Democracy and Judgment in Ancient Greek Political Thought

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Democracy and Judgment in Ancient Greek Political Thought DEMOCRACY AND JUDGMENT IN ANCIENT GREEK POLITICAL THOUGHT Joshua Preston Miller A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science. Chapel Hill 2017 Approved by: Susan Bickford Stephen Leonard Michael Lienesch C.D.C. Reeve Jeff Spinner-Halev ©2017 Joshua Preston Miller ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Joshua Preston Miller: Democracy and Judgment in Ancient Greek Political Thought (Under the Direction of Susan Bickford) This dissertation examines practical and ethical dimensions of democratic political judgment in the works of Thucydides, Plato and Aristotle. Despite their philosophical and methodological differences, each of these thinkers raised similar doubts about the wisdom of fifth- and fourth-century Athenian decision-making. Arguing that Athenian policy debates tended to privilege short-term gains over longer-term interests, they suggested that moral reflection might guide political judgments toward more ethically sustainable ends. By showing how Greek political philosophy developed in response to real-world political problems, I demonstrate a dialectical relationship between theory and practice that is often overlooked in the scholarship surrounding these figures. This project also contributes to ongoing debates that depict political judgment as a practice open to radically democratic debate, on one hand, or reserved for the rarified talents of experts, on the other. In my view, sound political judgment emerges from careful considerations that all citizens are capable of, provided they commit themselves to engaging in continuous reflection. iii For Mom, Dad, and Katie iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Though written over long stretches of solitude, this dissertation took shape in public through years of seminars, reading groups, conferences, and conversations. I have a lot to be thankful for. I would first like to thank my dissertation committee. Susan Bickford has supervised this work along with most of my intellectual development for the last seven years. She inspired me to tackle big questions, afforded me the time to reflect on them, and held my answers to high standards. If I can call myself a scholar, it is because of her. Mike Lienesch’s notes and questions about the dissertation’s final draft have given it a life beyond this stage of my career. Meeting with him is as close as I will ever come to sitting with Socrates. Seminars and discussions with Jeff Spinner-Halev and Steve Leonard turned this project from its narrow focus on the Greeks toward broader ambitions. Jeff’s concern with modern relevance and Steve’s attention to method will forever shape how I study the history of political thought. As he might recall, this dissertation was born from a poorly written essay in C.D.C. Reeve’s seminar on Plato. David nurtured my work with sharp wit and generous feedback. Correcting everything from my Greek to my reading of Pericles, he improved this project in every way. I am proud to call him a friend. Early funding from a Thomas M. Uhlman Research Fellowship and additional support from an Ayer Family Travel Award helped me test ideas from each chapter at national conferences. Drafts of the first and third chapters were presented at the Association for Political Theory annual meetings in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Drafts of the second and fourth chapters each received valuable feedback at the American Political Science Association’s annual v meetings 2012 and 2016, respectively. I would like to thank my discussants and the attendees at each conference for their lively questions and helpful suggestions. Informal exchanges about the Greeks with Amanda Barnes-Cook, Liz Markovits and Matt Weidenfeld were deeply valuable often my most enjoyable. I would also like to thank my students at UNC Chapel Hill, UNC Wilmington, UNC Charlotte, and Elon University. They didn’t know it at the time, but their thoughts on Aristotle’s conception of eudaimonia and Plato’s metaphysics buoyed my spirits and kept me laughing long enough to finish some especially tough sections. Most importantly, I would like to acknowledge the deep emotional and intellectual support I received from my family while writing this dissertation. Gary, Angela and Tyler Turner welcomed me into their family just as I was starting this project. In equal measure, their hard work and joie de vivre reminded me daily to appreciate the important things in life and to strive for them. Thanks, too, for the beer. My parents, Paula and Julian Miller, deserve higher praises than I can sing. Our winding conversations, covering everything from the politics of higher education to anyone-but-Hamilton’s chances for an F1 title, pulled me from my desk long enough to remember who I was. More importantly, they taught me that ethical values emerge from ceaseless reflection rather than from implicit faith in shallow dogmas. This dissertation is, above all, my best effort to follow their example. My wife, Katie Turner, deserves her own paragraph. If I am right to argue that good judgment requires critical understanding and cultivated foresight, Katie is the best judge I know. The only person to read every chapter at least twice, she often saw my arguments more clearly than I and offered invaluable suggestions for articulating them. Indeed, this project would be twice as long and half as good without her incisive mind and patient help. She is the philosopher- midwife I don’t deserve but am most deeply grateful for. