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Arab Revolutions and Beyond: Change and Persistence Proceedings of the International Conference Tunis, 12-13 November 2013 Naoual Belakhdar, Ilka Eickhof, Abla el Khawaga, Ola el Khawaga, Amal Hamada, Cilja Harders, Serena Sandri (ed.) Arab Revolutions and Beyond: Change and Persistence Proceedings of the International Conference Tunis, 12-13 November 2013 Working Paper No. 11 | August 2014 www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/vorderer-orient 2 Arab Revolutions and Beyond: Change and Persistence Working Paper No. 11 | August 2014 3 Working Papers for Middle Eastern and North African Politics Arab Revolutions and Beyond: Change and Persistence This Working Paper Series is edited by the Center for Middle Eastern and North African Politics Proceedings of the International Conference at the Freie Universität Berlin. It presents original research about the social, political, cultural Tunis, 12-13 November 2013 and economic transformations in the region and beyond. It features contributions in area studies, comparative politics, gender studies and peace and conflict studies, thus representing a Naoual Belakhdar, Ilka Eickhof, Abla el Khawaga, Ola el Khawaga, broad variety of critical and empirically founded fresh insights on current issues in these fields. Amal Hamada, Cilja Harders, Serena Sandri (ed.) Downloads The Working Papers are available online at: www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/polwiss/forschung/international/vorderer-orient/publikation/WP_serie You can order your print copy at [email protected] © 2014 by the authors in this volume Belakhdar, Naoual; Ilka Eickhof; Abla el Khawaga; Ola el Khawaga; Amal Hamada; Cilja Harders; Serena Sandri (ed.) (2014): Arab Revolutions and Beyond: Change and Persistence. Proceedings of the International Conference Tunis, 12-13 November 2013, Working Paper No. 11 | August 2014, Center for North African and Middle Eastern Politics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin; Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, August 2014. ISSN (Print) : 2192-7499 ISSN (Internet) : 2193-0775 Center for Middle Eastern and North African Politics Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften Otto-Suhr-Institute for Political Science Freie Universität Berlin Ihnestr. 22 14195 Berlin Germany Phone: +49(0) 30 838 56640 Fax: +49(0) 30 838 56637 Email: [email protected] 4 Arab Revolutions and Beyond: Change and Persistence Working Paper No. 11 | August 2014 5 Table of Contents Florian Kohstall Acknowledgements 6 Groundhog Day. 127 Electoral Processes from Mubarak to Morsi Preface 7 Ali A. Alraouf Ahmed Abd Rabou From the Sacred to the Profane. 141 Shifts in the Mental and Visual Image of Midan Al Tahrir Democracy as Civilian Control. 11 Civil-Military Relation in Post-Revolution Egypt Heba Talla Atef Sayed Emam Amal Hamada Impact of the Arab Spring on Balance of Payments. 159 An Egyptian and Tunisian Case Study Understanding the Military Role in the Egyptian Revolution. 29 Comparing February 2011 and July 2013 Regine Schwab Ilka Eickhof De-constitutionalising the Egyptian Constitution 179 My Friend, the Rebel. 41 Structures and Dynamics of Cultural Foreign Funding in Cairo Nashwa Mostafa Ali Mohamed International Labour Migration and Institutional Quality. 193 Nooh Alshyab & Raed Khasawneh Analysing the Impact through the Channel of Financial Remittances in a Sample of Arab States during the Period 2002-2012 The Impact of the Arab Spring on Remittances Flows to Jordan 53 Aliaa Wagdy Heba Amr Hussein The EU’s Stance towards the Rise of Islamists to Power. 213 Localising Authoritarianism: The Case of Egypt in the Aftermath of the Arab Revolutions The Case of Egypt’s Waste Policy 69 Nadia von Maltzahn Shaimaa Magued Governance of Culture in the Wake of the Arab Revolutions. 225 The Religious Market in Egypt. 89 Preliminary Observations on the Case of Egypt Understanding Islamism in the Realm of Politics Radwa Samy Abo Shady Laura Gribbon Hidden Economy in the Arab Spring Countries. 241 The Commodification of Egypt’s Revolutionary Martyrs. 101 An Egyptian Case Study Interpretive Frames, Mediated Narratives and Imagined Solidarities Benedikt Grossmann Ebaidalla Mahjoub Ebaidalla Moderation by Inclusion? 255 Youth Unemployment in the Arab World. 