Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

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Volume 1

GERALD L. MANDELL, MD, MACP Professor of Medicine Emeritus Owen R. Cheatham Professor of the Sciences Emeritus Chief of Infectious Diseases Emeritus University of Virginia Health Center Charlottesville, Virginia

JOHN E. BENNETT, MD, MACP Adjunct Professor of Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland

RAPHAEL DOLIN, MD Maxwell Finland Professor of Medicine (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics) Harvard Medical School Attending Physician Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts

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MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT’S Set ISBN: 978-0-4430-6839-3 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Volume 1: Part no. 9996058433 Seventh Edition Volume 2: Part no. 9996058492

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Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases / [edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael Dolin.—7th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-4430-6839-3 1. Communicable diseases. I. Mandell, Gerald L. II. Bennett, John E. (John Eugene). III. Dolin, Raphael. IV. Title: Principles and practice of infectious diseases. [DNLM: 1. Communicable Diseases. WC 100 M2713 2010] RC111.P78 2010 616.9—dc22 2009022686

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Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors

N. Franklin Adkinson, Jr., MD Dimitri T. Azar, MD Professor of Medicine and Senior Laboratory Investigator, Johns Professor of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois College of Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Medicine at Chicago; Professor and Head, Department of β-Lactam Allergy Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois David M. Allen, MD Microbial Conjunctivitis; Microbial Keratitis Partner, ID Specialists, Dallas, Texas Acinetobacter Species Larry M. Baddour, MD Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Consultant, Ban Mishu Allos, MD Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Assistant Professor of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis; Infections of Nonvalvular Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Cardiovascular Devices Tennessee Campylobacter jejuni and Related Species Lindsey R. Baden, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Guy W. Amsden, PharmD Physician, Director of Clinical Research (Division of Infectious Director, Department of Pharmaceutical Care Services, Bassett Diseases), and Director of Transplant Infectious Diseases, Brigham Healthcare, Cooperstown, New York and Women’s Hospital; Director of Infectious Diseases, Dana-Farber Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anti-infective Agents; Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Tables of Antimicrobial Agent Pharmacology Vaccines for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection David A. Anderson, PhD Carol J. Baker, MD Associate Professor, Deputy Director, and National Health and Professor of Pediatrics, Molecular Virology, and Microbiology, Medical Research Council Senior Research Fellow, Macfarlane Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Texas Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Hepatitis E Virus Houston, Texas Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) David R. Andes, MD Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Ronald C. Ballard, PhD Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Branch Chief, Laboratory Reference and Research Branch, Division Cephalosporins of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Fred Y. Aoki, MD Klebsiella granulomatis (Donovanosis, Granuloma Inguinale) Professor, Departments of Medicine, Medical Microbiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba Faculty of Charles H. Ballow, PharmD Medicine; Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Director, Buffalo Clinical Research Center, Buffalo, New York Antiviral Drugs (Other than Antiretrovirals) Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anti-infective Agents

Petra M. Apfalter, MD, DTMH Scott D. Barnes, MD Associate Professor, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna; Chief, Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Clinic, Womack Army Attending Physician, Elisabethinen Hospital Linz, Linz, Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina Austria Microbial Conjunctivitis; Microbial Keratitis Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae Miriam J. Baron, MD Michael A. Apicella, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, University of School; Associate Physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa Boston, Massachusetts Neisseria meningitidis Pancreatic Infection

Cesar A. Arias, MD, MSc, PhD Dan H. Barouch, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Medical School Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, at Houston, Houston, Texas; Director, Molecular Genetics and Division of Vaccine Research, and Staff Physician, Beth Israel Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Deaconess Medical Center; Associate Physician, Brigham and Colombia Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus bovis Group, and Vaccines for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection; Leuconostoc Species Adenoviruses

Michael H. Augenbraun, MD Alan Barrett, PhD Professor of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical College of Medicine; Director, Sexually Transmitted Branch, Galveston, Texas Diseases Clinic, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, Flaviviruses (Yellow Fever, Dengue, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, New York Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, St. Louis Genital Skin and Mucous Membrane Lesions Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis) http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatterv vi Contributors

Sarice L. Bassin, MD Joseph S. Bertino, Jr., PharmD Assistant Professor of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Columbia University College School of Medicine; Fellowship Director, Neurocritical Care, of Physicians and Surgeons, New York; Bertino Consulting, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, McGaw Medical Center, Chicago, Schenectady, New York Illinois Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anti-infective Agents Rhabdoviruses Holly H. Birdsall, MD, PhD Byron E. Batteiger, MD Professor of Otolaryngology and Immunology, Baylor College of Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Medicine; Associate Chief of Staff for Research, Michael E. DeBakey Diseases, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Antibodies Indiana Introduction to Chlamydia and Chlamydophila; Chlamydia Alan L. Bisno, MD trachomatis (Trachoma, Perinatal Infections, Lymphogranuloma Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Venereum, and Other Genital Infections) Miller School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida Stephen G. Baum, MD Classification of Streptococci; Streptococcus pyogenes; Professor of Medicine and Professor of Microbiology and Nonsuppurative Poststreptococcal Sequelae: Rheumatic Fever and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva Glomerulonephritis University; Attending Physician, North Bronx Healthcare Network, Bronx, New York Hope H. Biswas, ScM Mumps Virus; Introduction to Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma; Staff Scientist, Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical Pneumonia California Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types I and II Arnold S. Bayer, MD Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, David Brian G. Blackburn, MD Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Associate Chief, Clinical Assistant Professor and Co-Director of Clinical Services, Adult Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford Harbor-UCLA Medical Center; Senior Investigator, St. John’s University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Institute, Torrance, California Geographic Medicine, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections California Free-Living Amebas

J. David Beckham, MD Martin J. Blaser, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Frederick H. King Professor of Internal Medicine; Chair, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine; Assistant Department of Medicine; and Professor of Microbiology, New York Professor of Medicine, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, University School of Medicine; Chief, Medical Services, Bellevue Colorado Hospital Center; Chief, Medical Services, New York University Encephalitis Langone Medical Center; Staff Physician, Department of Medical Services, New York Harbor Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Susan E. Beekmann, RN, MPH New York, New York University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa Introduction to Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases; Campylobacter City, Iowa jejuni and Related Species; Helicobacter pylori and Other Gastric Infections Caused by Percutaneous Intravascular Devices Helicobacter Species

Beth P. Bell, MD, MPH David L. Blazes, MD, MPH Associate Director for Epidemiologic Science, National Center for Chief, Global Emerging Infections System Operations, Armed Forces Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Outbreak Investigation Hepatitis A Virus Thomas P. Bleck, MD John E. Bennett, MD Assistant Dean and Professor of Neurological Sciences, Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Neurosurgery, Medicine, and Anesthesiology, Rush Medical College Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, of Rush University; Associate Chief Medical Officer (Critical Care), Maryland Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois Chronic Meningitis; Introduction to Mycoses Rhabdoviruses; Clostridium tetani (Tetanus); Clostridium botulinum (Botulism); Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon Elie F. Berbari, MD Associate Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Nicole M. A. Blijlevens, MD, PhD College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Consultant and Lecturer, Department of Haematology, Radboud Minnesota University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Osteomyelitis Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: General Principles

Jonathan D. Berman, MD, PhD Senior Vice President for Clinical Affairs, Fast-Track Drugs and Biologics, LLC, North Potomac, Maryland Alternative Medicines for Infectious Diseases http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors vii

David A. Bobak, MD James E. Burns, MD, MBA Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Deputy Commissioner, Associate Chair for Clinical Affairs, Division of Infectious Diseases Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, Virginia and HIV Medicine; Director, Traveler’s Healthcare Center; Chair, Epiglottitis Health System Medication Safety and Therapeutics Committee; and Staff Physician, Transplant Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Larry M. Bush, MD Hospitals of Cleveland–Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Miami Miller Nausea, Vomiting, and Noninflammatory Diarrhea School of Medicine, Miami; Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University School of Biomedical Science, Boca William Bonnez, MD Raton; Chief, Infectious Diseases, John F. Kennedy Medical Center, Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Atlantis, Florida Medicine and Dentistry; Attending Physician, University of Peritonitis and Intraperitoneal Abscesses Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York Papillomaviruses David P. Calfee, MD, MS Associate Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; John C. Boothroyd, PhD Hospital Epidemiologist, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University New York School of Medicine, Stanford, California Rifamycins Toxoplasma gondii Ellis S. Caplan, MD Luciana Borio, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of University of Maryland School of Medicine; Chief, Infectious Medicine; Senior Associate, Center for Biosecurity of the University Diseases, R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Maryland Bioterrorism: An Overview; Plague as a Bioterrorism Weapon Hyperbaric Oxygen

Patrick J. Bosque, MD Michel Carael, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Professor Emeritus, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium; Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora; Attending Physician, Manager, HIV and AIDS Data HUB, UNICEF and UNAIDS, Asia Neurology Division, Department of Medicine, Denver Health Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand Medical Center, Denver, Colorado Global Perspectives on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Prions and Prion Diseases of the Central Nervous System and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Transmissible Neurodegenerative Diseases) Charles C. J. Carpenter, MD Richard C. Boucher, Jr., MD Professor of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown William Rand Kenan Professor of Medicine, Cystic Fibrosis Research University; Director, Lifespan/Tufts/Brown Center for AIDS and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Research; Attending Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island Other Pathogenic Vibrios Barry D. Brause, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Mary T. Caserta, MD Attending Physician and Director of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Special Surgery; Attending Physician, New York–Presbyterian Medicine and Dentistry; Attending Physician, Golisano Children’s Hospital, New York, New York Hospital at Strong, University of Rochester Medical Center, Infections with Prostheses in Bones and Joints Rochester, New York Pharyngitis; Acute Laryngitis Kevin E. Brown, MD Consultant Medical Virologist, Virus Reference Department, Centre Elio Castagnola, MD, PhD for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom Chief, Section for Infections in the Immunocompromised Host, Human Parvoviruses, Including Parvovirus B19 and Human Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Bocavirus G. Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy Prophylaxis and Empirical Therapy of Infection in Cancer Patients Patricia D. Brown, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Richard E. Chaisson, MD Medicine; Chief of Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Detroit, Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology, and International Health, Michigan Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Infections in Injection Drug Users General Clinical Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (Including the Acute Retroviral Syndrome and Oral, Cutaneous, Renal, Ocular, Metabolic, and Cardiac Diseases) Barbara A. Brown-Elliott, MS, MT(ASCP)SM Assistant Professor of Microbiology and Supervisor, Mycobacteria/ Henry F. Chambers, MD Nocardia Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center, Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Tyler, Texas Infections Due to Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Other than School of Medicine; Chief, Infectious Diseases, San Francisco Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare General Hospital, San Francisco, California Penicillins and β-Lactam Inhibitors; Carbapenems and Monobactams Eileen M. Burd, PhD Associate Professor, Emory University School of Medicine; Director, Clinical Microbiology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia Other Gram-Negative and Gram-Variable Bacilli http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter viii Contributors

Stanley W. Chapman, MD Myron S. Cohen, MD Professor of Medicine and Associate Professor of Microbiology, Professor of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of Mississippi School of Medicine; Division of Infectious School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, University of North Carolina Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Mississippi Carolina Blastomyces dermatitidis The Acutely Ill Patient with Fever and Rash

James D. Chappell, MD, PhD Ronit Cohen-Poradosu, MD Assistant Professor of Pathology and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Research Associate, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s University School of Medicine; Director, Clinical Diagnostic Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Virology Laboratory, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Anaerobic Infections: General Concepts Nashville, Tennessee Introduction to Viruses and Viral Diseases Susan E. Cohn, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Sharon C-A. Chen, PhD, MB BS Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Attending Physician, Clinical Senior Lecturer, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine, Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, New York Sydney; Senior Staff Specialist, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Women Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia Mark Connors, MD Nocardia Species Chief, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Sanjiv Chopra, MD Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Senior Consultant The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Joanne Cono, MD, ScM Acute Viral Hepatitis Senior Advisor for Science and Global Health, Office of the Director, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Anthony W. Chow, MD Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Smallpox as an Agent of Bioterrorism Diseases, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine; Honorary Staff, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Lawrence Corey, MD Disease, Vancouver Hospital Health Sciences Center, Vancouver, Head, Virology Division, and Professor of Medicine and Laboratory British Columbia, Canada Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Senior Vice Infections of the Oral Cavity, Neck, and Head President and Co-Director, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, and Head, Program in Infectious Disease, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Alexandra Chroneou, MD Research Center, Seattle, Washington University of Athens Medical School; Attending Physician, Sotiria Herpes Simplex Virus Hospital for Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece Nosocomial Pneumonia Patricia A. Cornett, MD Health Science Clinical Professor, University of California, San Nicholas P. Cianciotto, PhD Francisco, School of Medicine; Chief, Hematology/Oncology, San Professor of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois California Legionella Malignant Diseases in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Rebecca A. Clark, MD, PhD Heather L. Cox, PharmD Professor of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Assistant Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department Sciences Center; Clinical Medical Director, HIV Outpatient of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine; Program, Interim LSU Public Hospital, New Orleans, Clinical Specialist, Infectious Diseases, Department of Pharmacy Louisiana Services, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Women Virginia Linezolid and Other Oxazolidinones Robert A. Clark, MD Professor of Medicine and Associate Chair for Research, Assistant William A. Craig, MD Vice President for Clinical Research, and Director of the Institute for Professor, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Integration of Medicine and Science, University of Texas Health Health, Madison, Wisconsin Science Center at San Antonio; Staff Physician, University Health Cephalosporins System and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas Donald E. Craven, MD Granulocytic Phagocytes Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston; Chairman, Department of Infectious Diseases, Lahey Clinic Medical Jeffrey I. Cohen, MD Center, Burlington, Massachusetts Chief, Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Nosocomial Pneumonia Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Kent B. Crossley, MD Introduction to Herpesviridae; Human Herpesvirus Types 6 and 7; Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School; Herpes B Virus Associate Chief of Staff for Education, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota Infections in the Elderly http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors ix