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………...9 References………………………………………………………………………………..23 CHAPTER 1: HATING FRIENDS AND LOVING ENEMIES………………………………...25 1.1 The Periclean Paradigm……………………………………………………………...40 1.2 Justice versus Interests: The Mytilenean Debate ……………………………………56 1.3 Tyrannical Calculus: The Sicilian Expedition……………………………………….68 1.4 Brasidas’ Better Judgment…………………………………………………………...80 1.5 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...92 References………………………………………………………………………………..94 CHAPTER 2: THE MIDWIFE ON TRIAL……………………………………………………102 2.1 Plato’s Critique of Athenian Judgment in the Apology………………………………...110 2.2 Epistemology and Judgment in the Theaetetus………………………………………….126 2.3 Hedonism and the Measure of Judgment in the Protagoras………………………...151 2.4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….169 References………………………………………………………………………………172 CHAPTER 3. JUSTICE, EXPERIENCE, AND JUDGMENT IN PLATO’S REPUBLIC….....181 3.1 Political and Philosophical Context………………………………………………...185 3.2 Alternative Justice, Alternative Judgment………………………………………….214 3.3 Platonic Political Judgment…………………………………………………………245 3.4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….255 vii References………………………………………………………………………………257 CHAPTER 4. THE WISDOM OF A CERTAIN MULTITUDE………………………………263 4.1 Democracy and the Demagogic Challenge…………………………………………272 4.2 Practical Wisdom in Nicomachean Ethics VI………………………………………285 4.3 The Wisdom of a Certain Multitude………………………………………………..294 4.4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….302 References………………………………………………………………………………304 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………310 References………………………………………………………………………………314 viii INTRODUCTION On October 8, 2016, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump met for a town hall-style debate at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. Days earlier, an audio recording from 2005 was released in which Trump bragged about sexually assaulting women. Eager to deflect attention from his comments, Trump attacked his opponent’s foreign policy judgment. “Yes, I’m very embarrassed by it,” he replied when asked about the tape, “But it’s locker room talk, and it’s one of those things. [But] I will knock the hell out of ISIS [Islamic State of Iraq and Syria]. We’re going to defeat ISIS. ISIS happened a number of years ago in a vacuum that was left because of bad judgment.” He later expanded on this charge, “[Clinton] has made bad judgments not only on taxes, she’s made bad judgments on Libya, on Syria, on Iraq.” Trump was not the first to criticize the former Secretary of State on these terms. In April, Senator Bernie Sanders questioned Clinton’s judgment during a bruising primary campaign for the Democratic Party’s presidential nomination. “In many respects, she may have the experience to be president of the United States,” he conceded during an interview on NBC’s Meet the Press. “But,” he continued, “in terms of her judgment, something is clearly lacking.” Questioning a political rival’s judgment strikes to the heart of a quality that most people think their leaders should have. In a series of public opinion polls taken between 1995 and 2003, the Pew Research Center found that voters ranked sound judgment as the most important quality a presidential hopeful should possess, followed closely by high ethical standards.1 Attacking an 1 Pew Research Center (2003: 12). 9 opponent’s judgment has the added benefit of vagueness. What do voters mean when they praise a leader’s sound judgment? Is sound judgment equivalent to effective decision-making? If so, effective to what end? Moreover, what relevant features distinguish good judgment from bad? In many respects, these questions are difficult to answer because judgment is so pervasive. As Albert Camus succinctly put it in The Rebel, “To breathe is to judge.”2 A life devoid of choices was, for him, unimaginable. Ronald Beiner makes a similar observation in his groundbreaking work, Political Judgment. “We are constantly forming judgments,” he writes,
Recommended publications
  • CRATYLUS by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett the Project Gutenberg Ebook of Cratylus, by Plato
    CRATYLUS By Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cratylus, by Plato INTRODUCTION. The Cratylus has always been a source of perplexity to the student of Plato. While in fancy and humour, and perfection of style and metaphysical originality, this dialogue may be ranked with the best of the Platonic writings, there has been an uncertainty about the motive of the piece, which interpreters have hitherto not succeeded in dispelling. We need not suppose that Plato used words in order to conceal his thoughts, or that he would have been unintelligible to an educated contemporary. In the Phaedrus and Euthydemus we also find a difficulty in determining the precise aim of the author. Plato wrote satires in the form of dialogues, and his meaning, like that of other satirical writers, has often slept in the ear of posterity. Two causes may be assigned for this obscurity: 1st, the subtlety and allusiveness of this species of composition; 2nd, the difficulty of reproducing a state of life and literature which has passed away. A satire is unmeaning unless we can place ourselves back among the persons and thoughts of the age in which it was written. Had the treatise of Antisthenes upon words, or the speculations of Cratylus, or some other Heracleitean of the fourth century B.C., on the nature of language been preserved to us; or if we had lived at the time, and been 'rich enough to attend the fifty-drachma course of Prodicus,' we should have understood Plato better, and many points which are now attributed to the extravagance of Socrates' humour would have been found, like the allusions of Aristophanes in the Clouds, to have gone home to the sophists and grammarians of the day.
