P ROTAT B R O TH ERS PRINTERS MACO N FRA C , , ( N E) ELEMEN TARY MAN U AL

COMPI LED B Y

CAV . FRANCESCO GNECCHI

V IC -PR SID O F T H E I AL IA U I S A IC S CI Y E E ENT T N N M M T O ET ,

H RARY B R O F T H E D IA W IS A IC S CI I S L B LG AN D S I SS U . ONO MEM E ON ON , E N N M M T O ET E

2 n d E D I T I O N

REV E D C O RREC T ED AN D AMPL FI E D IS , I

d T ra n slated b y th e R ev Alf r ed W atson H AN D S

I MEM B ER O F T H E L OND ON N U M IS MATIC S OC IET Y

L O N D O N

S P I N K 81 S O N

1 8c 2 G H H ST . E . . I 7 1 8 PI CCADI L L Y w . RA C EC URC C

(ALL R IG H TS R ESE RV ED)

R O M A N C O I N S

E L EMEN TARY MAN UAL

’ A UTHO R S PREFACE TO THE EN GL ISH ED ITI ON

H 1 v . h m 8 8 Re . . w o In the month of july 9 the A W ands , with I had become acquainted throu gh our c o m m on interests and stud wro te wo u ld ies , to me asking whether it be agreeable to me and reasonable to translate and publish in Engli sh my little manual of ff the Roman Coinage , and most kindly o ering to assist me , if En ffi my knowledge of the lish language was not su cient .

Feeling honoured by t e request , and happy indeed to give any assistance I could in rendering this science popular in other coun ‘ o wn I tries as well as my , suggested that it would he probably less trouble if he would undertake the translation himself ; and it was with much pleasure and thankfulness that I found this proposal was accepted . It happened that the first edition of my Manual was then nearly exhausted , and by waiting a short time I should be able to ' o fler E he to the nglish reader the translation of t second edition , which was being rapidly prepared with additions and improvements . It was then proposed to print the translation in the N umi smati c i rcu la C r . , at the same time that it was being printed in Italian It now only remains f o r me to again express my gratitude to my H . ff worthy collaborator the Revd A . W ands , who has o ered to ‘ a k E ssist my wor by presenting it to the nglish reader , and to MessIr S Spink and Son who have undertaken to print i t ; and to express my hope that this attempt to spread the knowledge of d Roman coins may meet with a kin reception .

. GN ECC H I F .

Roman Coim . PART I .

I nt oduc ti on i . B . General n orma io . A r . f t n

I N TROD UC TI ON

CHAPTER I

CO L L ECTI ONS AND CO LL E CT O RS

lle en On co c tors i n g eral .

n I . Co sidering that this little work i s meant for the use of those fi N who are taking their rst steps in the field of umismatics , I have thought that before entering properly into the subj ect some obser vati o ns f c may be use ul con erning the history , the aim , and the various kinds of collections , and that perhaps it may be necessary to give some general information to young readers on the val ue and rarity of coins , on deposits , on false coins , and in fact on various matters which may be considered introductory , not only to

N . this , but to any other elementary M anual of umismatics 2 w As an encouragement to those who may read my ork , I hasten to say most decidedly that the collector i s a most fortunate "H e 15 i person who born with the bump of collecting has the nes timable advantage of being able to exclude ennui from his life ; and ought to be grateful to Providence for having accorded to biim an i nexhaustible fountain of satisfaction absolutely free from remorse or regret . Th e pleasures of society , friendship , or gaiety may be at times d esirable if taken in due measure and _order , but are often on the contrary full of disappointments , and are sure to fail some day h or other . T e collector on the other hand possessing in himself the germ and continual source of his own happiness i s dependent on no one , solitude has no terror for him , and he can exclaim with “ i nterdu m taedet h om inum the philosopher me societatis , nun quam soli tudi ni s f When , tired o work , weary of society , worried by business , the collector withdraws into his o wn room ; he fi nds there the most pleasant rest in his favourite occupation which he prefers to

n . N idle ess ever is the collector short of employment , to whatever kind of collection he may be given . fi First there is the work of arrangement which is in nite , then of classification , and again of cataloguing , and last of all the more r se ious but yet most delightful work , the most useful and durable that o stud and o maki n notes or others (when one reaches it) f y f g f , with ’ a view to publishing in due season the results of o ne s o wn researches . Th e enthusiasm of the Collector is among the most reasonable, i r H . S H strong and lasting emotions enry olland , the friend of Mi n hetti of Marco g , towards the close his long life regretted that he had not been a collector from his youth , expressing his thoughts in these words The interest of a collector grows with r continual increase and b ings satisfaction , and there is no danger lest it should cease through satiety ; very often it survives when the i f f tumultuous v cissitudes of li e , stirring business a fairs or pleasures H e have ceased to exist . who is not a collector in his youth will repent in his old age . Just as the unmarried man feels in his old age the want of a good wife who renders hi m in the last days of his wh o life the comfort of affection and of old memories , so he was not a collector in his yo uth cannot experience in his old age the satisfaction of reviving the memories of a life - time among these old a f and faithful friends , or of h ving this in inite and unspeakable e hi m comfort to a com any even to the extreme limit of his life . And in this also t e collector has the advantage over the married man whose wife may die before he does , whilst the collection always survives the collector . B u . t 3 to bring these reflections to an end , if my own words should prove to be Esser den seme che frutti seed bearing the l fruit of a new col ector , if they should be as the little spark des “ fl tined to promote a great ame stirring and fertilizing , I shall consider my time has been well occupied in having done good to some one , and I shall dare to hope from this that some day the apostle may be blessed by the neophyte .

CHAPTER H

THE H ISTO RY m AI M or CO LLECTI ONS

The 4 . enthusiasm for collections arises in all countries with the advance of general culture . 4

From the dawn of the historical peri od n o t to go back. too far into the past every civilisation has found another which pre i r c ollec ceded , which has furnished to the later the materials for a H tion . ence it happened that the Mediaeval culture arose from the r uins of the Roman Empire and collected from it its inheritance , find f i and we the irst collectors of Roman antiqu ties , and moreover

fi new . of coins , among the rst learned men of the civilization We P learn that etrarch was an enthusiastic collector , and possessed a S we splendid collection of Roman gold coins . uch a one indeed should like to regard as the first great master among collectors of coins . fi 5 . Amusement and curiosity were the rst causes of collecting , b ut m these were soon united with a bition , and the pleasure of Th e possessing rarities . luxury of a collection of coins became at th e length a sort of obligation among the great , and in small Mediaeval courts ; most of which up to the fourteenth century were fl furnished with cabinets chie y devoted to Roman coins , among which preference was always given to the Imperial series , as these were both the best known , and therefore most interesting , and T th e c abi f also the most easy to classify . hus we have had in Italy E th e n nets of the ste , Far ese , the Medici , and many others , of which some remain to our day intact , of others the memory only is preserved by the monumental catalogues printed in the seven teen th and eighteenth centuries . Th e enthusiasm for collections of coins passed i n the course of time from the courts and principal castles to the lesser gentry , we and spread among the common people , until in our own day do not count collections by hundreds , but by thousands . 6 O ur . ancestors have fortunately taken care to place in security E coins enough to satisfy the desires of all . very year new trea sures come to light, and certainly in the rich bosom of the earth there are still enough to satisfy even the desires of our grandchild

t en .

7 . If indeed the original cause of collections was pleasure or no r curiosity , ambition or luxury , it was long before a nobler aim was added to these . Very soon the coins awoke interest in study , and the dilettante collector saw that these small relics of Roman antiquity were evidences from which we might learn the history of that wonderfu l people who for so many ages held the empire of the world . Let us then examine their coins attentively , classify and catalogue them ; then comparing our own specimens with those of find other collections or with those already published , if we we m e possess new speci ens we shall be ager to make them known , and e thus to take part in advancing numismatic kno wledge . W shall k m e then underta e so e special or gen ral work , give lectures , or _ _ S

n write dissertations , or pamphlets . Amo g collectors there will i arise discussions on this or that point not yet cleared up , the nge n i i i nio s will be incited to examine historical , econom c , and art st c o ur problems of past ages , and then collections will attain their true

scope , that of being not an end in themselves , but rather a means Th m by which knowledge may be advanced . e E perors and E T G ) i mpresses , the l rants , the enerals , re resented by their co ns no n dead l lo ger seeming men buried in a si ent and useless cemetery , will ri se to new life and speech telling us themselves the story of their own times and throwing new light on points unknown or fi disputed , con rming or correcting what historians have handed i n i i n h th e down to us their narrat ves , short s ewing evidences of o the history f human civilization . o fi 8 . N doubt it is not all collectors who will get beyond the rst

step , that of simply collecting as best they can . Many will there

linger and even come to a standstill . It happens indeed r arely enough that anyone begins to collect with the determined object of serious study ; but many pass on to

this without having intended to do so .

Circumstances , information , unexpected opportunities , emulation ,

or true enthusiasm , will sometimes unconsciously lead on the simple

collector to rise gradually to scientific study . Let us then encourage beginners 1n thisynatural desire to collect and study coins

CHAPTER III

ANCIENT AN D MODERN COLL ECTIONS

Th fi 9 . e rst collectors did not lay much stress on the state of

preservation of their specimens , to which in the present day very and i n d great , I might say excess ve importa ce , is attache i n All the old collections were rich enough specimens , but their

m d . E condition left uch to be esired very fresh coin found , what

ever might be its state of preservation , was included as part of the

Collection , hence it happens that coins in mint condition are found

only as exceptions , while coins in a second , or third rate state of

preservation are the rule . Modern collections on the other hand I speak of those 1n the first class come before u s with an entirely

ff . Th e u di erent aspect specimens are much less numero s , because fine none but perfect coins , or those at least In very condition are T “ admitted . his means that our artistic sense has become so refined that what sufficed to content our ancestors no longer satisfies o I sho uld - m dern collectors , but add that to day there is available a — 6 larger number of coins in mint or fine condition especially in the more valuable metals ; a fact which can only be explained by taki ng into consideration that th e number of fin ds much increased in this century by the greater works of digging and excavating T gives scope for a more careful and exacti ng choice . his greater abundance has rendered possible the formation o f admirabl e c ollec ’ D Am é c ou rt tions , such for example as those made by the Viscount

- d H . 1 8 P an . Es 8 of aris , Montagu q of London sold in 9 , which ' were each composed of about a thousand gold coins nearly all in mint condition . Th e I O . right mean in this as in all other things is hard to decide and to keep to , since if our ancestors were too easily contented it is not less true that m odern collectors go to the extreme in the Th e fine n opposite direction . taste for art , and for perfect co dition n in coins has been gradually increasi g , and prevails to such an th e extent that it has become principal , and I might say almost the ‘ sole attraction to collectors , who have put in the second place the fi of scienti c interest , and rejected on account their imperfect condi

tion specimens which were lacking in their collections . We have seen in the recent sale - rooms coins of extreme rarity allowed to be sold for relatively low prices on account of their deficient preser w t fi vation , hils common coins artistic in nish , and in good preser

- vation were competed for at hitherto unheard of prices . 1 1 T f . his is well known moreover to the orgers of gold and who silver Roman coins , swarm now as of old , for they no longer give themselves the trouble to reduce their forgeries to a reasonable appearance of wear as it is recounted that the famous forger Becker d o n used to do . This man when riving about to sell his pr ductio s used to put his forged coi ns into a little bag containing sand and th e powdered charcoal , in order that by the shaking of carriage on the road he might wear off the crude new look of the freshly struck

. coin . Modern forgers have their task simplified and place their pro duc ti ons in circulation as soon as they have issued from the work

hop . It is only natural that they should follow the fashion of their say

CHAPTER IV

ON THE RA RITY AND VA LUE O F C O INS

u fi 1 2 . Rarity and Value are two entirely distinct q ali cations ar1t which should not be confo unded . R y is one of the principal no r elements which go to form the value , but it is not the only one w a guide al ays to be relied on , since a coin may be most rare and m yet be valued in the market at less than a com on coin . Many other elements intrinsic and extrinsic go to form the value of a coin . Th e m intrinsic ele ents besides rarity are the historical importance ,

. The the artistic value , and the preservation of the specimen extrinsic elements are the demand at the moment , the competition c ollec ters of , the economic surroundings , besides the accidents of Th e of place and time which vary continually . general result all these causes therefore constitutes the practical value of a coin . E fi h as 1 3 . ver since the rst half of the present century it been

found convenient to compile a catalogue of prices of Roman coins , fi O and this has been remade , ampli ed , and amended over and ver until at length we have in hand the works of Cohen and for the Bab elo n Republican coinage , of , which are most complete , and serve

as a general base for the prices , and are so to say text books at the

present time . O f 1 4 . course this valuation like that of any other merchandise cannot be lasting and must vary from time to time even without

any special cause which might disturb the balance . It might happen for example that an important deposit might be found ; in such a m case some of the rarest coins might become common , as has ore

than once occurred . At any rate when taken cum grano salis and with a certain

- freedom , the above mentioned valuations and they are those I have adopted in my compendiu m with certain small variations suggested to me by experience may very well give an adequate th e w idea of the absolute and relative value of coins , and ill prove

very useful to collectors whether in buying or excha nging . f r 1 . The o 5 highest prices are charged the gold pieces , the bronze

. N come next in succession , and lastly the silver evertheless in the series of silver coins there are a few Republican denarii (such as Co rnufic i a N um i to ri a Ventidi a some of the Attia , , , and ) and a few Re ali anus o ta i an u s Tran illi na . u Imperial denarii (Cl Macer , g , J p , q , c w th e & . ) hich may be priced at lire and a few (as denarius of Annia Faustina and certain medallions) which may be B find even more valuable . In the ronze series we a considerable number of specimens which are valued at between one and two G a B thousand lire (Agrippina the younger , erm nicus , ritannicus ,

Do m iti a Anni us P Tran u illi n a &c . , Verus , lautilla , q , ) and bronze

medallions of superior preservation may be valued at even more , so also the Decussis ’ and the primitive quadrilateral pieces which The m v cost between two and six thousand lire . ost aluable gold

coins attain similar prices and even rather higher . Th e ff f 1 6 . di erences of value due to the degrees o preservation the are far greater in the bronze than in nobler metals . In the — 8 latter on account of the deposits of money fresh from the mint find it is relatively easy to specimens in mint condition , but it is very much more diffi cult to find a deposit of bronze coins in that Th e condition . bronze was used for home circulation ; the Roman senate sent the gold and silver to distant troops , and hence it is that the deposits of silver and still more of gold are generally found P in the rovinces , while the bronze is found nearly always in Italy especially in the immediate neighbourhood of Rome , but very h rarely in deposits . T e specimens found in the earth are always alone, and among a thousand I hardly think one coin ever comes H fo r to light in mint condition . ence it happens that though a gold or silver coin it mint condition one has to pay double or triple the o price of the same coin in tolerable conditi n , or sometimes even z ff more , in the bron e series the di erence is enormous and out of all S G proportion . For a perfect estertius of alba , Vitellius , Antoninus , P 8 ertinax , which would be in the ordinary condition valued at , 80 1 0 1 00 00 1 0 , 4 , 5 lire , one would have to pay , 3 , 5 , lire , and a bronze medallion in really mint condition would easily fetch f at a sale some thousands o lire whatever its name or valuation .

1 7 . I hope the mention of these luxurious and ruinous prices will not discourage any of my readers ; they should rather have j udgment enough to behold such a mirage without aspiring to

grasp it , at any rate for their consolation I would say that a col n lection may be made in many ways , and o e may have a collection

suitable to any pu rse . Leaving apart these wonderful prices and putting on one side the desire fo r that which is inaccessible every one may make a c ollec tion su ff i cient to give him m u ch pleasant occupation with speci

mens of medium or even inferior quality . In no numismatic series can we have such an abundance o f

material as in the Roman , and hence in no series can we have a greater choice or a larger scale of prices varying from a f ew pence

to hundreds of pounds .

1 8 . We need not then be discouraged when we remember that there are humble collectors who have not spent on their whole col lections the sum required to purchase o ne of those coins of which k we have spo en , and yet have had greater satisfaction , and have attained better scientific results than most of those who have spent

hundreds of pounds on their collections . I would say in addition that the greater number of the true collectors have been drawn from people of humble means who gain moreover the special

- satisfaction of their self respect . w 1 . 9 As a collection , whatever may be the means of the o ner ,

may approach perfection without ever being able to reach it , and

can never be said to be com plete an aim , desire for which is 9 inexhaustible if in the great collections there are many speci mens which are wanting in the lesser , even the least may often chance to acquire some specimen which the greatest lacks . And thismIs a compensat i on which the Roman series in its wealth reserves so etimes for the small and humble collector , to restrain m s the pride of the o t powerful .

CHAPTER V

PRIVATE AND PUBL I C COLLECTI ONS

P . 20 . rivate Collections All private collections are subject to that natural law by which nothing is destroyed but everything is con ti n ually transformed . It is sad for the collector to think that the result of all his work will be dis persed in a few generations or h i s d even immediately after eath , but no one is able to escape the influence of natural laws , and even the collector must resign him hi s " No self to destiny poet is the son of a poet says the proverb , and similarly there is no collector the son of a co llector ; the few exceptions only serve to confirm the general rule . a After all , that which is a sou rce of compl int to the dying is a source of consolation to the living who form their collections from the dispersion of those of their predecessors . 2 1 Th e ffi . sale of a collection was di cult enough to arrange for merly when it was usual only to sell it as a whole , and it seemed a crime to break up a collection coin by coi"n dispersing it among a n fi find hundred buyers . A si gle purchaser was always dif cult to m ff excepting the public museu s , and this di iculty suggested the auc d o n n of whi c h i idea of selling by public by mea s the collect ons , d being divided into lots , could be easily isposed of whatever might be their importance .

Amateurs attended in crowds , each one purchasing the coins which were interes ting to him f or his own collection and which the competition allowed him to obtain at a price within his means ; at the same time the owners u sually found this sort of sale bring in T th e a better profit . his system serves to feed trade in coins which could not but languish if it were limited altogether to the coins

“ a i n produced from excavations , and it is thus th t the private , and g reat part the public collections also are formed , or are continually being formed by the dispersion of many private collections of which e there remains no trace exc pt the sale catalogues , a funeral register of collections , as it were . 2 2 E . very year many of th ese sales take place in the principal E S cities of urope . ince , then , this is the system commonly adopted it will be interesting to give a list of sales sufficiently important to

be worth recording , beginning with the famous collection of ’ r D E o f Mon nnery sold at the end the eighteenth century , and proceeding in chronological order to those most recent

’

D Enner P . l y at aris ( 550 Consu ar 8t 4886 Imperial . ) b l z Al m G a e ent at te b urg . T Thomas homas at London . W elz l Wellenheim 860 . 8c . de at Vie_nna . ( 4 Cons Imp )

Revi l at Paris . P Co rm am on d at aris .

Cav . Campana di Roma at London .

Pembroke at London .

J . Sabatier at London .

. B . H P. orrel at London

ff . . W . Cha ers Jun at London m b . L osc o e . C . W at London P Mestre at aris . H G ust . erpin at London . H F . obler at London .

Lord Northwick at London .

Cappe at Leipsic . T t . P . c 8c . O Fontana di rieste at aris (246 5 Cons . Imp ) S aaff h au en Mertens c h s at Cologne .

S. . W . Lincoln at London h Fr . Coc at Cologne .

everc h n . Adr . R o at Cologne P Gosselin at aris .

. T . C . J homsen at Copenhagen P G N . 1 2 ennaro Riccio di apoli at aris ( 54 Cons . ) é P 1 Gr au . 8c Im J . at aris (49 9 Cons . p . ) a P S n Giorgio at aris . B T ave n t P ellet de r os at aris .

D P 2 . 8c 82 . e Moustier at aris . (4 Cons Imp )

B ar . . R Von Wildenstein at Fra nkfort . ’

B . d rleans P 2 2 . . 81 I m J Jarry O at aris ( 4 6 Cons . 6 P . 1 8c Racine di Marsiglia at aris ( 9 6 Cons . Imps

P . 1 8c I m . Grignon de Montigny at aris ( 083 Cons . p )

P . 1 8c N . Colson de oyon at aris ( 3 79 Cons Imp . )

. 2 . Bart Borghesi at Milan . ( 9 6 Byzantine )

B 1 6 . . Bart . orghesi at Rome (3 9 Cons 8c Imp )

Morbio di Milano at Monaco . (849 Cons . 8c Imp . ) 8c l t i . 2 . Depo e t at Rome (3 7 1 Cons Imp . ) 8c . e 1 0 . Rem di di Sarzana at Milan . ( 47 Cons Imp ) m c 1 8c Im 2 6 . . A i l . Ancona at Milan . ( 7 Cons p )

8c . 20 1 . Achille Cantoni at Milan . ( 4 Cons Imp ) ’

00 . Visc ; Ponton d Am é c ou rt at Paris . ( 1 9 Aurei ) -

8c . B 2 2 1 6 . axter at Florence . ( Cons Imp ) '

8c . B 1 1 . Lippi di iccari at Rome . ( 74 Cons Imp )

8c . H . 2 2 . E . irsch of Munich at Milan ( 94 Cons Imp )

B P . 0 . . A . de elfort at aris (2 3 8 Cons and Imp )

E . el n 2 2 . 8c . Visc . de Qu e at Paris . ( 3 9 Cons Imp )

C re k 81 . P . 1 1 0 6 . e Eng . Chaix at aris ( Imp Colonial )

8c . P 1 . asi di Ferrara at Florence . ( 547 Imp Cons ) 8c Im 2 . . Comte du Chastel at Paris . (5 5 Cons p ) l . 2 2 . Em Lé p aul e at Paris . (7 Imp )

81 . T m . . 1 1 Dott . o Capo at Rome ( 54 Asses Imp )

c hen i s . Fed . v . S n at Frankfort

8c Im . B . 1 8 . Bart . orghesi at Rome ( 5 7 Cons p )

8c . Merolli at Rome . ( 1 3 1 0 Cons . Imp )

Pietro Stettiner at Rome . ( 1 53 7 Cons . 8c Imp . )

'

H . . A . P . 1 2 1 . Montagu F S. at aris ( 9 Aurei

8c m . . 1 0 . I H H of mann at Paris . ( 4 8 Cons p

’ Among the old collections the sale of that belonging to d Ennery 0 was one of the most famous , it consisted of 55 coins of the Republic and 4886 of th e Empire with many rare aurei and

E . medallions ; among the modern collections that o f Visc . de Quelen may be mentioned contai ning 2 3 9 2 coins both Republican

f o r . 2 2 6 6 2 0 0 and Imperial in all three metals , sold fr , , 5 ’ that of d Am éc o u rt consisting of 1 00 9 splendid aurei which 1 2 1 sold for fr . that of Montagu in which 9

aurei sold for fr .

PUB LI C CO LLECTI ONS

P 2 3 . If rivate collections represent the circulating mass of ancient

coins the Public collections form the only settled deposits . When the waters having wandered in longer or shorter courses through

the rivers at length arrive at the sea , this in its turn restores them s th e P to the river , but it is far otherwise with ublic collections , where the coins after their lo nger or shorter journeys arrive to remain there u nl ess in exceptional and unforeseen

cases such as robberies .

2 4 . Th e Public M useums go on continually increasing in number and importance with the progress and extension of general culture .

In the meanwhile those already established , as their means are h increased , energetically compete among themselves , and wit O ld private collectors . Many other Museums also arise both in the N ew World and in the , and hence their absorbing power becomes ever greater . Among Private collections some come to an end by n w being sold or give a ay by the owners , of which there are very many examples . The B T S Blac as orell , emple , Wigan , de alis , and collections v B have been gi en to enrich the ritish Museum , the collections of d’ Aill P y and Waddington have been included in that of aris , the Khevenh uller Ti e ollo Co usi ner K , p , Lipona , y , aunitz , Missong , K N olbe , and eumann collections have been added to the Imperial th e S B Cabinet of Vienna , collections of Corigliano aluzzo , eccaria , An u isso la San Frisi , g , Clemente , formed the nucleus of the Cabinet B D u di rera , and recently the collection of Chastel has been acquired by th e Belgian government for the Cabinet at Brussels which even more recently has been enriched by the legacy of H Baron irsch . To these exceptional acquisitions we must add the normal pur chases made by the Museums with the sums annually placed at

their disposal by the governments or municipalities , purchases which naturally represent the cream of all that appears in the numi smatic market In time we shall see therefore that the best coins will all become

part of the public treasure , and there will only remain for private

collectors the coins rejected by the Museums or those newly found . But "f o that day is still a long way , and we who are now living no t l u certainly need troub e o rselves about it . Th e P 2 5. most important among the ublic collections of Roman m of B B e N oney are those the ritish Museum , the iblioth que ationale P t e M B at aris , and h Imperial useums of erlin , Vienna , and P St . n m etersburg , collections which contain early a illion coins or

even more . In Italy we have no one Museu m which can be

compared with these colossal collections , j ust because we have too

many . T l N hose of Mi an , Florence , Rome , and aples , may be mentioned

as the principal . P 2 6 . P ublic Museums , like ublic Libraries , were created to but reach a completeness beyond the power of private collectors , even if this aim were realised th e mere collection of a long series of coins would not be enough ; there ought also to be learned and nfi active men in charge of them , to elucidate the treasures co ded to

their charge and to render them really accessi ble to students . The most illustrious example of such an organisation is given in the British Museum whose offi cers and agents have already published ro sec ut a numerous series of excellent catalogues , and still go on p U ing their work with energy and learning . p to the present time they have been occupied especially in illustrating the Greek series as being that least understood , but we hope soon to see the Roman coins illustrated in their turn . Many points in this series have been treated i n innumerable volumes but there yet remains a large field in which the acumen of the learned may be exercised .

CHAPTER VI

SPECI AL AND GENERAL C OLLECTI ONS

2 7 . Among a hundred individuals who begin to collect one can count on ninety at least setting to work on a general collection , and that because nearly all are ignorant of the vastness of the mater fi ial before them . It seems to them at rst that in putting together the material of a collection they must collect every coin that comes ffi to hand , not dreaming that it will be di cult to grasp the whole t even in thought . It therefore happens of en enough that a beginner B u collects coins of all periods and all countries . t as my friend S u Der u t ckelberg critically observes , in his golden booklet M ntz ” ” b ff i sammler , the well known proverb every eginning is di cult is quite inapplicable to the collector . fi Nothing is more easy than to start a collection , the dif culty however lies in continuing it and in bringing it to completion . O n this point an old collector of rather modest means whom I asked why men so often scattered their energies over a general collection , replied , because they were not rich enough to form a

. H e special collection And from his point o f view he was right . had passed his seventieth year , and his general collection although l of trif ing commercial value , had given him the greatest satisfaction for very many years , and more than that , he had also studied , and hi s name is known in N umisma tic literature as the author of several small works which he has published . B ut on the other hand whoever sets himself seriously to make a collection very soon finds out the mistake of trying to grasp too H e much . sees the material becoming ever more abundant , and understands that neither his purse nor his mind can keep pace with it, and so is convinced that general collections can only be

CHAPTER VII

TH E CA ALOG COLL C O AND TH E A RRA G M T UE OF A E TI N , N E ENT OF TH E CO INS IN TH E CAB INET

l The . f ol ec 3 0 . Catalogue O whatever kind the well ordered C tion may be , it ought to have its own and alas very few “ possess one . Nevertheless to make one sufficient to ensure order is a very simple aff air . E very coin placed in a cabinet ought to have its own number , as for instance on the accession list of a library , and as for this nu m ber , it should not be written on the coin itself, but on a small C round card placed under the coin . In the orresponding list against the each number should be written the notes concerning coin , such as the place or person from whom procured , the metal , the value , the price given , the description , with references to the printed

Babelo n S 8cc . catalogues of Cohen , , or abatier , , if the coin is found described in them , or at any rate a description of the coin itself if it is inedited .