John A. Crump, MB ChB, DTM&H Carlos del Rio, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Professor and Chair, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins International Health, Duke University School of Medicine; Director, School of Public Health, Emory University; Co-Director, Emory Duke Tanzania Operations, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, Center for AIDS Research, Atlanta, Georgia North Carolina Epidemiology and Prevention of Acquired Immunodeficiency Enteric Fever and Other Causes of Abdominal Symptoms with Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Fever Gregory P. DeMuri, MD Clyde S. CrumpackerII, MD Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Attending Public Health; Attending Physician, American Family Children’s Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Sinusitis Cytomegalovirus David T. Dennis, MD, MPH James W. Curran, MD, MPH Faculty Affiliate, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Dean and Professor of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Pathology, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine Health, Emory University; Co-Director, Emory Center for AIDS and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado; Medical Research, Atlanta, Georgia Epidemiologist, Division of Influenza, Centers for Disease Control Epidemiology and Prevention of Acquired Immunodeficiency and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Yersinia Species, Including Plague

Bart J. Currie, FRACP, DTM&H Peter Densen, MD Professor in Medicine, Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases Executive Dean, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Northern Territory Iowa City, Iowa Clinical School; Infectious Diseases Physician, Royal Darwin Complement Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei: Melioidosis and Ben E. De Pauw, MD, PhD Glanders Professor, Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Michael P. Curry, MD Netherlands Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Medical Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: General Director, Liver Transplantation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Principles Center, Boston, Massachusetts Acute Viral Hepatitis Terence S. Dermody, MD Dorothy Overall Wells Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Inger K. Damon, MD, PhD Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Adjunct Clinical Faculty, Department of Medicine, Emory University Medicine; Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine; Chief, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Orthopoxviruses: Vaccinia (Smallpox Vaccine), Variola (Smallpox), Tennessee Monkeypox, and Cowpox; Other Poxviruses That Infect Humans: Introduction to Viruses and Viral Diseases Parapoxviruses, Molluscum Contagiosum, and Yatapoxviruses; Smallpox as an Agent of Bioterrorism Robin Dewar, PhD Principal Scientist, SAIC–Frederick, National Cancer Institute– Rabih O. Darouiche, MD Frederick, Frederick, Maryland Professor of Medicine and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Director, Center for Prostheses Infection, Baylor College of Medicine; Veterans Affairs Distinguished Service Professor, Michael E. DeBakey James H. Diaz, MD, MPH and TM, PhD Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas Professor of Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Head, Infections in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health; Professor of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana Roberta L. DeBiasi, MD State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana Associate Professor of Pediatrics, George Washington University Introduction to Ectoparasitic Diseases; Lice (Pediculosis); Scabies; School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Attending Physician, Myiasis and Tungiasis; Mites, Including Chiggers; Ticks, Including Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s National Tick Paralysis Medical Center, Washington, DC Orthoreoviruses and Orbiviruses; Coltiviruses and Seadornaviruses Carl W. Dieffenbach, PhD Director, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and George S. Deepe, Jr., MD Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Morgan Professor of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Maryland Medicine; Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Innate (General or Nonspecific) Host Defense Mechanisms Hospital and Veterans Affairs Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Jules L. Dienstag, MD Histoplasma capsulatum Carl W. Walter Professor of Medicine and Dean for Medical Education, Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Chronic Viral Hepatitis

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Raphael Dolin, MD Herbert L. DuPont, MD Maxwell Finland Professor of Medicine (Microbiology and Professor of Epidemiology and Director, Center for Infectious Molecular Genetics), Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Vice Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Brigham and Women’s Chairman, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Chief, Internal Medicine Service, St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, Antiviral Drugs (Other than Antiretrovirals); Vaccines for Human Houston, Texas Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection; Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Shigella Species (Bacillary Dysentery) Nipah, Hendra, and Menangle Viruses; Noroviruses and Other Caliciviruses; Astroviruses and Picobirnaviruses David T. Durack, MB, DPhil Consulting Professor of Medicine, Duke University School of Scott H. Donaldson, MD Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Senior Vice President, Beckton, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey Care Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School Fever of Unknown Origin; Prevention of Infective Endocarditis of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Marlene L. Durand, MD Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School; Director, Infectious J. Peter Donnelly, PhD Disease Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; Physician, Coordinator of Studies in Supportive Care, Department of Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Haematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Massachusetts Nijmegen, The Netherlands Endophthalmitis; Infectious Causes of Uveitis; Periocular Infections Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: General Principles Paul H. Edelstein, MD Michael S. Donnenberg, MD Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Professor of Medicine and Professor of Microbiology and Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Director of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Maryland Pennsylvania Enterobacteriaceae Legionella

Gerald R. Donowitz, MD Michael B. Edmond, MD, MPH, MPA Edward W. Hook Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Professor of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology, and Community University of Virginia School of Medicine; Vice-Chair for Education, Health and Chair, Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Hospital Charlottesville, Virginia Epidemiologist, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Linezolid and Other Oxazolidinones; Acute Pneumonia Richmond, Virginia Organization for Infection Control; Isolation Philip R. Dormitzer, MD, PhD Senior Director and Senior Project Leader, Viral Vaccine John E. Edwards, Jr., MD Research, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Massachusetts Los Angeles; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Rotaviruses Medical Center, Torrance, California Candida Species James M. Drake, MB BCh, MSc Professor of Surgery, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine; Morven S. Edwards, MD Neurosurgeon in Chief and Harold Hoffman Shopper’s Drug Mart Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College Chair in Pediatric Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital of Medicine; Attending Physician, Texas Children’s Hospital, for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Houston, Texas Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus)

J. Stephen Dumler, MD George M. Eliopoulos, MD Professor, Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Staff Physician, Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Professor, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Center, Boston, Massachusetts Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Associate Principles of Anti-infective Therapy Director, Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland N. Cary Engleberg, MD Rickettsia typhi (Murine Typhus); Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Human Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Human Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis), and Other Anaplasmataceae of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

J. Stephen Dummer, MD Joel D. Ernst, MD Professor of Medicine and Surgery and Chief, Transplant Infectious Professor, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology, Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, and Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Tennessee School of Medicine, New York, New York Risk Factors and Approaches to Infections in Transplant Recipients; Mycobacterium leprae Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

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Rick M. Fairhurst, MD, PhD Daniel W. Fitzgerald, MD Chief, Malaria Pathogenesis and Human Immunity Unit, Laboratory Associate Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and York, New York Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Maryland Plasmodium Species (Malaria) Anthony R. Flores, MD, PhD, MPH Postdoctoral Fellow, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Jessica K. Fairley, MD Medicine, Houston, Texas Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Pharyngitis Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio Vance G. Fowler, Jr., MD, MHS Cestodes (Tapeworms) Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina Stanley Falkow, PhD Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections Robert W. and Vivian K. Cahill Professor of Microbiology and Immunology and Professor of Medicine, Stanford University School David O. Freedman, MD of Medicine, Stanford, California Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Gorgas Center for A Molecular Perspective of Microbial Pathogenicity Geographic Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine; Director, University of Ann R. Falsey, MD Alabama at Birmingham Travelers Health Clinic, University of Professor of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine Alabama at Birmingham Health System, Birmingham, Alabama and Dentistry; Attending Physician, Rochester General Hospital, Protection of Travelers; Infections in Returning Travelers Rochester, New York Human Metapneumovirus Arthur M. Friedlander, MD Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Anthony S. Fauci, MD Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda; Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Senior Scientist, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Diseases, Frederick, Maryland The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax); Anthrax as an Agent of Bioterrorism

Stephen M. Feinstone, MD John N. Galgiani, MD Chief, Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Center for Biologics Professor, University of Arizona College of Medicine; Director, Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, University of Arizona Valley Fever Center for Excellence; Chief Bethesda, Maryland Medical Officer, Valley Fever Solutions, Inc., Tucson, Arizona Hepatitis A Virus Coccidioides Species

Thomas Fekete, MD John I. Gallin, MD Professor of Medicine and Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases, Director, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health; Senior Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Investigator, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institutes of Bacillus Species and Related Genera Other than Bacillus anthracis Health, Bethesda, Maryland Evaluation of the Patient with Suspected Immunodeficiency Paul D. Fey, PhD Robert C. Gallo, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Director, Institute of Human Virology, and Professor, Department University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Nebraska Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Maryland Staphylococci Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Wendy S. Garrett, MD, PhD Steven M. Fine, MD, PhD Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Rochester School of of Public Health; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Medicine and Dentistry; Attending Physician, Division of Infectious Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridium-Associated Diseases; New York Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Related Vesiculoviruses Species (and Other Medically Important Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli) Sydney M. Finegold, MD Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Emeritus Professor of Jeffrey A. Gelfand, MD Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen Clinical Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Attending School of Medicine at UCLA; Staff Physician, Infectious Diseases Physician, Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Section, West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Angeles, California Babesia Species Anaerobic Cocci Steven P. Gelone, PharmD Neil O. Fishman, MD Associate Professor of Community Medicine and Preventive Health, Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia; Vice President, of Medicine; Director, Department of Healthcare Epidemiology and Clinical Development, Virolharma Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania Infection Prevention and Control, Hospital of the University of Topical Antibacterials Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Antimicrobial Stewardship http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter xii Contributors

Anne A. Gershon, MD Patricia M. Griffin, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Chief, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for New York, New York Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Rubella Virus (German Measles); Measles Virus (Rubeola) Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Foodborne Disease David N. Gilbert, MD Professor of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School David E. Griffith, MD of Medicine; Chief, Infectious Diseases, Providence Portland Medical Professor of Medicine and William A. and Elizabeth B. Moncrief Center, Portland, Oregon Distinguished Professor, University of Texas Health Science Center Aminoglycosides at Tyler, Tyler, Texas Antimycobacterial Agents Peter H. Gilligan, PhD Professor of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, and Richard L. Guerrant, MD Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Thomas H. Hunter Professor of International Medicine; Director, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Cystic Fibrosis International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Michael S. Glickman, MD Principles and Syndromes of Enteric Infection; Nausea, Vomiting, Associate Member, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Noninflammatory Diarrhea; Inflammatory Enteritides; Enteric Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, Fever and Other Causes of Abdominal Symptoms with Fever New York Cell-Mediated Defense against Infection David A. Haake, MD Professor of Medicine in Residence, David Geffen School of Ulf B. Göbel, MD, PhD Medicine at UCLA; Staff Physician, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Professor of Clinical Microbiology, Humboldt University of Berlin; Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California Director, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis) Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia Complex David W. Haas, MD Associate Professor, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Deborah Goldstein, MD Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tennessee Georgetown University Hospital, Washington DC Mycobacterium tuberculosis Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Caroline Breese Hall, MD Ellie J. C. Goldstein, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Rochester School Clinical Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York UCLA; Director, Infection Control, Kindred Hospital–Los Angeles, Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup); Bronchiolitis; Respiratory Los Angeles; Director, R. M. Alden Research Laboratory, Santa Syncytial Virus Monica, California Bites Scott Halperin, MD Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Fred M. Gordin, MD Immunology, Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine; Head, Professor of Medicine, George Washington University School of Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dalhousie University and Medicine and Health Sciences; Chief, Infectious Diseases, Veterans IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC Bordetella pertussis Mycobacterium avium Complex Margaret R. Hammerschlag, MD Eduardo Gotuzzo, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, State University of New York Professor of Medicine and Principal Investigator, Alexander von Downstate College of Medicine; Director, Division of Pediatric Humboldt Tropical Medicine Institute, Cayetano Heredia Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical University; Chief, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Center, Brooklyn, New York Medicine, National Hospital Cayetano Heredia, Lima Peru Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae Vibrio cholerae H. Hunter Handsfield, MD Paul S. Graman, MD Senior Research Leader, Battelle Centers for Public Health Research Professor of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Evaluation; Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of and Dentistry; Attending Physician and Clinical Director, Infectious Washington Center for AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Diseases Division, Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, New York Seattle, Washington Esophagitis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Margot Graves, BS Rashidul Haque, MD, PhD Public Health Microbiologist and Supervisor, Microbial Diseases International Scientist, Laboratory Sciences Division, Laboratory, Center for Infectious Disease, California Department of International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Public Health, Richmond, California Capnocytophaga Bangladesh Entamoeba Species, Including Amebiasis

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Barry J. Hartman, MD Alan R. Hinman, MD, MPH Clinical Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology and Global Health, Rollins Attending Physician, New York–Presbyterian Hospital, New York, School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta; Senior Public New York Health Scientist, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia Acinetobacter Species Immunization

Roderick J. Hay, DM Martin S. Hirsch Honorary Professor, Clinical Research Unit, London School of Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Infectious Diseases Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London; Emeritus Professor, Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Dermatophytosis and Other Superficial Mycoses Lisa S. Hodges, MD Frederick G. Hayden, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine/Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Stuart S. Richardson Professor of Clinical Virology and Professor of Health Sciences Center in Shreveport School of Medicine, Internal Medicine and Pathology, University of Virginia School of Shreveport, Louisiana Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) as an Agent of Bioterrorism Antiviral Drugs (Other than Antiretrovirals) Steven M. Holland, MD Craig W. Hedberg, PhD Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota Bethesda, Maryland Epidemiologic Principles Evaluation of the Patient with Suspected Immunodeficiency

