea de est a localității, este compusă dintr-o navă de plan rectangular, continuată de un cor poligonal, iar pe latura de vest cu un turn baroc. La partea superioară a navei se mai păstrează un tavan casetat și pictat cu motive vegetale, datat prin inscripție în anul 1630. Corul gotic, databil la începutul secolului al XVI-lea, este ornamentat pe boltă cu frescă, pictată policrom, cu reprezentări de vrejuri, blazoane, elemente vegetale și profane de tip Grünerankmalerei. Sunt reprezentate aici emblemele Universității Săsești și Ținutului Secuiesc, a Regatului Maghiar, ale orașelor Sibiu, Sighișoara, Brașov, blazoanele regelui Wladislaw II Jaghielo și vice-voievodului Transilvaniei Leonard Barlabássy7. 1 Huszka 1885; Huszka 1886; Teutsch 1896; Roth 1916; Radocsay 1955; Radocsay 1967. 2 Bobulescu 1922; Bobulescu 1940. 3 Neamțu 1975; Alexianu 1971; Nicolescu 1980; Fabini 1982; Solcanu 2002. 4 Rusu 2008; Rusu, Mărginean 2005, p. 113-158; Spânu 2007; Dâmboiu 2008; Dâmboiu 2012; Nițoi 2003, p. 177-191; Nițoi 2009; Istrate 2008, p. 25-32. 5 Stoia 2013, p. 54-61; Stoia 2014, p. 23-30; Stoia 2015, p. 52-69. 6 Monumenta Vaticana ... 1887, p. 115. 7 Jenei 2016, p. 84. 5 În urma cercetărilor de specialitate realizate la acest monument8 a fost identificat programul iconografic, realizat atât pe suprafața peretelui de nord cât și pe cel de sud al navei. Pe cel sudic este ilustrată lupta Sf. Gheorghe cu balaurul, iar pe cel nordic, realizat de Magister S9, Legenda Sf. Ladislau, temă continuată parțial și pe zidul vestic. Pe suprafața peretelui nordic al corului, deasupra nișei euharistice, este redată Sf. Veronica cu vălul în mâini, de o parte și de cealaltă a nișei fiind reprezentați sfinții apostoli Petru și Pavel. Pe același perete, delimitat de nervurile bolții, este reprezentată tema Martiriul Sf. Ursula. Este ilustrat momentul întoarcerii Sf. Ursula de la Roma, după botez, însoțită de tovarășele ei și de papă. Nava de transport (Planșa 1, Fig.
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