A Catalogue may be made in two ways , which we may distin Th guish by the names No m inative or Consecutive . ose who wish to adhere to the Nominative Catalogue should begin by writing all the names of the Republican Moneyers or of the Emperors on as many sheets of paper , and then under each name write down the coins belonging to it . Those on the other hand who intend to content themselves with a consecutive catalogue should enter in a book from time to time all their coins , numbered progressively as each coin is added to their collection , without regard to the name they bear . As this Catalogue however cannot be made in chronological order it may be completed by another list in which the coins , being described each on a separate sheet , may be placed in any order T o which may be most desired . do the work thoroughly the two catalogues are indispensable , but the second is a luxury while the

first is a necessity .

1 Th e . T 3 . arranging of the coins his is a small matter one might say , and one which for the most part has very little to do with B u science . t it will not be the only small matter nor the only prob lem apart from science which will present itself to the collector and which nevertheless must be solved . Undoubtedly the Cabinet ought to be made as a small cupboard furnished with many shallow drawers presenting the greatest super

fic i es and occupying the least possible height . 1 6

Th e method of shewing the coins u nder glass can only be par tiall a u too y adop ted , as in sample c ses , because it wo ld occupy much space . Bu t w when the trays or drawers have been prepared , by hat method can the collection be arranged most conveniently P S hould the coins of gold , silver , and bronze be placed in chrono ? logical order or ought they to be cl assified according to the size ? of the coins Th e reply is easy . There can be no scientific reason whatever for not placing together in order the coins belonging to one period , or to one person but although this arrangement can be easily followed in a small collection , the necessities of space oblige one in dealing with very large collections to divide the coins Th according to size . e gold and silver coins being of the same size Th e will form one series . bronze coins on the other hand will form l four series , of which three wil contain the three sizes respectively u into which the ordinary coinage is sually divided , and the fourth T will be reserved for medallions . hus the trays which contain these last can only have 3 5 holes (in a tray of about 1 2 by 1 6 inches) in five rows of seven holes . The trays for the first brass wou ld only contain 4 8 (six rows of 8 holes) those of the second brass 80 (eight rows of ten holes) or at the least 6 3 (in seven rows of nine holes) the trays for the third brass , or for the gold and silver denarii 9 9 (in nine rows of eleven holes) or even 1 2 0 (in ten rows of twelve O ne holes) . easily sees how much space would be wasted in placing of all coins whatever size in holes of the largest size , but if all the

holes in a tray are of o ne size the appearance is more pleasant . Whatever arrangement may be chosen for one ’ s collection it is always advisable to adopt the system of moveable cards placed in the holes which can easily be transferred when any new coin is

inserted in the collection .

GENE RAL I NFORMATI ON

CHAPTER VIII

ON TH E AN C IENT D EPO SITS W H I CH H AVE BEEN D ISCOV ERED

3 2 . There are many ways and various channels through which

coins , after passing through so many centuries , come at last into S alwa s r our collections . ome of them y em ai n in circulation from

the time in which they were issued from the _Mint , this occurs t chiefly with gold coins , some of which were s ill current in the I 7 middle ages when they were lost in the hodge podge of the thou of ff n h sands di erent ki ds of money then in use . T e same thing occurs with the sm all brass coins which have always circulated as m v oney of the lowest alue , and in their case the circulation has n lasted even to the daw of the twentieth century . In poor countries where centesimi are still current it is not uncommo n to find among those of Victor- Emmanuel a farthing of T O ne Maria heresa or a small brass coin of Constantine the Great . alm need only examine the sboxes to realise this fact . Th e n 3 3 . umber of ancient coins which come to u s in this manner is certainly of little importance and assuredly it is not such coins as these that reach us in good condition . After so many centuries of wear and tear i t is only natural that they should be worn out . The great mass of antique money comes to us from that great fi storehouse the earth , and from this we draw , in the rst place , the ancient deposits , in the second place , the isolated coins found in

fi and . tombs , in the elds , or in the beds of the lakes rivers By a deposit we mean a more or less important mass of money o t h e n fi f und almost always accidentally in course of diggi g , or eld T m . labour , or during the de olition of buildings hese deposits have been attributed to divers causes ; now it is the treasure of a miser secretly hidden in the corner of a garden or field in a position for of now gotten through the death the owner , a public or private or sacred treasure buried in a mom ent of panic at the sudden raid of a now hostile horde ; it is a military chest buried provisionally , that had to be abandoned in consequence of a defeat . Many other simi o lar causes might occur to us thr ugh which vases , bags , chests of money of all kinds and of all metals were hidden in the ground . From these various causes the importance of the deposi ts varies S immensely both in the number and the value of the coins . ome

- deposits consist of the few brass coins of the small land owner , others are a veritable treasure comprising an enormous weight of brass , or perhaps thousands of denarii or gold pieces . D fi 3 4 . eposits have always a very great historical and scienti c interest as a means of determining the date when the various coins were issued . If for ex ample We find in a deposit some coins fresh i of from the mint , others which shew S gns use and others well worn we are able to conclude that the last are the oldest whilst those in a better state of preservation are more recent . In fact it was in consequence of the examination and comparison of coins ng a deposit that it was possible to determine the period of many coins of the Republic .

. Bu t f eat 3 5 if the information furnished by deposits is g , that

m oi s Ro an C n . 2 _ r8 _

fo r n given by isolated coins is perhaps not less , these are fou d

scattered here and there at different depths in the earth . Th is seems strange , but it has its explanation in the nu merous battles which took place all over the vast territory of the Roman E th mpire , and in e consideration that very often the bodies of the

slain remained unburied , left as food for the wolves and birds of fi prey . It would appear at rst sight that the coins thus lost would remain on the surface of the earth and it is difficult to understand B u t how they could penetrate as far as they have . nature has prov

ided for this , both vegetables and animals have in turn concurred

in the burial of the coins , and in the long course of years the earth n worms , continuing their monotonous work of constructi g those ul little heaps which we so often see on the surface of the land , f filling the ofli c e assigned to them in the general economy of nature

- of turning the earth by raising up the u nder soil , have uncous th e h c i o usly buried little by little the coins lying on surface . T e vegetation growing over them and decaying formed new soil and thus contributed to bury them more deeply ; these then are the find reasons why we the coins so well buried , and why the plough men do not always bring them again to light . These are the coins which the cou ntry people in the neighbour h ood of Rome bring to the market in the Campo dei Fiori at

Rome , where among a mass of old coins of no value from time to time fine and well preserved specimens are found which go to increase our Museums and Collections , or more rarely , some unknown coins which provide new matter for our Reviews , and these compete with one another for the honour of publishing the new descriptions and illustrations of the coins .

3 6 . O ther coins are found at the bottom of newly drained marshes and others are always being brought u p from the beds of T w rivers, especially from that of the iber hich has gathered them g during the course of long a es .

CHAPTER IX

FO RGERIES

. E 3 7 verything of any value always has been and will be , coun terfei ted h , and ence very naturally , before everything else money has been forged for the sake of criminal gain by the circulation of false coins for the same value as the genuine . T e his has happened in all times and all countries , henc also in Rome ; bu t it is not of these base coins we intend to speak but ‘ rather o f those made in later times to deceive collectors and stu _ . I 9

dents . As soon as the enthusiasm of collectors attributed any value i to the coins of the ancients , false coiners arose , and they w ll never cease , but rather are busier than ever now as the value of anti ui l ties increases so greatly . Indeed there is no ack of these alse coins , and the collector should be well on his guard and manage by degrees to gain experience for himself so as to escape deception u fo as m ch as possible , r no coin , suspected however slightly , ought to be received into the collection . The principal object in studying the coins is to prove histori cal a facts with irrefr gable evidence , but if the coins are not genuine they prove nothing and fail in attaining our object . False coins exist of diff erent kinds but m ay all be reduced to

o ed s alsi ed coi ns . two principal classes viz . f rg coin and f fi The forged coins are those made in modern times , or at any rate few within the last centuries , in a period later than that in Th e fi w f . hich they were current , and for purposes of raud falsi ed coins are those which although they are authentic and genuine coins have been made by the art of the falsifier to present a diff erent appearance from that which they originally wore by changing the name or the portrait or some other important point . 8 o e co ns . 3 . F rg d i Among the forged coins are some which do e not deceive any xcept the most inexperienced , such as certain i m so w spec mens ; some libral Asses for example , with the other w Anc us suckling the little ones , or ith the head of Romulus , of a VEN Marcius , or any bronze coins of Julius C esar with the motto I V D V O ADLO CVTIO I I ICI , of tho with or any other legend , of H EXPEDITIO IVDAICA adrian with the legend , and many other E l coins . specially numerous are some arge brass coins of the early E mpire which may easily be recognized , by the holes on the sur face , to have been cast , although every one knows that they ought to have been struck . Among easily recognised forgeries may be mentioned especially the coins in silver reproduced by galvanic processes , which may be readily detected by the join round the edge , it being understood that by this process the two faces of the coin are reproduced separately and afterwards soldered together . There are however some coins which need all the skill of a good T connoisseur to disting uish the true from the false . his is true to such an extent that there is not a museu m in Europe which has not been more or less infested with false coins , and I suppose that ne this is more or less the case even at the present time . O must admit that much has been learned from experience and that the practical knowledge ofcoins is much more thorough , more universal t now than it was in the last cen ury , so that certain forgeries which deceived many eminent numismatists in times past, as for example B w those of ecker , are now so ell known that they no longer deceive a moderately practised eye . B u t one mus t o n the Other hand confess that the art of forgery has also made such progress that I shall not be at all surprised if the

- same should happen again , and if some specimens which to day enjoy an undisputed fame and unquestioned au thenticity , and are even regarded as the gems of a collection should in th e course of time be recognised as most clever forgeries . We can see better than w our ancestors , but the eyes of our descendants in their turn ill be more acute than ours . Th e patina on the bronze coins and the rim of all coins consti tute the most important indications of authenticity . The ancient patina is an oxidation which has eaten into the surface of the metal and which cannot be removed without sacrify

fi . ing the metal itself, whilst modern patinas are always super cial ’ Th e genuine antique patina is always hard , brilliant and shining while in comparison the modern patina is rough , opaque and easily scratched . The rim of ancient coins is never tou ched by the file but is sim ply the result o f striking a piece of metal when hot bet ween two f dies under the blow of a hammer . In orgeries on the other hand l the work of the fi e is often visible . Moreover the letters are another most important indication because it is always extremely diffi cult fi to copy the ancient letters , j ust as it is dif cult to copy a hand writing , but naturally it is only a practised eye that can discern the new from the old , and it would be impossible to lay down any fi xed rules . i . l Th e fi 3 9 Fa sfied coi ns . falsi ed coins are more dangerous

. S u that the forged ome have been made p from two coins , as for example when a coin of Antonin us Pius and another of Faustina have been cut in half and the two O bverse sides j oined together so Th e as to make one coin with a head on each side . j oin is usually not in the rim , where it would be too easily discovered , but within the legend . O n the Reverse of one of the coins a hole was scooped m fi out so as to ake it like a little box , i nto which was tted with wonderful accuracy the O bverse of the other coin cut round j ust

. T x above the legend . hese specimens present a genuine and u ne c epti o nable rim and two heads thoroughly genuine but on careful examination the circular j oin will be found on one of the sides . O ther coins have been wrought with the graving tool so as to slightly change the features of the person represented and the legend has been altered accordingly . Thus a coin of G ordi anu s III is altered to make one of C ordia Volusianu s n E m i nus Africanus , or a coin of is tur ed into one of li anus The w i and so on . traces of the graving tool ho ever sk lfully h andled always remain visible , chiefly in the letters and in the fi eld which necessarily becomes slightly lowered by the retouching ._ — 2 I

Recently a still more dangerous means o f fal sifi cation has been introduced which consists in employing a genuine ancient coin , T restriking it with another head and legend . hus there have recently appeared in the Roman market very rare specimens in bronze of Anni us Sc antilla D B Verus , Manlia , idia Clara , ritannicus , Quietus , P Annia Faustina , and lautilla , which have deceived even experienced T fi buyers . hey. may be recognised by the eld being too smooth , by the too sudden pressure of the two impressions of the dies , and lastly by th e slight lack of metal which thus could - not rise into the more deeply cut parts of the die , especially in the legends . And here I will stop so as not to dwell too lo ng on this subject ; it is suffi cient for me to have put all new collectors on their guard r against the wiles of the fo rget s or falsifie s of coins . Let these reflect from the first that one time or another they will be deceived as they must often contend with men who employ all their skill to m m deceive the , bu t whenever any one has been istaken and has a a bought a f lse coin , instead of being discour ged and disgusted with collecting let him co nsider his little misfortunes as part of the price which every one must pay for experience and as so much for knowledge gained the future . Let him also be consoled by the thought that at one time or another all great numismatists have been deceived and if it did not

’ u seem to me rather ngenerous and almost irreverent , I might record several examples of celebrated men who have thus caught e t a crab E rrare humanum est but rrando disc i ur .

40 . General rules . It is absolutely impossible to give strict ’ ‘ rules by which to recognise forged or falsified coins . Nothing but fi b the experience of long practice con rmed y some mistakes , paid n d for in good money , can enable one to attai by egrees the eye of an expert , which without much reasoning recognises by intuition H the authenticity or falseness of a coin . owever , one should always bear in mind as a certain rule that rare coins ought not to differ in the least from common ones in their appearance . Many times on h m the ot er hand , or rather in ost instances , the rare coins have a special appearance , a something indescribable in the metal , in the P letters , in the patina . laced among a thousand common coins n they will be found to have something which disti guishes them . Why ?Certainly not because they are rare but because the are O ne of the very best lessons we could have would e to examine a collection of false , and then another of authentic coins side by side . And with this vie w in cabinets formed for the purpose f of study the section of alse coins is of the greatest use . B n f or y all means let you g collectors be well on their guard , the snares are many , and in order to avoid them at the most dangerous c areer I time , that is to say at the commencement of their , believe the best advice I can give will be the followi ng

fi . T coin therein , as in an envelope hen rst with the end of yyour fi zi fterwards 1 h old nger , and with a little hard brush press and rub , fi ing the paper very rmly over the coin , until you see the impres

s i on both of the Ob verse and Reverse imprinted . In order to render i t still more clearly visible pass some lead or coloured chalk lightly over it and then the 1m pressi o n will appear almost as clear as a ph o

tograph from the original . i i las e m e1 el I m ress ons n t r . 43 . p p When one wants not y

impression to be sent by letter , but a fac simile which may be t o ravure reproduced by photography , yp g , or some other modern

o f . system , the best means is that a plaster cast 1n i e ari n i llusttati ons fi Indeed p p g this means is indispensable , rst to give one the means of reproducing at the same ti me both the O bverse and Reverse of a m m (which cannot be done with the f f coin itsel ) and also for the uni ormity of colour , when coins of of gold , silver , and bronze , or coins different tints have to be placed

on the same page or plate . In order to make a posi tive I epro duc ti o n In plaster one must meces saril i ne ati ve y begin by prepar ng a g , that Is to say a concave mould i for the purpose of cast ng the convex fac simile of the actual coin . In making a good negative various systems may be adopted

according to the size and relief of the coin . If the coin to be repro duc ed i s as small as silver denarii or aurei the negative m ay b e w - 1t made ith tin foil , working in the same way as the paper impres n o f sions , but in this case it will be conve ient to take a piece tin foil of a size s ufficient for only one side of the coin ; so as to make h the two sides separately . W en the negative has been made , the T fi plaster should be carefully prepared . ake the nest powdered P P ou laster of aris y can procure , put it in a glass , and pour on it l t i enough water to make nto a paste rather more liquid than solid . Theng fill 111 the prepared negati ve with a little brush taking great care to fill up all the little hollows therein so as to make sure that f fill no air bubbles are ormed , and then with a small spoon up. the h space to a depth of about an eighth of an inch or rat er more . After about ten m i nutes the plaster will he hardened and may then be

taken off the impression . N m 44 . egatives of s all coins may easily be obtained even with

sealing wax , we must note however that although we thus run no ff n 111 danger of spoiling gold , it is very di ere t regard to silver coins 13 whenever there any slight oxidation on their surface , and it is u to f or dangero s bronze coins generally , they many times leave a of th e part their surface adhering to sealing wax , and so not only gi ve an imperfect 1m p ressi o n but at the sam e time at e somewhat injured by the process . of m edalli ons f b nz 45. For the treatment or o ro e coins in deep relief it is better to use (Plastili na) Modelling plaster . With a little strip of cardboard or better still of tin , form a little hoop of the requ ired — l ll fill last , diameter and about fc of a inch deep , and it with p m smooth the surface and slightly cover it and the bronze c o m W i th ’ T fuller s weed or cudwort to prevent the coin adhering . hen place the coin on the plastilina and press it , take up the whole with the thumbs fi su pporting the coin , and with the other ngers gradually press the pl astilina on the type so as to make it sink into all the dep resswns on T the coin , and a perfect model will be obtained . hen turning the m odel over let th e coin drop out and pour liquid plaster into the negative thus obtained j ust as in th e cases of the tin foil or sealing wax negatives . This method of making negatives with plastilina is probably the most convenient and best and while it is i ndispen sable for coins of large dimensions or of great relief it is perhaps pref

e t able to the other ways mentioned for small coins also . Experience m has taught me that it is ost to be recommended in all cases . 6 4 . Impressions may be made in many other ways and with

other preparations , as for example with gelatine or with sulphur , but those described above are the most practical and may suffice to

- meet all the needs of the collectors . Book knowledge alone will

certainly not be enough , a little practice will also be necessary .

n l an o c n . 47 . O the c e i ng f oi s There is another practical subj ect of which we must treat because it is a difficult and intricate matter concerning which it is well to warn young collectors in order to The i s restrain their exceeding zeal . mania for cleaning coins very

often fatal because it is far more easy to spoil than to im prove them . T l here is not much danger of spoi ing gold coins , for there is gene

rally no need for cleaning them , and if such need arises they may ff S be cleaned in any kind of acid without su ering damage . ilver coins are much more delicate and therefore must be treated with much d d greater care . If one has to eal with the original earth of the epos o r th e duSt l of ears n it with accumu ated during the course y , washi g fi with soap and water will be found suf cient . If, on the other hand one h as to deal with oxidation (and sometimes silver coins are covered with a green oxide produced either by copper coins which were mingled with them or else by the vessel in which the coi ns were of buried) , it will be best to place them in a solution acid and leave

them there some time . When the simple bath of solution proves i nsufli c i ent of k , add to it a small piece zinc , ta ing care that the zinc

does not come in contact with the coins . The oxidation very rarely resists this treatment which however must sometimes be continued

for several days . Instead of the acid bath which may be obtained with the natural juice of a lemon or a solution of oxalic or of citric

acid , one may also very successfully use a solution of carbonate of B u potash . t the business of cleaning coins becomes very m uch more diffi cult when one takes the brass coins in hand . All acids are the at once to be absolutely excluded , because they corrode

metal . For removing eart h or dust and dirt generally a bath in soap and sufli c i ent water will be found as for the Other metals , but when one has to deal with oxidation there is no chemical preparation which nec es will remove it without also acting on the metal , hence it is i sary to resort to mechanical cleaning . If the ox dation is slight and not very hard it may be removed by rubbing with a pointed piece O of wood , but if on the ther hand it is hard and resists that treat m ent a metal tool must be employed but the n the greatest caution will be necessary so as to run 11 0 risk o f sc ratc hi ng and spoiling the ’ n 011 u coi , and one should be all the more one s g ard if underneath the oxidation there is a patina which ought to be preserved intact, T as that is one of the greatest ornaments of bronze coins . h e o per ation is always m ost delicate and if the hand of the operator is not

very skilful it is sure to be dangerous, so much so that very often , i f alwavs not , it is advisable to let the coins alone , tolerating a little oxidation which is in fact only the natural consequence of the ages

past , and of the material in which the coin has rested for so long a

period . Thus the plants and mosses growing in the crevices of the Colosseum or on the ruins of the Baths of Caracalla do not take away from the beauty of those venerable ruins but according

to my idea render them more attractive and interesting .

CHAPITRE XI

L ITERATURE

five 48 . It is about hundred years since the first works were N m written on Roman umis atics , we may say indeed on N umis m ati cs e fi in gen ral , for the Roman coinage was the rst to be

described . Th e attention of students as well as of collectors happened to fi be rst directed to the Imperial series . Very soon however followed th e the study of Republican coinage , and works of greater or less volume were written on both these series and were gradu ally

multiplied so that now they form an enormous library , for the t ffi Ca alogue of which a huge volume would not su ce . In this ocean of books the young student has need of a ilot to direct hi m u to those works which still deserve to be co su ted , and to warn him from the vast shoals of books which no longer present any fi scienti c interest , because whatever they contained of interest has k been included by able writers in more modern wor s . A 4 9 . short chronological list of the principal works will be of i some use to give a general idea of the kind of publications ssued , and thus to shew the names at least of the authors still com monly quoted in modern works . Whoever may wish to know more need only consult the two I z great catalogues prepared by Li psi u s and Leitz m ann . 0 i s 5 . As a sample of this literature a short list here given of those works which ought without fail to be studied or consulted by all who wish to give themselves to the study of Roman N umismatics . fi 51 . A new kind of scienti c literature has been inaugurated in this century with the Periodical Publications such as Reviews aided or rather created by N umismatic societies 3 which have also been Th e instituted in this century . great advantage of these Reviews is that they keep students always informed of the latest discoveries of fi science , by periodically publishing all the new nds as they occur , and th e results of the most recent researches , and by encouraging public discussion on difficult points . A brief list of those works which refer to Roman Numismatic s will here be given , but it should be noted that many important recent studies are excluded from our list only because they have been published in periodicals .

LIST OF WORKS ON ROMAN Corns

Illustri u m i i m eratoru m Andreas Fulvi as . magines p e illuStri u m vi ro ru m v ultus ex an tiq u is nu m i sm ati b us

- i n . 1 1 1 . 8 ex ressi . p Rome , 5 7 , vol V i m a i ni t et le E nea i co. Le g con tut i i riversi trovati vite P 1 1 i n - e . 8 . . degli imp ratori arma , 54 , vol 4 ’ — da du th r s r an ti i ez - a Stra . E é o u t pitome des q , c est dire , v ra es portraits de y médailles des empereu rs . Lyons , I S53 E i co D l i nea V . e iscors—i sopra medagl e degli anchi . Venice , 1 1 . i n . 555, vol 4

1 . I . G . Li siu s B i bli otbeca numar i a Catalo ue Auclor um Sui us ue ad nem p , g q fi saeculi X VI I I de re monetar ia au t m mzi s scr i ser unt Lei i 1 80 1 2 vol i n - p , pz g , , . 8 . ’ 2 L ei tz m ann B iblzotbeca namar i a Vm' ei clm iss sdmmtl . I icber i n de m ume , , z Zei tra 1 800 bis 1 866 er scbi enenen fib er Mzb z kunde W eissensee 1 86 1 vol i n—8 z , , 7 , . . Th e ri n c i a N u m ism ati c So c i etie o f ur 3 . p p l s E ope ar e Th e Num i sm ati c So c i ety of London (f ounded i n t a B Soc ié é Royal e de N u m i sm tiq ue de B elgiqu e . russel s (fo unded So c ié té f ran ai s d um i sm ati u Paris f ounded c e e N q e . ( um i a c h n N sm ti s h e G esell sc aft . Vi en a (fou nded 1 870) i G ne f u n Soc été sui sse de N u m ism atiq ue . e v a ( o ded 1 879) f Soc i eta N um i sm ati c a I tali ana. Mi lan ( ounded l e e Ku nstlic he ai enei tli c h e B Di ethe m K ll r . und g ildnissen ' 8 i ch 1 . Ke seré n . ur rhci m . Z der y , 55 ' l D e . Sebasti ano E rzzzo. iscorso sopra medagli degli antichi i — 1 1 . n . Venice , 559 , vol 4

I m eratorum . Andreas Gessner . p Rom imagines , Zurich , i m erato rum H ubert Gol . z Caesar Augustus , sive historia p I SS9 C aesarum q ue Rom anorum ex antiq ui s nu m i sm ati bus

B 1 . restituta libri II . ruges , 574 i r m ana re eri untur Fulvi as Urs nus . Familiae o e quae p in

i m m at divum Au ustum . antiq u s nu is i bus ab U . C . ad g 1 fi Rome , 57 7 , g .

i P 1 1 . Le Po s. D . A . iscours sur les médailles aris 57 9 , vol i - n 4 . e re nu mari a di sser t ria os . Scali erus . D m a f g , liber postumus

Antver iae ofii c i na Plau tini ana Ra helen ii 1 6 1 6 . p , ex p g , m ism atib u s i r m nae . n u at n . o a Cb . P Familiae in ant ab 6 P 1 6 . U . rbe condita ad tempora divi Augusti aris , 3

i . r t ru m m m . C17 . Pat n Im e a o Ro anoru p numismata Argent ,

1 67 1 .

S anbei m . Dissertati ones raest ntia E zeeb . p de p a et usu ti i sm atu m an u orum . 6 1 n u m 1 . q Amsterdam , 7 ' n v s Andreas Morellzns . Specimen u i er ae rei num m ari ae

anti u ae . P i 1 68 q ar s , 3 .

i P . Pi e e Paolo Pedr us ov n . e I Cesari in oro , in argento , in

medaglioni , in metallo , grande , mezzano e piccolo raccolti nel Museo Farnese e pubblicati colle Ioro con P 6 - 1 1 2 1 0 . grue interpretazioni , arma , 9 4 7 7 , vol

- i n fol . illustrati . H t . l C17 . Pa i n a istoire des médai les , ou introduction la P 1 6 i n—1 2 . 1 . . connoissance de cette science aris , 59 , vol Vaillant N fam ili aru r . m er etu i s i nte re I . umi antiqui p p p ' - i bu i llustrati . a n i n . t ti o s 1 0 . 2 Amsterdam , 7 3 vol . fol ' lt z s De n u m aria H ab . Go u z , re antiqua opera quae extant l i h - . 1 0 vo . . universa Anversa , 7 3 , 5 fol

hn H ardui nns . O . o 1 0 1 . J pera omnia Amsterdam , 7 9 , vol

- i n fol . B Anselmas Bandur i ns . ibliotheca nu m aria sive auctorum num arla sc ri seru nt P 1 1 8 . 1 . qu—i de re p aris , 7 , vol i n fo l.

n Anselm as B andnri s . Numismata i m perato ru m romano T D Pal o l e o os . P rum a raiano ecio ad g Augustos aris , d i h - 1 1 8 2 . 2 E 7 , vol fol , dition (with supplement

- H . Tani ni 1 . 1 1 i n by ier ) Rome , 7 9 , vol , fol . 2 8

Ar elatus . Phil . diobarba . Fr . Me Adol hus Occo. g XXIII . p P i I m peratoru m ro m ano ru m nu mismata a ompe o au ustoru m i c o Magno ad H erac li u m . olim congesta g n ib u s er etu i s hi stori c o - c h ron ologi c is D O U S pluri , p p . Medi ob arb o busque addi tam enti s jam illustrata a Fr . Bi ra o addi ti onib u s desideratis c rrtrc rs u e g , usque hac , q

b servationi b us exo rnata Ph . . o , curante Argelato

- i n . 1 0 1 . Milan , 7 3 , vol fol lli an us Andreas Morc lli us . T m ore XXIV hesaurus , sive familia ru m numismata omnia diligenti ssi m e u ndiqu e c onq ui sita ad i pso rum n u m o ru m fide accuratissime delineata

P . et o rdi nem . U et . j uxta F rsini C atini Amsterdam ,

- i n . 1 2 . 7 3 4 , vol fol mari de a a i B i l B st e. P L o uis obert. os . XXV . . j ] La science

des médailles , nouvelle édition avec des remarques Bi m ard et ar . B historiques critiques p Jos de la astie .