David K. Henderson, MD Edward W. Hook III, MD Deputy Director for Clinical Care, Clinical Center, National Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology and Microbiology, University Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine and University of Hospital Preparedness for Emerging and Highly Contagious Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Infectious Diseases: Getting Ready for the Next Epidemic or Alabama Pandemic; Infections Caused by Percutaneous Intravascular Endemic Treponematoses Devices; Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Health Care Settings; Nosocomial Herpesvirus Infections David C. Hooper, MD Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Infection Donald A. Henderson, MD, MPH Control Unit, and Associate Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, 21st Century Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts of Medicine; Professor of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Quinolones; Urinary Tract Agents: Nitrofurantoin and Methenamine University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Distinguished Scholar, Center for Biosecurity of the Thomas M. Hooton, MD University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland Professor of Clinical Medicine and Director, Institute for Women’s Bioterrorism: An Overview Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida J. Owen Hendley, MD Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections Professor of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine.; Attending Physician, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, C. Robert Horsburgh, Jr., MD, MUS University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia Professor of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Medicine and Epiglottitis Chairman, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health; Attending Physician, Boston Medical Center, Erik L. Hewlett, MD Boston, Massachusetts Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Mycobacterium avium Complex Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Duane R. Hospenthal, MD, PhD Toxins Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland; Kevin P. High, MD, MS Chief, Infectious Disease Service, San Antonio Military Medical Professor of Medicine and Chief, Section on Infectious Diseases, Center and Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Agents of Chromoblastomycosis; Agents of Mycetoma; Uncommon Carolina Fungi and Prototheca Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection James M. Hughes, MD Adrian V. S. Hill, DPhil, DM Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Emory University Professor of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human School of Medicine; Professor of Public Health (Global Health), Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia Human Genetics and Infection Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats; Foodborne Disease David R. Hill, MD, DTM&H Honorary Professor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Molly A. Hughes, MD, PhD Medicine; Director, National Travel Health Network and Centre, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and University College London Hospitals National Health Service International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom Charlottesville, Virginia Giardia lamblia Toxins http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter xiv Contributors

Christopher D. Huston, MD James W. Kazura, MD Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Professor of International Health, Medicine, and Pathology, Case Vermont College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Fletcher Allen Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Attending Health Care, Burlington, Vermont Physician, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Microbial Adherence Ohio Tissue Nematodes, Including Trichinellosis, Dracunculiasis, and the Noreen A. Hynes, MD, MPH, DTM&H Filariases Associate Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Associate Professor of Public Health, Johns Hopkins George E. Kenny, PhD Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland Professor Emeritus, Department of Global Health, University of Bioterrorism: An Overview; Plague as a Bioterrorism Weapon Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington Genital Mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma Jonathan R. Iredell, MB BS, PhD hominis, and Ureaplasma Species Associate Professor, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine, Sydney; Senior Staff Specialist, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Jay S. Keystone, MD, MSc Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine; Australia Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital; Medisys Travel Nocardia Species Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli, Sarcocystis Species, J. Michael Janda, PhD Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis hominis Chief, Microbial Diseases Laboratory, Center for Infectious Disease, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department Rima F. Khabbaz, MD of Public Health, Richmond, California Director, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control Capnocytophaga of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Eric C. Johannsen, MD Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Charles H. King, MD, MS Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Professor of International Health, Case Western Reserve University Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio Virus–Associated Malignant Diseases, and Other Diseases) Cestodes (Tapeworms)

Warren D. Johnson, Jr., MD Louis V. Kirchhoff, MD, MPH B. H. Kean Professor of Tropical Medicine and Director, Center for Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases) Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College; Attending Physician, and Epidemiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; New York–Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical Center, Staff Physician, Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs New York, New York Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa Borrelia Species (Relapsing Fever) Trypanosoma Species (America Trypanosomiasis, Chagas’ Disease): Biology of Trypanosomes; Agents of African Trypanosomiasis Angela D. M. Kashuba, PharmD (Sleeping Sickness) Associate Professor, Eshelman School of Pharmacy; Director, Clinical Pharmacology and Analytical Chemistry Core, Center for Jerome O. Klein, MD AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Professor of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine; Hill, North Carolina Consultant in Pediatrics, Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anti-infective Agents Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Mastoiditis Dennis L. Kasper, MD Professor of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical Bettina M. Knoll, MD, PhD School; William Ellery Channing Professor of Medicine, Brigham Infectious Diseases Fellow, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Anaerobic Infections: General Concepts Kirk U. Knowlton, MD Donald Kaye, MD Professor of Medicine and Chief, Division of Cardiology, University Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California Myocarditis and Pericarditis Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Polymyxins (Polymyxin B and Colistin); Urinary Tract Infections Stephan A. Kohlhoff, MD Keith S. Kaye, MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, State University of Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine; New York Downstate College of Medicine; Co-Director, Division of Corporate Director, Hospital Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Pediatric Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Stewardship, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York Polymyxins (Polymyxin B and Colistin) Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae

Kenneth M. Kaye, MD Eija Könönen, PPS, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical Professor, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku; School; Attending Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr Anaerobic Gram-Positive Nonsporulating Bacilli Virus–Associated Malignant Diseases, and Other Diseases); Kaposi’s Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus Type 8) http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xv

Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis, MD Laura M. Lee, BSN, RN Adjunct Professor, Baylor College of Medicine; Professor, Special Assistant to the Deputy Director for Clinical Care, Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas M. D. Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Hospital Preparedness for Emerging and Highly Contagious Agents of Mucormycosis and Entomophthoramycosis Infectious Diseases: Getting Ready for the Next Epidemic or Pandemic Igor J. Koralnik, MD Associate Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Director, James E. Leggett, MD Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Neurology Center, Beth Israel Associate Professor of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts University School of Medicine; Assistant Director, Medical Neurologic Diseases Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Education, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon Type 1 and Opportunistic Infections; JC, BK, and Other Aminoglycosides Polyomaviruses: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Andres G. Lescano, PhD Anita A. Koshy, MD Director, Public Health Training, Naval Medical Research Center Postdoctoral Fellow, Departments of Internal Medicine and of Detachment, Lima, Peru Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Outbreak Investigation Stanford University School of Medicine; Clinical Instructor, Department of Neurology, Stanford University Hospital, Stanford, Paul N. Levett, PhD California Assistant Clinical Director, Saskatchewan Disease Control Free-Living Amebas Laboratory, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis) Camille Nelson Kotton, MD Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School; Clinical Director, Donald P. Levine, MD Transplant and Immunocompromised Host Infectious Diseases, Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Vice-Chief of Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Detroit, Boston, Massachusetts Michigan Zoonoses Infections in Injection Drug Users

Joseph A. Kovacs, MD Matthew E. Levison, MD Head, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Section, Critical Care Professor of Public Health, Drexel University School of Public Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Health; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Bethesda, Maryland Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Toxoplasma gondii Peritonitis and Intraperitoneal Abscesses

Phyllis Kozarsky, MD Russell E. Lewis, PharmD Professor of Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Co-Director, Travel Associate Professor, University of Houston College of Pharmacy; and Tropical Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Expert Consultant, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Agents of Mucormycosis and Entomophthoramycosis Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli, Sarcocystis Species, Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis hominis W. Conrad Liles, MD, PhD Vice-Chair and Professor of Medicine and Canada Research Chair in Margaret James Koziel, MD Infectious Diseases and Inflammation, University of Toronto Faculty Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Attending of Medicine; Director, Division of Infectious Diseases; Senior Physician, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Scientist, McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health; and Senior Massachusetts Scientist, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Immunomodulators John N. Krieger, MD Professor of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine; Aldo A. M. Lima, MD, PhD Chief of Urology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Professor, Federal University of Ceará School of Medicine, Fortaleza, Attending Urologist, University of Washington Medical Center, Ceará, Brazil Harborview Medical Center, and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Inflammatory Enteritides Washington Prostatitis, Epididymitis, and Orchitis Nathan Litman, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Matthew J. Kuehnert, MD Yeshiva University; Director of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Director, Office of Blood, Organ, and Other Tissue Safety, Division Diseases, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Mumps Virus Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Nosocomial Hepatitis and Other Transfusion- and Bennett Lorber, MD Transplantation-Transmitted Infections Thomas M. Durant Professor of Medicine and Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of James W. LeDuc, PhD Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Professor, University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine; Bacterial Lung Abscess; Listeria monocytogenes Deputy Director, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter xvi Contributors

Larry I. Lutwick, MD Jeanne M. Marrazzo, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious University of New York Downstate Medical Center College of Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Medicine; Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Washington Medicine, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System— Neisseria gonorrhoeae Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, New York Infections in Asplenic Patients Thomas J. Marrie, MD Dean, Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, Nova Rob Roy MacGregor, MD Scotia, Canada Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Thomas Marth, MD Corynebacterium diphtheriae Chief, Division of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus Maria Hilf, Daun, Germany Philip A. Mackowiak, MD, MBA Whipple’s Disease Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Chief, Medical Care Clinical Gregory J. Martin, MD Center, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Associate Professor of Medicine and Associate Professor of Maryland Preventive Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Temperature Regulation and the Pathogenesis of Fever; Fever of Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Unknown Origin National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax); Anthrax as an Agent of Bioterrorism Lawrence C. Madoff, MD Professor of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Georg Maschmeyer, MD, PhD Director, Division of Epidemiology and Immunization, Academic Clinical Instructor, Charité University of Medicine, Berlin; Massachusetts Department of Public Health and University of Director, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum Ernst Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Division of Infectious von Bergmann, Potsdam, Germany Disease and Immunology, Worcester, Massachusetts Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia Complex Infections of the Liver and Biliary System; Pancreatic Infection; Splenic Abscess; Appendicitis; Diverticulitis and Typhlitis Henry Masur, MD Chief, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Alan J. Magill, MD Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Associate Professor of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics and Management of Opportunistic Infections Associated with Human Associate Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Immunodeficiency Virus Infection the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda; Director, Division of Experimental Therapeutic, Walter Reed Army Alison Mawle, PhD Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland Associate Director for Laboratory Science, National Center for Leishmania Species: Visceral (Kala-Azar), Cutaneous, and Mucosal Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control Leishmaniasis and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Immunization James H. Maguire, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Senior Physician, Kenneth H. Mayer, MD Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Professor of Medicine and Community Health and Director, Brown Boston, Massachusetts University AIDS Program, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown Introduction to Helminth Infections; Intestinal Nematodes University; Attending Physician, Miriam Hospital, Providence, (Roundworms); Trematodes (Schistosomes and Other Flukes) Rhode Island Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim Frank Maldarelli, MD, PhD Staff Clinician, Host-Virus Interaction Branch, and Head, In Vivo John T. McBride, MD Biology Group, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Professor of Pediatrics, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown; Vice Chair, Department of Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, Ohio Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup); Bronchiolitis Lionel A. Mandell, MD Professor of Medicine, McMaster University Faculty of Health William M. McCormack, MD Sciences; Attending Physician, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Distinguished Teaching Professor of Medicine and of Obstetrics and Ontario, Canada Gynecology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Fusidic Acid; Novel Antibiotics Center College of Medicine; Chief, Infectious Diseases Division, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, Barbara J. Mann, PhD New York Associate Professor of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Urethritis; Vulvovaginitis and Cervicitis Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Microbial Adherence Kenneth McIntosh, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Professor, Lewis Markoff, MD Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard Chief, Laboratory of Vector-Borne Virus Diseases, Office of School of Public Health; Emeritus Chief, Division of Infectious Vaccines, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food Diseases, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Alphaviruses (SARS)–Associated Coronavirus http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xvii

Paul S. Mead, MD, MPH Thomas A. Moore, MD Chief, Epidemiology and Surveillance Activity, Bacterial Disease Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric School of Medicine–Wichita Campus, Wichita, Kansas Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Agents Active against Parasites and Pneumocystis Colorado Yersinia Species, Including Plague Philippe Moreillon, MD, PhD Professor and Vice-Rector for Research, and Director of the Daniel K. Meyer, MD Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Medicine and Lausanne, Switzerland Dentistry of New Jersey—Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock) Program Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey Dean S. Morrell, MD Other Coryneform Bacteria and Rhodococci Clinical Associate Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine; Director of Residency Training Program, Burt R. Meyers, MD Pediatric Dermatology, University of North Carolina Health Care, Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Attending Physician, The Acutely Ill Patient with Fever and Rash New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol; Metronidazole J. Glenn Morris, Jr., MD, MPHTM Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mark A. Miller, MD Florida College of Medicine; Director, University of Florida Associate Professor, McGill University Faculty of Medicine; Staff Emerging Pathogens Institute, Gainesville, Florida Physician, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Human Illness Associated with Harmful Algal Blooms Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics Caryn Gee Morse, MD, MPH Samuel I. Miller, MD Assistant Clinical Investigator, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Professor, Department of Immunology, University of Washington Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Salmonella Species, Including Salmonella Typhi Maryland Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection David H. Mitchell, MB BS Clinical Senior Lecturer, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robin Moseley, MAT University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine, Sydney; Senior Staff Associate Director for Program Integration, National Center for Specialist, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, Centers Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Nocardia Species Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats

John F. Modlin, MD Robert R. Muder, MD Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Center; Infectious Disease and International Health, Children’s Chief, Infectious Disease Section, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Hospital at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Introduction to the Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses; Poliovirus; Other Legionella Species Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, Newer Enteroviruses, and Parechoviruses Robert S. Munford, MD Senior Clinician, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Robert C. Moellering, Jr., MD Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Shields Warren-Mallinckrodt Professor of Medical Research, Health, Bethesda, Maryland Harvard Medical School; Staff Physician, Division of Infectious Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Edward L. Murphy, MD, MPH Principles of Anti-infective Therapy Professor, Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Epidemiology/ Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, School of Susan Moir, PhD Medicine; Senior Investigator, Blood Systems Research Institute, San Staff Scientist, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Francisco, California National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types I and II The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Timothy F. Murphy, MD Joel M. Montgomery, PhD University of Buffalo Distinguished Professor, Departments of Epidemiologist, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Medicine and Microbiology, and Chief, Infectious Diseases, State Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Outbreak Investigation Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York Moraxella catarrhalis, Kingella, and Other Gram-Negative Cocci; José G. Montoya, MD Haemophilus Species (Including H. influenzae and Chancroid) Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Stanford University Medical Center; Director, Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Stanford, California Toxoplasma gondii http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter xviii Contributors

Barbara E. Murray, MD Pablo C. Okhuysen, MD J. Ralph Meadows Professor of Medicine and Director, Division of Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Texas Medical School at Houston; Medical Staff, Memorial Houston, Texas Hermann Hospital–Texas Medical Center; Medical Staff, Lyndon B. Glycopeptides (Vancomycin and Teicoplanin), Streptogramins Johnson General Hospital, Houston, Texas (Quinupristin-Dalfopristin), and Lipopeptides (Daptomycin); Sporothrix schenckii Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus bovis Group, and Leuconostoc Species Andrew B. Onderdonk, PhD Professor of Pathology, Harvard Medical School; Director, Clinical Clinton K. Murray, MD Microbiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Associate Professor, Uniformed Services University of the Health Massachusetts Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Clinical Associate Professor, Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridium-Associated Diseases; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Program Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium Director, Infectious Disease Fellowships, San Antonio Uniformed Species (and Other Medically Important Anaerobic Gram-Negative Services Health Education Consortium, San Antonio, Texas Bacilli) Burns Steven M. Opal, MD Patrick R. Murray, PhD Professor of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown Chief, Microbiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of University, Providence; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Health, Bethesda, Maryland Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island The Clinician and the Microbiology Laboratory Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

Daniel M. Musher, MD Walter A. Orenstein, MD Professor of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; Chief, Infectious Deputy Director for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Integrated Health Disease, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Solutions Development, Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Houston, Texas Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington Streptococcus pneumoniae Immunization

Esteban C. Nannini, MD Douglas R. Osman, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Associate Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Attending College of Medicine; Consultant, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Physician, Sanatorio Parque, Rosario, Argentina Osteomyelitis Glycopeptides (Vancomycin and Teicoplanin), Streptogramins (Quinupristin-Dalfopristin), and Lipopeptides (Daptomycin) Michael T. Osterholm, PhD, MPH Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Theodore E. Nash, MD Minnesota School of Public Health; Adjunct Professor, University of Head, Gastrointestinal Parasites Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Epidemiologic Principles National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Giardia lamblia; Visceral Larva Migrans and Other Unusual Helminth Stephen M. Ostroff, MD Infections Director, Bureau of Epidemiology, and Acting Physician General, Pennsylvania Department of Health, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania William M. Nauseef, MD Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats Professor of Medicine and of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Attending Michael N. Oxman, MD Physician, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Professor of Medicine and Pathology, University of California, San Iowa Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla; Staff Physician (Infectious Granulocytic Phagocytes Diseases), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California Marguerite A. Neill, MD Myocarditis and Pericarditis Associate Professor of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence; Attending Physician, Division of Andrea V. Page, MD Infectious Disease, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Clinician-Scientist Training Program, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine; Clinical Associate, Other Pathogenic Vibrios Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Judith A. O’Donnell, MD Immunomodulators Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Hospital Tara N. Palmore, MD Epidemiologist and Director, Department of Infection Prevention Deputy Hospital Epidemiologist, Clinical Center, National Institutes and Control, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Pennsylvania Nosocomial Herpesvirus Infections Topical Antibacterials Eric G. Pamer, MD Christopher A. Ohl, MD Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Chief, Associate Professor of Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Hospital, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Medicine; Medical Director, Center for Antimicrobial Utilization, Cancer Center, New York, New York Stewardship, and Epidemiology, Wake Forest University Baptist Cell-Mediated Defense against Infection Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Infectious Arthritis of Native Joints http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xix

Peter G. Pappas, MD William A. Petri, Jr., MD, PhD Professor of Medicine and Tinsley Harrison Clinical Scholar, Wade Hampton Frost Professor of Epidemiology; Professor of University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Medicine, Microbiology, and Pathology; and Chief, Division of Birmingham, Alabama Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia Chronic Pneumonia School of Medicine; Attending Physician, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia Mark S. Pasternack, MD Microbial Adherence; Introduction to Protozoal Diseases; Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Entamoeba Species, Including Amebiasis Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Cathy A. Petti, MD Cellulitis, Necrotizing Fasciitis, and Subcutaneous Tissue Infections; Associate Professor of Pathology and Medicine, University of Utah Myositis and Myonecrosis; Lymphadenitis and Lymphangitis School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah Streptococcus anginosus Group Thomas F. Patterson, MD Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases; Professor of Medicine; and Larry K. Pickering, MD Director, San Antonio Center for Medical Mycology, University of Professor of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine; Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Attending Physician, Executive Secretary, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas (ACIP), and Senior Adviser to the Director, National Center for Aspergillus Species Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Deborah Pavan-Langston, MD Immunization Professor of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Gerald B. Pier, PhD Massachusetts Professor of Medicine (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics), Microbial Conjunctivitis; Microbial Keratitis Harvard Medical School; Microbiologist, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts David A. Pegues, MD Pseudomonas aeruginosa Professor of Clinical Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Hospital Epidemiologist and Attending Physician, Ronald Satish K. Pillai, MD Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Staff Physician, Salmonella Species, Including Salmonella Typhi Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Robert L. Penn, MD Principles of Anti-infective Therapy Professor of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport School of Medicine; Chief, Section of Peter Piot, MD, PhD Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State Health Sciences Center– Professor of Global Health and Director, Institute for Global Health, University Hospital, Shreveport, Louisiana Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Francisella tularensis (Tularemia); Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) Global Perspectives on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection as an Agent of Bioterrorism and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

John R. Perfect, MD Susan F. Plaeger, PhD Professor of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine and Director, Basic Sciences Program, National Institute of Allergy and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Cryptococcus neoformans Maryland Innate (General or Nonspecific) Host Defense Mechanisms Stanley Perlman, MD, PhD Professor of Microbiology and Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver Ronald E. Polk, PharmD College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa Professor of Pharmacy and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia (SARS)–Associated Coronavirus Antimicrobial Stewardship

C. J. Peters, MD Aurora Pop-Vicas, MD Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Professor, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Department of Pathology; and John Sealy Distinguished University Brown University, Providence; Infectious Disease Physician, Chair in Tropical and Emerging Virology, University of Texas Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island Medical Branch, Galveston; Adjunct Graduate Faculty, Texas A&M Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria University, College Station, Texas Marburg and Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fevers; California John H. Powers, MD Encephalitis, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, and Bunyavirid Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, George Washington Hemorrhagic Fevers; Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, Lassa University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Assistant Clinical Virus, and the South American Hemorrhagic Fevers; Viral Professor of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Hemorrhagic Fevers as Agents of Bioterrorism Baltimore; Senior Medical Scientist, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Phillip K. Peterson, MD Maryland Professor of Medicine; Director, Division of Infectious Diseases and Interpreting the Results of Clinical Trials of Antimicrobial Agents International Medicine; and Co-Director, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota Infections in the Elderly http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter xx Contributors

Antonello Punturieri, MD, PhD Richard C. Reichman, MD Program Director, Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Rochester School of and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Medicine and Dentistry; Attending Physician, University of Maryland Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Acute Exacerbations Papillomaviruses

Yok-ai Que, MD, PhD Marvin S. Reitz, Jr., PhD Instructor and Researcher, University of Lausanne School of Professor, Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois Lausanne, Maryland Lausanne, Switzerland Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock) David A. Relman, MD Ronald P. Rabinowitz, MD Professor of Medicine and Professor of Microbiology and Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Chief, Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland System, Palo Alto, California Hyperbaric Oxygen A Molecular Perspective of Microbial Pathogenicity

Shervin Rabizadeh, MD, MBA Cybèle A. Renault, MD, DTM&H Instructor, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Staff Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Physician, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Los Angeles, California Medicine, Stanford; Attending Physician, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics Health Care System, Palo Alto, California Mycobacterium leprae Reuben Ramphal, MD Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Angela Restrepo, PhD Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida Senior Researcher and Scientific Director, Corporación para Pseudomonas aeruginosa Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellin, Colombia Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Didier Raoult, MD, PhD Professor and President, Marseille School of Medicine; Director, John H. Rex, MD Clinical Microbiology Laboratory for the University Hospitals; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Medical School Founder, WHO Collaborative Center; President, Université de la at Houston, Houston, Texas; Infection Clinical Vice President, Méditerranée in Marseille, Marseille, France AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, United Kingdom Introduction to Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis; Systemic Antifungal Agents; Sporothrix schenckii Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox); Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever); Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic or Louse-Borne Typhus); Orientia Herbert Y. Reynolds, MD tsutsugamushi (Scrub Typhus) Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Jonathan I. Ravdin, MD Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Dean and Executive Vice President, Medical College of Wisconsin, Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine; Medical Milwaukee, Wisconsin Officer, Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Introduction to Protozoal Diseases Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Acute Stuart C. Ray, MD Exacerbations Associate Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Elizabeth G. Rhee, MD Hepatitis C Fellow, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Annette C. Reboli, MD Deaconess Medical Center; Attending Physician, Division of Professor of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Jersey—Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; Deputy Chief of Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Medicine for Administration, Head of Infectious Diseases Division, Adenoviruses and Hospital Epidemiologist, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey Kyu Y. Rhee, MD, PhD Other Coryneform Bacteria and Rhodococci; Erysipelothrix Assistant Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology and rhusiopathiae William Randolph Hearst Foundation Clinical Scholar in Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College; Pavani Reddy, MD Assistant Attending Physician, New York–Presbyterian Hospital and Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York University Feinberg School of Medicine; Director of Borrelia Species (Relapsing Fever) Antimicrobial Stewardship, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois Lisa D. Rotz, MD Clostridium tetani (Tetanus); Clostridium botulinum (Botulism); Director, Division of Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response, Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Smallpox as an Agent of Bioterrorism http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xxi

Kathryn L. Ruoff, PhD Joshua T. Schiffer, MD, MS Associate Professor, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover; Associate Senior Fellow, University of Washington School of Medicine and Director, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire Herpes Simplex Virus Classification of Streptococci David Schlossberg, MD Mark E. Rupp, MD Professor of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Adjunct Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine; Medical Director, Tuberculosis Control Program, Medicine; Director, Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska Pennsylvania Mediastinitis; Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) psittaci (Psittacosis) Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Thomas Schneider, MD, PhD Charles E. Rupprecht, VMD, PhD Professor of Infectious Diseases, Charité University Hospital, Section Lead, Rabies, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Benjamin Franklin Campus, Berlin, Germany Atlanta, Georgia Whipple’s Disease Rhabdoviruses Jane R. Schwebke, MD Thomas A. Russo, MD Professor of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School Professor of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Infectious of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama Diseases, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine Trichomonas vaginalis and Biomedical Sciences; Staff Physician, Veterans Affairs Western New York Health Care System, Buffalo, New York Cynthia L. Sears, MD Agents of Actinomycosis Professor of Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, William A. Rutala, PhD, MPH Baltimore, Maryland Professor of Medicine and Director, Statewide Program in Infection Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics Control and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine; Director, Hospital Epidemiology, Carlos Seas, MD Occupational Health and Safety Program, University of North Associate Professor of Medicine and Principal Investigator, Carolina Health Care System, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Alexander von Humboldt Tropical Medicine Institute, Cayetano The Acutely Ill Patient with Fever and Rash; Disinfection, Heredia University; Attending Physician, National Hospital Sterilization, and Control of Hospital Waste Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru Vibrio cholerae Mirella Salvatore, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health, and Assistant Kent A. Sepkowitz, MD Professor, Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Weill Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Vice- Cornell Medical College; Assistant Attending Physician, New Chairman of Medicine and Director, Hospital Infection Control, York–Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol; Metronidazole Nosocomial Hepatitis and Other Transfusion- and Transplantation- Transmitted Infections Frank T. Saulsbury Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Edward J. Septimus, MD Rheumatology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Affiliate Professor and Distinguished Senior Fellow, School of Public Charlottesville, Virginia Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Medical Director, Kawasaki Syndrome Infection Prevention, HCA Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee Pleural Effusion and Empyema Maria C. Savoia, MD Vice Dean for Medical Education and Professor of Medicine, George K. Siberry, MD, MPH University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, Medical Officer, Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal Acquired California Immunodeficiency Syndrome Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver Myocarditis and Pericarditis National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Paul E. Sax, MD Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Clinical Director, Division of Infectious Diseases and Human Costi D. Sifri, MD Immunodeficiency Virus Program, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Boston, Massachusetts International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine; Pulmonary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Attending Physician, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Infection Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia Infections of the Liver and Biliary System; Appendicitis; Diverticulitis W. Michael Scheld, MD and Typhlitis Gerald L. Mandell–Bayer Professor of Infectious Diseases and Professor of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine; Nina Singh, MD Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery and Director, Pfizer Initiative in Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of International Health, University of Virginia Health System, Medicine; Chief, Transplant Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Charlottesville, Virginia Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections; Acute Meningitis Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter xxii Contributors

