Case Definitions for Communicable Morbidities

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Case Definitions for Communicable Morbidities Case Definitions for Communicable Morbidities 2019 (revised October 2019) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 Definition of Terms Used in Case Classification ................................................................................................ 7 Definition of an Epidemiologic Investigation ....................................................................................................... 7 Definition of Binational Case ................................................................................................................................. 8 Case Definitions for Communicable Morbidities Reportable in Arizona ......................................................... 9 ACUTE FLACCID MYELITIS (AFM) .................................................................................................................... 10 AMEBIASIS ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 ANAPLASMOSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 14 ANTHRAX (Bacillus anthracis) ............................................................................................................................ 17 ARBOVIRAL INFECTION .................................................................................................................................... 20 BABESIOSIS ....................................................................................................................................................... 26 BASIDIOBOLOMYCOSIS.................................................................................................................................... 30 BOTULISM .......................................................................................................................................................... 31 Botulism, Foodborne ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Botulism, Wound ............................................................................................................................................. 31 Botulism, Other ................................................................................................................................................ 32 BOTULISM, INFANT ........................................................................................................................................... 34 BRUCELLOSIS .................................................................................................................................................... 36 CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS ................................................................................................................................... 38 CANDIDA AURIS ................................................................................................................................................. 40 CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE (CRE) ....................................................................... 44 CHAGAS DISEASE AND RELATED DISEASE (American trypanosomiasis) .................................................... 50 CHANCROID (Haemophilus ducreyi) .................................................................................................................. 53 CHIKUNGUNYA .................................................................................................................................................. 55 CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTION ........................................................................................................ 56 CHOLERA ........................................................................................................................................................... 58 COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS (Valley fever) ............................................................................................................. 60 COLORADO TICK FEVER .................................................................................................................................. 62 CONJUNCTIVITIS, ACUTE ................................................................................................................................. 63 CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE ..................................................................................................................... 65 CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS (Cryptosporidium parvum) ........................................................................................... 68 CYCLOSPORIASIS ............................................................................................................................................. 70 CYSTICERCOSIS ............................................................................................................................................... 71 DENGUE (Dengue, Severe dengue, Dengue-like illness) .................................................................................. 73 DIARRHEA, NAUSEA, OR VOMITING ............................................................................................................... 77 DIPHTHERIA ....................................................................................................................................................... 79 EHRLICHIOSIS ................................................................................................................................................... 82 EMERGING OR EXOTIC DISEASE .................................................................................................................... 85 ENCEPHALITIS, PARASITIC .............................................................................................................................. 87 ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL ...................................................................................................................................... 89 ESCHERICHIA COLI, SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING .......................................................................................... 91 FOODBORNE DISEASE OUTBREAK ................................................................................................................ 95 ADHS Communicable Disease Case Definitions Go to Table of Contents 2019 2 GIARDIASIS ........................................................................................................................................................ 97 GLANDERS (Burkholderia mallei) ....................................................................................................................... 99 GONORRHEA ................................................................................................................................................... 100 GRANULOMATOUS AMEBIC ENCEPHALITIS (GAE), Acanthamoeba Disease excluding keratitis .............. 102 GRANULOMATOUS AMEBIC ENCEPHALITIS (GAE), Balamuthia mandrillaris Disease ............................... 104 HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE, INVASIVE DISEASE ...................................................................................... 106 HANSEN’S DISEASE (Leprosy) ........................................................................................................................ 108 HANTAVIRUS INFECTION ............................................................................................................................... 