- i 1 2 . P . 1 2 . n aris 7 3 9 , vol ’ ’ e B eauvai s d rleans . XXVI . O La mani re de discerner les médailles P 1 antiques de celles qui sont contrefaites , aris , 7 3 9 ,

- 1 v l Ill . o . 4

P . 1 0 i ni . I . Franc esco de Ficor XXVI I iombi , antichi Rome , 7 4 ,

- i n . 1 vol . 4 i t i m erato ru m rom anorum Va llan . I . N XXVIII . umismata p prae

n i ra Postum u m . sta t o a Julio Caesare ad usque Rome ,

- i n . 1 1 . 7 43 , vol 4

h l Sc hu lz i anu m . 1 6 . A nethler . N u m o XXIX . M. G . g p y Lipsia , 7 4 he u ni versae nu mm a hri to horus asc . . o C R XXX l . p Lexicon rei

ri ae veterum et praec i pu e G raec o rum et Romanorum . - - 8 i n . 1 8 1 80 1 . Leipsic , 7 5 5, 4 vol

- 8 1 82 . Domenico Suturi . O . 1 XXXI . pere diverse Rome , 7 9 9

m . h hel . D n m oru m veteru I . ose E c k u XXX I j p octri—na Vienna , - 8 i n . 1 7 9 2 1 7 9 , 8 vol . 4 a lu i m eratoru m rom anorum XXX . C y s . Numismata aurea p e c h ri sti ani ss et cimelio regis , delineata aeri incisa ,

(without date) . m elice Caronni . XXXIV . P. F Lezioni ele entari di numismatica ’ kh l 1 8 - Ec e . 80 1 . i n . antica dell abate Rome , , vol 4

D . Marc hand . n N t . XXXV . N . Méla ges de umismatique e Histoire

- 8 . i P 1 1 8 1 n . aris, , vol fol i n n Ma ui s de P a . Le o s é XXXVI . rq c lémentaires de Numismatique P 1 82 T . romaine . aris , rouvé , 3 i l kh e r Ste nbii che . . Ec l. do c t i nam XXXVII . Ios Addenda ad nu mo m 1 - veteru . 82 6 1 . i n . rum Vienna , , vol 4

E . Mi onnet. D é t du I T. e XXXVI I . e la raret prix des médailles P d 8 1 1 . 2 E s. 1 P 1 2 . 8 romaine aris , 5, vol ( dition aris , 7 , v l 2 o . i n 2 9 “

m . H . H enni n . m y xxxi x . Manuel d—e la n u is atique ancienne P 0 v l. i n I 1 8 2 o 6 . aris , 3 , l i d i Ce est no Cave on . Saggio di osservazioni sulle medaglie 1 82 di famiglie romane , ecc . Modena , 9 e Appendice , i - 1 8 1 2 . n 8 . 3 , vol E fi de Saulc . F. y ssai de classi cation des suites monétaires

- 8 i . 1 6 1 . n 8 byzantines , Metz , 3 , vol avec atlas n Alzerina oh . Y. n . XLII . j Coins of the Romans relating to

i - 8 . fi B 1 8 6 n . ritain London , 3 , , g

IV B a . a m i c T . I . h r C . r t D s O s he XL II . Ass unde seine eile 8 1 8 . Leipzig , 3

XLIV . Lavy . Museo numismatico Lavy appartenente alla R .

Accademia delle Scienze (parte II . Descrizione delle 8 T 1 1 0 . . 8 medaglie romane urin , 3 9 4

oh A e . Y k ni an . 1 8 0 n. . r N j umismatic Manual London , , ’

P Ma c hi Tes d . d L Aes rave P. r e si eri C . . G . . g del Museo Ki rkeri ano ovvero le modere primitive dei ’ — 1 i . l . 1 8 0 . n popoli del Italia media Rome , 4 , vol 4 Ald n i i . al XLVII . Intorno tipo ordinario dele antiche monete

. T 1 8 2 . librali romane urin , 4

ennaro i cci o. XLVIII . G R Le monete delle antiche famiglie di

. N 1 8 1 vo l . . Roma aples , 43 , con tav a ’ I . Sabati er . 51 et a XLIX . Les ph ses de l art monétaire Rome St P 1 8 B z anc e . 8 y etersburg , 4 . ’ ’

bati er . P I . L . Sa et du e roduction de l or , de l argent cuivre chez les anciens et hOtels m onétaires des t et . S P 1 8 0 . empires romain byzantin etersburg , 5 ll u m m t i . a e l v Fr C r i . N oru I a ae e ri s te tabulae CCII .

1 8 1 . Modena , 5 ’ d l i n e B arthe e . A . y Nouveau manuel complet de Numis e P 1 8 i - . 1 1 6 2 E . h 1 di matiq ue ancienne aris , 5 , vol . (

. P tion aris , le n Ce szi o Cavedoni . Ragguaglio storico archeologico dei precipui ripostigli antichi di medaglie co nsolari e di

- . i i i . . 1 8 8 famiglie romane Modena 54 ,

H enri Cohen . Description générale des monnaies de la é république romaine , commun ment appelées Cousu 8 - P 1 1 . i n e laires . aris , 57 , vol 4 av c 7 5 planches . en i H r Cohen . Description historique des monnaies frap ’ ’ " pées sous l empire romain ju sq u ala chute de l empire ’ — P 1 8 - 8 d c c ident . 6 v O 1 8 8 o l. i h aris , 59 , 7 avec planches .

d - 2 E . P 1 8 0 1 8 v l 8 2 8 o . ( dition aris , 9 , illustrated) .

Sabati er . D I . escription générale des Médaillons c onto r P i 1 860 aVec . 1 . mates ar s , , 9 planches

d . ri e lande N LXXIII F r . Repertorium zur Antiken umismatik in “ Anschluss an Mionnet description des médailles ”

vo n . antiques , zusammengestellt J Friedlander , aus

Wei l . B N von . seinem achlass herausgegeben R erlin , 8 - — 8 . 1 i n . 0 Reimer , 5, j pag XI 4 h F dde h n . W . Steve so oac h Smi t r W . Ma . Set n n C . R LXXIV , , A D and ictionary of Roman coins Republican Imperial . 8 l . 1 8 1 vo . London , 9 , ill Wi l a id w T . l i a he LXXV m R ge y . origin of metallic currency and 8 1 2 . weight standards . Cambridg e , 9

A . ei . u z bil er f ur de LXXVI . Pf f er Antike M n d n Schulgebrauch

- 1 8 i n 8 . Winterthur , 9 5, con tavole l 1 . A . B anchet. . P 8 6 . LXXVII Les monnaies romaines aris , 9 Max ah el . dt a B LXXVIII B rf . N achtr ge und erechtigungen zur Mu nz kunde ROm isc hen der Republik , in Anschluss ’ - - an Bab elon s V—erz ei c h niss der Consular Munzen . 1 8 i n 8 1 . 1 0 illustr . Vienna , 97 , con 3 tav e 3

. . l . E A . uc e m m Der unzsa er 1 8 8 . St h lber . M LXXIX g Zurich , 9 F l . H i l . H G . LXXX G . . A andbook of reek and Roman Coins 1 8 London , 9 9 .

'

. whi c h I 53 Among these eighty works , the authors and titles of rec o m have given in chronological order , the following are to he

mended as the most practically useful , and almost necessary for young students .

th t d a) For e coi nage of the pri mi ive perio .

T . Marchi and essieri , XLVI B ’ d Ai ll . aron y , LX

. S . L ambon , LXIII

. G tt . R a ucci , LXXI

h e ublic b) For t e coi nage of Rp .

Ec kh l e . (vol V) , XXXII . B orghesi , LVIII .

Riccio , XLVIII . Fabretti , LXV . Bab elon , LXXII . 0

o the a e o t e ea l c) F r coi n g ] h r y E mpi re. kh Ec el . I X . (vol VI , VII , and V II) , X XII n Cohe , LV .

Mommsen , LXI . 3 2

d) For the Byzanti ne coi nage.

S . aulcy , XLI S abatier , LIX .

l e) For genera ref erence.

c xxx . Ras he ,

S V . tevenson , LXXI

For si le a c lass cati on the ollowi n three works vi ll 54 . mp g uid nce i n ifi j g

su cc .

B m II . abelo , LXX for the Republican coinage

Cohen , LV , for the Imperial coinage .

S LIX B . abatier , , for the yzantine coinage

Th w n 55. e following is a list of the principal Revie s containi g ti ar cles on Roman N u mismatics .

CURRE NT REVIEWS

Revue N umismati ue ran aise P 1 8 6 . q f c , aris , from 3

umi at c hro ic e 1 8 8 . N sm i C n l . London , from 3

e d i e B 1 8 2 . Revue b l e e N umi smat u . g q russels , from 4 '

8 0 . N u misntati sche Zei tschri t. 1 f Vienna , from 7

B i 1 8 . Zei tsc hri t zi r N umisni atilz. f f erl n , from 7 4

ivista I taliana di N umismatic a 1 888 . R , from ’ S i nk s Monthl N umi smatic Ci rc ular 1 8 p y , from 9 3

REVIEWS WHICH HAVE CEASED TO B E ISSUED

- 8 1 2 . r umi ati . . 1 80 Gi o nale n sni co . E N (F M AV LLINO ) aples , — 8 1 . Annali di N umismatica G . . 1 6 ( FIORELLI) Roma , 4 5 ismat he IAMI L m 1 8 . Memor i e N um ic D LA . ( ) Ro a , 4 7 ’

ti i e r i d u at i a Z . N o z pereg ne i N mesm i ca e d Archeolog (F . SCHWEIT ER)

- T 1 8 1 6 1 . rieste , 5 Ri vista della N umismatica anti ca e nzoder na (O LIVIERI e MAGGIORA

- 6 6 . . 1 8 VERGANO) Asti , 3 5 66 8 . ivi sta N umismatic a i taliana . 1 R (MAGGIORA VERGANO) Asti , ’ ’ ’ ' - Annuai re de N umismatique et d Archeologi e (D AMIaCOU RT BELFORT) . - 6 P 1 866 . arigi, 9 ’ Per iodico di N umismatica e Sf ragistica per la Stor i a d I talia - S ZZ . 1 868 . (C . TRO I) Firenze , 74

- Ga etta N umismatica S . AMB RO SO LI . 1 88 1 8 . z ( ) Como , 7

B ulleti no di N umi smatica e Sf rag istica (SanTO N i e VI TAL I NI . Came

- 1 882 8 . rino , 7 CHAPTER XII

TECHNICAL TERMS

6 The fi n 5 . rst requisite for clearly understanding umismatic works without risk of confusion is that of clearly defining the

meaning of the terms used therein , it therefore seems advisable to supply definitions of some technical terms frequently m et with . fi For most of these a simple de nition will be enough , but for those which need a more complete or diffuse explanation references

are given to the chapters dealing with the subjects . M 57 . NU ISMATICS is the science which has for its object the study n of coins from the poi t of view of history , of art , of portraiture , and

economy . m ism a 8 . nu 5 A COIN (nummus or ) is a piece of metal , gold , r silver , b ass , or bronze , cast or struck generally in the form of a n disc , which bears an impression conferri g upon it a legal charac

ter by public or private contract . TH E D f 59 . SI ES or FACES of a coin are the two opposite sur aces

presenting the types and legends . TH E B 6 0 . O VERSE is the principal side which generally bears the

head of a deity , or of a ruler , or some other sign of the authority

by which the money was issued . T 6 1 . H E O REVERSE is the side opposite to the bverse , it is less O important and u sually bears a historical or m y thOIO i c al type .

6 1 . TH E two si t FIELD is the free space of the es of the coin ,

that is , the space not occupied by the head , the types , or the

legends . T E 6 . H E m 3 XERGUE is the lower seg ent of the face of the coin , generally on the Reverse for the most part bounded by a horizon

tal line .

64 . CONTORNO is an Italian word for the edge round the rim of

a coin . T 6 5. ONDINO or TONDELLO is an Italian word used to express the o f disc metal prepared for the striking of a coin .

66 . TH E T P fi Y E is the gure or object represented on a coin , it is t generally used for hat on the Reverse (see ch . XIV , XIX ,

XXXVII) . TH E wh 67 . LEGEND is the inscription ether found on the

and . O bverse or the Reverse of a coin (see ch . XX XVIII

P . . 68 . ANE IGRAFA An Italian word for a coin without a legend

6 . TH E MP 9 I RESS means the type and the legend as a whole ,

Roma oi s n C n . 3 3 4

Th e that is the entire design struck on a coin . word is also used sr m f to g y any reproduction of a coin in paper , wax , or plaster

(see ch . X) . ’ 7 0 . MINT MARKS and MoN EYE R s MARKS are abbreviations of words generally consisting of the two first letters of a word . They are specially used to indicate the mints on the coinage of the later

E MD . mpire , as RA for Ravenna , for Mediolanu m M fi 1 . 7 MONOGRA , signi es the principal letters of a name grouped fi into one design , or j oined in a single gure . Many examples are found on the Byzantine and Italian G othic coins .

7 2 . MODULE is the word used to indicate the dimension or rather the diameter of a coin . In the Older works on Numismatics the module was described by reference to th e scale published by Mi o nn et in which there are nineteen small circles of diff erent m u e dimensions , but it is much better and ore acc rate to xpress the dimensions , as is now commonly done , by reference to fractions of an inch .

’ Mi onnet s scal e .

73 By the CONDITION of a coin is meant its actual state of pre servation . A coin which is found in the sam e perfect condition in wh ich it was issued from t he mint is called in English in mint con ” ” ” dition , in Italian Ruspa in French Fleur de coin . Coins are in England generally classified according to their condition as ” “ ” ”

fine fine . very , , mediocre or poor TO To fi 7 4 . RIGHT or LEFT mean that the gures on the coins are turned towards the right or left hand of the observer . TH E P 7 5. ATINA of a coin is the result of oxidation on copper The coins . kind of oxidation formed on the surface depends upon the materials surrounding the coin during the ages in which i t was S buried . ome show a beautiful malachite green appearance , others u blue , red , bronze , or black . A beautif l patina adds very much to the of au thentic price of a bronze coin , and if it is natural , is a sure sign

fi . ity , but many arti cial patinas are produced T of 7 6 . ITOLO is an Italian word used to express the degree S purity of metal used in coining (the tandard) . TH E N M determ i n 7 7 . LEGAL or O INAL VALUE ofa coin is the value ed by the contemporary laws according to the monetary unit , that is to say the value which is given by law to a given quantity of coined metal .

7 8 . METALLIC VALUE is the actual and variable price of the metal n of which the coin is formed , without taki g account of the cost of w coining hich forms part of the legal value . TH E 7 9 . MONETARY UNIT is the coin which serves as the base of the monetary system of a country and which has its multiples and

sud VI Si o ns . The fi w rst monetary unit of the Romans was the As , and after ards i when S lver was introduced the Sestertius . B Z 80 . RON E COINS .

a X . 1 2 . 1 26 1 et s . ) As , the monetary unit (see ch III , n 5, , 3 3 q ,

1 . 2 1 et . 47 XXV , n 5 seq ) S f O . I . emis , the half an As (see ch X II , n T riens , the third of an As (see ch . XIII , n . of an Quadrans , the fourth As (see ch , XIII , n . S extans , the sixth of an As (see ch . XIII , n . U 1 1 . ncia , the twelfth part of an As (see ch . XIII , n . 3 S h estertius , two Asses and a alf, afterwards four (see 2 chap . 5, d . h D . 1 1 ) upondius , two Asses (see ch XIII , n . 4 , and XXV , n . 2 09 ) i Tri ondi us ) p , three Asses (see ch . XIII , n . h uadrussis ) Q , four Asses (see ch . XIII , n . l ui nc ussis five ) Q , Asses (see ch . XIII , n . m D ) ecussis , ten Asses (see ch . XIII . n .

. . 2 1 8 Follis (see ch XXV , n ,

Centenionalis (see ch . XXV , n .

8 1 . S ILVER COINAGE . a S t a see c h . ) estertius , the mone ry unit ( XIX , n . 3 6 I b . 1 S . , ) Quinarius , two estertii (see ch XIV , n 54 ; XXI I

n .

. XI . 1 D . V enarius , four sestertii (see ch , n 53 XXIII , n ' 60 1 6 1 a . 1 Victoriatus , special coin (see ch . XIV , n , ,

E . . S . iliqua , a coin of the later mpire (c ch XXIV , n

V . E . Miliarensis a coin of the later mpire (see ch XXI , n

g ) Antoninianus , or double denarius , of the time of Caracalla

I . 2 6 . . 0 (see ch XXI I , n , and XXIV)

2 . 8 G OLD COINS . a) Denarius Aureus (or S i mply Aureus) the monetary unit (see ch . XV , XVI and XXIII) .

Quinarius , the half denarius (see ch . XXIII) . S olidus , denarius of the time of Constantine (see ch . XXIII . — ) S . . emis , a half denarius (see ch XXIII)

T . riens , the third of a denarius (see ch XXIII) . M TH E . T 83 . CONSULAR or FA ILY COINS hese are names which h e are improperly given to t coinage of the Republic .

84 . TH E IMPERIAL COINAGE should mean that issued from the n of th e E n beginni g to the end Roman mpire , stante Roma o ” Imperio ; but the expression is more generally used for the coinage of the Western Empire fro m Augustus to Romulus

Aug ustu lu s . E 85 . BYZANTINE COINS are those issued by the mperors of the

East . O F EMP MP 86 . COINS THE ERORS or I ERIAL COINS are those

E II . 200 coined by the direct authority of the mperor (see XXI , n

2 0 1 . and XXVI , n the 8 7 . SENATORIAL COINS are those coined by the authority of

2 0 1 . Senate (see ch . XXIII, n . ; XXVI , n 8 8 . COLONIAL COINS are those struck in the colonies and form ing a separate series from those p roperly called Roman . They are

B . . of ronze and mostly with Latin legends (see ch XXXVI , n T MP H E G . T 89 . REEK I ERIAL COINS his series was struck in the

G - reek speaking provinces under the dominion of the Romans , they bear the portraits of the Roman Emperors .

They are for the most part of bronze and bear G reek legends . They should more properly be called City coinage ch . XXXVI , n .

9 0 . ALEXANDRINE COINS are the Imperial coins struck in Egypt . S ” ome are in very base silver called potin , but the greater T nu mber are in bronze . heir legends are all in Greek and they shew a special type of fabric (see ch . XXXVI , n . B B 9 1 . AR AROUS COINS are the base imitations of the Imperial T money made among barbarous peoples . h e are f ound in all the metals . — 3 7

2 9 . LENTICULAR COINS are those shaped in the form of a lens , being h t icker and larger in . the centre and gradually thinner towards the fi edge , as were the rst emissions of the As .

. G B . S 9 3 LO ULAR COINS ome gold coins of considerable thickness , B d with a small diameter , of the yzantine perio are thus named (see

ch . XXV, n . T B 9 . CONCAVE COINS . here are some yzantine coins of gold ,

silver , and bronze , which having been coined with a convex die O for the bverse , and concave die for the Reverse are stamped into T fi a form rather like that of a shallow bowl . hey were rst issued about the end o f the eleventh century and continued to be issued

h . u t e B E . ntil end of the yzantine mpire (see ch XXV , n COU NTERMARK ED few . S 9 5 COINS . ome Imperial brass and a very n silver coins bear a sign or countermark , stamped upon them lo g

after they were issued , with the intention of giving fresh authority The to their currency in a fresh reign . countermarks consist of

certain letters , sometimes easily interpreted , when for instance

M . E TIB . I P T they form the name of an mperor , as ( iberius Impe

ESP es asian &c . S . P V us . rator) or V , ( p ) or the common legend

Q . R . (Senatu s popu lusq ue Romanus) at other times however ffi i they are di cult to interpret , be ng formed of letters of unknown N CAPR n meaning , as for example for which many interpretatio s N Cu su s more or less plausible have been proposed , as ummus Auc tori tate P opuli Romani .

6 . . S i i 9 COUNTERSIGNED COINS ome denar of the Republic bear , impressed in the form of little countermarks certain signs of very diverse forms which from their variety seem to have been stamped by private persons as guarantees of the goodness of th e

metal . P M O 9 7 . OSTHU OUS C INS are those which were struck after the w ffi T death of the ruler hose name and e gy they bear . hus Augus ae T tus issued coins with the head of Julius C sar , iberius coined

others with the head of Augustus and others did the same (see ch .

XXIX) . Th e consecration and restitution coins form other series of

posthumous coins . O 9 8 . C NSECRATION COINS are those struck in memory of the apo theosi s a of an Augustus , an Augusta , or a C esar , that is , a ceremony D v 011 O which celebrated their passing to join the i inities lympus . They exist in all the three metals commencing from the time of H G adrian and terminating with that of Constantine the reat (see ch .

XXXI) .

9 9 . RESTITUTION COINS are those which were recoined at a time f fi T long a ter their rst emission . hey bear the original types more f E or less aithfully reproduced , but the mperor who reissued them

H B T 1 0 7 . Y RID COINS . hose coins which have an O bverse type

which is not . usually found with that on the Reverse are called ff hybrid , being made with dies belonging to two di erent coins . These mistakes could only have arisen from the dies being mixed

in the workshop , while two or more magistrates were coining fi money at the same time , or when , on a change of of cers , or on the succession of an Emperor some of the former dies were no t The destroyed . mistake might also have arisen through the clum ss si ne of a forger . G i 1 08 . ENUINE or AUTHENTIC COINS are those recogn sed as having

really been cast or Struck officially at the date of issue . l 1 0 . anc ient a se coi ns 9 FALSE COINS consist of two kinds , the f which were made in ancient times by private fraud to be Spent as

current coins , (these always have a historic and numismatic value , ) th e modern alse c oi ns of and f , that is imitations the ancient coins

made in order to deceive collectors . T hese are being made by many methods , and although some are easily recognizable others are made with such Skill that a practised

m . eye is necessary to distinguish the from the genuine (see ch IX ,

8 . 11 . 3

1 1 0 . FALSIFIED COINS are those which although originally genuine have been so much altered by the work of the falsifier as to seem so m ethi ng quite different from what they were originally

(see ch . IX , n . 3 9) l . T im ro er 1 1 I . MEDALLION his is a word p y used by students of

0 . Roman numismatics . As a derivative Medal (i e . a large medal) it would signify any piece of metal cast or struck with a type on O both bverse and Reverse , but which however similar it might be to a coin except in its generally larger size would have no legal character without the legal legend and hence would not properly w . No r be used in business , medallions in the true sense of the wo d do not exist in the Roman series unless we choose to make an exception in favour of the contorniates ; but in common parlance th e name of medallions is improperly given to those coins which x T e ceed the common dimensions . hey should more correctly be called multiples T hey exist in all the three metals (see ch . XXVI) .

1 1 2 F . . MEDALLIONS O TWO METALS Sometimes brass coins of very

large dimensions are struck on a disc formed of two metals , the

central portion of one m etal set in a ring of the other . Th e two n portions are generally of two different qualities of bro ze , or of ff di erent metals , brass and latten , that inside being softer the better

to receive the impression , the outer ring hard and more resisting .

1 1 . M 3 FRA ED MEDALLIONS . Those which are furnished with an h e ornamental circle are called in Italian Medaglione cerchiato . T frame serves as a kind of cornice to the type ; they were sometimes h added to the medallion in ancient times , but in other cases t ey

form a single piece with the medallion itself.

1 1 EXAGI U M . 4 . (solidi) A piece of bronze either rectangular or E round , used in the later times of the mpire to serve as the stand f T ard weight o the Roman solidus . hey often bore the portrait or portraits of the Imperial family of their time and sometimes the

inscription ex agi um solidi .

T . T 1 1 . 5 ESSERA hese were provisional substitutes for money , a T kind of token or representative Sign of value . hey exist in both

bronze and lead and are of all periods (see ch . XXXVII) .

1 1 6 . CONTORNIATES are a kind of tessera or medallion measuring an from about inch to an inch and a half, for the most part cast and very rarely struck and having certain characteristics which T distinguish them from coins . hey were produced in the third and fourth centu ries and their name is derived from a circular furrow or incised ring on both sides forming a kind of cornice or frame to

I . the types (see ch . XXXI I) T SP . 1 1 7 . ECIAL WORDS here are many technical words used by and a G Numismatists Arch eologists , some simply Latin or reek h n words , others more or less modernised , whic have a special mea S ing and are frequently used in the descri ptions of coins . ome of

these have been explained above , but there are many others of which it may be as well to give an alphabetical list k

a an apparitor or attendant on a consul or pr etor .

adj . used of two portraits, one overlapping the other

in the same direction .

Acerra . , A small casket in which incense was kept

/E di le . i , A Roman magistrate i ’ E s G . g , A breastplate ornamented with the orgon s head

A ex . p , A sacerdotal pointed cap le i a i a Th e A ui la on r . q g , eagles on the Roman standards

B if rons A head having two faces like Janus . B illon , A French word for very base silver coinage .

s i . B i enni s . ec ur s p , An axe with two edges (cf ) ’

Caduceus . , A rod round which serpents are twisted Mercury s

emblem . m E Car entu . p , A coach drawn by mules used by the mpresses Ci sto hor us p , A silver coin of Asia Minor , bearing as type the B mystic chest of acchus with serpents above . Cli eus Th e p , round brazen shield of the Roman soldiers . Also a shield bearing a portrait hung on a public

building . Con i ari um fi re g , At rst a provision of food or oil , afterwards a p E f rom sent of money given by the mperors , used r Nero to M . Au elius .

h e . Cor nuco iae H . T p , orn of plenty horn of the goat Amalthea

Cornu ete . p , Word descriptive of the action of a bull butting orona The E C , head decoration of mperors and divinities on T n Roman coins . hese were of the fo llowi g kinds . l Laurel crowns of bay or aurel leaves .

Radiate crowns with spikes or rays .

Civic crowns made of oak leaves .

Rostral crowns ornamented with model prows .

Mural crowns ornamented with battlements .

u . And crowns of ivy, myrtle , r shes and roses Th e Crest . , ornament on a helm l Curule Curu is . ( ) , adj applied to the thrones or seats of Curule i f Ed les or other high magistrates .