Upinder Singh, MD David E. Soper, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Professor, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Stanford, California South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina Free-Living Amebas Infections of the Female Pelvis

Scott W. Sinner, MD Tania C. Sorrell, MB BS, MD Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Medicine and Professor of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Director, Centre for Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney Faculty New Brunswick; Physician in Private Practice, Hillsborough, of Medicine, Sydney; Director of Infectious Diseases, Sydney West New Jersey Area Health Service, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Viridans Streptococci, Groups C and G Streptococci, and Gemella Wales, Australia Species Nocardia Species

Sumathi Sivapalasingam, MD P. Frederick Sparling, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Professor of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Diseases and Immunology, New York University School of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Medicine, New York, New York Neisseria gonorrhoeae Macrolides, Clindamycin, and Ketolides Walter E. Stamm, MD Leonard N. Slater, MD Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Oklahoma College of Medicine; Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases, Introduction to Chlamydia and Chlamydophila; Chlamydia and Chairman, Infection Control Committee, Oklahoma City trachomatis (Trachoma, Perinatal Infections, Lymphogranuloma Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Medical Director, Employee Health Venereum, and Other Genital Infections) Service, Oklahoma University Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma James M. Steckelberg, MD Bartonella, Including Cat-Scratch Disease Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Consultant, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota A. George Smulian, MB BCh Osteomyelitis Associate Professor, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Chief, Infectious Disease Section, Veterans Affairs Cincinnati Allen C. Steere, MD Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Clinical Pneumocystis Species and Translational Research, Department of Rheumatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Jack D. Sobel, MD Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease, Lyme Borreliosis) Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Detroit Medical Center, Neal H. Steigbigel, MD Detroit, Michigan Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Urinary Tract Infections Immunology, New York University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Medical Service, Infectious Diseases Section, New York Samir V. Sodha, MD, MPH Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York Medical Epidemiologist, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Macrolides, Clindamycin, and Ketolides Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for James P. Steinberg, MD Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory Foodborne Disease University School of Medicine; Chief Medical Officer, Emory University Hospital Midtown, Atlanta, Georgia M. Rizwan Sohail, MD Other Gram-Negative and Gram-Variable Bacilli Assistant Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Consultant, Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Theodore S. Steiner, MD Infections of Nonvalvular Cardiovascular Devices Associate Professor of Medicine, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Tom Solomon, BM, BCh, PhD, DTM&H Principles and Syndromes of Enteric Infection Head, Brain Infections Group, and Chair, Division of Neurological Science, University of Liverpool Faculty of Medicine, Liverpool, Timothy R. Sterling, MD United Kingdom Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt Flaviviruses (Yellow Fever, Dengue, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, University School of Medicine; Nashville Metro Public Health Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, St. Louis Department Tuberculosis Clinic, Nashville, Tennessee Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis) General Clinical Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (Including the Acute Retroviral Syndrome and Oral, Yuli Song, PhD Cutaneous, Renal, Ocular, Metabolic, and Cardiac Diseases); Senior Scientist, Procter and Gamble Healthcare Research, Mason, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ohio Anaerobic Cocci

http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xxiii

David A. Stevens, MD C. Sabrina Tan, MD Professor of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Staff Physician, Stanford; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Medicine, and Hospital Epidemiologist, Santa Clara Valley Medical JC, BK, and Other Polyomaviruses: Progressive Multifocal Center; President and Principal Investigator, Infectious Disease Leukoencephalopathy Research Laboratory, California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California Nathan M. Thielman, MD, MPH Systemic Antifungal Agents Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University School of Medicine; Director, Dennis L. Stevens, PhD, MD Duke Global Health Residency Program, Duke University Medical Professor of Medicine, University of Washington School of Center, Durham, North Carolina Medicine, Seattle, Washington; Chief, Infectious Diseases, Boise Antibiotic-Associated Colitis; Enteric Fever and Other Causes of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho Abdominal Symptoms with Fever Streptococcus pyogenes Chloe Lynn Thio, MD Jacob Strahilevitz, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Senior Lecturer in Clinical Microbiology, Hebrew University; Staff Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Physician, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus Diseases, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel Quinolones David L. Thomas, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine and Chief, Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Charles W. Stratton IV, MD University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Associate Professor of Pathology and Medicine, Vanderbilt Hepatitis C University School of Medicine; Director, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Lora D. Thomas, MD, MPH Tennessee Assistant Professor of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Streptococcus anginosus Group Medicine; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee Anthony F. Suffredini, MD Risk Factors and Approaches to Infections in Transplant Recipients Senior Investigator, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Anna R. Thorner, MD Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock Instructor, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Kathryn N. Suh, MD Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Assistant Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Ottawa Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Nipah, Hendra, and Menangle Viruses Faculty of Medicine; Attending Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Alan D. Tice, MD Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli, Sarcocystis Species, Assistant Professor, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis hominis Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Mark S. Sulkowski, MD Associate Professor of Medicine and Medical Director, Viral Angela María Tobón, MD Hepatitis Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Director, Chronic Infectious Diseases Unit, Corporación para Baltimore; Johns Hopkins Rockland Physicians Practice and Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellin, Colombia Research Group at Greenspring Station, Lutherville, Maryland Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Edmund C. Tramont, MD Associate Director, Special Projects, Division of Clinical Research, Donna C. Sullivan, PhD National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Professor of Medicine and Associate Professor of Microbiology, Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland University of Mississippi School of Medicine; Division of Infectious Innate (General or Nonspecific) Host Defense Mechanisms; Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) Mississippi Blastomyces dermatitidis John J. Treanor, MD Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University Morton N. Swartz, MD of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Attending Physician, Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Firm Strong Memorial Hospital; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Chief, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Cellulitis, Necrotizing Fasciitis, and Subcutaneous Tissue Infections; Rochester, New York Myositis and Myonecrosis; Lymphadenitis and Lymphangitis Influenza Viruses, Including Avian Influenza and Swine Influenza; Noroviruses and Other Caliciviruses; Astroviruses and Thomas R. Talbot, MD, MPH Picobirnaviruses Assistant Professor of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Chief Hospital Epidemiologist, Athe M. N. Tsibris, MD Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Clinical Assistant Surgical Site Infections and Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

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Allan R. Tunkel, MD, PhD David H. Walker, MD Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Professor and Chairman, Department of Pathology, University of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Chair, Department of Medicine, Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine; The Carmage and Martha Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, New Jersey Walls Distinguished University Chair in Tropical Diseases; Executive Approach to the Patient with Central Nervous System Infection; Director of the Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Acute Meningitis; Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections; Brain Diseases; and Director of the WHO Collaborating Center for Abscess; Subdural Empyema, Epidural Abscess, and Suppurative Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Intracranial Thrombophlebitis; Viridans Streptococci, Groups C and Texas G Streptococci, and Gemella Species Rickettsia rickettsii and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fevers); Ronald B. Turner, MD Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic or Louse-Borne Typhus); Rickettsia Professor of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, typhi (Murine Typhus); Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Human Monocytotropic Charlottesville, Virginia Ehrlichiosis), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Human The Common Cold; Rhinovirus Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis), and Other Anaplasmataceae

Kenneth L. Tyler, MD Richard J. Wallace, Jr., MD Reuler-Lewin Family Professor of Neurology and Professor of Professor of Medicine and Chairman, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, of Medicine, Aurora; Chief, Neurology Service, Denver Veterans Tyler, Texas Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado Antimycobacterial Agents; Infectious Due to Nontuberculous Encephalitis; Orthoreoviruses and Orbiviruses; Coltiviruses and Mycobacteria Other than Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Seadornaviruses; Prions and Prion Diseases of the Central Nervous System (Transmissible Neurodegenerative Diseases) Edward E. Walsh, MD Professor of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine Diederik van de Beek, MD, PhD and Dentistry; Attending Physician, Rochester General Hospital, Neurologist, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam Rochester, New York (CINIMA), University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Acute Bronchitis Amsterdam, The Netherlands Acute Meningitis Peter D. Walzer, MD, MSc Professor of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Edouard G. Vannier, PharmD, PhD Associate Chief of Staff for Research, Veterans Affairs Cincinnati Assistant Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine; Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Department of Medicine, Division of Geographic Medicine and Pneumocystis Species Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Babesia Species Christine A. Wanke, MD Professor of Medicine and Public Health, Tufts University School of Trevor C. Van Schooneveld, MD Medicine; Infectious Diseases Physician, Tufts Medical Center, Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Boston, Massachusetts Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center College Tropical Sprue: Enteropathy of Medicine; Director, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska Ronald G. Washburn, MD Mediastinitis Professor of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport School of Medicine; David W. Vaughn, MD, MPH Associate Chief of Staff for Research and Development and Chief, Director, Global Clinical Research and Development, Section of Infectious Diseases, Shreveport Veterans Affairs Medical GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania Center, Shreveport, Louisiana Flaviviruses (Yellow Fever, Dengue, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Rat-Bite Fever: Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis) Annemarie Wasley, ScD Senior Research Epidemiologist, Global Immunization Division, Claudio Viscoli National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers Professor of Infectious Disease, University of Genoa Faculty of for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Medicine; Chief, Infectious Diseases Unit, San Martino University Hepatitis A Virus Hospital, Genoa, Italy Prophylaxis and Empirical Therapy of Infection in Cancer Patients Valerie Waters, MD, MSc Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto Paul A. Volberding, MD Faculty of Medicine; Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, School of Medicine; Vice Chair, Department of Medicine, University Ontario, Canada of California, San Francisco, Medical Center; Chief, Medical Service, Bordetella pertussis San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California David J. Weber, MD, MPH Malignant Diseases in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine; Associate Chief Ellen R. Wald, MD of Staff and Medical Director, Hospital Epidemiology and Alfred Dorrance Daniels Professor on Diseases of Children, Occupational Health, University of North Carolina Health Care, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Chapel Hill, North Carolina Pediatrician-in-Chief, American Family Children’s Hospital, The Acutely Ill Patient with Fever and Rash; Disinfection, Madison, Wisconsin Sterilization, and Control of Hospital Waste Sinusitis http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter Contributors xxv

Arnold N. Weinberg, MD Richard J. Whitley, MD Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Attending Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Microbiology, Physician, Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Medicine, and Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Boston, Massachusetts School of Medicine; Loeb Eminent Scholar Chair in Pediatrics; Vice Zoonoses Chairman, Department of Pediatrics; and Co-Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Birmingham at Alabama Health Geoffrey A. Weinberg, MD System, Birmingham, Alabama Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine Varicella-Zoster Virus and Dentistry; Director, Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Program, Golisano Children’s Hospital, University of Rochester Kenneth H. Wilson, MD Medical Center, Rochester, New York Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection International Health, Duke University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gail G. Weinmann, MD Durham, North Carolina Deputy Director, Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, Antibiotic-Associated Colitis and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Walter R. Wilson, MD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Acute Exacerbations Professor of Medicine and Assistant Professor of Microbiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Consultant, Infectious Diseases, Daniel J. Weisdorf, MD Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis; Infections of Nonvalvular Transplantation, and Director, Adult Blood and Marrow Transplant Cardiovascular Devices Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota Frank G. Witebsky, MD Infections in Recipients of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Assistant Chief, Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Louis M. Weiss, MD, MPH Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Professor of Pathology, Division of Parasitology and Tropical The Clinician and the Microbiology Laboratory Medicine, and Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University; Matthew C. Wolfgang, PhD Attending Physician, Weiler Hospital–Montefiore Medical Center Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Microsporidiosis Chapel Hill, North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Michael E. Weiss, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Washington School of Peter F. Wright, MD Medicine, Seattle, Washington Professor of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New β-Lactam Allergy Hampshire Parainfluenza Viruses David F. Welch, PhD Associate Clinical Professor of Pathology, University of Texas Edward J. Young, MD Southwestern Medical School; President, Medical Microbiology Professor of Medicine, Molecular Virology, and Microbiology, Consulting, LLC, Dallas, Texas Baylor College of Medicine; Chief, Infection Control, Michael E. Bartonella, Including Cat-Scratch Disease DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas Brucella Species Thomas E. Wellems, MD, PhD Chief, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute Jo-Anne H. Young, MD of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, and Bethesda, Maryland Director, Transplant Infectious Disease Program, University of Plasmodium Species (Malaria) Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota Infections in Recipients of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Richard P. Wenzel, MD, MSc William Branch Porter Professor and Chair, Department of Internal Jie Lin Zhang, MD Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Attending Richmond, Virginia Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Organization for Infection Control; Isolation Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Cytomegalovirus Melinda Wharton, MD, MPH Deputy Director, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Stephen H. Zinner, MD Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Charles S. Davidson Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Georgia Boston; Chair, Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Immunization Cambridge, Massachusetts Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim A. Clinton White, Jr., MD Paul R. Stalnaker, MD, Distinguished Professor of Internal John J. Zurlo, MD Medicine and Director, Infectious Disease Division, Department of Professor of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania Texas Pasteurella Species Cryptosporidium Species http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter This page intentionally left blank