113 The Political Participation of the Palestinian Hamas An Analysis of Causes and Possible Ways Forward About the Authors of this Volume 273 6 Arab Revolutions and Beyond: Change and Persistence Working Paper No. 11 | August 2014 7 Acknowledgements Preface This publication was conceived in the framework of a DAAD (German Academic Ex- Challenges and Transformations in the Wake of the Arab Spring – change Service) funded 3-year project called ‘Challenges and Transformations in the Addressing Social and Political Change through Teaching and Research Wake of the Arab Spring’. The project is based upon a cooperation between members of Cairo University, Freie Universität Berlin, the German Jordanian University, the University of Benghazi and the University of Tunis. Many people have contributed to Introduction to the Context of the Conference this project from its inception to the actual preparation of this publication. Without their commitment, help and dedication we would have never achieved what we actu- This publication is based on the proceedings of an international conference entitled ally achieved. The success of academic activities depends on thorough management ‘Arab Revolutions and Beyond: Change and Persistence’, which was held in the frame- and thorough thinking. We were lucky to be able to rely on both. We owe an enormous work of a multilateral project called ‘Challenges and Transformations in the Wake of debt of gratitude to the project managers Janine Budich (Berlin) and Dahlia Elorabi the Arab Spring’ (2012-2014). The project is funded by the DAAD (German Academic (Cairo) and the spirit of commitment and inquiry they brought to this project. We Exchange Service) and based upon the longstanding partnership between Cairo Uni- thoroughly enjoyed and still enjoy working with two wonderful colleagues and ap- versity in Egypt and Freie Universität Berlin in Germany, specifically between the preciate their efforts and great involvement. EuroMed Study Program at the Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences (FEPS) and the Centre for Middle Eastern and North African Politics at Otto-Suhr-Institute, Esther Hochhäuser, Linda Schneider, Laura Lelli, Gizem Adiyaman, Heba Amr, Hend Department for Political and Social Sciences. Labib and Peter Weissenburger in Berlin were of crucial importance for the whole process. Not least we also very much depended on the inspiration and commitment The project addresses the challenges of current political and social transformations of Ilka Eickhof, Katharina Lenner, Malika Bouziane, Anja Hoffmann and Dr. Fouad and their ramifications for higher education and the social sciences in Egypt and the Marei at the Centre for North African and Middle Eastern Politics in Berlin, who con- region. The overarching objective of the project is to enter a productive dialogue on tributed to the project on all stages from the first idea to the actual implementation theories, methodologies and topics in social science research among Arab and German of measures in the more than three years since the inception of the project. researchers. At the same time, we aim to improve teaching and research structures in the social sciences in a sustainable and efficient way. This will build students’ The conference concept was developed by a steering committee which included and teachers’ capacities on both shores of the Mediterranean and at the same time Prof. Dr. Mohamed Kerrou (Univ. of Tunis), Prof. Dr. Amal Obeidi (Univ. of Benghazi), strengthen institutional efforts to promote the role of social sciences in the current Prof. Dr. Serena Sandri (German Jordanian University), Prof. Dr. Abla el Khawaga transformations. The project builds on a spirit of partnership, participation and mutual (Cairo University), Ilka Eickhof (FU Berlin), Naoual Belakhdar (FU Berlin), Prof. Dr. learning. For us, the challenges of the Arab Transformations are not unidirectional, Ola el Khawaga (Cairo University) and Prof. Dr. Cilja Harders (FU Berlin). We thank and they are not limited to the Arab countries. All partners share a strong interest in all participants for their efforts. better academic teaching and more innovative research in order to foster knowledge production. The project includes researchers at different stages of their careers and Dr. Emna Jemmali, Prof. Dr. Mohamed Kerrou, Radhouane Addala and Mohamed from different disciplines (political sciences, economy, sociology). It reaches out to Malek Msahel in Tunis greatly supported us while we were in Tunis for the confer- students and teaching staff alike and aims to strengthen multilateral networks. ence. We want them to know how much we appreciate their work. Given Cairo University’s special position within Egypt’s Higher Education system Throughout the conference we enjoyed the climate of genuine intellectual exchange and its important role as a regional hub, the significance of enhancing teaching which owed a lot to our Keynote speaker Prof. Dr. Elisabeth Kassab who inspired and research capacities at FEPS lies in the exemplary nature that any achievements much of our conversations. We also wish to thank the panel chairs Prof. Dr. Annette made may have for Cairo University and beyond. The project includes additional Jünemann, Prof. Dr. Heba Nassar, Prof. Dr. Louisa Dris-Aït Hamadouche, Naoual partners from Jordan (German Jordanian University), Tunisia (University of Tunis Belakhdar, Dr. Fouad Marei, Prof. Dr. Abla el Khawaga and
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