110 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) ....................................................................................................... 110 Hantavirus infection, non-Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (non-HPS) ....................................................... 110 HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME ................................................................................................................. 113 HEPATITIS A ..................................................................................................................................................... 115 HEPATITIS B, ACUTE ....................................................................................................................................... 118 HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC .................................................................................................................................. 121 HEPATITIS B, PERINATAL ............................................................................................................................... 123 HEPATITIS C, ACUTE ...................................................................................................................................... 125 HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC .................................................................................................................................. 127 HEPATITIS C, PERINATAL............................................................................................................................... 129 HEPATITIS D ..................................................................................................................................................... 131 HEPATITIS E ..................................................................................................................................................... 133 HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY
Recommended publications
  • Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Case Definitions (Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Case Definitions (Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46(No. RR-10).) STD Conditions Reportable in Arizona Chancroid (Revised 9/96) Clinical description A sexually transmitted disease characterized by painful genital ulceration and inflammatory inguinal adenopathy. The disease is caused by infection with Haemophilus ducreyi. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis Isolation of H. ducreyi from a clinical specimen Case classification Probable: a clinically compatible case with both a) no evidence of Treponema pallidum infection by darkfield microscopic examination of ulcer exudate or by a serologic test for syphilis performed ≥7 days after onset of ulcers and b) either a clinical presentation of the ulcer(s) not typical of disease caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) or a culture negative for HSV. Confirmed: a clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed Chlamydia Infection (Revised 6/09) Clinical description Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis may result in urethritis, epididymitis, cervicitis, acute salpingitis, or other syndromes when sexually transmitted; however, the infection is often asymptomatic in women. Perinatal infections may result in inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia in newborns. Other syndromes caused by C. trachomatis include lymphogranuloma venereum (see Lymphogranuloma Venereum) and trachoma. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis Isolation of C. trachomatis
    [Show full text]
  • ZYGMO] (Kimura 2 Parameter, COI-5P, Length > 550)
    Supplement 2. BOLD TaxonID Tree: DNA barcoding of Zygaenidae moths [ZYGMO] (Kimura 2 Parameter, COI-5P, Length > 550). 2 % Sthenoprocris brondeli|Female|Madagascar Harrisina coracina|Male|Mexico.Veracruz Harrisina metallica|Female|United States.New Mexico Harrisina metallica|Male|United States.California Harrisina metallica|Male|United States.Arizona Harrisina metallica|Male|United States.California Harrisina metallica|Male|United States.Arizona Harrisina metallica|Male|United States.Arizona Harrisina metallica|Male|United States.Arizona Harrisina metallica|Male|United States.Arizona Astyloneura assimilis|Female|Democratic Republic of the Congo Astyloneura sp.|Male|Burundi Syringura triplex|Male|Cameroon Saliunca orphnina|Male|Rwanda Saliunca orphnina|Female|Rwanda Saliunca styx|Female|Democratic Republic of the Congo.Bas-Congo Saliunca styx|Female|Kenya Saliunca styx|Male|Kenya Saliunca styx|Male|Cameroon Saliunca styx|Male|Cameroon Saliunca meruana|Male|Tanzania Tascia finalis|Female|Zimbabwe Aethioprocris togoensis|Male|Ghana.Central Chalconycles sp. 01|Female|Africa Onceropyga anelia|Female|Australia.Queensland Onceropyga anelia|Male|Australia.Queensland Onceropyga anelia|Female|Australia.Queensland Onceropyga anelia|Female|Australia.Queensland Pseudoamuria neglecta|Female|Australia.Queensland Pseudoprocris dolosa|Female|Guatemala.Chimaltenango Pseudoprocris dolosa|Male|Guatemala.Chimaltenango Pseudoprocris gracilis|Male|Guatemala.Chimaltenango Corma maculata|Male|Myanmar.Sagaing Corma maculata|Male|Myanmar.Sagaing Cyclosia panthona|Male|Thailand.Sakon Nakhon Cyclosia panthona|Male|Thailand.Sakon Nakhon Cyclosia panthona|Female|Myanmar.Sagaing Cyclosia panthona|Female|China.Yunnan Cyclosia papilionaris|Female|Myanmar.Sagaing Cyclosia papilionaris|Male|Thailand.Sakon Nakhon Cyclosia papilionaris|Female|Myanmar.Sagaing Cyclosia papilionaris|Female|Myanmar.Sagaing Cyclosia papilionaris|Female|Myanmar.Sagaing Artona sp. 1|Male|Thailand.Chiang Mai Artona sp. 1|Female|Thailand.Chiang Mai Alteramenelikia sp. 1|Female|Ghana.Greater Accra Alteramenelikia sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Communicable Diseases Monthly Newsletter
    Communicable Diseases Monthly Newsletter October 2013 Volume 6, Issue 10 What is Pneumonia? neumonia is an infection of the lungs that is Inside This Issue P usually caused by bacteria or viruses. Globally, pneumonia causes more deaths than any 2 Pneumonia other infectious disease. It can often be prevented and can usually be treated. 2 Influenza Update Pneumonia can cause mild to severe illness in 3 people of all ages. Signs of pneumonia can include Communicable Diseases Report coughing, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, rapid breathing or shortness of breath, chills, or chest pain. Certain people that are more likely to become ill with Rabies Awareness pneumonia include adults 65 years of age or older and children younger than 5 4 years. People with underlying medical conditions and those who smoke cigarettes or Sexually Transmitted have asthma are also at increased risk for pneumonia. Diseases Causes of Pneumonia When bacteria, viruses or, rarely, fungi living in your nose, mouth, sinuses, or the (Continued on page 2) Influenza update: 2013-2014 Season s of the week ending November 2, 2013, a total of 7 cases have been A reported in Joplin City (6) and Jasper County (1). Since the beginning of influenza reporting in October, influenza type A represents 85.7 percent of the cases (6 out of 7). This trend shows slightly less reports during the 2013-2014 season when compared with the previous season (2012-2013) within the same period. Influenza virus: Source: CDC.gov (Continued on page 2) Communicable Disease Monthly Newsletter Pneumonia (Continued from page 1) Reduce Your Risk environment spread to your lungs, you can develop Pneumonia can be prevented with vaccines.