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Infectious diseases traverse the usual boundaries established by Part III describes all important pathogenic microbes for man and medical specialists. All organ systems may be involved, and all physi- the diseases they cause. The pathogen is classified and described, the cians caring for patients may have to deal with infected patients. The epidemiology is discussed, clinical manifestations are listed, and spe- format of this book was chosen with the intent that it would contain cific information on therapy and prevention is presented. The most the necessary information to aid the practitioner in the understanding, comprehensive discussion of a disease entity can be found by reading diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases. Thus, internists, about both the etiologic agent and the clinical syndrome. Thus, a family or general practitioners, pediatricians, surgeons, obstetrician- comprehensive treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia could be gynecologists, urologists, residents and fellows in training, medical found in reading the appropriate sections of the chapters on acute students, hospital infection control personnel, and clinical microbiolo- pneumonia and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We attempted to make the gists should find the book a valuable reference. chapters dealing with etiologic agents and those dealing with syn- In planning this book, the editors considered several different pat- dromes complete. Therefore some repetition was unavoidable. terns of organization. The system adopted allows the reader to The final section, Part IV, covers special problems in infectious approach an infected patient three different ways: (a) by major clinical diseases including nosocomial infections, infections in impaired hosts, syndrome, (b) by specific etiologic organisms, and (c) by host charac- immunizations, and protection of travelers. teristics for patients who are compromised. The editors are grateful to our expert contributors. These physicians Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases consists of four major are the world’s leaders in their fields, and they diligently prepared parts. The book may be perused as whole, or individual chapters may carefully written, well-referenced “state of the art” chapters. Our sec- be examined when the reader is concerned with a specific problem. retaries were skillful and meticulous in their attention to the complexi- Part I covers the basic principles necessary for a clear understanding ties of assembling Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. John de of the concepts of diagnosis and management of infectious disease. Carville, executive editor of John Wiley & Sons, encouraged, cajoled, Chapters dealing with microbial virulence factors, host defense mecha- and advised us from the formative steps all the way through to comple- nisms, the epidemiology of infectious diseases, and the clinician and tion. Lastly, and perhaps most important, we are grateful to our wives microbiology laboratory are included. In addition, there is a compre- and children for putting up with interminable editorial work and hensive discussion of anti-infective chemotherapy. meetings. Part II considers major clinical syndromes. The syndromes are described, followed by a discussion of the potential etiologic agents, Gerald L. Mandell, MD evaluation of differential diagnostic possibilities, and an outline of R. Gordon Douglas, Jr., MD presumptive therapy. All major infectious diseases are discussed in this part of the book. John E. Bennett, MD

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It is interesting to compare the first edition with the new, seventh diagnosing and treating their patients. The text contains up-to-date edition of Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Since 1979, information and includes numerous 2009 references. New chapters when the first edition was published, there have been scores of new have been added, and all other chapters have been revised extensively, antimicrobial agents and newly recognized diseases and pathogens, with tables, figures, and references updated. such as legionnaires’ disease, Lyme disease, Kaposi’s sarcoma, human Among the 330 chapters is excellent coverage of such topics as immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syn- microbial pathogenesis, infections in cancer patients, emerging infec- drome (AIDS), multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, Clostridium difficile tions, new antimicrobial agents, antibiotic resistance, travel medicine, colitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, severe acute respi- vaccines, infections related to exotic pets, and important aspects of ratory syndrome (SARS), and the new H1N1 flu, to mention just a few. agents of bioterrorism. A comparison with the sixth edition, published in 2004, reveals a The online version of the book contains fully searchable text on the further increase in our knowledge of newly recognized diseases, dedicated Expert Consult website. It will also allow us to present new microbes, and therapeutic agents. The developments in basic sciences developments in the field and advances in therapy via regular content have been astounding, with advances in genomics leading to rapid updates. The website contains other added-value features such as a diagnoses and breakthrough therapies. downloadable image library and drug database. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases differs from other We could not have edited this book without the assistance and stoic sources of information, such as many web-based resources, in that it patience of our wives, Judy Mandell, Shirley Bennett, and Kelly Dolin, is carefully edited and the content put into perspective by infectious who endured the many long hours their husbands spent at home, diseases experts. The new edition combines the knowledge and experi- uncommunicative, laboring over yet another edition of this treatise. ence of the world’s authorities with the careful review of all chapters Our thanks also go to Janet Morgan for her invaluable assistance to by all three editors. Dr. Dolin. This edition has been planned and designed for physicians (infec- tious diseases specialists, internists, family practitioners, travel medi- Gerald L. Mandell, MD cine specialists, HIV/AIDS researchers), pharmacologists, public John E. Bennett, MD health experts, microbiologists, and basic scientists. Readers consult- ing the volumes can quickly find key clinical information to help in Raphael Dolin, MD

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VOLUME 1

Part Basic Principles in the Diagnosis and 15 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease I Threats 199 Management of Infectious Diseases RIMA F. KHABBAZ | STEPHEN M. OSTROFF | JAMES W. LeDUC | ROBIN MOSELEY | JAMES M. HUGHES 16 Hospital Preparedness for Emerging and Highly SECTION A Contagious Infectious Diseases: Getting Ready for the MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS Next Epidemic or Pandemic 221 LAURA M. LEE | DAVID K. HENDERSON 1 A Molecular Perspective of Microbial Pathogenicity 3 DAVID A. RELMAN | STANLEY FALKOW SECTION D 2 Microbial Adherence 15 CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY WILLIAM A. PETRI, JR. | BARBARA J. MANN | CHRISTOPHER D. HUSTON 17 The Clinician and the Microbiology Laboratory 233 3 Toxins 27 PATRICK R. MURRAY | FRANK G. WITEBSKY ERIK L. HEWLETT | MOLLY A. HUGHES

SECTION E SECTION B ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY HOST DEFENSE MECHANISMS 18 Principles of Anti-infective Therapy 267 4 Innate (General or Nonspecific) Host Defense SATISH K. PILLAI | GEORGE M. ELIOPOULOS | ROBERT C. MOELLERING, JR. Mechanisms 37 CARL W. DIEFFENBACH | EDMUND C. TRAMONT | SUSAN F. PLAEGER 19 Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria 279 5 Human Genetics and Infection 49 STEVEN M. OPAL | AURORA POP-VICAS ADRIAN V. S. HILL 20 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of 6 Antibodies 59 Anti-infective Agents 297 HOLLY H. BIRDSALL GUY W. AMSDEN | CHARLES H. BALLOW | JOSEPH S. BERTINO, JR. | ANGELA D. M. KASHUBA 7 Complement 77 PETER DENSEN 21 Penicillins and β-Lactam Inhibitors 309 HENRY F. CHAMBERS 8 Granulocytic Phagocytes 99 WILLIAM M. NAUSEEF | ROBERT A. CLARK 22 Cephalosporins 323 DAVID R. ANDES | WILLIAM A. CRAIG 9 Cell-Mediated Defense against Infection 129 MICHAEL S. GLICKMAN | ERIC G. PAMER 23 Carbapenems and Monobactams 341 HENRY F. CHAMBERS 10 Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection 151 CARYN GEE MORSE | KEVIN P. HIGH 24 β-Lactam Allergy 347 MICHAEL E. WEISS | N. FRANKLIN ADKINSON, JR. 11 Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics 161 SHERVIN RABIZADEH | MARK A. MILLER | CYNTHIA L. SEARS 25 Fusidic Acid 355 LIONEL A. MANDELL 12 Evaluation of the Patient with Suspected Immunodeficiency 167 26 Aminoglycosides 359 STEVEN M. HOLLAND | JOHN I. GALLIN DAVID N. GILBERT | JAMES E. LEGGETT 27 Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol 385 MIRELLA SALVATORE | BURT R. MEYERS

SECTION C 28 Rifamycins 403 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES DAVID P. CALFEE

13 Epidemiologic Principles 179 29 Metronidazole 419 MICHAEL T. OSTERHOLM | CRAIG W. HEDBERG MIRELLA SALVATORE | BURT R. MEYERS

14 Outbreak Investigation 193 30 Macrolides, Clindamycin, and Ketolides 427 ANDRES G. LESCANO | JOEL M. MONTGOMERY | DAVID L. BLAZES SUMATHI SIVAPALASINGAM | NEAL H. STEIGBIGEL http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatterxxxi xxxii Contents

31 Glycopeptides (Vancomycin and Teicoplanin), 51 Fever of Unknown Origin 779 Streptogramins (Quinupristin-Dalfopristin), and PHILIP A. MACKOWIAK | DAVID T. DURACK Lipopeptides (Daptomycin) 449 BARBARA E. MURRAY | ESTEBAN C. NANNINI 52 The Acutely Ill Patient with Fever and Rash 791 DAVID J. WEBER | MYRON S. COHEN | DEAN S. MORRELL | 32 Polymyxins (Polymyxin B and Colistin) 469 WILLIAM A. RUTALA KEITH S. KAYE | DONALD KAYE 33 Linezolid and Other Oxazolidinones 471 SECTION B GERALD R. DONOWITZ | HEATHER L. COX UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

34 Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim 475 53 The Common Cold 809 STEPHEN H. ZINNER | KENNETH H. MAYER RONALD B. TURNER

35 Quinolones 487 54 Pharyngitis 815 DAVID C. HOOPER | JACOB STRAHILEVITZ MARY T. CASERTA | ANTHONY R. FLORES

36 Novel Antibiotics 511 55 Acute Laryngitis 823 LIONEL A. MANDELL MARY T. CASERTA

37 Urinary Tract Agents: Nitrofurantoin and 56 Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) 825 Methenamine 515 CAROLINE BREESE HALL | JOHN T. McBRIDE DAVID C. HOOPER 57 Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Mastoiditis 831 38 Topical Antibacterials 521 JEROME O. KLEIN JUDITH A. O’DONNELL | STEVEN P. GELONE 58 Sinusitis 839 39 Antimycobacterial Agents 533 GREGORY P. DeMURI | ELLEN R. WALD RICHARD J. WALLACE, JR. | DAVID E. GRIFFITH 59 Epiglottitis 851 40 Systemic Antifungal Agents 549 JAMES E. BURNS | J. OWEN HENDLEY JOHN H. REX | DAVID A. STEVENS 60 Infections of the Oral Cavity, Neck, 41 Antiviral Drugs (Other Than Antiretrovirals) 565 and Head 855 FRED Y. AOKI | FREDERICK G. HAYDEN | RAPHAEL DOLIN ANTHONY W. CHOW 42 Immunomodulators 611 ANDREA V. PAGE | W. CONRAD LILES SECTION C 43 Hyperbaric Oxygen 625 PLEUROPULMONARY AND BRONCHIAL INFECTIONS RONALD P. RABINOWITZ | ELLIS S. CAPLAN Acute Bronchitis 873 Agents Active against Parasites and 61 44 EDWARD E. WALSH Pneumocystis 631 THOMAS A. MOORE 62 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Acute Exacerbations 877 Alternative Medicines for Infectious Diseases 669 45 ANTONELLO PUNTURIERI | GAIL G. WEINMANN | JONATHAN D. BERMAN HERBERT Y. REYNOLDS

46 Antimicrobial Stewardship 677 63 Bronchiolitis 885 RONALD E. POLK | NEIL O. FISHMAN CAROLINE BREESE HALL | JOHN T. McBRIDE

47 Interpreting the Results of Clinical Trials of 64 Acute Pneumonia 891 Antimicrobial Agents 687 GERALD R. DONOWITZ JOHN H. POWERS 65 Pleural Effusion and Empyema 917 48 Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy 699 EDWARD J. SEPTIMUS ALAN D. TICE 66 Bacterial Lung Abscess 925 49 Tables of Antimicrobial Agent Pharmacology 705 BENNETT LORBER GUY W. AMSDEN 67 Chronic Pneumonia 931 PETER G. PAPPAS

Part 68 Cystic Fibrosis 947 Major Clinical Syndromes SCOTT H. DONALDSON | MATTHEW C. WOLFGANG | II PETER H. GILLIGAN | RICHARD C. BOUCHER, JR.