Crossed in the form of X . A circle or band of gold ornamenti ng the heads of

the Emperors of the later Empire .

Castor and Pollux .

A metal composed of gold and silver .

A bundle of rods round an axe , symbol of Consular

authority . l Fi let Th e E . , band round the head of a god or mperor

Flamen . , A chief priest of Jupiter or Mars l H exast e . y , A temple with six columns in front i - H ocai n us . pp p , A sea horse I n ula fi f , A twisted band or white woollen llet worn by

Roman priests . P n fi o ti cal or military badges or ensigns . n o f hri st A military Standard beari g the monogram C . Im eri al 0 ift n w0 1d An p gt or distributio , a later for Lib erali tas n , introduced by Co stantius II . L aureate O , rnamented with a crown of laurel . emni sc i Th L e ribbons attached to a crown . Lec ti sterni um , A feast at which idols were seated at table . Liberali tas E , A present of food from the mperor (same as Con gi ari u m ) this word was used after th e time of

M . Aurelius . i ’ L ctor . , A Roman magistrate s attendant Li tuus v , A cur ed rod , the badge of the augurs . i Lor ca . , A cuirass

Lor icatus O ne . , girt with a cuirass Modi us , A measure like a bushel . N ic e bor us fi p , A gure bearing a statuette of Victory . i mb s N u . , An aureole , or halo 42

' Obri o Obrussa z ( ) , Very pu re gold .

Palladi um . , A statuette of Minerva in the temple of Vesta Palli um G a . , A reek clo k Paludamenturn , An Imperial military cloak . Para oni um . z , A short sword in a sheath P r l a ma . , A smal rou nd shield

Pater a . , A small vessel like a saucer used in libations

Pe asus Th e . g , winged horse of the muses ’

Pedum . , A shepherd s crook

- Peltum . , A small shield , crescent shaped P - c a etasus The . , winged travelling p of Mercury

Pharetra . , A quiver for arrows Pileus h e D T . , conical Shaped cap of the ioscuri Plec tr um , An instru ment used in playing the lyre .

Poc uluni c u . , A p

Pusulatum fi . , Re ned silver

Poti n . , A French word for very base silver Pra’ eri c ulum u fi w f , A large shallow bowl sed in sacri ces rongly used

- for guttus , a narrow necked vase . ’

Prcetexta to a . ( g ) A magistrate s toga bordered with urple . di ate ad s p w Ra . . , j With ray , or frequently with a raye cro n

ostrum The . R , beaked prow of a Roman ship Rostrata D , ecorated with prows , as for example a crown or

colu mn .

Seces ita u fi . p , A knife sed in sacri cing li Sella oura s T . , hrone or chair of the higher Magistrates

Si na mi li tari a a . g , Military stand rds or ensigns i ulu fi S m m . p , A cup with a handle , used in the sacri ces Si strum , A musical instrument of percussion used in the cult

of Isis . Subselli um The o , thr ne of the plebeian magistrates . m f Su estu . gg , A stage or , plat orm used by orators

- Teda Teeda . , or , A pitch pine torch

Tessera . , A small square wooden tablet

Teeni a fi E . , A llet worn by the mperors Tet a r st le . u y , adj sed of temples with four columns .

Tibia . , a kind of fl ute or pipe ’

Tor ue G . q , a allic chieftain s collar Tri od - p , a three legged bronze altar . T i reme r . , a Ship with three rows of oars Tr i uetra T S . q , hree legs united , the symbol of icily

Turreted . , adj used of castellated crowns . Venabulu m , a hunting spear . Vi ti mari us The fi c . , assistant of the priest at a sacri ce

1 1 8 . B B A REVIATIONS . It will be useful to conclude this chapter on nomenclature with an explanation of the Abbreviations com ' mouly used in N um i sm ati c b oo ks and catalogues throughout

Eu rope . ENGLISH AB B REVIATIONS

First or Large Brass .

Second Brass .

Third Brass .

Silver .

Gold .

v O . Ob . bverse

BL . Reverse . to r . to right . f to l . to le t . wt . weigo ht .

E . D . . F C lenr de coin , Mint condition

E fin e . E . . F xtremely condition fine V . F . Very condition

Fine condition .

M . Mediocre condition .

P . P. oor condition

n . RRR. S. . . scarce R rare , RR very rare , exceedi gly rare

GERMAN A B B REVIATI O NS

Gross Bronze . B Mittle ronze .

Klein Bron ze . b H auptseite O v . s Ruc k ei te BL .

rechts right .

2 links left .

nach rechts to right . _ nach links to left . _ Stempelglanz Fleur de coin .

F. Vo rz uglic h erhalten E .

sehr gut erhalten V . F gut erhalten F

ziemlich gut erhalten M .

- sehlec ht erhalten P. ’

c hOn . sehr s V F . n sc hO F .

geloch t pierced . fi gehenkelt with ring af xed . Mu zz ei h en 2 n c Mint mark . St . S S tuck pecimen . desgl . dgl . desgleichen ditto , the same .

ITALIAN AB B REVIATIONS

O . r or Auru m or O o gold .

2 dR . Argento silver .

E . r [ B . B B z or Aes or ronzo ron e . EL E lettro Electrum . W P iombo Lead . Q w G B ser ertiu s ran ronzo a t . Z a B Medio ronzo Dupondius or As . W w B Piccolo ronzo Any subdivision or an As . Z S Medaglione Medallion . ? f z Dritto O bverse . a 2 i “ Rovescio Reverse . P e a destra to right . ? r z a sinistra to left . ” T e C . Fior di coni o Fleur de coin .

Q B uona conservazione Good Condition .

Q . v Conservazione mediocre Mediocre Condition Q 2 P 0 Cattiva conservazione oor Condition . O Comune Common . ’

F . raro rare , RR . rarissimo very rare , RRR

extremely rare . ‘ ’ 3 R . R R ascending grades of rarity . U 2 . U nico unique .

S E S . E . semplare pecimen

FRENCH AB B REVIATIONS

Some whi h are id wi t li i t e ( c enti cal th the I a an om t d . )

bv . AV . Avers O

Rev . Revers BL . z i a . d . droite to right a a z g . gauche to left .

F . d . c . Fleur de coin In mint condition . T T e . B . fin r s belle very e condition . B B . elle good condition . fr . fruste bad condition . tr . trouée pierced . four . fourrée plated . e p . pi ce specimen . pl . plomb lead . SE CON D PAR T .

T H E R E PU B L I C

B RONZE COINAGE

P M B . B 1 1 9 . RI ITIVE ARTER arter or exchange is a natural nec es sit y innate in the human race , and has indeed been employed by all nations from the earliest times . From the remotest periods to the beginning of civilization all nations passed through three distinct periods in regard to their methods of barter . Th e fi rst was that of simple exchange . Whoever had too much of any given commodity gave away a part in order to obtain for find it something he needed , but it was then always necessary to some one disposed to receive what was thus off ered for exchange . The second period was that in which , in order to facilitate and the fi m enlarge eld of exchange , a co monly needed commodity was w fi established ith a xed value ; this was in some countries cattle , in others skins , grain , shells , or some such article . Th e third period finally was that in which metal was adopted as such a means of exchange , as more satisfactory than the above no t di m i nu mentioned articles , because less cumbrous , subject to i tion , variation or deterioration , and quite easily d visible into an fi n inde nite number of parts , all composed of a perfectly homoge eous material . From that m oment the natural law or exchange or barter n o f nu m i sm ati c s f entered i to the domain , and rom thence we obtain th e fi rst objects for study . 2 Th e 1 0 . primitive Romans like other nations in a similar S condition adopted cattle as their means of exchange . heep and h oxen were the domestic animals chosen for t is purpose , and one of the larger animals was calculated as equivalent to ten of the smaller . Although this system of exchange cannot properly form part of of n um i sm atic s a m the system it may nomin lly , since even in co pa rati vel 00 of Ro m e B C . y recent times , about the year 3 or 4 54 certain fi fi h laws xed even then taxes and nes to be paid in eads of cattle , at the m m h ow the same time giving equivalent in etallic oney , it is ever interesting to see h o w f rom these laws the terminology which — h a we use to day d its origin . For example from peeus is derived the word PECVNIA ; from was the metal which more naturally presented itself because abun dant in the country . It was adopted from the earliest times in rough forms of most irregular shape and of the most varied h dimensions , suc as resulted from their rude smelting works , ‘ so that their value was determined by weight alone . This is the AES RUDE called also aes i nf ectum (unwrought bronze) ; many of these pieces are preserved in our museums varying in weight from a few grammes to a kilogramme and more . T rau dera raudusc ula . hese are the pieces called , , rudera

Fi . AE S SI GN AT UM g 3 . .

1 2 2 AES SIGN ATU M . . With the progress of civilization and the increase of trade it became ever more troublesome to have constant need of recourse to the scales in every contract , and it was felt necessary to have the metal divided into pieces of uniform

1 r . Fo this reason th e word peso b oth i n o ur l anguage and i n m any oth ers i s of ten used i n th e sense of val ue o r o f m o ney o r paym ents and Sim il ar words are sti used whic h are deri ed f rom th e Lati n endere su c h as to s end to ll v p p , ex end to dis ense c o m endi um sti end ension &c ust as in th e sam e wa p , p , p , p , p , . , j y th e w ds e e h i or st em estim ate a e t ei r o ri n i n th e Lati n aes aestim are . , , h v g ( ) — 48

size , and to have a Sign imprinted on them signifying the weight T and thence also the value at least approximately . hey began there fore to cast the metal i n the following shapes , oblong , Irregular , fi i square , and oval , stamping them roughly rst on one S de only and then on both , with certain marks consisting in a kind of long branch furnished with —lateral projections or they may be also likened to a kind of fish bone .

Later on globes or bosses , evidently signs of weight and therefore T of value , were impressed upon them . hus we pass gradually from th e rude fragments of metal to the Stamped coins (from aes rude to

aes signatu m ) .

Fi . . AES SI GN ATU M g 4 .

a m k 1 2 3 . If these first pieces bearing ar of value really constitute the first money of the Romans it is diffi cult to determine whether they are to be attributed to the authority of the State or to private n i e terpr se .

Just as indeed among almost all nations , private coinage , that is

money on which a private person , banker or merchant has stamped

a mark , guaranteeing the weight and goodness of the metal pre ceded that issued by the authority Of the State so i t is most likely or one m ay say almost certain that this was also the case at Rome fi f r and that these rst coins were the product O p i vate enterprise . G 1 24 . enerally the honour of having organized a regular and legal system of weights and measures is attributed to Servius Tullius handing the control of them over to the State mensuras et pondera consti tui t. This being admitted as a fact supported by the authority of several writers some would also attribute to Servius Tullius the organization of the monetary system . And this i s fully admissible if by that is meant the introduction of a system of the use of metal by weight for business transactions . But if the introduction of true and proper money is meant we Should not know how to determine the kind of coinage thus intro duc ed S T by ervius ullius , because all the pieces remaining to us , whether oval or quadrilateral , if j udged by the art the y present must be attributed to a later period . Th AES AE s B . e 1 2 5. GRAVE LI RALE coins of heavy bronze called Aes grave present a rough and coarse appearance ; the art exhibited on them is certainly not archaic . In Spite of their rude appearance they are evidently derived from Greek art .

A S G E i . R V F g . 5 E A

Th e m odelling on them is true and vigorous , and the artists who wrought them shewed themselves so clever and experienced in the diffi culties o f relief and perspective that one can do no less than suppose that they were brought from Greece . In fact instead of progressing with time the Art o n the Republican coinage shews

R man oi s o C n . 4 _ So r ot etrogression and the Asses of the red uced series certainly do n Show the same Strong and firm treatment which we adm i re i n the ' O ne m a comage of the libral and quadrilateral seri es . y therefore attribute the first issue of the aes grave to the less ancient period of D i i the ecemv r rather than to that of Servius Tullius . According to historical testimony it is precisely at th e epoch of D 0 AVC . 0 B the ecemviri (3 4 4 5 C . ) that a true monetary system was adopted and coinage issued as true money , furnished not only w with an im pression of some sort indicating the weight , but ith a S legal and sacred emblem shewing the authority of the tate , and w also ith a Sign representing the value . Th e form or shape adopted was what i s called lenticular (see no on the O bverse a sacred emblem of divinity is always the

Fi S G AE E Rev . g . 5. R AV ( )

principal type , since it was that which gave the money itself its m legal value , and the emble varies as we Shall see according to the f di ferent su bdivisions of the money . Th e fi Reverse is always lled with the prow of a galley , a symbol which appears to have been adopted either to indicate the maritime D v power of Rome , to which the ecemviri had gi en so great an impulse , or to call to mind the arrival of Jove in Italy , and the

D i . Th e worship of the ioscuri , the protectors of nav gation sign

n . w b O th shewi g the value is al ays repeated on Sides . 1 6 h 2 . T e AS bears on the O bverse the head o f Janus bifrons and the indication of value I . ( I As) . 51

The M 1 27 . SE IS (or half As) the head of Ju piter and the letter

S. (semis) .

6 E MI Fi . S S g .

i S v F . 6 EM S Re g . I ( ) .

The the h 1 2 8 . TRIE_NS ( third of an As) the ead of Minerva (or of

Roma) and four bosses (4 ounces) . The H 1 29 . QUADRANS (the quarter of an As) the head of ercules and three bosses (3 ounces) The the of 1 3 0 . SEXTANS ( sixth an As) the head of Mercury and two bosses (2 ounces) . TR E S . 7 . I N

D N S . Fi 8 . R g . QUA A

Fi . . SEXT S g 9 AN . ' Th e L NCI A tw l o f an th e 1 3 1 . (the e fth As) head of “an and one

bo ss . Th e r e n t w 1 3 2 . lea n d are not agreed concerni g he ewh t or the pri miti ve AS and th eir disc ussions are hei ng continued at th e pre sent ti me . Th e n i G r e w e Roma pound (der ved from eec ) g hed 3 2 7 . 4 0 r m t h e i a i n n w 2 2 ram m . g a mes , but anc ent L t pou d eighed 7 es Whi ch of these tw o w ei g h ts was th at 01 th e Rom an As Th e w hi i a y ans er to t s m ght seem to be very si m ple . M n or these Asses i so on b r b e ot i to do b u t to v ez h e i n ex st , there g to n h ng for us g th m ord er to kn ow to w hich of these tw o po u nds th e Ro m an prim i tive

As corres ponded . Th e ac i s n f ro m o ne ano h er t f t , these Asses di er so much and he i r weight 15 so irregu lar that the y aff ord us no m eans o f de term ini ng w ( the question it i - l suffi ce to thar th e 5 1 hu ndred and Sé V ezi t x five Asses w eighed by th e Baron D Ailly v a rv f rom a m axim um 01 gramm es to a minim um of

i ' 1 0 . N CLA. F g . L

1 3 3 . Notwi thstandi ng that no known example reach es th e w m w t a n a th e v a eight of a Ro an pound , and not i hst ndi g th t a er ge s 15 b y ab o ut z2 e a of the weight less that of 5 per c nt , the Rom n pound of 3 2 7 grammes is now generall y reckoned as the le a al w ei ght of

the primitive As . O n the Other hand to- day it would appear to be more reasonable to reckon as such the anci ent La tin pound of 2 7 2 gr ammes as much nearer the real average w eight of the Libral A sses . w at O 1 3 4 . Another argument too hich corrobor es this pinion is t So- c l f 2 2 e G ee I m ’ hat the al ed Rom an Pound o 3 7 gramm s is a r k p OI t 1 ation and that this i mportati on is nor to be cons - de ed as anci e n t as the t primi ive Asses . ' T t i 1 THE FI R o r As . he b 3 5. ST RED L CTI ON THE p rimi ive L ral As hi th e f ac r t readilv w t w ch , we are taught by just no iced , agrees i h the weight of the Lati ri Pound was after som e time reduced and the at v m reducti on took place not by degrees but a gi en ti e . B ut even on this pai nt agreement among Stu dents 15 nor v et w ell ta nl h i y a change of value , ordered in order to armonize the value of the bronze with that of the silver coinage which at that time i made its first appearance n Rome .

i . 1 P F g 1 . D U O N DI U S

TRI O DI U S Fi . 2 P g 1 . N

Th e slow and gradual diminutions which contin ually took place on accoun t of the o fii c i al reductions are to be attributed to that ' ' umversal ec orionn c law of the decrease of monetary values met Th e s s with in all ages , nations , and lands . medieval monetary y tems afford good illustrations of this law . w 1 . TH M P o r 40 E ULTI LES THE AS . About that time hen the As was reduced to the weight of about 1 00 grammes some pieces were as the issued m ultiples of the As , a fact which excludes idea that the reduction was introduced through distress ; and so we have

t t . The P 4 DU ONDIUS , with the head of Minerva (or Roma) and the sign (two Asses) . The TRIPOND I US 1 2 . III 4 , with the same head and the sign (three asses) .

D Fi 1 A . ECU I g . 3 SS S

Fi . 1 B D EC I v g 3 . U SS S (Re ) .

1 . Th e 43 DECUSSIS , always with the same head and the sign X

(ten Asses) . The as 1 44 . heavy Asses were always cast were also their sub a i i n was divisions . At certa n t me although casti g used for the larger coins (Asses and Sem i sses) stri k i ng was introduced for the smaller coinage and at last when the uncial As was introduced striking was altogether substituted for casting .

TH E B OF . 1 45. SU DIVISIONS THE AS Among the subdivisions of the difieri n As some are met with g to those common to all the series , for instance .

E TAN S Nx 1 D X or DEC U 0 ounces . DODRANS BEs QUIN CUN X SE MI U N CI A

F duc ti o o f th As i 1 . Th e re ns e g, 4 .

These pieces however may be regarded as exceptional . 1 The M 46 . RO AN TALENT (money of account) corresponded to n one hundred Libral Asses , he ce kg . was divided into 39 mini of 545 grammes each and was generally called c entu pon mm .

1 Th F . 47 . e SUCCESSIVE WEIGHTS O THE AS We here give a table of the weights of th e Asses in the different periods based u pon what h as been said in this chapter (S 1 3 2 — THE PRIMITIVE L I B RAL AS

Weight of the L ati n li bra 2 7 2 g rammes .

r C . (Fro m th e yea 4 50 B . )

gram mes

an O U D CC

TH E SE MILI B RAL AS

a - n e of the Roman h lf pou d 3 2 7 g ram m s .

(3 3 8 B C . )

6 ounces or pound . grammes 1 3 2

1‘

THE SEXTANTAL AS —

- 71 one six th of a ROI710 pou nd .

6 (2 8 B C . )

2 ounces gram m es I ounce of an ounce or " 59

THE UNCIAL AS

ounce . grammes

TH E SEMI UNCIAL AS

x l i Lo F am nia .

C . (89 B . )

gr am mes

P . s 1 48 . QUADRILATERAL IECES We mu t now proceed to consider those bronze quadrilateral pieces which resemble a little brick and ‘ have been called qu-adr usres and gui neurres accordi ng as by their weight they were considered worth four or five Asses . For a long time they were considered to belong to a period earlier than that of the lenticular As ; now however either because the art -on th e shewn them does not appear to be archaic , or because designs found upon them must be attributed to a more recent period , we must consider them as most probably contemporaneous with the De cussis Tripondi us and Dupondius . O n them we see represented symbols and allusions to antique the objects of exchange or to victories of the Roman armies , to s w fi u . T e f acri ces , a gurs , or the attributes of the deities hus ind on fi c them gures of a bull , a hog , an elephant , the sacred hickens , a sword , a thunderbolt , a trident , a tripod , an eagle and other such emblems .

Roma Coi s n n . No w since , as we have seen , the libral lenticular As was intro

du c ed C . by the Decemvirs in the year 4 50 B . the quadrilateral w t Asc u pieces , ith the elephant as ype in allusion to the battle of

C . 2 B . lum , cannot have been cast before the year 7 9 as that animal n f was unk own to the Romans be ore that date . H ence it follows as a natural consequence that the names assign ed to them on the basis of the libral As o f q u adrusses and quin ' ' cusses are no longer suitable and they would have to b e m odified in any case on th e basis of the weight of the As at the time of their

issue which it is as yet impossible to determine . These pieces are sometimes whole and sometimes broken into T about two halves . hey were certainly not thus broken by blows after the Casting since we never find on them any traces of the t blows which would have been necessary in thus breaking hem . but they were originally thus produced by placing a mixture of dung and earth in the mould after having poured in a certain quan

tity of the metal . Examination of the edges and of the metal of these pieces induces us to give this as the only explanation of these fragmentary pieces

which were thus prepared as convenient f o r common use . we n 1 4 9 . If indeed e quire why they should have coined these n quadrilateral pieces when they had in circulation the rou d coins , find we shall not it easy to obtain an answer , at any rate up to the

present time no one has given one . The most acceptable hypothesis seems to be that of regarding

them as commemorative pieces symbolic or religious , prepared h fi privately , this ypothesis rests principally on two most signi cant O n facts . them are found the various symbolic emblems which we fin d an have noted above , but we never y trace of a distinctive sign of sacred authority without which the Roman State had never

- a find o f at that time issued coin , neither do we ever the sign value

with which all contemporaneous coins are furnished . These two facts see m to me sufficient to take away from the quadrilateral pieces the character of official coinage and to cause us to regard them as a continuation of a private coinage already at that ae u time represented by the s sig nat m . t e 1 50 . It appears that one of h objects for which such pieces were destined may have been to supply a demand for ex voto o fieri n s fi g to the gods , and principally to those of the elds and rural districts whose sanctua ries were usually found near a spring of The water . most celebrated among the deposits of such bronze m pieces , such as those of Vulci and Vicarello , would see to have

been examples of exactly such sacred hoards . Su ch a private nature would not prevent us from recognizing that the quadri lateral pi eces were still in circulation together with F 8 A. u ad i . 1 ri atera i ec e w ith a c oc k g Q l l p .

I i F . 8 1 B . Q uadri atera i ec e with a trident g l l p , dri atera i ec e with a sw ord . i 1 A . ua F g . 9 Q l l p

1 B . Fig . 9 69

the pieces of aes rude and aes signatum and were contemp oraneous

with the coins of bronze and silver . They were received in business contracts with no other diff er h t ence t an the fac that they were taken as metal by weight , though this trouble of weighing was not required for the money of the

decemviri . It will be well to remember that the s y stem of Roman coinage W et 1 was based essentially upon eight (per aes l bram) , and more over the force of inveterate habit i s always so stro ng that a new h m a n system , owever it y be recognized as better , can ever abolish « D at . ff once the old one which preceded it i erent systems , espe c iall 1n y the early stages of civilization , succeeded one another , and ano thet th e were joined one to , and so confounded that point of time at which on ceased and another took its place can not possibly be fixed 1 P aes r ude n the 1 5 . ieces of are commo enough as are also Asses and the relative subdivisions of the libral system and of those the du- o ndii reduced therefrom but we must except multiples , p ,

tri ondii . p , and especially the decu ssi which are extremely rare Pieces of aes sig natam are very rare but Still more rare are the f ew quadrilateral pieces , only a exam ples of which are found in the l most famous col ections .

CHAPTER XIV

LV R M SI E ONEY .

S R 1 52 . ilver money was introduced in ome at the time that the

‘

. . 8 As was reduced to two ounces (v no viz. in the year 4 6

C . T h e fi s V . . 2 68 B . A . G or rst ilver money struck in Rome was

D S . the enarius with its divisions , the Quinarius and the estertius 1 T H E fi - 53 . DENARIUS (nummus denarius) at rst bore o n th e

DE S . Fi . 2 N R g 0 . A IU

O bverse the head of Minerva (or Roma) with a winged helmet and the sign of value X (ten Asses) ; on the Reverse the Dioscuri on

i i tracts were generally arranged in sestert , not only throughout the a E time of the Republic but also during the earlier ges of the mpire , that is for a very lo ng period after th e coinage o f sestertii had ceased . The Denarius was constantly and regularly issued thro ughout the duration of the Republic ; the Quinarius and Sestertius o n the other hand were only issued at intervals .

1 58 . SERRATED DENARII . Among the Roman denarii some are found having the edge notched so as to resemble the teeth of a saw and were therefore called serrati

E R R TE D DE R S . i 2 . S F g . 3 A NA IU

The origin of this custom is still an unsolved problem . Some consider this notchi ng of the edge to be an imitation of the Carthaginian coinage which was then well known and highly f th e S valued in di ferent provinces of tate , others think the system fi was introduced in order to render forgery more dif cult , but such th e a precaution would have been of little avail , for wonderful cleverness of the forgers soon enabled them to make false serrated of denarii with a core of bronze , presenting exactly the appearance those of pure silver .

In Whatever light the problem is regarded , the serrated coins began to be issued very early in th e period of the silver coinage with certain denarii beari ng the symbol of a wheel ; but after that

“ issue we do no t meet with them until a century and a half had passed ; after this they continued to be struck at intervals u ntil the end of the Republic together with the other coi ns with ordi n m ary round m . t ll u 1 P . enaru sub aera i e i c lati . 59 . LATED DENARII (D aut p ) These are denarii , which , under a very thin covering of silver , hide a core of bronze or more rarely of iron ; they are very common in the

- N es o f . Roman seri , especially in that the Republic eedless to say the f they were result of raud , the principal author of which was n at r the State itself. A certain number of these coi s have been t ibu ted to private forgers who were probably the inventors of this o miserable system , and we may consider as private forgeries all th se 7 2 which bear incorrect legends or whose obverse types do not cor

respond with the Reverse . The m greatest number , indeed an enormous ajority , of these pla ted coins were undoubtedly issued by the State which soon learned how to appropriate the system and the results to its own advan

tage . a fi S Again and gain , when pressed by nancial necessity , the tate

authorized the issue of plated denarii , and we know moreover for fi ffi certain that the rst o cial emission of plated coins , mingled with

those of pure silver , took place to sup ply the poverty of the trea H n the . S sury duri g disastrous war with annibal till later , in the

V . . M C . S C . y ear 9 1 B . by a decree of the enate brought in by Livius Drusus authority was given to coin plated denarii in the pro

portion of o u e to every seven of pure silver .