    [Show full text]
  • EUTHYPHRO and the LOGIC of MIASMA Maureen ECKERT
    EUTHYPHRO AND THE LOGIC OF MIASMA Maureen ECKERT ABSTRACT: Euthyphro is a Socratic interlocutor claiming enormous religious expertise, while his portrayal in the eponymous dialogue raises questions the reliability of his beliefs. This paper closely examines how Euthyphro justifies his case against his father, identifying an argument that relies on the concept of miasma (pollution). In so far as miasma is considered in isolation, Euthyphro has a good argument. Unfortunately, there is more than miasma at stake when considering why one could prosecute one’s own parent. Introducing the other relevant concepts, honor and shame, we find his case reflects a dilemma at the source of ancient Greek religious thought. It would not be possible for Euthyphro or anyone else to know what to do in his case. KEYWORDS: Plato, Euthyphro, Dilemma, Miasma, Pollution This is why even now I go around in accordance with the God, seeking out and investigating both citizens and foreigners, any whom I suppose are wise, and when someone doesn’t seem so to me, I make it clear they are not wise, assisting the god. (Appology 23b)1 Euthyphro is a classic Socratic interlocutor, one who claims expertise in religion and is then shown that he does not know what he claims to know. Plato’s vivid characterization of Euthyphro’s variety of quirks, his claims of superiority, his lack of self-awareness, his susceptibility to Socrates’ mocking flattery, the outrageousness of his case, make it easy to lose sight of any philosophically significant elements contained in his claims. While he exemplifies the type of epistemic hubris Socrates is out to cure, it would be a mistake to write him off ad hominem.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roles of Solon in Plato's Dialogues
    The Roles of Solon in Plato’s Dialogues Dissertation Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Samuel Ortencio Flores, M.A. Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Bruce Heiden, Advisor Anthony Kaldellis Richard Fletcher Greg Anderson Copyrighy by Samuel Ortencio Flores 2013 Abstract This dissertation is a study of Plato’s use and adaptation of an earlier model and tradition of wisdom based on the thought and legacy of the sixth-century archon, legislator, and poet Solon. Solon is cited and/or quoted thirty-four times in Plato’s dialogues, and alluded to many more times. My study shows that these references and allusions have deeper meaning when contextualized within the reception of Solon in the classical period. For Plato, Solon is a rhetorically powerful figure in advancing the relatively new practice of philosophy in Athens. While Solon himself did not adequately establish justice in the city, his legacy provided a model upon which Platonic philosophy could improve. Chapter One surveys the passing references to Solon in the dialogues as an introduction to my chapters on the dialogues in which Solon is a very prominent figure, Timaeus- Critias, Republic, and Laws. Chapter Two examines Critias’ use of his ancestor Solon to establish his own philosophic credentials. Chapter Three suggests that Socrates re- appropriates the aims and themes of Solon’s political poetry for Socratic philosophy. Chapter Four suggests that Solon provides a legislative model which Plato reconstructs in the Laws for the philosopher to supplant the role of legislator in Greek thought.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpretation: a Journal of Political Philosophy
    Interpretation A JOURNAL J_OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Winter 1998 Volume 26 Number 2 149 Jules Gleicher Moses Politikos 183 Tucker Landy The Limitations of Political Philosophy: An Interpretation of Plato's Charmides 201 Jason A. Tipton Love of Gain, Philosophy and Tyranny: A Commentary on Plato's Hipparchus 217 Larry Peterman Changing Titles: Some Suggestions about the "Prince" Use of in Machiavelli and Others 239 Catherine H. Zuckert Leadership Natural and Conventional in Melville's "Benito Cereno" 257 Jon Fennell Harry Neumann and the Political Piety of Rorty's Postmodernism Book Reviews 275 George Anastaplo Aristotle's "Physics": A Guided Study, by Joe Sachs 285 Michael P. Zuckert Shakespeare and the Good Life, by David Lowenthal 295 Joan Stambaugh Martin Heidegger: Between Good and Evil, by Rudiger Safranski 299 Patrick Coby Hypocrisy and Integrity: Machiavelli, Rousseau and the Ethics of Politics, by Ruth Grant 305 Susan Orr Leo Strauss and the American Right, by Shadia Drury 309 Will Morrisey Public Morality and Liberal Society: Essays on Decency, Law, and Pornography, by Harry M. Clor Interpretation Editor-in-Chief Hilail Gildin, Dept. of Philosophy, Queens College Executive Editor Leonard Grey General Editors Seth G. Benardete Charles E. Butterworth Hilail Gildin Robert Horwitz (d. 1987) Howard B. White (d. 1974) Consulting Editors Christopher Bruell Joseph Cropsey Ernest L. Fortin John Hallowell (d. 1992) Harry V. Jaffa David Lowenthal Muhsin Mahdi Harvey C. Mansfield Arnaldo Momigliano (d. 1987) Michael Oakeshott (d. 1990) Ellis Sandoz Leo Strauss (d. 1973) Kenneth W. Thompson International Editors Terence E. Marshall Heinrich Meier Editors Wayne Ambler Maurice Auerbach Fred Baumann Amy Bonnette Patrick Coby Elizabeth C de Baca Eastman Thomas S.
    [Show full text]
  • Marvelling at a Youth's Good Looks
    Marvelling at a youth’s good looks The gaze and Classical pederastic culture in ancient Greece MA thesis in Ancient History By: Nicky Schreuder (s1342460) Supervisor: Dr. K. Beerden Date: 26/07/2019 Cover: Drinking cup (kylix) with youth running, attributed to the Triptolemos Painter (c. 500 BC). Museum of Fine Arts Boston, inv. 13.81. 1 Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................3 Historiography and inquiry .............................................................................................4 Methodology and sources ...............................................................................................7 Chapter 1. Gaze theory ...................................................................................................... 10 1.1 The psychoanalytical approach ............................................................................... 10 1.2 The feminist take .................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Criticisms and reactions.......................................................................................... 14 1.4 Relativity and application to ancient Greece ........................................................... 15 Chapter 2. Catching the eye of Sokrates. Plato, Xenophon and the pederastic gaze ............ 19 2.1 Ancient theories of sight ......................................................................................... 20 2.2 Plato
    [Show full text]
  • ON TRANSLATING the POETRY of CATULLUS by Susan Mclean
    A publication of the American Philological Association Vol. 1 • Issue 2 • fall 2002 From the Editors REMEMBERING RHESUS by Margaret A. Brucia and Anne-Marie Lewis by C. W. Marshall uripides wrote a play called Rhesus, position in the world of myth. Hector, elcome to the second issue of Eand a play called Rhesus is found leader of the Trojan forces, sees the WAmphora. We were most gratified among the extant works of Euripi- opportunity for a night attack on the des. Nevertheless, scholars since antiq- Greek camp but is convinced first to by the response to the first issue, and we uity have doubted whether these two conduct reconnaissance (through the thank all those readers who wrote to share plays are the same, suggesting instead person of Dolon) and then to await rein- with us their enthusiasm for this new out- that the Rhesus we have is not Euripi- forcements (in the person of Rhesus). reach initiative and to tell us how much dean. This question of dubious author- Odysseus and Diomedes, aided by the they enjoyed the articles and reviews. ship has eclipsed many other potential goddess Athena, frustrate both of these Amphora is very much a communal project areas of interest concerning this play enterprises so that by morning, when and, as a result, it is too often sidelined the attack is to begin, the Trojans are and, as we move forward into our second in discussions of classical tragedy, when assured defeat. issue, we would like to thank those who it is discussed at all. George Kovacs For me, the most exciting part of the have been so helpful to us: Adam Blistein, wanted to see how the play would work performance happened out of sight of Executive Director of the American Philo- on stage and so offered to direct it to the audience.