SECTION A FEVER SECTION D URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS 50 Temperature Regulation and the Pathogenesis of Fever 765 69 Urinary Tract Infections 957 PHILIP A. MACKOWIAK JACK D. SOBEL | DONALD KAYE http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter Contents xxxiii

SECTION E 89 Subdural Empyema, Epidural Abscess, and SEPSIS Suppurative Intracranial Thrombophlebitis 1279 ALLAN R. TUNKEL 70 Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock 987 ROBERT S. MUNFORD | ANTHONY F. SUFFREDINI SECTION I SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS SECTION F INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTION 90 Cellulitis, Necrotizing Fasciitis, and Subcutaneous Tissue Infections 1289 71 Peritonitis and Intraperitoneal Abscesses 1011 MARK S. PASTERNACK | MORTON N. SWARTZ MATTHEW E. LEVISON | LARRY M. BUSH 91 Myositis and Myonecrosis 1313 72 Infections of the Liver and Biliary System 1035 MARK S. PASTERNACK | MORTON N. SWARTZ COSTI D. SIFRI | LAWRENCE C. MADOFF 92 Lymphadenitis and Lymphangitis 1323 73 Pancreatic Infection 1045 MARK S. PASTERNACK | MORTON N. SWARTZ MIRIAM J. BARON | LAWRENCE C. MADOFF

74 Splenic Abscess 1055 SECTION J LAWRENCE C. MADOFF GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND 75 Appendicitis 1059 FOOD POISONING COSTI D. SIFRI | LAWRENCE C. MADOFF 93 Principles and Syndromes of Enteric Infection 1335 76 Diverticulitis and Typhlitis 1063 THEODORE S. STEINER | RICHARD L. GUERRANT COSTI D. SIFRI | LAWRENCE C. MADOFF 94 Esophagitis 1353 PAUL S. GRAMAN SECTION G 95 Nausea, Vomiting, and Noninflammatory CARDIOVASCULAR INFECTIONS Diarrhea 1359 DAVID A. BOBAK | RICHARD L. GUERRANT 77 Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections 1067 VANCE G. FOWLER, JR. | W. MICHAEL SCHELD | ARNOLD S. BAYER 96 Antibiotic-Associated Colitis 1375 NATHAN M. THIELMAN | KENNETH H. WILSON 78 Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis 1113 BETTINA M. KNOLL | LARRY M. BADDOUR | WALTER R. WILSON 97 Inflammatory Enteritides 1389 ALDO A. M. LIMA | RICHARD L. GUERRANT 79 Infections of Nonvalvular Cardiovascular Devices 1127 98 Enteric Fever and Other Causes of Abdominal M. RIZWAN SOHAIL | WALTER R. WILSON | LARRY M. BADDOUR Symptoms with Fever 1399 NATHAN M. THIELMAN | JOHN A. CRUMP | RICHARD L. GUERRANT 80 Prevention of Infective Endocarditis 1143 DAVID T. DURACK 99 Foodborne Disease 1413 SAMIR V. SODHA | PATRICIA M. GRIFFIN | JAMES M. HUGHES 81 Myocarditis and Pericarditis 1153 KIRK U. KNOWLTON | MARIA C. SAVOIA | MICHAEL N. OXMAN 100 Tropical Sprue: Enteropathy 1429 CHRISTINE A. WANKE 82 Mediastinitis 1173 TREVOR C. VAN SCHOONEVELD | MARK E. RUPP 101 Whipple’s Disease 1435 THOMAS MARTH | THOMAS SCHNEIDER SECTION H CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS SECTION K BONE AND JOINT INFECTIONS 83 Approach to the Patient with Central Nervous System Infection 1183 102 Infectious Arthritis of Native Joints 1443 ALLAN R. TUNKEL CHRISTOPHER A. OHL

84 Acute Meningitis 1189 103 Osteomyelitis 1457 ALLAN R. TUNKEL | DIEDERIK van de BEEK | W. MICHAEL SCHELD ELIE F. BERBARI | JAMES M. STECKELBERG | DOUGLAS R. OSMON

85 Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections 1231 104 Infections with Prostheses in Bones and Joints 1469 ALLAN R. TUNKEL | JAMES M. DRAKE BARRY D. BRAUSE 86 Chronic Meningitis 1237 JOHN E. BENNETT SECTION L 87 Encephalitis 1243 DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND J. DAVID BECKHAM | KENNETH L. TYLER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

88 Brain Abscess 1265 105 Genital Skin and Mucous Membrane Lesions 1475 ALLAN R. TUNKEL MICHAEL H. AUGENBRAUN http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter xxxiv Contents

106 Urethritis 1485 120 The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus WILLIAM M. McCORMACK Infection 1687 SUSAN MOIR | MARK CONNORS | ANTHONY S. FAUCI 107 Vulvovaginitis and Cervicitis 1495 WILLIAM M. McCORMACK 121 General Clinical Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (Including the 108 Infections of the Female Pelvis 1511 Acute Retroviral Syndrome and Oral, Cutaneous, DAVID E. SOPER Renal, Ocular, Metabolic, and Cardiac 109 Prostatitis, Epididymitis, and Orchitis 1521 Diseases) 1705 TIMOTHY R. STERLING | RICHARD E. CHAISSON JOHN N. KRIEGER 122 Pulmonary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 1727 SECTION M PAUL E. SAX EYE INFECTIONS 123 Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Microbial Conjunctivitis 110 1529 Infection 1737 SCOTT D. BARNES | DEBORAH PAVAN-LANGSTON | DIMITRI T. AZAR MARK S. SULKOWSKI 111 Microbial Keratitis 1539 124 Neurologic Diseases Caused by Human SCOTT D. BARNES | DEBORAH PAVAN-LANGSTON | DIMITRI T. AZAR Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Opportunistic 112 Endophthalmitis 1553 Infections 1745 MARLENE L. DURAND IGOR J. KORALNIK

113 Infectious Causes of Uveitis 1561 125 Malignant Diseases in Human Immunodeficiency Virus MARLENE L. DURAND Infection 1765 PATRICIA A. CORNETT | PAUL A. VOLBERDING 114 Periocular Infections 1569 MARLENE L. DURAND 126 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Women 1781 SUSAN E. COHN | REBECCA A. CLARK SECTION N 127 Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus HEPATITIS Infection 1809 GEOFFREY A. WEINBERG | GEORGE K. SIBERRY 115 Acute Viral Hepatitis 1577 MICHAEL P. CURRY | SANJIV CHOPRA 128 Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 1833 116 Chronic Viral Hepatitis 1593 ATHE M. N. TSIBRIS | MARTIN S. HIRSCH JULES L. DIENSTAG 129 Management of Opportunistic Infections Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 1855 SECTION O HENRY MASUR ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME 130 Vaccines for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 117 Global Perspectives on Human Immunodeficiency Infection 1887 Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency DAN H. BAROUCH | LINDSEY R. BADEN | RAPHAEL DOLIN Syndrome 1619 PETER PIOT | MICHEL CARAEL 118 Epidemiology and Prevention of Acquired SECTION P Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Human MISCELLANEOUS SYNDROMES Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 1635 CARLOS del RIO | JAMES W. CURRAN 131 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 1897 N. CARY ENGLEBERG 119 Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 1663 ROBIN DEWAR | DEBORAH GOLDSTEIN | FRANK MALDARELLI Index i

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VOLUME 2

Part Infectious Diseases and 150 Rotaviruses 2105 III Their Etiologic Agents PHILIP R. DORMITZER 151 Alphaviruses 2117 SECTION A LEWIS MARKOFF VIRAL DISEASES 152 Rubella Virus (German Measles) 2127 ANNE A. GERSHON 132 Introduction to Viruses and Viral Diseases 1907 JAMES D. CHAPPELL | TERENCE S. DERMODY 153 Flaviviruses (Yellow Fever, Dengue, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile 133 Orthopoxviruses: Vaccinia (Smallpox Vaccine), Variola Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne (Smallpox), Monkeypox, and Cowpox 1923 Encephalitis) 2133 INGER K. DAMON DAVID W. VAUGHN | ALAN BARRETT | TOM SOLOMON

134 Other Poxviruses That Infect Humans: 154 Hepatitis C 2157 Parapoxviruses, Molluscum Contagiosum, and STUART C. RAY | DAVID L. THOMAS Yatapoxviruses 1933 INGER K. DAMON 155 Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)–Associated Coronavirus 2187 135 Introduction to Herpesviridae 1937 KENNETH McINTOSH | STANLEY PERLMAN JEFFREY I. COHEN 156 Parainfluenza Viruses 2195 136 Herpes Simplex Virus 1943 PETER F. WRIGHT JOSHUA T. SCHIFFER | LAWRENCE COREY 157 Mumps Virus 2201 137 Varicella-Zoster Virus 1963 NATHAN LITMAN | STEPHEN G. BAUM RICHARD J. WHITLEY 158 Respiratory Syncytial Virus 2207 138 Cytomegalovirus 1971 CAROLINE BREESE HALL CLYDE S. CRUMPACKER II | JIE LIN ZHANG 159 Human Metapneumovirus 2223 139 Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis, ANN R. FALSEY Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Malignant Diseases, and Other Diseases) 1989 160 Measles Virus (Rubeola) 2229 ERIC C. JOHANNSEN | KENNETH M. KAYE ANNE A. GERSHON

140 Human Herpesvirus Types 6 and 7 2011 161 Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Nipah, Hendra, and JEFFREY I. COHEN Menangle Viruses 2237 ANNA R. THORNER | RAPHAEL DOLIN 141 Kaposi’s Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus Type 8) 2017 162 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Related KENNETH M. KAYE Vesiculoviruses 2245 STEVEN M. FINE 142 Herpes B Virus 2023 JEFFREY I. COHEN 163 Rhabdoviruses 2249 SARICE L. BASSIN | CHARLES E. RUPPRECHT | THOMAS P. BLECK 143 Adenoviruses 2027 ELIZABETH G. RHEE | DAN H. BAROUCH 164 Marburg and Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fevers 2259 C. J. PETERS 144 Papillomaviruses 2035 WILLIAM BONNEZ | RICHARD C. REICHMAN 165 Influenza Viruses, Including Avian Influenza and Swine 145 JC, BK, and Other Polyomaviruses: Progressive Influenza 2265 Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 2051 JOHN J. TREANOR C. SABRINA TAN | IGOR J. KORALNIK 166 California Encephalitis, Hantavirus Pulmonary 146 Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus 2059 Syndrome, and Bunyavirid Hemorrhagic Fevers 2289 C. J. PETERS MARGARET JAMES KOZIEL | CHLOE LYNN THIO 147 Human Parvoviruses, Including Parvovirus B19 and 167 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, Lassa Virus, and Human Bocavirus 2087 the South American Hemorrhagic Fevers 2295 KEVIN E. BROWN C. J. PETERS

148 Orthoreoviruses and Orbiviruses 2097 168 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types I and II 2303 ROBERTA L. DeBIASI | KENNETH L. TYLER EDWARD L. MURPHY | HOPE H. BISWAS

149 Coltiviruses and Seadornaviruses 2101 169 Human Immunodeficiency Viruses 2323 ROBERTA L. DeBIASI | KENNETH L. TYLER MARVIN S. REITZ, JR. | ROBERT C. GALLO http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter xxxvi Contents

170 Introduction to the Enteroviruses and SECTION E Parechoviruses 2337 RICKETTSIOSES, EHRLICHIOSES, AND ANAPLASMOSIS JOHN F. MODLIN 186 Introduction to Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and 171 Poliovirus 2345 Anaplasmosis 2495 JOHN F. MODLIN DIDIER RAOULT 172 Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, Newer Enteroviruses, 187 Rickettsia rickettsii and Other Spotted Fever Group and Parechoviruses 2353 Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and JOHN F. MODLIN Other Spotted Fevers) 2499 173 Hepatitis A Virus 2367 DAVID H. WALKER ANNEMARIE WASLEY | STEPHEN M. FEINSTONE | BETH P. BELL 188 Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox) 2509 174 Rhinovirus 2389 DIDIER RAOULT RONALD B. TURNER 189 Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) 2511 175 Noroviruses and Other Caliciviruses 2399 THOMAS J. MARRIE | DIDIER RAOULT RAPHAEL DOLIN | JOHN J. TREANOR 190 Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic or Louse-Borne 176 Astroviruses and Picobirnaviruses 2407 Typhus) 2521 DAVID H. WALKER | DIDIER RAOULT RAPHAEL DOLIN | JOHN J. TREANOR

177 Hepatitis E Virus 2411 191 Rickettsia typhi (Murine Typhus) 2525 J. STEPHEN DUMLER | DAVID H. WALKER DAVID A. ANDERSON 192 Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub Typhus) 2529 DIDIER RAOULT SECTION B 193 Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Human Monocytotropic PRION DISEASES Ehrlichiosis), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Human Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis), and Other 178 Prions and Prion Diseases of the Central Nervous Anaplasmataceae 2531 System (Transmissible Neurodegenerative J. STEPHEN DUMLER | DAVID H. WALKER Diseases) 2423 PATRICK J. BOSQUE | KENNETH L. TYLER SECTION F BACTERIAL DISEASES SECTION C 194 Introduction to Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases 2539 CHLAMYDIAL DISEASES MARTIN J. BLASER 179 Introduction to Chlamydia and 195 Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Chlamydophila 2439 Toxic Shock) 2543 WALTER E. STAMM | BYRON E. BATTEIGER YOK-AI QUE | PHILIPPE MOREILLON 180 Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma, Perinatal 196 Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Infections, Lymphogranuloma Venereum, and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci 2579 Genital Infections) 2443 MARK E. RUPP | PAUL D. FEY WALTER E. STAMM | BYRON E. BATTEIGER 197 Classification of Streptococci 2591 181 Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) psittaci KATHRYN L. RUOFF | ALAN L. BISNO (Psittacosis) 2463 DAVID SCHLOSSBERG 198 Streptococcus pyogenes 2593 ALAN L. BISNO | DENNIS L. STEVENS 182 Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae 2467 MARGARET R. HAMMERSCHLAG | STEPHAN A. KOHLHOFF | 199 Nonsuppurative Poststreptococcal Sequelae: PETRA M. APFALTER Rheumatic Fever and Glomerulonephritis 2611 ALAN L. BISNO

200 Streptococcus pneumoniae 2623 SECTION D DANIEL M. MUSHER MYCOPLASMA DISEASES 201 Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus bovis Group, 183 Introduction to Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma 2477 and Leuconostoc Species 2643 STEPHEN G. BAUM CESAR A. ARIAS | BARBARA E. MURRAY 184 Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical 202 Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Pneumonia 2481 Streptococcus) 2655 STEPHEN G. BAUM MORVEN S. EDWARDS | CAROL J. BAKER 185 Genital Mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma genitalium, 203 Viridans Streptococci, Groups C and G Streptococci, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma Species 2491 and Gemella Species 2667 GEORGE E. KENNY SCOTT W. SINNER | ALLAN R. TUNKEL http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter Contents xxxvii