Then afterwards . near the end of the Republic and in the fi rst

' years of the Empire-Lthis f rau du lent s ystem was necessarily abandon o n u the V efiec ts vi th e ed acco nt of ery bad produced , a , general

want of con fidence and the confusion in th e public administration . The State considered it had the right to prepare for i tself a cer tain special issue of coinage destined exclu sively for the use of the B Ea n arbarous peoples of the st , which co tinued to pour forth , thus — bestowing as a ki n d of gratuity the first fruits o f c i vi li zatio n Th e fact that some d eposits have been discovered in the far East composed entirely of plated denarii is cited as proof of this

theory . The fact i s the plated denarii are perfect in regard to striki ng and n cannot be disti guished from those of pure silver except when , the e n thin layer of silv r being broke at some point , we discover the

piece of brass or iron which formed the core . So true is this th at certain litt le countersigns which were stamp ed at different times as guarantees of the coins being pure silver are also found frequently on plated coins and we are forced to admit that if these now shew themselves to be plated it is because they have been wasted in course of time for they m ust have presented an appearance of ge n uineness when they were counter i n w signed accordance ith the edict of the praetor M . Marius Grati di an us (84 As a general rule one may therefore hold that all the silver m o f u i i vic toriati oney the Rep blic (denar , quinarii , sestertii , and vi c toriati an half ) , are either of pure silver or are plated , bu t y debasement of the metal whether private or public (with the f M exception of the legionary denarii o . Antony which are debased) n du th e ever occurred ring the Republic , though we see both u n use and ab se of su ch a system duri g the Empire . All coins there fore of the Republic which prove to be made of silver debased in any degree whatever should Without any doubt be at once held to fals fic ti o be modern i a ns . 1 6 THE V 0 . VICTORIATUS (numm us ictoriatus) . Th e Vi c toriati form a distinct class o f c o inage collateral with the n h de arii , aving been issued principally from the Roman mint for

foreign commerce . They bore on the O bverse the he ad o f j upi ter and on the Reverse fi th e a gure of Victory crowning a trophy , from which type name

is derived . The th e Victoriatus sometimes bears on the Reverse , between

Victory and the trophy , a symbol such as an , altar , a key , a star , a

&c . cornucopia , Th e first issue of the Vi c to ri ati took place about the year 52 6 of Rome (22 8 and we may with probability attribute the origin of this coinage to the development of trade which took place about h e m t e . that ti e , especially in northern provinc s

Fi . 2 . CTO R T S g 4 VI IA U .

Th e and G drachm of Illyricum used in Istria , Liguria , in aul ,

- weighed 3 scruples (g r . about two thirds of the Roman Dena

rius , and the Victoriatus was originally issued at precisely that he m weight , a proceeding which might be called t Ro anizing of the Illyrian drachm to which m oreover the Campanian drachm

also corresponded . Th e convenient agreement with the denarius (3 4) facilitated Vi c to ri ati the use of the also in the central provinces , whilst the identity with other foreign drachms and its less intrinsic value in comparison with the other coinage facilitated its diffusio n in all the n provinces havi g business relations with Rome .

When the reduction of the denarius from th e weight of gr . took place in the year 53 7 of Rome (2 1 7 the Victoriatus d was also re uced to gr . (2 gscruples) i n order to maintain

between the two coins the proportion o f 3 to 4 . O ne hu ndred and thirteen years later ( 1 04 B . C . ) the Victoria tus lost its own characteristic value and weight and was coined w o f h alf a ith the weight denarius , being made a substitute for the m quinarius which was no longer issued , and so fro this time the

Victoriat us bore as the mark of valu e the letter Q (quinarius) . 7 4

vi c to ri ati 6 1 D B . D 1 . OU LE VICTORIATUS ouble seem to have been h m u i i i issued wit the sa e type , bu t in very small q ant t es , S nce only

e i n . one specimen r mains to our day , preserved the Museum at Paris

V ' ‘ D O B LE IC I O RI ATU S . Fig . 2 5. U

1 6 2 . H ALE VICTORIATUS . Was such a coin as the half Victoriatus issued Numismatists have hitherto recognized and described half vi c to riati similar to the V ictoriatus with the head of Jove on the O bverse and a figure of Victory cro wning a trophy on the

O . Reverse , or with a head of Apollo on the bverse Bu t these coins are considered by some to be q ui naru (see what is said on this subject above . other numismatists hold the opinion that the only coins which should be considered half vic to ri ati m B are those bearing th e monogra \ .

' ‘ Fi . 26 . VI T IAI S g HALF C O R U .

The sub question is indeed still judice. Let us hope that the

question may soon be solved by the studies of specialists .

GENERAL VIEW OF TH E WEIGHTS AN D VALUES OF TH E SILVER COINAGE DURING DIFFERENT PERIODS OF TH E REPUB LIC

The Denari us wi th the types of Mi nerva (or Roma) and Diosc uri .

2 C . ( 68 B . )

DE R S of a o und 1 0 tri enta Asses NA IU p l . QU tN ARI US S SESTE RTIU S 2 DOU BLE VI CTO RI AI’ ‘US V I CTO RIAT U S HAL F VICTO RIATUS i Denari i w th the type of Di ana or of Vic tori a i n a hig a (bigati) ’ or of j upi ter i n a quadr i ga (quadr ig ati)

(2 1 7 B . C . )

‘ DEN R S o ta u U nc ia Asses A IU po nd 10 l . QuI NARI U s SESTE RTIUS D O U B LE VI CTOR1A'r Us Vi c 'rO RtATU S HAL E VICTO R IAT U S

t Devi ari i wi th var ious ypes .

B C . ( 1 44 . )

DEN ARIU S o f a po und 1 6 U nc ial Asses QUINA R I U S 8 SESTERT IU S 4 DO U B LE V I CTO RIATU S 24 VI CTORI AI' ‘U S 1 2 HAL F VICTO RIATU S 6

C HAPTER XV

TH E GOLD COINAGE

1 64 . Gold was used for business transactions by the Romans m w o f lib ral conte poraneously ith the large series Asses , and there f fore be ore the introduction of silver . We know moreover that a great part of the reserve metal in the

public treasury was O f gold . T f s his however was not coined , but was certainly chie ly in bar ,

a small proportion only being in foreign coin . It was gi ven and received as merchandise by weight varying in 1 1 1 T he its proportionate value to silver from about to to 1 to 9 .

practical Romans thus avoided the rock of bimetallism .

1 6 . Th e fi m P 5 rst gold co s were , according to liny , struck in the year 53 7 of Rome (2 1 7 at th e period of the reform wrought T fi by the Lex Flaminia . hese rst gold coins present one single type with three diff erent values on the O bverse is the head of Mars and o f 60 0 the sign value (LX , XXXX , and XX , that is , 4 , and 20 i e sestert i) , on the Reverse an eagle on a fulmen and the leg nd O R MA . 7 6 h They were coined by the generals who fought against the Cart a i ni ans g .

TH E T O S . Fi g . 2 7 . FI R S GOLD C IN

These three issues of gold coins are the only ones in all the

Roman series bearing an inscription indicating their value .

The weight of the coin equal to 60 sestertii was g ramm es 40 2 0

The other go ld coins presenting on the O bserve. the head of B w Janus ifrons , and on the Reverse two warriors s earing an oath over a sacrifice belong to the Campanian series (see the following

Chapter) . w 1 6 6 . These coins ho ever made only a very brief appearance on s the scene of Roman commerce , for the real eries of gold coins

(aurei) did not appear until near the end of the Republic , when

6 B . C . . P 1 B . . S 8 B C . 8 C ulla in 7 , ompey in , and Julius Caesar in 4

. T o issued a military gold coinage hese military C mmanders , taking advantage of their power , coined the"gold in the public treasury at an arbitrary weight varying from i f to of a pound , and thus were enabled to pay their armies .

i . A E S O F PO MPE . F g 28 . U R U Y

The regular coining of gold in the city of Rome commenced under Julius Caesar who authorized the Prefec tu s Urbanus Muna tius Planc us to strike and issue aurei ; in fact all the gold coi ns ss e or e a i u d bef e this date are extrem ly r re. V i e O F . was r i n 1 68. RELATIVE ALUE THE METALS Gold elat vely rar comparison with silver at the time of its introduction , and stood in the proportion of 1 to 1 7 . The discovery of the gold mines in

1 C . m rti Noric i a in the year 50 B . lowered the p po o n one third bringing in to 1 to

' It desc ended agai n to 1 to 1 1 and for a time even to 1 to a G under Julius C esar , in consequence of the conquest of aul and T the importation of gold . h e pound of gold which in the year

B . 1 0 C . 5 was worth sestertii , was only worth under

Julius Caesar . As a general rule however we may consider that gold stood to The sil ver in the proportion of 1 to 1 1 g. relative value of silver to 1 2 bronze was as to 50 .

CHAPTER XVI

CAMPANIAN AN D OTHER COINS ST RUCK OUTSIDE RO ME

MP . Th m 1 6 9 . CA ANIA e coins issued in Campania for a special series usually considered as related to the Re pu blica n ; they exist in and y gold , electrum , silver , and bronze , bear t pes of the purest G reek art with legends which look ou t of harmony , the older O NO RO MANO M O NON coins bearing the word R MA , , or R MA o f a RO MANO RU M (three archaic forms the genitive plur l ) , and the more recent the legend RO MA .

MP 2 . N N GO D O N S . Fig . 9 CA A IA L C I

The striking of these coins has been attributed to the cities of S Apulia , amnium and Campania , especially Capua the principal city of Campania . The first issue probably took place when the Romans first 1 2 established themselves in those provinces , about the year 4 of Rome (3 4 2 and they ceased to be issued about the year 486 Of Rome (2 68 when the coining of silver money was introduced in Rome . Some of the silver coins with diff erent types are commonly

C HAPTER XVII

T H E OFFICERS O F T H E MINT

1 w e o i 1 7 . We kno v ry little positively the organization of the mint in the early ages d uring the period in which the Romans used a only bronze coin ge . of It seems that the money was coined in the name , and by the th e o f k decrees of people , and that the oversight the mint wor shops n0 t ffi the did then involve a special career or o ce , but was for time entrusted to some magistrates of high rank under the superintend

S . Th e ence of the enate issue of coinage was not regular , but was m th e n u ade according to conve ience of the p blic treasury , or of private commerce ; i ndeed they coined small issues of whatever money was needed according to the decision of the people gathered

in their comitia . S was d n r 1 2 . i t o duc 7 A tate mint establishe , at the time of the tion of silver money (2 68 on the Capitoline hill near to the

of u no . public treasury , in the precincts of the temple J Moneta From this temple the officers presiding over th e mint instituted

on that occasion or more probably in the year before , took their title ; from that ti m e their O ffi ce became one of th e steps in th e Cursus honorum from which they were able to ascend to the

higher offices of the state . T fi O ffi hese of cers , usually three in number , remained in ce two e Tresvi ri T m o netales IIIVIRI y ars , and were called (or riumviri) FF= Tri u m Vi ri f f er i u ndo AAA auro , argento , aere iando (that is ffi fo r n o f the three o cers appointed the casti g and Striking gold ,

n . silver , and brass coi age) 1 7 3 . It is known that the public treasury of Rome , even in the s days when only bronze was coined , consisted for the greate t part h of gold and silver in foreign coinage or in bullion . T e coinage of some cou ntries was held in such esteem that it was possible to pass u O them at their f ll value , the coinage of other lands on the ther wa loco merc i s hand , not being valued in the same y were accepted ,

and were passed as eq ual to their weight of metal . The mint offi cers had the direction an d superintendence not only

of the coining of the money , but also of the melting of the gold th e and silver bullion , and therefore were responsible for purity of

the metal . The letters P(la udo) F(eri u ndo ) so often seen on coins and

inscriptions refer to this duty . According to the testi m ony of certain ancient writers and i nsc ri p m o netales aeris tions such officers had formerly the title Triumviri , flato res argenti , auri (that is experts in the melting only of the metals) a fact which makes it appear certain that their insti tution u n was anterior to the time of the iss e of silver mo ey ; at a time ,

- was that is , when casting only the custom whether for coins of bronze , or for gold and silver bullion . At any rate the title IIIVIRI does not appear on the coins until about th e year 7 00 of Rome ( 54 before that time their title was indicated b y other letters . Th e ffi 1 7 4 . names of the three o cers do not appear regularly

o n . S all the coins ome bear only one name , others two , others all three . M ffi oreover coins in all three metals are known of some o cers , two - n while of others coins in or one metal only , and the ames ffi w of other o cers , kno n by the testimony of authors or inscriptions ,

. fi are not found on any coins . It is no dif cult to understand such apparent anomalies by the very Obvious supposition that the three fi m of cers so etimes worked together , and that others on the other hand divided between them the duties connected with the public treasury one was for example appointed to superintend the melt ing of gold bullion , a second the coining of the silver and the third that o f bronze . It may also have happened that during the career of an offi cer there was no need to coin money in the metal over which he was appointed to preside . Th e ffi 1 7 5 . names of the o cers were not always placed upon the fi w coins in the same man n er . Fro m the rst years in hich silver coins were i ssued the offi cers placed on the coins a symbol as a Sign by w hich they might be known , then an initial letter or a monogram w and after ards their full name , (as we shall see more fully in chap ter XIX) , modifying the types little by little , and at last completely f changing them rom those used at first . 1 6 T u v m o netales e Offi 7 . Although the ri m iri w re the cers appoint ed fo r the coining o f money this does not mean that the office was not sometimes conferred exceptionally on others even in Rome itself ; and th us we have coins signed by the Plebeian [Ediles and by the Curule fEdiles . 1 e 7 7 . Among the coins struck outside the city of Rome th mili m h tary coinage (nu mi castrenses) takes the first place . T e military ffi of m int commander undertook the o ce master , receiving the gold m e o and silver fro Rom , and acc rding to his needs or circum ‘ ' stances coined the metal placing upon the co ins his name wi th the

' dic tator consul raetor e i m erator title , p , or the g neric title of p or some i r usestor ro uz stor and times he caused to be coined by his or p q ,

“ such coins served for all the territory u nder his j u risdiction . Here is a list of all ~ the diff erent titles appearing upon the c o i ri s of the Roman Republic . T UM IIIVI R n 1 7 8 . RI VI R ( ) confer what is said concerni g this

1 2 1 1 . title in numbers 7 , 7 3 , and 7 4

U ATU O RVI R I III VI R 1 88 . 1 7 9 . Q ( ) confer number Th e fi diles EDIL i s PLEB IS AE D PL . fE 1 80 . A ( ) of ce of the Plebeian

was instituted about the year 49 5 B . C . at the same time as that of P e the Tribune of the eople . Th Plebeian aediles were chosen from fi the plebeian party , and their of cial duties were originally connected u with the care of the b ildings (aedes , hence their name) in which

the people assembled for the purpose of voting . T As assistants to the ribunes , they were entrusted with the care

of the public archives , and were sometimes also appointed to super intend the Annona (State stores for the year) ; they thus probably

had the direction of the public games , and also assumed from time to time the office of moneyer as we may see from the coins of the

C rito nia . families Calpurnia , , Fannia AEDILIS C U RUL Is The ae 1 8 1 . curule diles instituted

B . C m 6 . P in the year 3 7 were chosen fro among the atricians , and P bore the insignia of a higher rank than that of the lebeian aedile . Th wOre to a ra texta and w sella ey the g p , ere enthroned on the c urulis while the Plebeian aediles were only allowed a subselli um as T their official seat . heir official duties were very nearly the same P a as those of the lebeian ediles , but were exercised on more import r u m fi ant o solemn occasions . When d ring their ti e of of ce they acted as mint officers they placed on the coins a curule throne as m m their symbol , examples of which are co mon a ong the coins of Cmc ilia C o nsidi a T Vetti a the following families , , , Cestia , uria , , Plaetoria P Li vi nei a No rb ana , ompeia , , V aleria , . h fi 1 82 . c os . T e u two CONSUL ( ) title signi es a colleag e , one of consules Th i n appointed to work and consult together . e original stitutio n o f the office of Consuls or united preside nts seems to have been intimately connected with the earliest b eginnings of the Ro m an political system and was inaugurated im m ediately after the expu l

sion of the kings . The Consuls possessed royal powers and honours symbolized by f the ebony sceptre , the curule throne , and the asces , and were in

fact the real rulers of the State . fi m In the year 4 52 B . C . their of ce was suspended to make roo

a , D s b s m re e ta li h ed B . C . for the ece viri , but was in the year 444 D uring the Republic the Consuls were elected by the people ; then

under the Empire by the Senate . Very often they were nom inated before entering upon the office and in the interval between no m ination and office were called desi nati desi natu g (consul g s) .

Roma Coi s n n . Th e u o of ti m e n mber , riginally two , was in the course augmented but in order to manage this without altering the original nu mber fi of men in of ce , the extra Consuls were elected for only one part of fi the year . At length in the time of the later empire the of ce of f Consul became simply honorary , and hence we have the ollowing titles which however do not appear on any coins ; Gonsales ordi narii w , those which follo ed the ancient institutions , and being nominated on the Kalends of May gave their name to the year ; Go nsales sztfiec ti or as it were supplementary officers were those E nominated by the mperor for the rest of the year , in case of the death of one of the ordinary Consuls ; Gonsales honorari i those who having no real authority simply held the title honor is c ausa . After the division of the Empire one co nsul was nominated for Rome and another for Constantinople and thus there was the Con ' sul i ntali occ i dentalis and th e Consul or e s . 8 T 1 D . 3 . ICTATOR (DIC) his title was given to a Consul whenever through extraordinary circumstances the fullest powers were assigned to hini . Th e Dictatorship w as usually of a temporary nature but under

Julius Caesar became perpetual (Di c tator perpetuus) .

1 8 . CE N s C E Ns POT 4 CENSOR ( and sometimes , censoria potestate) this officer was originally instituted in the year 442 to assist the h Consul in certain of his duties . T e Censors were two in number and their special duties were the superintendence of the registration ' th e eO le o f ex en of p p , the collection the revenue , and the public p i t d u re .

P . Th e P 1 8 5. PRAETOR ( RAET) raetors were first elected in the

C . year 3 6 5 B . to assist the Consuls in their j udicial functions ; ro rar tore sometimes they were assisted by P p s .

MP I MP . T 1 86 . I ERATOR ( ) his title may be seen in its primitive - i h - S sense of Commander chief of the army on the coins of ulla , Mar

&c . cus Antonius , Lepidus ,

B . . 1 88 . In the year 44 C Julius Caesar increased the number of mint offi cers to four and their official title was therefore the qua

tuo rvi ri I IIIVIRI . ( ) , which we may read on the coins of L Flaminius

f Em ili us B . 2 . C . Chilo and o f L uca In the year 7 B . the number of fi ho w these of cers was again changed back to three , all mention ever of the triumviri on the coinage ceased in the year 5 B . C . but their office still existed under the supervision of the Senate charged with the striking of the Bronze coinage which they invariably mar

l o . C . Senatus co nsu t ked with the letters S . ( ) The coinage of gold and silver , from that time p assed in to the direct j urisdiction of the Emperors as we shall see later in chap ter XXIII . CHAPTER XVIII

TH E NA MES OF THE MONEYERS

Th e ff 1 89 . Roman citizens bore di erent names which it will be w necessary to kno how to distinguish . The raznomen p served to distinguish a member in a family , the co nomen name of the gens designated the family , the g the branch of the family ; sometimes moreover another name called the ag no men was added derived from some fact or attrib u te of either the person or his family or from a traditio n whether true or false and fi very Often also from some insigni cant incident . t Let us treat the names of the wo following nobles as examples . i i If we examine the name . Quintus Attius Lab enus Parth c us . ae Quintus is the pr nomen , Attius indicates the name of the gens Labi en us Attia , , the cognomen , shews to which branch of the Attia Parthic us gens he belongs , , the agnomen , was given to him to V commemorate his ictories over the Parthians . S w h b r u o also when e read the names Gneus Domitius A eno a b s . G ree no m en D Ahenobar neus is the p , omitius the family name and b us (the blond bearded) the agnomen . ’ The names of the moneyer s father or grandfather are sometimes

l . T . A il i us . . . e u recorded on the coins hus for xample , Man q M f

M. . A ui lli us fili us . n stands for Man[l]ius q Marci , Marci nepos Moreover when a Roman was adopted i n to any family he ofte n f placed the name and cognomen of that amily on the coins he issued , putting afterwards the name of his o wn family with the termina

tion ANVS. [Em ili us P u S For example aul s when adopted by Cornelius cipio , ili an m P u S ASm us . inscribed his na e . Corneli s cipio

1 0 . BB h r m n 9 A REVIATIONS . T e p mno e was almost always

abbreviated and very frequently we see only the initial letter . It

will therefore be convenient to have an explanation of these given , especially as the list of nam es found upon the coinage of the Ro m an

Republic is short .

ABBREVIATIONS OF PRAENOMENS 1 1 ME 9 COGNO NS and FAMILY NAMES . Some di tf i c u lry in clas si fyi ng the coins of the Roman Repu h li c arises from the fact that generally the coins do not bear th e m y g of na e of the family , but onl the cognomen or a nomen the moneyer and these are sometimes abbreviated ; a fuller list than the preceding will be found indis ) ensable for indicating the co rres o ndenc e n an da n p of the cog omens g omens with the family names . By means of such a list even those who are only begi nning the study of this branch of numismati cs will be able to classify many

coins which otherwise would remain enigmati c .

CORRESPONDENCE OF TH E COGNOMENS AN D AGNOMEN S “TTH T H E F AMILY NAME S

Co gn om ens an d C o gno m ens an d

v s m ens . ami y am es . Fam il am e . o A g no m e ns . n A gn F l n

BARB ATVS FORTE Ba ssvs BI B VL V S BL AN DVS B L ASIO BO L AN Vs BRO CCH vs BRVTvs

B YC A Cognom ens and C ognom en s and i m i a e am ames. a m s . o m e s. Agno m ens. F ly n Ag n n F ly n

GRISPIs CVLLEO DOLABELLA CROTO DOSSENVS EB VRNVS FABATvs FAVSTVLVS FAVSTVs FE Li x (FEELI x)

FLACCVs

MAGNV S

hdALLE OL vs MARCE L L IN VS hdARCE LLvs MARID I ANVS MARsvs MAXI MVS

GE MINVS hdAXVMVS GETA t N SO R GLA B RIO DAE SSALA GRACCH VS t TE L L VS GRAGVLVS t L O HEMIC (I LLVs) ? MVCIANVS HISPANI ENSI S t RCVS H YPSAEVS MVRE NA ITALI CVS Mvs

Cognomens and m e ami ames . a i nam s. Agnomen s. F ly n F ly

STOLO Licinia TRo [Gvs] STRAB O Voltei a TV BVLVS SVFENAS Nonia TVLLvs VLLA SVLA TV RDVS S , Cornelia SVLPIC IAs Qui nc tia TVRPILI ANVS SVRDIN VS Naevi a VN IMANVS TALNA Ju ventia VAALA B a bi a VAARVS A vs TAMPI LVS e , V R TAVRVS Stati li a THERMVS Minucia TO RQVATvs Manlia TREBON I As Statia TRI GEMINVS Cu ri ati a TRIO Abuc i a Lucretia TRO [GVS] Maria

CHAPTER XIX

TH E TYPE S

Th e th e 1 9 2 . types of bronze coinage remained constant and m invariable throughout the whole period of the Ro an Republic . They were described above in treating of the aes g rave (chapter XIII) and were constantly repeated in all the successive reductions of the AS n , the only variation consisti g in the steady diminution in size n and at a certain period in the fabrication , when striki g was

substituted for casting . It is therefore only necessary to treat denari us of gold and silver and especially of the , on which coins

one may say the character of the Republican coinage is imprinted .

Fi 1 Denari us b i atus. g . 3 . g

Th e Republican denari us bore at first a representation of the head of O D ou_ Minerva (or Roma) on the bverse , and of the ioscuri horse k n bac o the Reverse . 3 3

These Reverse types were soon changed for the figures o f Diana

i i i n th e denari us uadrz atus . or V ctor a a biga , hence phrase q g

D n ri us u adri atus. Fi 2 . e a g . 3 q g

1 9 3 For a long time , a little more than a century , the denarius preserved a simple and sacred type with designs wholly inspired by the the worship of the deities or authority of the state , but about 6 2 0 1 m onetales u reserv the year ( 3 4 the triu mviri , altho gh ing the O bverse types of the coins to sacred designs such as the h o ne ead of or other of the deities Jove , Minerva , Mercury , G &c . juno , Vesta , Venus , and later that of the enius of the Roman P H Sa eople , onor , lus , Libertas , and so on chose their own designs for the Reverse types .

Fi D enari u s of Se tu s o m ei u s Faustu us . g . 3 3 . x P p l From that date allusions to the families of the triumvirs charged with the coining appear for the first time on the reverses of some fi fi m w of the denarii , these of cers thus nding a eans of eaving into T the types of the coinage signs of their own personal ambition . hey n commenced timidly by placi g on the coins a symbol , then a single m letter , or onogram recording their prenomen or the name of d n their family , afterwar s they placed their name in full on the coi s m and even their cognomen , at the same ti e they began substituting the t n for tradi ional types a tique legends , historical or fabulous , relative to their own families and at last th e portrait of some true

or su pposed ancestor . A u illi us Voc oni us Vi tulus q Florus chose for his symbol a flower , ,

c Po m oni us T n . S a alf, p Musa , a Muse , Lucius hor s , a bull extus Pompei u s Faustulus represented on his coi ns the shepherd Faustulus th e u u n of his near wolf suckling Romul s and Remus , th s boasti g ancestor ; 89

Lucius Ti turi us Sabi n us placed on the O bverse of his denari i the head of Titus Tatius the king of th e Sabines from whom he

S . claimed descent , and on the Reverse the rape of the abines The Horatii placed on their coins the name CO CLES and the the Cal urnii N P head of Cloelia , p the head of uma ompilius from wa whom they boasted their descent . In a similar y Quintus Mar cius Philippus represented on his denarii the head of Philip of Macedonia ; Julius Caesar in order to record the descent of [Eneas from Venus struck a denarius with the head of Venus on the Obverse and the scene of ZE neas carrying his aged father Anchises S m on the Reverse . uch exam ples might be ultiplied considerably fi but those above cited are suf cient to prove how symbols , historical far off personages and scenes , generally referred to or extremely

remote legends or myths , such as tended always to display the

vanity of the moneyer whose name was engraved upon the coins .

1 94 . Am o ng these varied types exception must be made in regard to the coins issued not by the triumviri m o netales but by

officers not usually charged with coining . The head of Saturn for example forms the constant type of the th e denarii issued by Quaestors , because they were the custodians P T of the ublic reasury , situated in the precincts of the temple of

Saturn . Th e Curule ZEdiles placed on their coins a curule throne as h fi the x diles emblem of t eir of ce , plebeian placed on theirs instead

the head of Ceres .

1 . th e 9 5 Later , during century which preceded the common

a &c . era , contempor neous events , triumphs and victories began to n and a be represented on the coi age , at length julius C esar dared to e plac thereon his own portrait , an example which was soon Labi enus P followed by his generals , M . Antony , Lepidus , , ompey O and fi h i s rero a and thers , nally Augustus claimed this as own p g tive and that of certain of th e members of the Imperial family

CHAPTER XX

THE LEGENDS

1 6 . ff i 9 It is very di cult , if not impossible , to give any general f rules concerning the legends of the Republican coinage . Very o ten th e O to bverse is anepigraphic (that is say without legend) , espe c iall y when the coin bears the h ead of a deity . In such cases the name of the offi cer is inscribed on the Reverse together with the titles and offices wit h which he was i nvested and sometimes with S other information , as for example , the authorization of the enate a nd o . e e as n s s m so f rth Mor ov r these oti ces a well indeed a the na es , cognomens or prenomens (see nu mber 1 9 1) are nearly always i abbrev ated , another list will be found necessary in order to deci pher the legends , to which are added the few other abbreviations which are met with on some of the coins of the Republic .