    [Show full text]
  • Weekly Epidemiologic L Report
    WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORT A publication of the Epidemiology Unit Ministry of Health 231, de Saram Place, Colombo 01000, Sri Lanka Tele: + 94 11 2695112, Fax: +94 11 2696583, E mail: [email protected] Epidemiologist: +94 11 2681548, E mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.epid.gov.lk Vol. 42 No. 33 08 th – 14 th August 2015 Melioidosis Key facts the area. People acquire the disease by inhaling dust contaminated by the bacteria and when the • Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused contaminated soil comes in contact with abraded by a bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. (scraped) area of the skin. Infection most com- • Melioidosis infection commonly involves the monly occurs during the rainy season. lungs. Symptoms • Melioidosis is diagnosed with the help of Melioidosis symptoms most commonly stem blood, urine, sputum, or skin-lesion testing. from lung disease where the infection can form a • Melioidosis is treated with antibiotics. cavity of pus (abscess). The effects can range from mild bronchitis to severe pneumonia. As a • The overall mortality rate is 40%. result, patients also may experience fever, head- Introduction ache, loss of appetite, cough, chest pain, and general muscle soreness. Melioidosis, also called Whitmore's Disease, is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium The effects can also be localized to infection on called Burkholderia pseudomallei (previously the skin (cellulitis) with associated fever and muscle aches. It can spread from the skin known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei-Gram- negative,oxidase positive bacillus). The bacteria are found in contaminated water and soil and spread to humans and animals through direct contact with the contaminated source.
    [Show full text]
  • Reportable Diseases and Conditions
    KINGS COUNTY DEPARTMENT of PUBLIC HEALTH 330 CAMPUS DRIVE, HANFORD, CA 93230 REPORTABLE DISEASES AND CONDITIONS Title 17, California Code of Regulations, §2500, requires that known or suspected cases of any of the diseases or conditions listed below are to be reported to the local health jurisdiction within the specified time frame: REPORT IMMEDIATELY BY PHONE During Business Hours: (559) 852-2579 After Hours: (559) 852-2720 for Immediate Reportable Disease and Conditions Anthrax Escherichia coli: Shiga Toxin producing (STEC), Rabies (Specify Human or Animal) Botulism (Specify Infant, Foodborne, Wound, Other) including E. coli O157:H7 Scrombroid Fish Poisoning Brucellosis, Human Flavivirus Infection of Undetermined Species Shiga Toxin (Detected in Feces) Cholera Foodborne Disease (2 or More Cases) Smallpox (Variola) Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Tularemia, human Dengue Virus Infection Influenza, Novel Strains, Human Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (Crimean-Congo, Ebola, Diphtheria Measles (Rubeola) Lassa, and Marburg Viruses) Domonic Acid Poisoning (Amnesic Shellfish Meningococcal Infections Yellow Fever Poisoning) Novel Virus Infection with Pandemic Potential Zika Virus Infection Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Plague (Specify Human or Animal) Immediately report the occurrence of any unusual disease OR outbreaks of any disease. REPORT BY PHONE, FAX, MAIL WITHIN ONE (1) WORKING DAY Phone: (559) 852-2579 Fax: (559) 589-0482 Mail: 330 Campus Drive, Hanford 93230 Conditions may also be reported electronically via the California
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2014/134709 Al 12 September 2014 (12.09.2014) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2014/134709 Al 12 September 2014 (12.09.2014) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every A61K 31/05 (2006.01) A61P 31/02 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (21) International Application Number: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, PCT/CA20 14/000 174 DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, 4 March 2014 (04.03.2014) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, (25) Filing Language: English OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, (26) Publication Language: English SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, (30) Priority Data: ZW. 13/790,91 1 8 March 2013 (08.03.2013) US (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (71) Applicant: LABORATOIRE M2 [CA/CA]; 4005-A, rue kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, de la Garlock, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1L 1W9 (CA). GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, (72) Inventors: LEMIRE, Gaetan; 6505, rue de la fougere, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, Sherbrooke, Quebec JIN 3W3 (CA).