    [Show full text]
  • Socrates II PHIL301 the Euthyphro
    Socrates II PHIL301 The Euthyphro - Setting and cast o Socrates encounters Euthyphro as both proceed to court. Socrates is to hear whether he will be indicted. Euthyphro is prosecuting his father for murder. o Socrates, we think, is faithfully depicted by Plato, in this dialogue. o Euthyphro is (evidently) a “mantis”, a kind of prophet of conservative, traditional religious views. He takes the stories of the Theogony as literal truth, for example. See RAGP, p. 97, n. 1. o Euthyphro takes his task to be one of “piety”, to prosecute a murder, which the gods disapprove of as unjust. It is unclear whether he is right to do so, given the circumstances: the murdered man is himself clearly a murderer; Euthyphro’s father has captured and bound the murderer, who subsequently dies accidentally, though owing also to the father’s negligence. Is it truly pious to prosecute the father? o Note the apparent tension between two sets of moral obligations – those to one’s family and other intimates, and a more general, universal set, 4b-c. o The elements of the drama bring out the role of Socrates as moral gadfly. It is all too common for persons like Euthyphro to act on a presumed knowledge of piety (or justice, etc.), where their actions in fact reflect significant or even profound ignorance. o Moral Risk: In this connection, see 4e and 16d, where Socrates expresses the primary moral concern with respect to ignorance: if we do not know the moral truth, we risk committing an injustice. Compare Apology 28a, 30d, 36c, 38a, 38e, and esp.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaic Eretria
    ARCHAIC ERETRIA This book presents for the first time a history of Eretria during the Archaic Era, the city’s most notable period of political importance. Keith Walker examines all the major elements of the city’s success. One of the key factors explored is Eretria’s role as a pioneer coloniser in both the Levant and the West— its early Aegean ‘island empire’ anticipates that of Athens by more than a century, and Eretrian shipping and trade was similarly widespread. We are shown how the strength of the navy conferred thalassocratic status on the city between 506 and 490 BC, and that the importance of its rowers (Eretria means ‘the rowing city’) probably explains the appearance of its democratic constitution. Walker dates this to the last decade of the sixth century; given the presence of Athenian political exiles there, this may well have provided a model for the later reforms of Kleisthenes in Athens. Eretria’s major, indeed dominant, role in the events of central Greece in the last half of the sixth century, and in the events of the Ionian Revolt to 490, is clearly demonstrated, and the tyranny of Diagoras (c. 538–509), perhaps the golden age of the city, is fully examined. Full documentation of literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources (most of which have previously been inaccessible to an English-speaking audience) is provided, creating a fascinating history and a valuable resource for the Greek historian. Keith Walker is a Research Associate in the Department of Classics, History and Religion at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Citations in Classics and Ancient History
    Citations in Classics and Ancient History The most common style in use in the field of Classical Studies is the author-date style, also known as Chicago 2, but MLA is also quite common and perfectly acceptable. Quick guides for each of MLA and Chicago 2 are readily available as PDF downloads. The Chicago Manual of Style Online offers a guide on their web-page: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html The Modern Language Association (MLA) does not, but many educational institutions post an MLA guide for free access. While a specific citation style should be followed carefully, none take into account the specific practices of Classical Studies. They are all (Chicago, MLA and others) perfectly suitable for citing most resources, but should not be followed for citing ancient Greek and Latin primary source material, including primary sources in translation. Citing Primary Sources: Every ancient text has its own unique system for locating content by numbers. For example, Homer's Iliad is divided into 24 Books (what we might now call chapters) and the lines of each Book are numbered from line 1. Herodotus' Histories is divided into nine Books and each of these Books is divided into Chapters and each chapter into line numbers. The purpose of such a system is that the Iliad, or any primary source, can be cited in any language and from any publication and always refer to the same passage. That is why we do not cite Herodotus page 66. Page 66 in what publication, in what edition? Very early in your textbook, Apodexis Historia, a passage from Herodotus is reproduced.