204 Streptococcus anginosus Group 2681 227 Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) 2927 CATHY A. PETTI | CHARLES W. STRATTON IV ROBERT L. PENN

205 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 2687 228 Pasteurella Species 2939 ROB ROY MacGREGOR JOHN J. ZURLO

206 Other Coryneform Bacteria and Rhodococci 2695 229 Yersinia Species, Including Plague 2943 DANIEL K. MEYER | ANNETTE C. REBOLI DAVID T. DENNIS | PAUL S. MEAD

207 Listeria monocytogenes 2707 230 Bordetella pertussis 2955 BENNETT LORBER VALERIE WATERS | SCOTT HALPERIN

208 Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) 2715 231 Rat-Bite Fever: Streptobacillus moniliformis and GREGORY J. MARTIN | ARTHUR M. FRIEDLANDER Spirillum minus 2965 RONALD G. WASHBURN 209 Bacillus Species and Related Genera Other than Bacillus anthracis 2727 232 Legionella 2969 THOMAS FEKETE PAUL H. EDELSTEIN | NICHOLAS P. CIANCIOTTO

210 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 2733 233 Other Legionella Species 2985 ANNETTE C. REBOLI ROBERT R. MUDER

211 Neisseria meningitidis 2737 234 Capnocytophaga 2991 MICHAEL A. APICELLA J. MICHAEL JANDA | MARGOT GRAVES

212 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2753 235 Bartonella, Including Cat-Scratch Disease 2995 JEANNE M. MARRAZZO | H. HUNTER HANDSFIELD | LEONARD N. SLATER | DAVID F. WELCH P. FREDERICK SPARLING 236 Klebsiella granulomatis (Donovanosis, Granuloma 213 Moraxella catarrhalis, Kingella, and Other Inguinale) 3011 Gram-Negative Cocci 2771 RONALD C. BALLARD TIMOTHY F. MURPHY 237 Other Gram-Negative and Gram-Variable Bacilli 3015 214 Vibrio cholerae 2777 JAMES P. STEINBERG | EILEEN M. BURD CARLOS SEAS | EDUARDO GOTUZZO 238 Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) 3035 215 Other Pathogenic Vibrios 2787 EDMUND C. TRAMONT MARGUERITE A. NEILL | CHARLES C. J. CARPENTER 239 Endemic Treponematoses 3055 216 Campylobacter jejuni and Related Species 2793 EDWARD W. HOOK III BAN MISHU ALLOS | MARTIN J. BLASER 240 Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis) 3059 217 Helicobacter pylori and Other Gastric PAUL N. LEVETT | DAVID A. HAAKE Helicobacter Species 2803 MARTIN J. BLASER 241 Borrelia Species (Relapsing Fever) 3067 KYU Y. RHEE | WARREN D. JOHNSON, JR. 218 Enterobacteriaceae 2815 MICHAEL S. DONNENBERG 242 Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease, Lyme Borreliosis) 3071 219 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2835 ALLEN C. STEERE GERALD B. PIER | REUBEN RAMPHAL 243 Anaerobic Infections: General Concepts 3083 220 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and RONIT COHEN-PORADOSU | DENNIS L. KASPER Burkholderia cepacia Complex 2861 GEORG MASCHMEYER | ULF B. GÖBEL 244 Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) 3091 PAVANI REDDY | THOMAS P. BLECK 221 Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei: Melioidosis and Glanders 2869 245 Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) 3097 BART J. CURRIE PAVANI REDDY | THOMAS P. BLECK

222 Acinetobacter Species 2881 246 Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridium-Associated DAVID M. ALLEN | BARRY J. HARTMAN Diseases 3103 223 Salmonella Species, Including Salmonella Typhi 2887 ANDREW B. ONDERDONK | WENDY S. GARRETT DAVID A. PEGUES | SAMUEL I. MILLER 247 Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and 224 Shigella Species (Bacillary Dysentery) 2905 Fusobacterium Species (and Other Medically HERBERT L. DuPONT Important Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli) 3111 WENDY S. GARRETT | ANDREW B. ONDERDONK 225 Haemophilus Species (Including H. influenzae and Chancroid) 2911 248 Anaerobic Cocci 3121 TIMOTHY F. MURPHY SYDNEY M. FINEGOLD | YULI SONG

226 Brucella Species 2921 249 Anaerobic Gram-Positive Nonsporulating Bacilli 3125 EDWARD J. YOUNG EIJA KÖNÖNEN http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter xxxviii Contents

250 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3129 SECTION H DANIEL W. FITZGERALD | TIMOTHY R. STERLING | DAVID W. HAAS PROTOZOAL DISEASES

251 Mycobacterium leprae 3165 272 Introduction to Protozoal Diseases 3409 CYBÈLE A. RENAULT | JOEL D. ERNST JONATHAN I. RAVDIN | WILLIAM A. PETRI, JR.

252 Mycobacterium avium Complex 3177 273 Entamoeba Species, Including Amebiasis 3411 FRED M. GORDIN | C. ROBERT HORSBURGH, JR. WILLIAM A. PETRI, JR. | RASHIDUL HAQUE

253 Infections Due to Nontuberculous 274 Free-Living Amebas 3427 Mycobacteria Other than Mycobacterium ANITA A. KOSHY | BRIAN G. BLACKBURN | UPINDER SINGH avium-intracellulare 3191 BARBARA A. BROWN-ELLIOTT | RICHARD J. WALLACE, JR. 275 Plasmodium Species (Malaria) 3437 RICK M. FAIRHURST | THOMAS E. WELLEMS 254 Nocardia Species 3199 TANIA C. SORRELL | DAVID H. MITCHELL | JONATHAN R. 276 Leishmania Species: Visceral (Kala-Azar), Cutaneous, IREDELL | SHARON C-A. CHEN and Mucosal Leishmaniasis 3463 255 Agents of Actinomycosis 3209 ALAN J. MAGILL THOMAS A. RUSSO 277 Trypanosoma Species (American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas’ Disease): Biology of Trypanosomes 3481 LOUIS V. KIRCHHOFF SECTION G 278 Agents of African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping MYCOSES Sickness) 3489 256 Introduction to Mycoses 3221 LOUIS V. KIRCHHOFF JOHN E. BENNETT 279 Toxoplasma gondii 3495 257 Candida Species 3225 JOSÉ G. MONTOYA | JOHN C. BOOTHROYD | JOSEPH A. KOVACS JOHN E. EDWARDS, JR. 280 Giardia lamblia 3527 258 Aspergillus Species 3241 DAVID R. HILL | THEODORE E. NASH THOMAS F. PATTERSON 281 Trichomonas vaginalis 3535 259 Agents of Mucormycosis and JANE R. SCHWEBKE Entomophthoramycosis 3257 282 Babesia Species 3539 DIMITRIOS P. KONTOYIANNIS | RUSSELL E. LEWIS JEFFREY A. GELFAND | EDOUARD G. VANNIER

260 Sporothrix schenckii 3271 283 Cryptosporidium Species 3547 JOHN H. REX | PABLO C. OKHUYSEN A. CLINTON WHITE, JR. 261 Agents of Chromoblastomycosis 3277 284 Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli, Sarcocystis DUANE R. HOSPENTHAL Species, Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis 262 Agents of Mycetoma 3281 hominis 3561 KATHRYN N. SUH | PHYLLIS KOZARSKY | JAY S. KEYSTONE DUANE R. HOSPENTHAL

263 Cryptococcus neoformans 3287 JOHN R. PERFECT SECTION I 264 Histoplasma capsulatum 3305 DISEASES DUE TO TOXIC ALGAE GEORGE S. DEEPE, JR. 285 Human Illness Associated with Harmful Algal 265 Blastomyces dermatitidis 3319 Blooms 3569 STANLEY W. CHAPMAN | DONNA C. SULLIVAN J. GLENN MORRIS, JR. 266 Coccidioides Species 3333 JOHN N. GALGIANI 267 Dermatophytosis and Other Superficial SECTION J Mycoses 3345 DISEASES DUE TO HELMINTHS RODERICK J. HAY 286 Introduction to Helminth Infections 3573 268 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 3357 JAMES H. MAGUIRE ANGELA RESTREPO | ANGELA MARÍA TOBÓN 287 Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms) 3577 269 Uncommon Fungi and Prototheca 3365 JAMES H. MAGUIRE DUANE R. HOSPENTHAL 288 Tissue Nematodes, Including Trichinellosis, 270 Pneumocystis Species 3377 Dracunculiasis, and the Filariases 3587 PETER D. WALZER | A. GEORGE SMULIAN JAMES W. KAZURA

271 Microsporidiosis 3391 289 Trematodes (Schistosomes and Other Flukes) 3595 LOUIS M. WEISS JAMES H. MAGUIRE http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter Contents xxxix

290 Cestodes (Tapeworms) 3607 SECTION B CHARLES H. KING | JESSICA K. FAIRLEY INFECTIONS IN SPECIAL HOSTS 291 Visceral Larva Migrans and Other Unusual Helminth 308 Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: General Infections 3617 Principles 3781 THEODORE E. NASH J. PETER DONNELLY | NICOLE M. A. BLIJLEVENS | BEN E. De PAUW 309 Prophylaxis and Empirical Therapy of Infection in SECTION K Cancer Patients 3793 ECTOPARASITIC DISEASES CLAUDIO VISCOLI | ELIO CASTAGNOLA 292 Introduction to Ectoparasitic Diseases 3625 310 Risk Factors and Approaches to Infections in JAMES H. DIAZ Transplant Recipients 3809 J. STEPHEN DUMMER | LORA D. THOMAS 293 Lice (Pediculosis) 3629 JAMES H. DIAZ 311 Infections in Recipients of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation 3821 Scabies 294 3633 JO-ANNE H. YOUNG | DANIEL J. WEISDORF JAMES H. DIAZ 312 Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients 3839 Myiasis and Tungiasis 295 3637 J. STEPHEN DUMMER | NINA SINGH JAMES H. DIAZ 313 Infections in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury 3851 Mites, Including Chiggers 296 3643 RABIH O. DAROUICHE JAMES H. DIAZ 314 Infections in the Elderly 3857 Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis 297 3649 KENT B. CROSSLEY | PHILLIP K. PETERSON JAMES H. DIAZ 315 Infections in Asplenic Patients 3865 SECTION L LARRY I. LUTWICK DISEASES OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY 316 Infections in Injection Drug Users 3875 DONALD P. LEVINE | PATRICIA D. BROWN 298 Kawasaki Syndrome 3663 FRANK T. SAULSBURY SECTION C Part SURGICAL AND TRAUMA-RELATED INFECTIONS Special Problems IV 317 Surgical Site Infections and Antimicrobial Prophylaxis 3891 SECTION A THOMAS R. TALBOT NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS 318 Burns 3905 299 Organization for Infection Control 3669 CLINTON K. MURRAY MICHAEL B. EDMOND | RICHARD P. WENZEL 319 Bites 3911 300 Isolation 3673 ELLIE J. C. GOLDSTEIN MICHAEL B. EDMOND | RICHARD P. WENZEL

301 Disinfection, Sterilization, and Control of Hospital SECTION D Waste 3677 WILLIAM A. RUTALA | DAVID J. WEBER IMMUNIZATION 302 Infections Caused by Percutaneous Intravascular 320 Immunization 3917 WALTER A. ORENSTEIN | LARRY K. PICKERING | ALISON MAWLE | Devices 3697 ALAN R. HINMAN | MELINDA WHARTON SUSAN E. BEEKMANN | DAVID K. HENDERSON

303 Nosocomial Pneumonia 3717 DONALD E. CRAVEN | ALEXANDRA CHRONEOU SECTION E BIODEFENSE 304 Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections 3725 THOMAS M. HOOTON 321 Bioterrorism: An Overview 3951 LUCIANA BORIO | NOREEN A. HYNES | DONALD A. HENDERSON 305 Nosocomial Hepatitis and Other Transfusion- and Transplantation-Transmitted Infections 3739 322 Plague as a Bioterrorism Weapon 3965 KENT A. SEPKOWITZ | MATTHEW J. KUEHNERT LUCIANA BORIO | NOREEN A. HYNES 306 Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Health Care 323 Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) as an Agent of Settings 3753 Bioterrorism 3971 DAVID K. HENDERSON LISA S. HODGES | ROBERT L. PENN

307 Nosocomial Herpesvirus Infections 3771 324 Smallpox as an Agent of Bioterrorism 3977 TARA N. PALMORE | DAVID K. HENDERSON LISA D. ROTZ | JOANNE CONO | INGER K. DAMON http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443068393&elsca1=doodys&elsca2=PDF&elsca3=Mandell9780443068393&elsca4=frontmatter xl Contents

325 Anthrax as an Agent of Bioterrorism 3983 SECTION G GREGORY J. MARTIN | ARTHUR M. FRIEDLANDER PROTECTION OF TRAVELERS

326 Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon 3993 329 Protection of Travelers 4009 PAVANI REDDY | THOMAS P. BLECK DAVID O. FREEDMAN

327 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers as Agents of 330 Infections in Returning Travelers 4019 Bioterrorism 3995 DAVID O. FREEDMAN C. J. PETERS

Index SECTION F i ZOONOSES

328 Zoonoses 3999 CAMILLE NELSON KOTTON | ARNOLD N. WEINBERG

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