LIST OF TH E AB B REVIATIONS

A Augu r (Coelia) . AAA FF G S B n Aur old , ilver , rass , melting , and striki g ( om m u Argento Aeri Flan do Feri ndo ) . dem A Con no . C Absolvo , (Cassia) EO CVR Aedili s C uru li s Plauti a Sul i i A c a . (Aemilia , Furia , , p )

P . Ae i li AEO L PLEB d s Plebi s Cri toni a Cu ienni a . or ( , p ) AN XV PR H O C S Annis quindecim p rog ressus hostes oc c i it servav e . dit , cives (A milia)

A P P C ri toni a . Argento ublico (Fannia , )

A P F Ad p ec uni am feri undam .

A P V Argentum publicum (Ti turia) . AV AVG Augu r e C AEL Ca li u s .

C EST Cesti anus.

CO S Consul .

CO S ITER Consul iterum .

C O S IT ER ET TER Consul iterum et tertio .

COS QV AR Consul Quartum . V C O S Q INC Consul Quincies . VR X FL denari i l C Curator s F andi s (Cornelia) .

DIC or DICT Dictator . DIC ITE R Dictator Iterum R D P DIC PE ictator erpetuo . T ER D T DIC ictator ertio . Dei P ul D P P enates (S pi c ia) . D Su m tib us D S S edit p suis . MAR Marti i I u a EID Idus ( ni ) .

EP. EPV EPVL E or pulo Coelia) . . ( V Er c i nae ER C y (Co nsidia) . EX AP Ex P P argento ublico ( onteia) . EX A PV Ex P argento ublico (Fabia) . EX 5 Ex S C enatus consulto . F Fili u s . FF Flando Feri d u n o . FL Flandu m C C uravi t . F P P R Fortuna opuli Rom ani (Arria) . G P G P R enius opuli Romani (Cornelia) . G T A G Tutelari s f ric ae enius A (Caecilia) .

H S Sexterti us. M IMP MPE MPE —I ni era I , I , , I , I R p t or . E T E IMP IT or I R Imperator Iterum . M Iuno S I S R ospita Magna Regina (Thoria) .

ITER Iterum .

L D Libero Damno (Coelia) .

LEG Legatus . ro raet re LEG PRO PR Legatus p p o . Flandum r v LEG F C Legatus Cu a i t . Pa i ria De P L P D A P Lege p argento ublico .

bli c P . w r f Ludos Votivos (or Victori a ) Pu os (or rimum) Fecit a;oni a . )

MAR Marcia (aqua) .

N Nepos . O b Servatos A uilli O C S Cives ( q a) . Po bli ia P c S . P ublice ( , ervilia) P E S PESC ublice enatus Consulto . P P P P enates ( onteia) .

P R Praetor . PRAEF C LASS ET O R MARIT Praefectus Classis et Orae Mari

rimae (Pompeia) . P Vrbi PRAEF VRB raefectus s (or Vrbanus) . A P Flavi t R"FL . P rimus (Flaminia)

PROC or PROCO S Proconsul . P PROP ropraetor . P PROO roquaestor . PV Publice (Lucilia)

O. Quaestor , or Quintus .

0 D or 0 DESIG N Quaestor desig natus . P Q P Quaestor rovincialis .

0 PRO COS Quaestor Pro Co nsu le .

Q S C Quaestor Senatus Consulto (Cornelia) . rb Q VRB Quaestor V anus . ei l R P C R pub i c ae Constituendae .

SARD PATER Sardus Pater (Atia) .

SC Senatus Consulto .

S C D T Senatus Consulto de Thesauro . SCIP ASlAG Scipio Asiagenes (Cornelia

E Si nis Rec e ti s D n I n) . SIGN R EC g p ( urmi , ia)

SF Sac ri s Fac i undi s (Mesc i ni a) .

TR POT or TRIB POTEST Tribu ni c i a Potestate . i TVSCVL Tusculum (Sulpi c a) . u IIIVIR Tri mvir .

IIIVIR R P C Triumvir reip ubli c ae Consti tuendae .

IIIIVIR Quatuorvi r .

I IVI D DE G uatu orvi r stor Desi natus . I I R O. or SI N Q q g 9 2

VIL PVB Villam Publicam (Ponteia) .

VNI Unim anus (Claudia) .

X D . , ecemvir (Coelia)

CH APTER XXI

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF TH E REPU B LICAN COINAGE

m the 1 . 9 7 It should here be noted that any of dates , especially n the more recent , given in the followi g list , may be considered accurate but the greater nu mber of the more ancient dates can

only be considered as approximate .

C . From th e Foundati on of Rom e to th e year 268 B .

Aes r ude aes si natum . , g

- From 342 2 1 1 B . C .

The omano Com ani on coi na e old si lver and br on e. R p g , g , z

- C . From 3 38 2 68 B .

- l Aes g rave libra .

- B C . From 268 2 1 7 .

Th e reduced As and i ts progressive diminu tions . Th e the D silver money struck in Rome with type of the ioscuri , afterwards with the biga and quadriga and then with the ’ Moneyers symbols and monograms .

m 2 1 - 2 o C . Fr 7 04 B .

Denari i hea h name o h ri ng t e s f t e Tri umvi r i Monetales.

B . 2 1 C . . 7 2 09 .

l us . F acc L t . . Q. u atiu s Catu lus C Valerius C f Alli us Paetu s lli P. C . A us O é l r lus C . Terenti us Varo p p Ti tni u s . t P. M Maenius . L Po m om u s . p L Mamilius . Fu r i us . L .

2 1 4 . D . ec im iu s l C F avus L . Itins

. Furi u Pur ureo i . . i L s p C I un us C .

A' S uri li us c ri boni us . p C . S Curio P u C . l ti us T 2 00 C . erenti u s Lucanus a i ri u s i P T . Afran u p urd us . S s P S 1 . . Cornelius ula 54 f i nari us Nata M . Aurelius Cota f gaufetu s . C . Renins .

1 97 .

ti s T . ui nc u , li us Q Flamininus impe Cm. Gel

. Mi nuc ius rator Q. Rufus P C . orcius Cato

Fanni us . . M . C f Atili u s Saran us

I uventi us T 1 . C . alna 44 i s Mai an u . C ' Tam ilu-s Baebi us . . M . Q f p i s C uriat u . T C . f rigeminus

Q. Fabius Labeo . aec ili u A . C s Cluvi us ax la I 3 9 C . S u

P n . S. uri s Aurelius Ruf uS P. B Cornelius lasio . Pa i ri u s M . p Carbo

Trebani us . L . 1 7 9 .

Cal u r i C n . p n us Piso

. oili u L C s . Atili us o m entanus L . N Cn . Domitius Ah eno b arb us T Gadaeus C . itinius Sex . ui nc tili s Q u . I lius I . u Caesar

Aufidi us . 1 M . Rusticus 74 . A C . ntestius Labeo I M . uni us Silanus P Mati enu s M . Atili us Saranus Q PlaetOYi P S C . Marcius Libo 0 i Stsenna C n . Cornel us , S Pi tio . L empronius S A . Manlius Q. f. ergia

T . M . ullius

C 1 ° L . u pi ennius 3 4 C u . T Lucretius rio . x I uli u s Se . Caesar O ei m i us L . p O eim i us M . p L . Cornelius Cina Man(i us) Acilius Balb us

. H li i osti us T Caec i li u s Ca rar us. L ubulus C . Metellus p Postum i u s Licinius Murena L . Albinus

. . ui nc tiu s us . Q Marius T . Q Flaminin( )

i . nti us . u P uaes . Se Ap . Cla dius ulcher , q L C tor urbanus M . Lucilius Rufus

r u rb l P. . T . ae . Mallins , qu sto Corn Lentulus Marcellinus s llu Servi li u . . Ru s P. M f ' i Fonte u s . 9 4 Man(zu5) C f. I u li us B ursi o L . Man(i us) Aq u illiu s oltei u s . . M . V M f L . Flaminius Cilo n M . Fanni s i es eb e i Mem m i us aed l pl L . C ri t n i us L . o 1

Ci i us . . M . p C f Caec ili u s L . Metellus

Serveili us . . M . C f o bli i u C . P c s Malleolus h ri us Balb us T . T o P stu m i s S. . A . o u Albinus f A u lei us Satu rni nus L . pp C oili us Caldu s C . 87 . I h d o S é gfiigggfifg g L . Cornelius ulla Felix , impe rator iterum .

84 .

L . Licinius , censor C . Marius C . f. Capito Cu . D omitius , censor P Cm. Cornelius Lentulus . F . M . Aurelius Sc auru s Marcellinus L . Cosc oni us Pobli C . Marcius Censorinus C . c i us Malleolus

A . . P Ti(her i us) Claudius T . f. p n L . o m poni us N . P ero L orcius Licin[i]us . rbanus C . No b i niu s . Fa r 9 0 . M P Cre u si us . p L . Aurelius Cota M . Marcius Censorinus L . S Asi a enes Cornelius cipio g C . Mamilius Limeta Al . li us C Bala nus 3

. I uli us L L . f. Caesar S L . Cornelius ulla Felix , impe

. T Q itius rator .

. Vibi us . P C C f. ansa 8 3 . . Mi nuc ius Q Thermus . Va C . Cassius Longinus 89 . rus Iu li us Sali nato r 0 Anonym ous b ronze c oi ns w ith th e L . e end dilis L . D . A . P. le e Pa i ri a de F u ri us ae l g ( g p P . o Crassipes , cu ar ento ubli co g p ) . ruli s

Ru b riu s Dossenus . L . Claudius Uni m an us .

. Cal urni us P Fr u i L p iso g - 82 8 1 . D . n S . Inni s ilanus L f.

. S C Fabius C . f. Buteo L . Cornelius ylla , Felix , impe

L . Ti t ri s u . S u L f. abin us rator W th i . L . Rustins Fr . i . Cal u rn i u s P . u L Manlius , proquaestor M . p iso M f g

. Cn . . Cn . . E A Manlius , quaestor C . gnatius f n

C n . Po m ei u s ro c on Maxsum u s . p Magnus , p sul

Flac c s 6 . . u . C Valerius , imp 9

. Balb us Q Antonius , praetor Plaeto ri us Cesti anus Fu fius C al n u M . , . e s Q l ea Co l g ues . aedi li s c uru lis Muc i us C o rdus s P S G . ulpicius alba , aedi C . Licinius L . F . Macer lis c u rulis L . Farsu lei us . Mensor N Axsi us . . An ni us Lu sc u s L . L f aso C . , proc .

T Vetti us Sabi n us . Tar u i ti us . C . q , quaestor H L . Fabius L . f. ispa

6 . n i ensi s 4 , quaestor M em m i us . . G L . L F aleria Cornelius Sulla Faustus Mem m i us . G C aleria Po m oni us . p Musa G arc ili u s Q Postum i us C . (or O u ln i u s g Fab at us L . Roscius r ili us Ve g . Servei li us . . C . C f G Ser . S 7 9 ulpicius alba

C al u rni us P Fru i . C . p iso g Caec ili us Q. Metellus p erato r Proc ili us i li us L . f( ) n idi us No nianu s . Co s L . Cassius Q . F . C uf nas Pa . N S e L . ius M onius i li . Aem us Pohlic iu s . . C . Q f M Lepidus

l u . a u ti i s Flac c us . L . R Q C ssius Longinus Marcius Philippus

Mem m i u s f . 7 4 C . C .

V ltei u s . . S . L . o L f trabo

P. Cu . Cornelius Lentulus f. Marcellinus , quaestor 59

P P . . Cornelius Lentulus . f

i l u . M. At us Ba b s . i n h . S t er L n p , quaestor , praetor

L . Lucretius Trio

8 . Plaeto ri u s . F. . 5 L L , quaestor i u B lb s . Naev s a u C Aem ili us au r s e . Sc u a M ,

stu us . S . . A . Po m i A f p n Albi dilis c u ru li s nus . P. P H saeus ae P i lautius yp , Satr e us . . n di is c uruli s

P lLi c ni D . i us Crassus ives, quaestor

Po m ni u . u ni s e B Q. po s Rufus Q I u Ca pio rutus P a f s wi th con Cu . Cal u rnius P ro uaes Q. om ei s Ru u ( p iso , p q sul Sypla) tor - Tere i us ro uaes i us . nt L . Vinic Varro , p q tOI‘

~ 57 CO o ni us a C . p , pr etor I ASSOClatea i n Q. Si c i us Canidi us . , triumvir Crassus , proquaestor I idi s . ns u C Co Paetu s . i us Co rdi us am 54 Man( ) Rufus , tri vir I uli us C . Caesar Anti us . C . C f . Restio i us i G a triu m Man( ) Ac lius l brio , T Cari si us . , triumvir vi r

. N . A Licinius erva , triumvir L . Cassius Longinus , triumvir Coeli us Caldu s i i C . , tr umv r 49 45 ‘ Fontei us P. . a P. f Capito , tri m T vir C . ullus Caesar , imperator .

Furi us C u . . B roc c hu s L . f , tr1um v1r - 48 46 . To uatus tri u m . r L Manlius q , Q. a P Sc i vi r Caecili s Metellus ius i i us u ili s pio , mperator Man( ) Aq u Man . f. Man . P. Iu ni anus Licinius Crassus , n . , triumvir H legatus pro praeto re osi i s . C . d u C f. Geta E i s . u M pp , legatus Paullus Aem i li us Lepi P dus M . orcius Cato , propraetor .

Scri bo i-us L . r n Libo l i Cu . P anc u s aedili s c ur lis , u

. Pl A autius ll s 1m C ' ll . . Caesar , p , cons . S Cossuti us . . L C f abula i tirll gl

’ r e s Q C e rem M' f ’ Roc us . p lli s A enu . A . , proconsul S3 C S Faustus ornelius ylla , I u li us quaestor C . Caesar , consul tertio , Me salla dictator iterum Valerius s . i rti us A . H , praetor

Cm. Po m ei us 49 p Magnus(son) , imperator r e Co n lius Lentulus P blic i s . o u M , legatus pro prae Crus , consul tore

. C Claudius Marcellus , i n s abi n us r s . M ati u S o u ae M , p consul q tor . C m. N n eri s , quaestor u rbanus 46 4 5 C11 . P a ompei s Magnus , - I uli us consul C . Caesar , dictator tertio Roma Coim n . 7

Balbus L . Cornelius , propraetor Salvidi enus Salvi u s . Rufus , Q n . I u ni us S m desi natus M ilanus , a gu imperator , cons . g . u . quaestor, procons l

40 .

Ati us Labi enu s Parthi c us . P1nar1u s Sc ar u s i m . Q , L . p , p i u imperator D . Tu ri ll s . Aheno barbu s im Cn . D omitius , perato r

Mu nati us Planc us . L . , imp ite Pi nari u s S rum or proconsul L . carpa , imperator

Vi sani us . . S Atrati nus au M . p L f Agrippa , L . empronius , consul tertio . gur .

2 - 5 2 3 .

Carisi us rO raeto re P. , legatus p p ,

P. B , , V entidius assus pontifex legatus Augusti . imperator

. Sosi us C , quaestor Vi sani us M . p Agrippa , consul A u illi us m designatu s L . q Florus , triu vir i ni us G . Can . Voc o ni us Vi tu lus L allus Q , quaestor D urm i us designatus M . T u r ili an us tri u m i S e a P. P , T . G empronius ra cus , tri m etronius p

desi natu s Vi r . vir , quaestor g

Q. Nasidi us

Proc u lei us . . L . L f

u sti us . Q. R

S Atrati nu s L empronius , augur , Cossus Cornelius C11 . f. Lentu praefectus classi , consul desi lus

natus . g S Platori n us tri u m C . ulpicius , ‘

. C al u rni us B raefec L p ibulus , p vi r

tus classi or praetor designatus . Antisti us Re i nu s m . C . g , triu vir

. O i u s M pp Capito , praefectus classi or praetor designatus

. Fontei us . C Capito , propraetor

S . P. Licinius tolo , triumvir T ro m enti na C . Marius C . f. ,

triu mvir . San u iniu s . An i M on us M . f . f. Antyllus q , triumvir

Cleopatra L . Cornelius Lentulus , flamen

Sosi s m r r . . u 1 e ato C , p . martialis — I OO

Lu ri P. us A ri g p a , triumv ir . Anti sti us C Vetus , triumvir Maec ili u M . s Tul us . Mesc i ni us L Rufus Salvi M . us O tho Vi i n . c i u s L L . f. . N Sili anus A Licinius erva , triumvir

. . . r C Marcius L f Censo inus , triu mvir

Sex . Aeli u < N Qu inc tilianus . s onius Q Lamia , triumvir 3 Anni us triumvir Mai ani u s G S , . allus triumvir C ilius 4 A ro ni us Asi i u s . . n p . G a C C f allus , tri m Sis nna V i r Cornelius e Vo lu su s Messalla . . . Valerius C Cassius C f Celer , triumvir

G alus . i u , G all s . . . triumvir C C f Lupercus , triu mvir

Cn . C al u rni us Cn . P p f. iso ,

triumvir Cl di us i o P tr um . ulcher , i us u rdi n u s . N aev S L , triumvir Statili u s T T . aurus Pl ti u s . o C Rufus Liv i nei u s L . Regulus i u C ri s i nu s Su l i T . i nc t s Qu p p Betili enu s B P. assus cianus , triumvir N aevi us C . Capella T S Grac c us tri u m . empronius , u b elli us Blandu s C . R v1r . u C . Valerius Cat llus

CHAPTER XX II

ALPHAB ETICAL LIST OF TH E FAMILIES WITH NOTES OF TH E PRICES OF TH E COINS

1 T e fi 9 8 . h most rational classi cation of the coins no doubt would

be the chronological , but the Republican series , on account of the

very great number of names , some of which are frequently u repeated , and partly on account of the ncertainty of the dates of ffi c h ronolo some coins , offers so many di culties in the way of a g ical arrangem ent that all writers have up to the present time

confined themselves to the old alphabetical system . Although that system may not be th e most reasonable since it includes under one family names belonging to periods diff ering widely in time and which are thus found to be placed together by n mere accident , yet the system has the immense advantage of givi g the greatest facility for research . 1 0 1

ea althou h I d For this r son , g have ecided to give in this second edition a Chronological list of the Republican coinage (conf er the x preceding chapter) , I would e plain that I have not added it in order to induce any collectors , j ust beginning , to follow that classi fic ation in their own collections , because I do not consider it right to propose or counsel in an elementary treatise an innovation which no one has dared to put forward in much larger works ; but n only because that list may be consulted with adva tage by all , and

may aid research into the history of the Roman coinage .

1 9 9 . I admit without reserve that collectors who are j ust

beginning had better classify their coins in the alphabetical system , and so return to that system in giving a list of the prices of the

coins . I know very well that purists in the science would wish this part to have been omitted as unscientific (who holds it as such P) ; but even from a scientific point of view one must give a m proper place to practice , and in order to study the coins it is eces H sary to commence by understanding them . ence I do not think the following list of prices will be out of place or distasteful to m y readers as it will prove to be a most useful vade mec um in buying

or exchangi ng coins . Th e families therefore are placed in this list in alphabetical

order , yet under each family will be found grouped the diverse Mo netales o fli names of the , and I have marked at the side of each ’ cer s name the lowest price of the respective coins in each metal . It should be understood th at only the coins in that metal or those metals the prices of which are m arked on the line belonging

to each name are known , and consequently the blank Spaces signify

that coins of that given nam e i n that particular metal are unknown .

Let us take Maria as an example .

T fi . C . 1 0 B . here were three mint of cers , Q Marius ( 5 ) who

issued only bronze coins which to day are valued at at least 1 5 francs .

. 8 B . . C Marius C . f . Capito ( 4 C ) who issued only silver money now m enti a 1 B . C . usually valued at 2 francs ; C . Marius Tro n ( 7 )

who issued gold coins now extremely rare , valued at least at 2 000 francs , and among his silver coins are some which on the 1 other hand are valued at only 5 francs . The prices indicated in this list are those of the most common

coins and one must not infer that there are not other coins , both

n m . rare and most rare , belo ging to so e of the names mentioned T i n th e Tro m enti na hus for nstance amo g coins of C . Marius 1 above cited one may buy a denarius for 5 francs , but others , very m a 0 0 . rare indeed y be purchased , valued at 3 francs at least The prices moreover should he understood to be those of speci fine S mens in condition . pecimens in mint condition are worth

o d i er . B rass G l . S lv .

Ac c o u srA . II . l i u s Larsi c o lus P. Ac c o e .

III . ACILIA .

Balbus . 1 . Man Acilius

. c . . 2 . M A ilius M f

n G a . Ma . 3 . Acilius l brio

IV . AELIA or ALLIA . ‘ 1 . Allins . 40

Alli us . 2 . C . 3 0 l u s F c P. Ae i . 3 . a tus

Alli us B . 4 . C . ala

li u s . . Ae 5. Q Lamia

M . V . AE ILIA l u P 1 Aem i i s . . L . aullus

Aem . . 2 . Man . Lepidus A c auru s em . S . 3 . M .

P. Aem . . 4 . Lepidus

A m . B . . e 5. L uca

. Aem . . 1 00 6 . M Lepidus 5

A A I FR N A. VI . f ‘ A rani s . Sp . u

ALLIE A . VII . N

Alli enus . A .

VIII . ANNIA .

1 . . A niu Lu s C n s c u s .

2 . Anni u s .

A TESTI A. IX . N

Ante tiu . 1 . C . s s Labeo l e ti ra u u s . 2 . L . Ant s us G g

. Antestius e i nus . 3 . L R g

Ante ti . 4 . C . s us Vetus

X. ANTIA . - Anti ns Restio . 49 4 5

XI . ANTONIA .

1 . Balb . Q. Ant . us

2 . . 2 00 2 M Antonius . 3 0

. 00 3 C . Antonius . 3

APPU . LEI A XII . u r i u - L . App . Sat n n s I 04 9 4 I S

APR r XIII . ON A . o d . i er . B rass. Year . G l S lv

XI V. A I QU LLIA . 1 . Man Aqu illius .

2 . . Man Aquil . M . f. M . n . A u i liu s 3 . L . q l Florus .

XV . ARRIA . M Arrius Secundus . 4 3 I 000

XVI . ASIN I A .

C . Asi niu s Gallus .

XVII . ATIA .

. 1 . Atius B lbu s M a . 59

2 . . Ati us L b 0 00 Q a i enu s . 4 3 0

. L XVIII ATI IA . i i I . At l us ara u s S n . w

e Ati i u s n 2 . . l Saranus M .

. . ta 3 L Atil Nom en nu s .

AU FI I XIX . D A . ufidi M . A us .

XX . AURELIA . 1 . Aurelius ? 2 . Aurelius .

3 . M . Aur . Cotta .

f . 4 . Aur . Ru us

. . Sc a ru 5 M Aur . u s .

6 . L . Aur . Cotta .

XXI A TRONIA U . Au tr n 0 o i us . 8

XXII . AXIA .

Axiu . . L . s L f Naso . 3 0

. BAE XXI H BIA.

Ba biu Ta 1 . C11 . e s m pi lus .

b . 2 . . ae . am il . M B Q f. T p us a bi u P 3 . Q. B e s ( )

A I' ‘ XXI V B RBA IA . b s . B ar ati P M u hilippus .

BETIL IE NA . XXV . i nu P. Bet li e s B assus .

I . XXV . CAECILIA li 1 . Caec i us Metellus .

. aec ilius . 2 . A C

. . C a rari us. 3 Caec . Met p o d i er . B rass. G l . S lv u 4 . Q. Caec Metell s .

5 . M . Caec . Metellus .

6 . . . . Q Caec Metellus

. . P . 7 . Q Caec Metellus ius

8 . L . Caec . Metellus .

. P S . 9 . Q. Caec M . ius cipio

XXVII . CAESIA .

L . Caesius .

G . XXVIII . ALIDIA

alidi us . M . C

P . XXIX . CAL URNIA i us P C11 . Cal urn . 1 . p iso i P. . Lanar us. 2 . Calp

. P aes i s . . C on u 3 L Calp iso . P Fru i . 4 . L . Calp . iso g

P Fru i . 5. M . Calp . iso g P F i 6 . C . Calp . iso rug

11 . ni us 7 . C Calpur Piso L b Bi u lus . 8. . Calp .

Cn . al u i 9 . C p rn us Piso .

XXX . CANIDIA . Cani i M . d us Crassus .

XXXI . CAN INIA .

. Cani ni us L Gallus . 2 000

A I . XXXII . C RIS A

T . i 1 . Car sius . P 2 . . Cari sius.

S . XXXIII . CAS IA 1 . C . Cassius Longinus . 2 ec ian . L . Cassius Ca us .

3 ° C . Cassius Long . Varus .

4 . L . Cassius Q. f.

u . 5 Q. Cassius Longin s

6 . L . Cassius Longinus .

C . 7 . Cassius Longinus .

8 . . C Cassius Celer . X XX IV . CESTIA .

. . est s L C i u . 44 200

V. XXX C1P1A.

i . M . C pius

XXXVI . CLAUDIA . 1 P . C . Claudius ulcher .

o d . i er . B rass G l S lv .

1 . P . 4 . C Lent . Marcellin .

1 . P. . S i nth . 2 5 Corn Lent . p 00 6 l 1 . . Ba b us L Corn . . 400 I O

1 . . G aetuli . 7 Cossus C . L c

1 8 . . L Corn . Lentulus . 50 1 i . S senna 9 Cornelius .

CO R FICIA. XLV . NU r Q. Co nufic i us . soo

XLVI . CO SCONIA . i sc n us. L . Co o m o ssur . XLVII . C

. . S . 1 . L . Coss C . f abula idi anu . Mar s. 2 . C . Coss

CREPERE I A . XLVIII . i u u Cre ere s Roc s. Q. p

REP SIA . XLIX . C U

re usi us . P. C p

RITONI A . L . C i n Cr to i us . L .

CU PIENNIA . LI .

Cu i enni us . L . p

I ATI A . LII . CU R uri ati us T C . C rigeminus .

LIII . CURTIA .

Q. Curtius .

D . LIV . ECIA

P D . . ecius Mus

LV . DECIMIA . Dec im i us Flav C . s.

. D LVI IDIA or DEIDA .

1 . T . Deidi us i 2 T di us . . . D

LVII . DOMITIA .

1 . Ahe C11 . . I Do m no barbu s . 79

2 . D m . Ah a 1 C 11 . e 1 o nob rb us . 4

- . C11 Ah Do m . en barbus . 1 2 3 . o 1 9 9

- . he b C11 . Do m . 2 6 8 4 A nobar us . 4 3 00

. M LVIII DUR I A . r M . Du m i us . 20 500 a o d . i er . B ras s. Ye r . G l S lv

L E NATIA . IX . G

E Maxum u s . C . gnatius

GN ATU L E IA . LX . E

E natulei us . C . g

PP1 . LXI . E A i 1 1 E us . M . pp 5 5

B . LXII . FA IA

1 . Q. Fabius Labeo .

Eb urnus . 2 . Fab . Max . P 3 . N . Fabius ictor

4 . C . Fabius .

B . 5 . C . Fabius C . f. uteo

H . 6 . . L Fabius ispaniens

FAB RIN I A . LXII I .

Fab ri ni us . M .

1 . LXIV . FANN A i us Fan n . . 1 . M . C f

i us . . Fann 2 . M

FARSU LE i A . LXV .

arsu l i us . L . F e Mensor

M N . LXVI . FLA I IA

1 . L . Flaminius Cilo

2 . L . Flaminius Chilo .

LXVII . FLAVIA . — 80 H em ic illus . 2 C . Flavius 44 4

LXVIII . PONTEIA .