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 Case Definitions Infectious Disease
    Arizona Department of Health Services Case Definitions for Reportable Communicable Morbidities 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Definition of Terms Used in Case Classification .......................................................................................................... 6 Definition of Bi-national Case ............................................................................................................................................. 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ............................................... 7 AMEBIASIS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 ANTHRAX (β) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 ASEPTIC MENINGITIS (viral) ......................................................................................................................................... 11 BASIDIOBOLOMYCOSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 12 BOTULISM, FOODBORNE (β) ....................................................................................................................................... 13 BOTULISM, INFANT (β) ...................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnostic Issues in Systemic Lupus Erythematosis
    266 Postgrad Med J 2001;77:266–285 Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pmj.77.906.268 on 1 April 2001. Downloaded from SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Diagnostic issues in systemic lupus erythematosis N Sofat, C Higgens Answers on p 274. A 24 year old woman was diagnosed with sys- (4) What other tests (apart from 24 hour urine temic lupus erythematosis (SLE) based on a creatinine clearance) are available to measure few months’ history of a photosensitive skin the glomerular filtration rate? rash, predominantly on her face, arthralgia The patient had a 24 hour urinary protein col- involving both hands and wrists, a positive lection, which showed a 24 hour protein measure- antinuclear antibody (ANA) test and a raised ment of 1.8 g. There was no evidence of cellular antinative double stranded DNA antibody casts on urine microscopy. Her blood results were binding level. She was treated with oral as below (normal values are in parentheses): hydroxychloroquine 400 mg daily and short x Sodium 134 mmol/l (135–145) courses of prednisolone during flare-ups. x Potassium 4.5 mmol/l (3.5–5.0) She was reviewed in clinic for her regular x Urea 7.0 mmol/l (2.5–6.7) follow up appointment when she was found to x Creatinine 173 µmol/l (70–115) be hypertensive on repeated measurements of x Haemoglobin 108 g/l (115–160) her blood pressure, an average value being x White cell count 4.5 × 109/l (4.0–11.0) 150/90 mm Hg. She was also urine dipstick x Platelets 130 × 109/l (150–400) positive for blood and protein.
    [Show full text]
  • Ear-Nose-Throat Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ANNALS of GASTROENTEROLOGY 2007, 20(4):265-274X Xx 265X
    xx xx Ear-nose-throat manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ANNALS OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2007, 20(4):265-274x xx 265x Review Ear-nose-throat manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases C.D. Zois, K.H. Katsanos, E.V. Tsianos going activation of the innate immune system driven by SUMMARY the presence of luminal flora. Both UC and CD have a Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) refer to a group of chron- worldwide distribution and are common causes of mor- ic inflammatory disorders involving the gastrointestinal tract bidity in Western Europe and northern America. and are typically divided into two major disorders: Crohn’s The extraintestinal manifestasions of IBD, however, disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). CD is characterized are not of less importance. In some cases they are the first by noncontiguous chronic inflammation, often transmural clinical manifestation of the disease and may precede the with noncaseating granuloma formation. It can involve any onset of gastrointestinal symptoms by many years, playing portion of the alimentary tract and CD inflammation has of- also a very important role in disease morbidity. As multi- ten been described in the nose, mouth, larynx and esopha- systemic diseases, IBD, have been correlated with many gus in addition to the more common small bowel and colon other organs, including the skin, eyes, joints, bone, blood, sites. UC differs from CD in that it is characterized by con- kidney, liver and biliary tract. In addition, the inner ear, tiguous chronic inflammation without transmural involve- nose and throat should also be considered as extraintesti- ment, but extraintestinal manifestations of UC have also been nal involvement sites of IBD.