    [Show full text]
  • Socrates and Democratic Athens: the Story of the Trial in Its Historical and Legal Contexts
    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Socrates and democratic Athens: The story of the trial in its historical and legal contexts. Version 1.0 July 2006 Josiah Ober Princeton University Abstract: Socrates was both a loyal citizen (by his own lights) and a critic of the democratic community’s way of doing things. This led to a crisis in 339 B.C. In order to understand Socrates’ and the Athenian community’s actions (as reported by Plato and Xenophon) it is necessary to understand the historical and legal contexts, the democratic state’s commitment to the notion that citizens are resonsible for the effects of their actions, and Socrates’ reasons for preferring to live in Athens rather than in states that might (by his lights) have had substantively better legal systems. Written for the Cambridge Companion to Socrates. © Josiah Ober. [email protected] Socrates and democratic Athens: The story of the trial in its historical and legal contexts. (for Cambridge Companion to Socrates) Josiah Ober, Princeton University Draft of August 2004 In 399 B.C. the Athenian citizen Socrates, son of Sophroniscus of the deme (township) Alopece, was tried by an Athenian court on the charge of impiety (asebeia). He was found guilty by a narrow majority of the empanelled judges and executed in the public prison a few days later. The trial and execution constitute the best documented events in Socrates’ life and a defining moment in the relationship between Greek philosophy and Athenian democracy. Ever since, philosophers and historians have sought to
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. INTRODUCTION On August 11, 1777, John Adams, then a dele- gate to the Second Continental Congress in session in Philadelphia, wrote a letter to his ten- year- old son, John Quincy. In light of the ongoing War of In de pen dence and with a mind to other wars and “Councils and Negotiations” that the future might hold for the boy, Adams urged him “to turn your Thoughts early to such Studies, as will afford you the most solid Instruction and Improvement for the Part which may be allotted you to act on the Stage of Life.” He gave one recommendation in par tic u lar: “ There is no History, perhaps, better adapted to this usefull Purpose than that of Thucidides.” For Adams, Thucydides’ History of the Pelo- ponnesian War contained within it insight of every pos si ble “usefull” sort: “You wi ll find it xv For general queries, contact [email protected] © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. INTRODUCTION full of Instruction to the Orator, the States- man, the General, as well as to the Historian and the Phi los o pher.”1 For centuries, Thucydides has been made to wear each of th ose very hats. Politicians and military personnel, historians, po liti cal scien- tists, and classicists have all laid claim, often in radically dif fer ent ways, to his work and wis- dom.
    [Show full text]
  • Thales of Miletus Sources and Interpretations Miletli Thales Kaynaklar Ve Yorumlar
    Thales of Miletus Sources and Interpretations Miletli Thales Kaynaklar ve Yorumlar David Pierce October , Matematics Department Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Istanbul http://mat.msgsu.edu.tr/~dpierce/ Preface Here are notes of what I have been able to find or figure out about Thales of Miletus. They may be useful for anybody interested in Thales. They are not an essay, though they may lead to one. I focus mainly on the ancient sources that we have, and on the mathematics of Thales. I began this work in preparation to give one of several - minute talks at the Thales Meeting (Thales Buluşması) at the ruins of Miletus, now Milet, September , . The talks were in Turkish; the audience were from the general popu- lation. I chose for my title “Thales as the originator of the concept of proof” (Kanıt kavramının öncüsü olarak Thales). An English draft is in an appendix. The Thales Meeting was arranged by the Tourism Research Society (Turizm Araştırmaları Derneği, TURAD) and the office of the mayor of Didim. Part of Aydın province, the district of Didim encompasses the ancient cities of Priene and Miletus, along with the temple of Didyma. The temple was linked to Miletus, and Herodotus refers to it under the name of the family of priests, the Branchidae. I first visited Priene, Didyma, and Miletus in , when teaching at the Nesin Mathematics Village in Şirince, Selçuk, İzmir. The district of Selçuk contains also the ruins of Eph- esus, home town of Heraclitus. In , I drafted my Miletus talk in the Math Village. Since then, I have edited and added to these notes.
    [Show full text]