F n tei us . 1 . C . o i Fo nte u s . 2 . Man .

Fo ntei us . . 3 . Man . C f

P. i . . P. Fo ntei us 4 . Capito

i u . . Fonte s 5 . C Capito

FU FI A . LXIX .

Fu fiu s alenus . Q. C

LXX . FULVIA .

lvi us . C n . Fu

F N DA I A . N LXXI U . ani u C . Fu nd s .

X I . LX I FURIA .

1 . . P n L uri s Philus .

Furi us . 2 . Purpureo o d . i er B rass G l S lv . P 3 . L . Fur . urpureo .

. P n . 4 L . uri s

P n . S . 5. p uri s hilu . Furi us . . P s. 6 M . L f

P. . . 7 . Fur Crassipes

Broc c h us . Cm. . 9 . L . Fur . f

G . LXXIII . ALLIA

Galliu s . C . Lupercus

GARCI LIA . LXXIV . -ili u 0 Garc s. 5 5

ELLI A . LXXV . G

lli s . C11 . Ge u l G elli us Pu b i c ola. 2 . L .

E E I . LXXVI . H R NN A H n i 2 1 ere n us . M . 5

H I TIA . LXXVII . R

H i rti u . A . s . LXXVII I . HORATIA

Horatius Cocles .

H O SI D IA LXXIX . . i C . H os di us Geta .

H sr . LXXX . o t

H il . 1 . L . OSt i us Tubulus

2 . H ilius a erna . . L ost S s

LXXXI . ITIA .

Iti us .

X . LXX II IULIA .

1 . . L Iuli us Caesar .

2 . Sex . I uli us Caesar .

u li u . 3 . L . I s Caesar l . . f . . 4 L Iu i us L . Caesar

. . I uli u ur i 5 L s B s o .

6 . Iu l L . i us Sali nato r .

. . I uliu s 7 C Caesar . I 8 . l u . . C O ctavian . Aug . X LXX III . TUNIA . 1 . C . Junius C . f. 2 . M . Junius Silanus

3 . M . Ju nius Silanus .

. D . i . 4 Junius Silanus L .

d i Go . er . B rass l S lv .

XCV . MALLIA .

Titus Mallins .

‘

MAMIL IA . XCVI .

1 . L . Mamilius . i m etanus . L . 2 . C . Mamil

MAN L1A . XCVII .

f . . S . A. . Manlius Q ergia

Tor uatus . 2 . L . Manlius q

3 . L . Manlius .

4 . A . Manlius A . f.

To r uat us. 5. L . Manlius q

XCVIII . MARCIA .

1 . . Q. Marcius Libo

2 . M . Marcius M . f.

Pi li us . 3 . Q. Marcius p

P . 4 . L . Marcius hilippus

5. Q. Marcius .

6 . C . Marcius Censorinus .

7 . L . Marcius Censorinus .

P . 8 . Marcius hilippus

9 . C . Marcius Censorinus . C

u. . Q. Mari s

. C . Marius C . f. Capito .

i na . . m C . . Tro ent . M C f

C . MATIENA .

1 Mati en . . us

P. a i us. 2 . M t en M CI . EMMIA . 1 e m ius . . L . M m

2 . . . L Memm . L f. Galeria . M . . em m ius 3 L L . f. C .

Mem i u . m s L f.

4 . C . Memmi us C . f.

CII . M esc mm .

. M 1 6 1 2 000 L esc i ni us Rufus . or 5 1 C 11. Mer r m.

. M M etti us .

. MI T CIV NA I A. Mi a i abi nus 2 0 M . n t us S . 5 G o d . Si er . B rass . Year . l lv V U . C . MIN CIA Mi n i 1 . Q. uc us Rufus .

Mi nu c i u ri n s . 2 . C . s Augu u

T . M n 3 . i u c i us Auguri nus .

Mi nu c i u . 4 . L . s Thermus

. Mi nuc i T . 5. Q us hermus

M CI A. CVI . U

Kalenus e Cordus .

MU NAT A . CVI I . I 60 Muna i us Planc us. 0 L . t 5

MU SSI DIA. CVIII .

- Mussidiu s . 2 00 L . Longus 4 3 4 3 3

I . CXI . NAEV A lb vi us Ba us . 1 . N ae

aevius Balb us . 2 . C . N i nu aeviu s Surd s. 3 . L . N

aevi us . C . N Capella

ASID I A . CX . N

asidius . Q. N

N . CXI . ERIA

C n . Neriu s .

N . CXII . ONIA

1 . M . Nonius Su fenas .

2 . Sex . N om . Qui ntili anu s .

CXIII . N O RBANA .

. . b 1 C N o r anus .

2 . N o rb anu Fl c . a C s c us .

MI T CXIV . NU ORI A . um i t ri C . N o us .

. U MO N I A CXV N .

. N um oni us ah l C V a a. 4 3 7 00 1 50

CXVI . O GU LNI A . ulni Og us . 50 S M V I . P CX I O I IA .

1 . ei Op m i us.

2 . ei O p m i us .

. . ei m i 3 L O p us .

. . ei 4 M Op mi us . I . PP LXV II O IA .

1 . i Q. O pp us .

. . i u 3 M Opp s Capito . d . i e r . B rass o . Year . G l S lv PAP i A . CXIX . Pa i s u . 1 . L . p

Pa i us . 2 . L . p Celsus

PAP I IR A . CXX .

Pa i ri us T . 1 . p urdus Pa i ri us 2 . M . p Carbo .

P E DAN i A . CXXI .

i - Pedan us Costa . 44 4 2 3 000

PE TI LL IA CXXII . . tilli us Ca i to li n s Pe p u . I P CXXI I . ETRONIA . P P T r ilian s 0 0 u u . . etronius p 4

PI ARI A. CXXIV . N Pi nari s u . 1 . Nata Pi nari u s c ar s L . S pu .

PL AETO RIA XV . CX .

Pl . . et 1 . a . . Cesti an us L L f . 7 4 Pl 2 . . aet . es i s M C t anu .

Pla t - 2 0 . . . 80 3 L e Cesti an us . 44 4 P CXXVI . LANCIA . l Cu . P anc i us .

PLAU TI P O T I A CXXVII . A or L .

1 . . P L lautius Hypsaeus .

2 . P. P lautius H yp saeu s .

. . P 3 A lautius .

. P P 4 L . lautius lanc as . Pl ti s 5. C . o u Rufus .

PL ’ ‘ U I IA . CXXVIII . u Pluti us Cai s . P CXXIX . O B L ICIA.

Po b . ll l . . M . . I C a eo . C f P b i 2 . . u C o l c i s Malleo l. P . o bli i 3 C . c us Q. f.

. P . l 4 M o b ic i u s .

MP - . P CXXX O EI A . S 1 2 1 . P ex P a . . omp . ostul s 9

. m i 2 . P Q o pe us Rufus .

' . 11 Po m ei s SI 20 00 3 C . p u Magnus 49 6 - . C 11 P s fil. 4 . omp . Magnu 4 4 5 Sex P 8 5. . omp . Magnus . 3

Roma Coi ns n .

i o er . B rass . G ld . S lv

CXLII . RUSTIA .

1 . L . Rustins . n 2 . Q. Rusti s .

I - L . CXL II . RUTI IA u ili us L . R t

CXLIV. SALVIA .

Salvidi n alvi us . 1 . e us S . Q Rufus

. Sa a . 2 . M lvi s O tho

. SAN U I IA CXLV Q N . San i ni . u s 2 0 M q u . 000 3 3

CXLVI . SATRI ENA . Satri e P. n s u .

SAU FEIA . CXLVII . Saufei s . 2 L u . 3

Sc anso A . CXLVIII . m

1 . . c rib o n s C S i u Curio . b 2 . . Sc ri o niu L s Libo .

S MP CIL . E RONIA .

T . m 2 1 1 . G . Se pro n . racchus 7

2 . . S P I L empronius i ti o . 74

T ~ - . Sem r . 6 . G 8 800 3 p o n . racchus 3 3

- . Sem . r Atratin us . 4 L p on . 39 3 5

T . . Sem r n G . 5 p o . racchus S CL . ENTIA . S nti 2 1 e us . I C f . 5

SEP L . U IA CLI .

P. Se u lli 8 20 p u s Macer .

CLII . SERGIA . S M . ergius Si lu s .

'

. S CLIII ERVILIA . 1 . . S . . C erv M f. Augur

2 . . Serveili u s C .

. Ser i l . i u 3 Q v s C aepi o .

. . S 4 M ervili us C . f.

. P. S u llu s 5 erv . M . f. R .

6 . Ser e li . v i us . C C . f

. . e i u . 7 Q Serv . Ca p o Br tus

8 . S ervil . Casca Longus .

. S r 9 M . e vili us .

V . CLI SESTIA .

- L . Sesti us 44 4 2 800 d . i er . B ras a o s. Ye r . G l S lv

ICI NIA . CLV . S

ic ini us . Q. S

CLV I . P P. . C . Silius f

CLVII . SOSIA . i 1 o s u s . 0 C . S 5

PU RI LI A . C LVIII . S

Aulus Spu rili u s .

CLIX . STATIA .

o . 0 1 00 L . Statius Murc s 3 5

TATIL IA . CLX . S

Stati li us T . T . aurus

LPIC I A . CLXI . SU 2 1 . C . Sulpicius C . f . 9 4 6 P. G . 2 . Su lpicius alba 9 3 6 2 e r . S G . 3 . S ulpicius alba —4 5 l . 80 6 Su . 0 0 4 . L . Servius p Rufus 44 4 3

Plat ri nu s . 1 8 2 0 Sul . o 0 0 5 . C . p 5 3

TAR U i Ti A . CLXII . Q

r i ti us P . Caius Ta q u . f

T EN . CLXIII . ER TIA

Terenti us . 1 . C . Varro erent i us 2 . C . T Lucanus .

Terentiu s . 3 . M . Varro

P. Tere ti us P 4 . n ( )

T . CLXI V . HORIA

T Balb u . L . horins s

T . CLXV . ITIA

T . Q. itius

‘

T 11 1N 1A . CLXVI .

T . I . M . itinius ‘ ’ i . l i t ni us a ae s 2 . d C G u .

T ’ IT L RIA . CLX V II .

- . i Ti tu riu s . . a L L f S b n us . 57 54

CLXVIII . TREB AN I A .

L . Trebani us .

CLXIX . TU LLI A .

M . Tullius . d r . o i er . B ass G l . S lv

R IA . CLXX . TU I L L l i li us . t . T ur . L

Tu ri lli us . 2 . D .

t . _I XXI . VALERIA .

V alerius . ’

Flac . . f . c us C . Valer . C

u Flac c us . L . V aleri s lac c F us . C . Valerius ll e Messa a. 5. Val rius

Ac isc u lus . 6 . L . Valerius la es l . Vo lu sus . M sa 7 . V al

8 . . . L Valerius Catullus

‘

G U N TE IA . CLXII . VAR

V ei us . M. arg unt

' ‘

I I D IA . CLXXIII . VEN

Ba . P. V entidius ssus

VE I L I A . CLXXIV . RG l Vergi i us .

ETT I A . CLXX V . V

P. Vetti u s Sabi n s . 1 . u

2 . T . Vetti us Sabi nu s .

CLXXVI . VETURIA .

T e riu s . . V tu

VI EI A . CLXX VII .

i u . . P . 1 . C . V bi s C f ansa

. Vub . . . . . P . 2 . C C f C n ansa

Vi bi us a . 3 . C . V rus

i nIC IA . CLXXVIII . V

I . I . V inicius

2 . . L V inicius L . f. V I PSAN I A . CLXXIX .

M . Agrippa . X VO CO N IA . CLX X .

. V o n i us i tu lus Q oc V .

O T I . CLXXXI . V L E A 1 l i . V . o te us . M . M f

2 . . l ei L Vo t us Strabo .

m pound , but this ratio decreased by degrees until at last as any as N - 68 AD 0 4 5 were issued to the pound under ero (54 ) , 5 under Caracalla (2 1 1 from 50 to 7 0 under Diocletian (204 7 2 under Constantine (3 0 6

Aureus o f adri an . Fi . g . 34 H

The period which elapsed between the reigns Of Caracalla and Diocletian (2 1 1 - 2 84) is that of the greatest variation in weight O f the Aureus which was sometim es above an d so m etimes below the

i nax Aureu s ot Pert . i . F g . 3 5

h legal weight . Under V alerian ( 2 53 72 60) t e Triens or Trem i ssus was introduced (gof an Aureus) ; in the reign Of G allienus (2 53 - 2 6 8) we arrive at the acme of the confusion in regard to th e gold coinage

i n ri us f Ant n i n F G o d u a o o us Pi u s . 6 . ig . 3 l Q

m u which oscillated between one and seven grammes , so ch so in fact that we are obliged to consider gold as then given and received n o ly by weight . —T2 O

From th e time of Constantine (after the y ear 3 0 6 the Aureus preserved its regular weight o f of a pound (and some times i t bore the figures LXXII) even during th e By zantine Empire n lidu when it received the ame O f So s .

E A D . 2 02 . At the time of the division of the mpire (3 9 5 ) the legal t y pe for the gold coinage w as copied from the gold pieces O f E E e the ast , where dwelt the mp ror , and this same type was ser vilely copied in th e West by th e new rulers . Th e Goths livi ng in Italy were obliged to strike gold money beari ng the Imperial effigy in order that they might be received in e a O f m o trade and in busin ss co n tr cts . In the course ti e the c inage

i . . Aureu s f F g 3 7 O C o nstanti ne .

grew ever more and m ore barbarous and rough . Abou t the middle O f the seve n th century the coi nage called globular appeared in the E ast , that is a coinage of the greatest thickness and smallest diamet er ; and in the eleventh century al ways in the East we see a spe

id u f i u So s O onstant n s XII . 8 . o n c a e Fig . 3 C v l C

c i al and coinage , thin concave in form like little bowls or saucers ,

' c d t T hen e their name in Italian sco ella e. hese represent the depth of th e d ecadence and they were displaced by the coinage of the new

conquerors . h e a d a T Rom n coinage isappe red at the time of the, ruin of the E m mpire , giving place to the numerous Co munal gold pieces — 1 2 I

(Zecchi) which marked the commencement Of the period so gi o r ious in the history and art of Italy . Th e . 203 . successive weights of the aureus

The Aureus of 40 to the pound weighed gr . 4 5 50 6 0 I 7 2 4 ~ S4 The Tri ens of 2 1 6

Th e n 2 04 . Imperial Roman gold coi age presents us with a con ti nuous series from th e time of Julius Caesar ti ll th e fall o f the E E n n astern mpire , with the exceptio of a few slight interruptio s in All f certain ephemeral reigns . the gold coins O Roman mintage during this very lo ng period and even in the times of the greater see decadence ( chapter XXV) , are in regard to alloy more pure e than the means then known would lead us to xpect , their com ° 6 fine t . position containing constantly about 9 /o of the me al O ne only exception being found after the year 1 0 00 when

Alexius Comnenus struck gold coins with an alloy of copper .

CHAPTER XXIV

SILV ER CO INAGE

i 20 5. Th e silver coinage al ways consisted of the Denar us H al - denar u and the f i s .

i . Denari us o f Tra an F g . 39 " j . t" But S S 9 D i the ilver estertius 4 of the enarius 1 00 of the Aureus which disappeared at the close of the Republic nevertheless and always remained as the unit of account , its place was taken by the bronze Sestertius as we shall see in the following pages . ' The D “ enarius originally corresponded to a? of a pound

(gr . but suffered a diminution as early as the time of fi‘ N - — 1 D . n 68 A. did Ot ero (5 ) when it represent more than gé of a

f D . and as early as the reign o Elagabalus ( 208 2 22 A . ) issued a

decree that the public payments of taxes should be m ade 1n gold . D 2 0 fi 207 . iocletian ( 54 3 5) was the rst who faced the great enterprise of reformi ng the coin age by the reissue of a good silver Denarius wi th which the Neroni an Denarius of 9 6 to the pound was n T D the revived together with the bro ze coins . hese enarii received name of Mi liarenres to indicate that 1 000 were worth a pound of the 1n gold . In fact under system adopted by Diocletian the year

D . 0 1 . 0 1 00 0 3 A one pound of gold was equivalent to 5 Aurei , Milia D u . re ses , bronze enarii

208 . During the Byza ntine Em pire the issue of silver coinage s was extremel3y rare , and besides the Miliarense the smaller coins a — n 2 23 , c lled siliqua 47 of a pound) were struck the the half siliqua and afterwards the siliqua .

Fi 2 . Si er si i ua. g . 4 lv l q

CHAPTER XXV

TH E B RONZE COIN AGE

Th e 20 . n a n 9 Imperial bronze coi s have lways been disti guished , n fi at least in treatises which aspire to be called scie ti c , under the

i st rti o f es asian Se e us . F g . 4 3 . V p

'

“ of G S l B three classes reat , Middle and ma l rass , or in other words t d r d Bronze of the 1 S 2 n and 3 size according to the three difierent i S zes . But fi fi such an empirical classi cation lacks all scienti c basis , for the Imperial coinage of bronze is o nly to be derived from that of the th e and Republic , and its basis is really As , its natural division is

S D 2 . that of the estertius (4 Asses) , upondius ( Asses) , and the As Th e n G B [E 1 coin which is commo ly called reat rass or , is the S D estertius , while the u pondius and the As were confounded under B [E 2 the denomination of Middle rass or , on account of the simi lit ude of the ir weight and size ; and all the smaller coins or subdi vi th e Sem i sses n S sions of As , the and Quadrantes , are k own as mall

Brass or ZE 3 .

i Sesterti us of P oti na F g . 4 4 . l .

fi h o w u n - Observ 2 1 0 . It will be well to note rst of all an initial

B i i m . ance of fact took place in the name ronze , g ven to th s co age

Fi . D u ondi us of Tra an . g 4 5. p j

The coins which come under this name (which however we must adopt to disti nguish them f rom those of gold or silver) are not ' really of bronze (that is to a of a metal c omposed of c Opper mixed with tin or lead as we re those of the Republic) but they m o h é ai al m f 3 are either ade f oric alcum ( p z g) (g o copper and 5 of m zinc) com only called latten or yellow brass or of pure copper . This confu sion of the metals brought about the confusion o f the Dupondius and the As ; for the first on account of i ts be i ng made

i F . f 6 AS o Tr a an . g . 4 j of a metal of greate r value w as worth double that of the second r a which bore a simila ppearance . ’ 1 1 W e s 2 . mu t therefo re remember that from the period of

C . Augu stus ( 1 5 B . ) the Sestertii (o i the value of 4 Asses) and th e

' - Fi . I m eri al SeSt e r u w i t ut C o f T ra ao n s h o S . . g 4 7 p ( . ) j

D upondii (of the value of 2 asses) are of orichalcum while t he As ses only are of copper .

Fi . 8 . Im eri a D u ondi u s wi th o ut S C . f 4 . o Al exand r g p l p ( ) e Sev erus.

1 27

o f N beginning at the reign ero , who reorganized all the coinage of was t h e D bronze , the Imperial head radiated on upondii whilst on

the Asses it was either bare or laureated .

But even this rule cannot be given as absolute . The exceptions are many and hence many are the cases in which our j udgment must remain uncertain in distinguishing between the D em i r As and the u pondius , and it was on this account that the p

ical division came to be commonly adopted for that of large, and m n Middle brass as much ore conve ient , and it will probably be a long time before we shall see the scientific division definitely

adopted in books and catalogues . 2 Th e 2 1 . small coins which pass under the general term Small S brass represent the subdivisions of the As, that is to say the emis

ses and the Quadrantes . They are always rare or as it were exc ep tional m P d b ut less in the beginning of the I perial erio ‘ so in the reign of N ero ; they cease with the reign of Caracalla (2 1 1 - 2 1 7 Tra an s D - AD . and do not reappear until that of j u ecius (249 2 51

S m 2 1 3 . pecimens of larger di ension than usual are multiples o f the D S common Asses , upondii or estertii , and are usually called Medalli ons n (improperly) , information co cerning which will be given

hereafter (see chap XXVI) .

. The w 2 1 4 WEIGHT . legal eight of the Imperial As is still lower O f S than that the emiuncial As that is to say instead of gr .

it weighs only 1 2 grammes . As a rule this weight was sufficiently nearly m antai ned throughout the period of Sena—torial Bronze G . 1 B C . 2 coinage , that is from Augustus to allienus ( 5 53 except for the oscillation natural to the period and for the alteration b d in the metal , for the orichalcum was soon changed y the ishon S ffi esty of the tate and the o cers of the mint . n 2 1 5. O the basis of 1 2 grammes for the As of copper the follow ing table shows the theoretical weights of the Imperial bronze

coinage .

8 . Sestertius 4 Asses) gr . 4

Dupondius 2 Asses) 2 4 .

As 1 2 . S 6 emis As) .

Quadrans As) 3 .

Taking into account that th e Sestertii and Dupond i i are not of copper but of orichalcum (a metal as has been explained of greater Sem i sses value) and that Asses , and Quadrantes were sometimes exceptionally m ade of this metal (as happened during the reign o f Nero) we have the following theoretical table of weights for th e

coms of orichalcum . r

2 8 Sestertius gr . Dupondius 1 4 As 7

Semis 3 50 .

Quadrans i 7 5.

T h e two 1 2 proportional value of the metals stands at 7 to , that

is the orichalcum is worth about double the copper . But a find by practic l experience we , putting aside the usual o f we diminution of weight in the coins higher value , that have the following weights or thereabout

Sestertius orichalcum gr . 2 7 Dupondius orichalcu m 1 3

1 2 . As copper (orichalcum gr 7 . Semis pper 6 (orichalcum 3 Quadrans (copper 3 (orichalcum 1

. Th e th e 2 1 6 ALLOY O F B RONZE . alterations in alloy of the bronze coinage follow the increasing debasement which hays been pointed

out i n regard to the silver coinage . Zinc little by little was with drawn and lead and tin took i ts place .

2 1 7 . The Sestertius co ntinued i n use all the time that the Sena t f to ial coinage was issued , not ap pearing again a terwards unless a l exception l y , and ceasing to appear at the same time as the D D upondius during the—reign of iocletian aud his colleagues (between the years 2 9 5 3 9 1 ) when a radical change took place in the

bronze at the same time as the reform in the silver coinage . f 2 1 8 . In place o the Sestertius and Dupondius Diocletian issued 2 ( 84 3 0 5 A D . ) two new bronze coins which have been generally known under the i mproper names O f Middle and Sm all Brass and are only now beginning to be called perhaps more properly Follis and Centenionalis ; I say perhaps because the questi on of such names as also of their relative values i s still a matter of enquiry

among the learned . O n the first mentioned coin the head Of the Emperor i s always laureated whilst on the second it is radiated :

Very frequently these bronze coins , especially the small ones are silvered or tinned over in such a way as to give them the appear ance of a transitional coinage between silver and bronze , hence these specimens are classified by some numismatists among the silver and by Others among the bronze coins . Th e evidence of the silver coating on the smaller coins is sufh c i en tly O bvious since they are held to be derived from the Antoni d f niani or to be a egenerate orm of those coins , bu t the explanation 1 2 9 of any similar idea seems more difficult in the case of the Follis or Middle Brass 1 Th e m 2 9 . coins of the third odule only never have the silver coating and the Imperial head on th ese is always laureated ; they are known as Brass Quinarii or by the Latin name Mi nutuli ent ni onali for half c e . EMP Em THE . 2 20 . LOWER IRE At the partition of the pire into the Western and Eastern divisions the coinage preserved the same character for some time at both Rome and Constantinople ; bu t

D . s n about the year 500 A. two di tinct coi ages arose both failing to th e i nfiuenc e o f resist of the barbarians , that Constantinople assum a d B n G a . ing a yzantine , that of Rome a othic char cter U E A u u nder the mperors nastasi s , Justinus and Justinian s I 49 1 - 566) the large bronze coins (follis) which had for so long 5i sa eared pp from circulation were reintroduced , while in the Western Empire the new rulers caused but little money to be issued and that in very small coins .

Fi . 2 . Fo is of usti ni anus g 5 ll J .

The bronze then followed the decadence of the silver and gold a d com ge , for even these became utterly rude , and egenerated to such as a degree to have no clear type , ceasing to be legible or easy even

’ di st1n u1sh i e to g , and end ng m a state of most d plorable baseness .

- 22 1 . O N OF M h THE GENERAL RELATIONS THE ETALS . T e general comparative relation of the metals which h as been tabulated by

Mommsen is the following .

Silver Yellow B rass

Rom a Coim n .

S . C . initial letters , for a long time presented a problem upon f S c i which the acuteness o numismatists was exercised . ome o ns d e ex eri e red th m to be simply commemorative medals , some as p of ments or proofs the engravers , some as imperial gifts ; others f thought they were destined for military insignia , and so orth .

Bron e Med a i on o f th e Em eror adrian. Fig . 54 . z ll p H

No w ho wever ) , the problem may be considered as solved by the explanation that the Medallions are n 0 1hing else than mu ltiples 0 1 coins , and that they were themselves coins , whatever the metal may be , whether gold , silver , or bronze . For the gold and silver

—' ' Fi da ion of h r . i g . 55. B ro nze Me ll t e Empe or M Aurel us. there would not be much difficulty In admitting such a theory as It is easy to verify from the weight that they are always multiples B t of a coin . u it may not be so readily admitted in regard to the bronze because it is much more diffi cult to verify the weight since it is always more or less inexact in the multiples j ust as it is also in

the ordinary coinage . ' Difi erent hypotheses and errors concerning the difieren ti a of the Medallions arose fro m the fact that some writers only took the the appearance into consideration ; they attributed , that is to say ,

greatest importance to the form , and passed Over the substance . For that reason they would not recognize as Medallions of bronze any pieces except from the time of H adrian when they were distin guished from ordinary coins by their su perior art ; such writers always remained in doubt concerning the few specimens which i t w ne bore the initial letters S . C . laying do n as a law that o of the characteristics of the medallions was the decided absence of such

initials . All the difficulties vanish and the su bject appears wonderfully simple when we remember the distinction enunciated i n chapter

XXIII (S2 00) concerni ng the coinage of bronze . In that chapter it was explained that the Imperial bronze coi nage

should be divided into two great classes , the bronze coined by the k of Senate and signed always with the initial letters S . C . the mar ’ t he S enate s authority , and parallel with these , the bronze coinage E issued by the mperors on their own authority , lacking the initial l C . T etters S . hus it happens that we have the ordinary coinage AE AE AB (I , II , and III ) , in these two series , and moreover we

i B ro n e I m eri a Meda io n o f th e Em erors M. Au e i us and F . 6 g 5 . z p l ll p r l

L u c i us V eru s. have also their m ultiples or medallions both in the Senatorial series S i n bearing the initials C , and the Imperial series without those letters . S 2 24 . It will be well to notice that while the enatorial series supplies us abundantly with the ordinary coinage i t contains very few multiples or Medallions except for the reign of Trajanus Decius (249 the Imperial series gives us very few of the ordinary coins but an abundance relatively of the multiples or Medallions . Thus it happened that those of the Senatorial series were altogether

Fi . . Bron e Meda io n of adri an with raised c i rc g 57 z ll H l e. ignored while the attention of collectors was almost exclusively d o f m n n rawn to the Imperial series edallio s , the ordi ary coinage o f th ls series being neglected on account of their scarceness .