    [Show full text]
  • 48787.Pdf (462.8Kb)
    V directing council regional committee PAN AMERICAN WORLD t°3' ) HEALTH HEALTH ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION - XV Meeting XVI Meeting Mexico, D.F. August-September 1964 Provisional Agenda Item 33 CD15/30 (Eng.) 15 July 1964 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH REVIEW OF THE STATUS OF THE VENEREAL DISEASE PROBLEM AND CONTROL PROGRAMS IN THE AMERICAS I. IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM * The venereal diseases are truly word-wide in occurrence -- but the exact extent of the problem is unknown. Variations in morbidity reporting practices from country to country and, indeed, within countries, make it difficult to compile reliable statistics relating to the incidence and prevalence of the venereal diseases. In the United States, where a vigorous venereal disease control program has been carried on since 1940, the figures from a recent survey of case reporting by private physicians indicate that only 11 per cent of the cases of infectious syphilis, 38 per cent of the cases of other stages of syphilis, and 11 per cent of the cases of gonorrhea treated by private physicians during the survey period were reported to the health department. In spite of the under-reporting problem, Guthe and Hume estimated in 1948 that at least two million cases of new venereally acquired. syphilis occurred in the world annually. In terms of prevalence, they estimated that a total of 20 million cases of syphilis existed among persons over 15 years of age throughout the world. There has been a tremendous increase in the world's population since 1948. There have been similar increases in factors affecting the rate of spread of syphilis such as greatly increased mobility and migration, as well as an apparent increase in sexual promiscuity.
    [Show full text]
  • AMD Projects: Deadly Disease Databases
    CDC’s AMD Program AMD Projects Innovate • Transform • Protect CDC’s Advanced Molecular Detection (AMD) program fosters scientific innovation in genomic sequencing, epidemiology, and bioinformatics to transform public health and protect people from disease threats. AMD Project: Deadly Disease Databases Whole genome analysis and database development for anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei), and Brucellosis (Brucella spp.) Epidemiologists and forensic professionals can use whole genome sequencing – a way of determining an organism’s complete, detailed genome – and large databases to determine the source of dangerous germs. Having a large, accessible collection of disease pathogens could help scientists quickly find out if a certain illness is naturally occurring or the result of bioterrorism. CDC is establishing a public database where scientists from around the world can share information about these potentially deadly CDC is establishing public databases so that diseases. CDC scientists have begun sequencing the organisms that scientists from around the world can share information about deadly diseases like cause anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), brucellosis (Brucella spp.), and anthrax, brucellosis, and melioidosis. melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei), three pathogens that could occur naturally or as the result of bioterrorism. Current methods of determining the genetic structure of these organisms are not standardized and sometimes not effective. Using whole genome sequencing for these pathogens will allow scientists www.cdc.gov/amd Updated: May 2017 to accurately and quickly find the geographic origin of the isolates and will improve overall knowledge and understanding of them. Having a detailed database of these genomes will also ensure quicker and more effective responses to outbreaks. For more information on anthrax, please visit www.cdc.gov/anthrax/index.html.
    [Show full text]
  • Insights Into the Pathogenicity of Burkholderia Pseudomallei
    REVIEWS Melioidosis: insights into the pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei W. Joost Wiersinga*, Tom van der Poll*, Nicholas J. White‡§, Nicholas P. Day‡§ and Sharon J. Peacock‡§ Abstract | Burkholderia pseudomallei is a potential bioterror agent and the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe disease that is endemic in areas of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Infection is often associated with bacterial dissemination to distant sites, and there are many possible disease manifestations, with melioidosis septic shock being the most severe. Eradication of the organism following infection is difficult, with a slow fever-clearance time, the need for prolonged antibiotic therapy and a high rate of relapse if therapy is not completed. Mortality from melioidosis septic shock remains high despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Prevention of disease and a reduction in mortality and the rate of relapse are priority areas for future research efforts. Studying how the disease is acquired and the host–pathogen interactions involved will underpin these efforts; this review presents an overview of current knowledge in these areas, highlighting key topics for evaluation. Melioidosis is a serious disease caused by the aerobic, rifamycins, colistin and aminoglycosides), but is usually Gram-negative soil-dwelling bacillus Burkholderia pseu- susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate, chloramphenicol, domallei and is most common in Southeast Asia and doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, ureido- Northern Australia. Melioidosis is responsible for 20% of penicillins, ceftazidime and carbapenems2,4. Treatment all community-acquired septicaemias and 40% of sepsis- is required for 20 weeks and is divided into intravenous related mortality in northeast Thailand. Reported cases are and oral phases2,4. Initial intravenous therapy is given likely to represent ‘the tip of the iceberg’1,2, as confirmation for 10–14 days; ceftazidime or a carbapenem are the of disease depends on bacterial isolation, a technique that drugs of choice.
    [Show full text]