22 . S 5 Medallions , whether enatorial or Imperial , were the result E ’ of the mperor s orders ; but while those coined by the Senate always preserved the style and fabric of the ordinary coinage and

1 3 5 on this account can only be distinguished by their greater weight E and size , those coined by the mperors are distinct pieces , and although the Imperial coinage (that is the ordinary coins and their fi S multiples) was at rst similar to that issued by the enate , it assumed a special form and character from the time of Hadrian . From that time the workmanship was always more accurate and much superior to that of the Senatorial Bronze ; the size of the Was multiples was increased , art especially apparent , the artists putting forth all their powers . 1 1 2 2 26 . Medallions formed of two metals (chap . XII, ) and 1 1 encircled Medallions (chap . XII , 3 ) are found in both series , but

Fi . 6 1 . Si er Meda i on of a i g lv ll G ll enus. are always more numerous and richly wrought in the Im erial . p serI es.

Fi . 62 . Si ver Meda ion of Gal ienu g l ll l s.

H a ence all facts go to prove that the Rom n Medallion , admitting i 1ts ndeed that It owed origin to some special circumstance , and w fi ffi thence had hen rst Issued some special o ce , was nothing else _ _ 1 3 6

. ' than a multiple Of the ord inary coinage ; an d as a logical c o nse

’ ’ uenc e was ut i I q p into circulation exactly hke ord nary comage . n fact the medium state of preservation of the Medallions is not very ff f di erent rom that of the common money . Very few indeed are the Medallions which have been found in a perfect state of preservation , only a few are even well preserved , ' whilst th e greater nu m ber are in a worn or even very badly worn n i h co dition , a sure indicat on of their aving been a long time in circulation precisely as the mass of bronze coins of other money

2 2 I ec es . 7 . Medallions are always rare p T e l fi hos of gold are exceeding y rare in the rst century .

d M i u Fi . 6 G o eda o n o f Au st1. s g 3 . l ll g .

The fi i most ancient known is that of Augustus ( g . we ghing

N . four Aurei , preserved in the Museum at aples

“

Fi . 6 . Go d Meda ion o f Ga ienus g 4 l ll ll . Those of the succeeding Emperors u p to Gallienus are also very rare . I 3 7

the m em or Or for Only y some of these remains , they were unique , the originals having been melted after the execrable theft which took place in the year 1 83 1 from the Parisian Cabinet . O nly about the third Century did the medallions in gold become E 2 - a little more common . lagabalus ( 18 2 2 2) caused a large num 2 t o 1 00 ber of pieces of , 3 , 4 , , and up to aurei to be coined , and the fact that very few of these have come down to our day is owing to their having been withdrawn from circulation by Alexan der Severus (22 2- 2 3 5) Gallienus however (2 53 - 268) coined pieces Bi ni o nes Terni ones an d as multiples of the Aureus ( , even larger i multiples) several of wh ch are preserved in our Museums . The Constantines and their successo rs also coined many gold Medallions in the fourth century and later as is proved by the splendid series in the Im perial Museum at Vienna .

o d Meda ion of Ma nenti us. Fig . 6 5. G l ll g

Med i on f Leo I . 66 . Go d a o Fig . l ll

The series of gold Medallions is closed with the great medallion - of Justinian u s (527 566) (of a diameter of 850 mm . ) discovered in

I 3 9

- 2 30 . Increasing in number u nder the Antonines ( 1 3 8 1 80) they reached their highest development as to numbers and size under Commodus ( 1 80

Fi : Si er Meda ion of Mark Anton and O c ta ia. g 68 . lv ll y v

th e After this declining in style , beauty and size with general decline of the coinage they vanished with the gold and silver coin age at the end of the western Empire (47 6

CHAPTER XXVII

ART AN D DESIGN

- . D E O 2 3 1 O B VERSE TYPES . uring the mpire the bverse of the E Em coins always bore the portrait of the mperor , press or other member of the Imperial family and a legend indicating the name and titles : there are a few exceptions to this rule especially amo ng a h the small brass coin ge . We ave Seen in treating of the Republi D a fi can coinage , that the ictator Julius C esar was the rst to obtain the Senate ’ s authority to engrave upon the coinage his own por trait ; and that this example was imitated by Pompey and his sons B "oi narded a and by rutus also (tu quoque ) who p g C esar in the name 01 liberty and the republican leaders . Naturally the Triumviri

Augustus , M . Antony , and Lepidus also placed their portraits on their coin age and from their example this developed into a right not only for all those who obtained the sovereignty but gradually T also for any relations of the Imperial family . iberius placed on the coinage the portraits of his son Drusus and of his adopted son Germanicus and in short this divine right was also accorded to the ladies of the Imperial family . The portraits of Livia , the daughter of Augustus , appeared tenta

D P S . B ut tively under the forms of iana , ietas , Justitia , and alus

. A O M ntony placed on the coins the portrait of the elder ctavia , his daughter Antonia and also Cleopatra ; Caligula did the same for his

N . Then we mother and Claudius for his wife , and so also did ero the s wi fe D see portraits of Vespasian s , omitilla , and of his daughter D T Do m i ti a omitilla ; and of Julia , daughter of itus , of , the wife of D Matidi a a of Plo ti na Marc i an .1 omiti n , then , , and , the wife , sister T and niece of raj an , and so on ; after this indeed the custom of representing the Imperial ladies was generally adopted by almost all the Emperors . And that which was done in Rome was done G even more generally in the reek cities in the Colonies , where already in th e time of Au gustus they began to represent th e mem bers Of the Imperial family on the coinage until at last they reached u the H the point of representing Antino s , favourite of adrian , whose portrait never appears on any coins issu ed from the Roman m I nt . T the a 2 3 2 . hus Imperial coin ge presents us with a complete series of the Im perial portraits Realism and consistency of type i s a characteristic of th e Roman coinage and to this we owe the fact th e r E that natural featu es of the Roman mperors , as for example of a O N T H C esar , ctavius , ero , raj an , adrian , Antoninus , Marcus Aure lius and others are generally far better known than those of the princes a of m t or sovereigns of the middle ges and even more odern imes . They are singularly popular and rem ain as it were engraved upon our memories so that any one who has even a moderate acquai nt ance with Roman num i smatics h as no need to read the legends

’ when seeking to recognise them . Such an assertion ll OW C \er i s not applicable to the whole period of the Empire because Art like o f erfec ti on everything else had its beginning , its period p , and then its decline . Art had been already cultivated i n the last days of the Repu blic and it presents itself to us already solidly established and excel t n lently practised In Rome at h e begin ing of the Em pire . G h Although Art was originally imported from reece , which in t is H respect had conquered its conquerors , as orace said

G ra c i a c apta f eru m vi c to rem c epit et artes I ntu lit ag resti Lati o i E s. Lib II I ( p , , ,

When c o nqu eted Greece brought in her captive Arts she ’ m a u h a h ad altead triu phed o er her sav ge conq erors e rts , it y abandoned servile imi tati on and had made itself thoroughly Roman The period of the Flavian Emperors was eminently favourable to Art Which reached i ts highest p erfec ti on i n the reigns of the great E T H mperors rajan and adrian , among whose coins are a few which are very little if at all inferior to those of th e best period of Greek art . And indeed if perhaps they are somewhat inferior in ideality they

are superior in respect of reality . B ut we begin to notice the first sy mptoms of decadence already

in the days of the Antonines , it went on gradually increasing , and the decline was continual without any break until at length the complete debasement was reached in the third century when the E breaking up of the mpire commenced . The wonderful Series of portraits which forms one of the great attractions of the Imperial coinage became gradually valueless and fi insigni cant about the period of Constantine , and after that date went on losing all art value until at last when we draw near to the fall of the Western Empire we may say that Art ceased entirely to be applied to the coinage j ust as it passed away from the spirit and

life of the Roman people . The very great interest which the Imperial Roman Portraits possesses for all has suggested to me the idea of gi ving the series of portraits in the twenty - five plates which accompany this

Manual . It has just been said that many of the Imperial heads are both

- well known and popular , but there are however some which , on rar1t account of their y , have become rather less familiar , many that few collectors can hope to possess in their own collections , and may

even rarely have the opportunity of seeing in the Public Museums .

And moreover this book is not intended for experts , but for begin ners who may thus have an opportunity of knowing the rarer heads here illustrated from original coins chosen from the best specimens

known . The series begins with the earliest portraits and is carried on to ‘ r the Sixth century , after which period the decadent art no longe

presents any interest in regard to portraiture . ’ Th e Em perors heads are sometimes bare , sometimes , on the other

hand , they are crowned or veiled , according to circumstances , which however are not always such as to give an easy explanation for the

reasons which suggested one ornament rather than another .

For example , though we can easily understand why the veil was E “ reserved for the mpresses , and sometimes also for some of the E fi mperors when deceased and dei ed , and why the radiated crown should be used on the Dupondii to distinguish them from the fi E Asses in the rst century ofthe mpire , and in the following period D to distinguish the Antoniniani from the enarii , it is not obvious on E he the other hand why , on the other coins , the mperor should

- sometimes represented bare headed , at others crowned with olive or oak wreaths . It may be said that i f there was originally a reason it has escaped us now, and one may even admit that much depended on the mere whim of the engravers .

i e d as At a g ven poch we see the Christian emblem introduce , it Th e fi m u . were furtively , together with the Gods of O ly p s gures of

V ictory hold the cross instead of the palm or a trophy . The Pagan military standard and the legionary eagles are

changed for the labarum , the monogram of Christ is substituted for the emblems of the heathen ; and when the new Religion w as fi a fi i n lly adopted the gures of Chr st , the Virgin , and the cross were th e represented on the coinage , occupying the whole space of

Reverse . P erso nific a 2 3 7 . ALLEGORICAL ERSONIFICATIONS . Allegorical p tions are another characteristic of the Roman coinage ; they were erso nific ati ons the p of those abstract deities who , though they had O t no position on lympus , had nevertheless emples and altars at

E . E Rome and in the cities of the mpire Abundantia , Annona , qui Tran ui lli tas Pax H tas , Felicitas , Concordia , Fides , Moneta , q , , onor , P Fec u ndi tas S Providenti a udor, , alus , , Valor , and other similar personific ati o ns supplied a large number of types for the reverses of the Imperial coins and may all be classed among the religious

designs for the coinage .

H P . 23 8 . ISTORICAL TY ES Augustus inaugurated this series on his

coins celebrating his deeds and triumphs , his victory at Actium , the

E S e P a. conquest of gypt , the ubmission of Arm nia and arthi ' His s len did seri es o n successors imitated his example , the most p this subject is that of the great Emperors Traj an and H adrian ; and especially on the coins of the latter on w hich we find memorials of

his voyages in all the provinces of the Empire . h 2 T P . T e i 3 9 . Y ES CONCERNING CIVIL AND SOCIAL LIFE princ pal i E events of nterest to Rome and the mpire come under this class , the N fi m G postal reforms of ero , the scal refor s of alba , the civil the m reform of Vespasian , the triumphal arches , Colosseu , the a a basilic e , the Forum , the public monuments , the queducts ,

bridges , streets .

2 0 T P . U 4 . Y ES CONCERNING THE COURT LIFE nder this heading we m a c o n i arii y place the victories , triumphs , games , g (distributions m of grain) , the ilitary allocutions , the legions (chap . XXXIII) the ro fec ti o departures from Rome (p ) of military expeditions , the e E adventus fi r turns of the triumphant mperor ( ) , the sacri ces , ' th e s domestic solemnities , vote (ch . XXXIV) , the thank givings for the restoration to h ealth of the Emperor, and his consecration I (chap . XXX ) . 2 1 as 4 . What has hitherto been said is only to be understood r fi refe ring to the rst three centuries of the Empire . In the period e O ur i n th e which followed art grew wors , and interest types on the coins _issued during the Byzantine Empire dimi nishes considera bl y , for the portraits were made ever less recognizable ; to such a degree was this the case that were it not for the continuation of the good old custom of engraving the names in the legends the coins l fi re resen cou d not possibly be classi ed , so monotonous had the p tarions become and so u tterly had they lost all relation to contem ar p o r y history . The gold solidi became stereotyped in regard to the Reverse fi fi had types , which had been at rst a gure of Victory , but then no v fi of longer any art alue , a little later we see on the Reverses a gure S Christ , the Virgin or a aint , designs truly ironical in such sad times . Th e S z ilver coinage almost disappeared , and on the bron e coins we no longer find anything exc e t letters or numbers as indications of (fate of value or the mints , and the ofthe reign , so that all the inter est to be found in them is reduced to the dry matter of chronology .

CHAPTER XXVIII

TH E LEGENDS

The f 2 42 . inscriptions or legends ound upon coins constitute one of the most important elements of the study of numismatics seing that we deri ve from them the greatest number of facts and

the greatest aid to that research which is the object of this science .

2 43 . Th e legends on the O bverse side of the coins generally the bear the name and titles of ruler thereon represented , and it is only to this happy custom adopted by the Roman Mint- masters that we are indebted for the perfect knowledge we have of the H Imperial portraits . owever a large number of these , not quite all , have been preserved to us also by numerous busts and by many m u nific enc e ha statues which Roman s handed down to us , but we owe to the coins the undoubted knowledge of each individual because on the coins themselves the portraits have been handed

down to us with the names . Without the coins all those antique pieces of sculpture which lack inscriptions with few exceptions would have represented to us w only unknown personages , as is still the case ith many statues which appear on our museums with the inscription head of u known n . It is certain that these busts and statues represent persons who were illustrious and celebrated in their own day but wh o had not

the good fortune to be represented on the coinage . Moreover in the later times when it was desired to reproduce i n u bronze or marble the portrait of a person famed in antiq ity , 145 since there existed coins which represented the portra i t i t was not ffi x e a n di cult to e ecute the design , but when coins wer l cki g they

had no other means of resort but invention . With what result we may see in the case of the bronze Statue of Theodoric in the Imperial Chapel at Innsbruck which the Artist designed according H o r to his imagination and decorated with ungarian whiskers . N should we impute it as a fault since in the seventeenth century the medallion of Theodoric with his true portrait had not yet seen the

light .

2 44 . It is indeed to the legends that we owe a great part of our t m o f knowledge of the chronology , his ory , religion , and custo s

the ancients . We should naturally expect that the legends would give us jalso ac h " o f e th e the value coin , but alas this happy custom of Republic l was given up in the Imperia period , during which , with some few fi insigni cant exceptions , the value was never inscribed on the coins ; u m n hence the many disputes on this s bject , and the any u solved

problems Still existing .

2 . n u 4 5 Latin , owi g to its conciseness is the epigraphic lang age ar excellence n p , and le ds i tself admirably to the condensation of f e ideas and the ex pression in w words of the Roman greatness . In no other language are the legends so b ri ef and at the same time so finely expre ssive and high sounding Th e expression of a i s s grand idea or an important action engraved in two or three word , as for example in the following legends °

RECTO R O RBIS RESTITVTO RI GALLIAE REX ARMENIS DATV'S REX PART HVS LO C VPL ETATO RI RB S TERRARV M . O I SECVRITAS O RBIS SAECVLI FELICITAS A DVENTVS AVG . P FE I RO CT O AVG . ROMAE AETERNAE TRIVMPHVS

2 The 6 . O 4 bverse legends are dedicated , as has been said in E the preceding chapter , to the names and titles of the mperors , E a mpresses , or C esars represented on the coins , whilst the Reverse legends refer to th e very varied ill u strations of events to which

reference has been made . 2 Th 47 . e name on the O bverse is written generally i n ; the n i H AD IAN VS AVGVSTVS IMP P V R . RO B S om native case ( ,

Roma Caim n .

On n d the as the right , and are to be read by tur ing the coin roun , b e of each letter being next the . rim . D 2 51 . ates are never directly expressed on Roman coins unless n w h be in very rare and exceptio al cases , hic may only three in m H n w nu ber , a coin of adria kno n in gold and bronze on which

A . X N DCCCL XIII [ . P. . CO we read N N AT VRB . CIR N that is anno 87 4 Nat(alis) urb(is) p(rimum) c i r (c enc es) con(stitui) ; ano of P MlLIARIV M SAECVLVM ther coin hili p I with the legend , w was the o f Ro m e hich intended to commemorate thousandth year ,

MI . Pac ati an us th e A . ET P M and a third of with legend N LL . RI O But we are able to di scover i ndirectly though not directly the v the m date of a ery great number of the coins , if not greater nu ber , by several m ea n s . In the first period of the Empire we fin d the number of the Con T sulate , and more often the year of the ribunitial power telling the date , and later , that is , in the sixth century , commencing in the reign of u sti ni anu s th e : J , the years of reign are marked on the coins The office of the Tribunate was gi ven annually and was ren ewed up to the time of Antoninus Pius on the day of the year in which was fi m f P it conferred for the rst ti e , and rom Antoninus ius to the time of Gallien us on the first day of January . The Consulate was neither conferred nor renewed regularly ; but for all that we know precisely the list of the Consuls during ' the whole period of the Empire . Hence it is natural that from the notice of these two offi ces inthe T n s W 1ll legends , the ribu ates and the Consulship , it not be very ffi “ di cult to assign dates to the coins on which they are recorded . w Let us take as an exa m ple a coin of M . Aurelius ith the

M. A T N VS K legend AVR. N ONI now s fi T ing that M . Aureliu was instituted for the rst time to the ribu ni tial w A . su po er in th e year 1 4 7 D . the coin will have been is ed fi e 1 6 1 n s fteen years lat r , that is in , the year which correspo d exactly with the assu m ption of his third Consulate .

2 T e n . eter m i n 52 . h two following lists will he fou d useful in d ing the dates of coins ; in the first are n oted the years i n which e ach Em T fi m peror was given the ribunitial power for the rst ti e , and in the second all the Consulates from Julius Caesar to Constantine the G reat . TRIBUNATES

WITH NOTES O F THE FIRST YEAR IN WHICH THEY WERE CON FERRED

C . year 2 3 B . 6

36 A. D . Claudius 4 1 Nero S4

Galba . reigned only 7 Vespasi anus year 6 9

Titus . 7 1 Do m iti anu s 80 Nerva reigned 1 6 months

Trajanu s . year 9 7 H n H is adria us . coins scarcely ever

Tribunitial power .

Antoninus .

M . Aurelius

L . Verus Commodus

Septim u s Severus . Caracalla

Geta . Mac ri n us Elagabalus

Sev . Alexander . Maxi m i nu s

G ordi an u s III . P hilippus I .

P . hilippus II . Tra an u D j s ecius .

Valerianus .

Gallienus .

CONSULATES

ear B C Y Year B . C . 2 6 Augustus 2 5 2 5 2 3 I 3 Tiberius 7 5 Augustus 2

Y ear A D 1 2 Germanicus 1 5 Drusus 1 8 Tiberius 1 8 Germanicus 2 1 Tiberius I 4 9

ear A. . Year A. D . Y D Drusus II 82 Dom i ti anus 3 1 Tiberius V 83 3 3 Galba I 84 3 7 Caligula I 85 7 Claudius I 86 3 9 Caligula II 87 40 III 88 4 1 IV 9 0 42 Claudius II 9 0 Nerva 43 III 9 1 Trajan us 47 IV 9 2 Do m iti anu s 52 V 9 5 52 Vespasianus I 9 7 Nerva 55 Nero I 9 8 II 9 8 Trajanus III 1 00 I V 1 0 1 68 V 1 03 69 Galba II 1 08 Hadrianus 69 O tho I 1 1 2 Trajan us 7 0 Vespasi anus II 1 1 8 Hadrianus 7 0 Titus I 1 1 9 7 1 VeSpasian us III 1 2 0 Antoninus Pius 7 1 Dom i ti anus I 1 3 6 [E eli us 7 1 N erva I 1 3 7 72 Vespasianu s IV 1 3 9 Antoninus Pius Titus III 1 40 m i ti anus 7 3 Do II 1 4 1 M . Aurelius 7 4 Vespasi anus V 1 4 5 Antoninus Pius

7 4 Titus III 1 44 M . Aurelius Do m i ti anu s 7 4 III 1 54 L . Verus VeS a i an s 1 7 5 p s u VI 6 1 M . Aurelius T 7 5 itus I V 1 6 1 L . V erus 7 5 Do m i ti anu s I V 1 6 2 7 6 Vespasi anu s VII 1 7 5 Albinus 7 6 Titus V 1 7 7 Commodus 76 Do m i tianus V 1 7 9 77 Vespasi anus VIII 1 8 1 77 Titus V I 1 83 7 7 Do m i ti anu s VI 1 86 7 9 Vespasi anu s IX 1 9 0 79 Titus V II 1 9 2 80 VIII 1 9 3 Pertinax 80 Do m i ti anus e S V II 1 9 3 S p . everus

The ffi 2 53 . titles and o ces especially in so far as they refer to the Consulate or the Tribunitial power sometimes follow the name of E th e O n h the mperor in the legend on bverse of the coi s , at ot er times on the contrary they fo r m part of the legend or constitute R the legend of the everse . Sometimes again they are found p artly on the O bverse and partly on the Reverse and on this latter o ften occupyi ng th e space ' o f the exergue . N o indication of date is ever foun d on th e coins of the

Empresses . T s B . he 2 54 . AB REVIATIONS legend on Roman coins and also on those of the ancients generally are written with the letters all close

together without any Stops or spaces between the words , not even

when some of these are abbreviated , which happened very

frequently . Let us take as an example a most common legend on the coins of

IMP. Traj an which is very often found round the head of that Emperor .

CAESNERVATRAIANAVGGERPARTH DACPMTRPCO SVPP. It may be thus spaced out : IMP CAESNER V A TRAIAN AVG GER FA TH DAC PM TR P CO S PP fi R V , and thus lled in , Imperator Cmsar Nerva Trajan us Aug ustus Germ anic u s Parthi c u s Dac i c us Pontifex Maximus Trib u n i ti a Po testati Consul q u i nqu ies Pater

Patriae . A certain amou n t of practice is needfu l for the correct reading of n n n u these lege ds , and Si ce the abbreviatio s are n merous on the e th e O fi e Imperial coinag in regard to f ces , titl s and other notices it si will be well to give as complete a list as pos ble , with explanations ,

similar to that given for the coinage of the Republic .

LIST O F T HE A B B REVIATIONS O N TH E I MPERIAL COINAGE

te i V Vi ll ns . A. A L Aulus ( )

A. AN Anni us .

Au u s ACT Actium ; Ac ti ati c u s ( g stu ) .

i L e i o . AD, ADI Adjutr x ( g )

e Sever us . ADIAB Adi abeni ac us (S p . )

' ADO confer ARAB ADO .

ADV ADVENTVS .

AED Aedes (Antoni nus Pi ns and Fausti no) .

AEL Aeli us . — AET aeter ni tati Aeterna . Aeternitas , (VICTORIA) o nu nd I AFR Africanus (G rdi a s I a I ) .

ALB Albinus . A E Al xander L X e . ALIM ITAL Alimenta I tali ae ( Traj anus) . A N F F Annum novu m faustum felic em (H ad r ianus and Anto u ni nus Pi s) . — AN DCCC LXXIIII NAT VRB P C IR CO N Anno 87 4 natali urbi s C ri anus popu lo (or primum) ircenses constitui r (H ad ) .

ANT . Antonius , Antoninus

APO L Apollo . V ac c e i t Domi ti anu A PO P FR G AC A populo fruges p ( s) . i u s u e Sever s . ARAB Arab c (S p . ) isi t AD Ad u a Tra anus . ARAB O. Arabia q ( j )

r li u . ARM Armeniacus (M . Au e s or L uc i us Ver us)

V. AVG . A Augustus , Aug usta

V Au usto r um u . A GG Augusti , g (two A gusti)

AVGG G (three Augu sti) .

AVR Aurelius .

AVSPlC FEL Auspicia felicia .

B i B V . B RIT r tannicus , ritannica ( ICTORIA) B R P NAT B ono rei pu bli c ae natus (Constanti nus

C Caius , Caesar . l C AEL C aeli u s (B a bi nus) .

CAE C AES Caesar .

e ares Caesaru m . CAESS Ca s ,

C AP Capta .

C AR P Carpi c us (Phi lippus I and II ) .

C ASS Cassi an u s (Postumus) .

C C Confer CAESS .

C EN, C ENS Censor .

N PER u . C E S P. ( ) Censor perpetu s n C ENS PO T Ce soria potestate . C ER O VINO RO M CO N Certamen qu inquennale Rom ae

c o nsti tu t u m (N ero) . u C E S Cum exerc i t suo (P) (Gallienus) . c n t t C IR C O N Circenses o s i u i t (H ad r i anus) . CIVI S ET SIG N MILIT A PAR T RECVP Ci vi tati bus et signi s ili tarib u Par hi s rec u erati u m s a t p s (A g ustus) .

. V C C LA . C LAVD u LEG I O . Claudius , Cla dia ( )

C L Caius Lucius (Aug ustus) . V Ot s C L V Clypeus us (Aug ustu ) .

n . C LE. C LEM Cleme tia l s CL . C LO C o di u (Albi nus) . C n CN eus (Pompei as) .

C o ho rs h rt u m . CO H , C o o i N on tant u CO G Cognatus (C s i s Cblor us) .

CO M . Commodus , Comes M m m a C O ASI Co u ni t s Asi ae. T Co m m u ni tas B ti n iae s CO M B I y (H adr ianu ) .

C ONC Concordia .

CONG C o ngi ari um . n i ri CO NG DAT PO P Co g a u m datum populo .

CO NG P R DAT Co ngi ari u m Populo Rom ano datum .

Co nle i a. CONL g Confer SAGER O .

CONS VRB SVAE Conservator urbis suae .

COS Consul . l n li b u s o nsu es Co su . C OSS C , C V AF GAL V END Caius Vibi u s Afini us Gallus Vendem nianus Volusi anus) Albinus D m i ti a D D o nus . ecimus ( ) , r DA CAP Dacia capta ( T u7anus) . DAC Dac ic us r t n DE B RIT De B i an i s .

DEC D u Dec em nali a VO . eci s , ( TA)

DE G ER M De G erm ani s .

DEO R Deo ru m . i Des natus . DES , DESIG N g

DE SARM De Sarm ati s .

DIC Dictator .

ITER Dictator secundus .

TER Dictator tertius . D QVART ictator quartus .

PER P Dictator perpetuus . i DID Didi us (j ul unus) .

D N Dominus noster .

DD NN D dom in oru m nostro r u m . omini nostri , i DO M Do m i t an us .

u ar i EID MAR Idib s M ti s (B r utus) .

EOV O R DIN Eq uestri s ordinis (N ero) .

EXER Ex erc i tu s Exerc i tu u m . , x edi ti EXPED E p o .

EXP EN Ex ec tate n Carausi us . V I p , ve i ( )

EX 5 C Ex Senatus Consu lto . F FEL . , Felix Felicitas , Felicitati F FIL . . Filius , Filia

FL LE G I O . Flavius , Flavia , Flavia ( ) u F R . F RV Fu lviu s Rufus ?(l otapian s) .

FRET Fretensi s (L EG IO) . F F t e ORT o r i ssi m u s (Max imianus H reuleus) . F O T Fo r tu nae . R Fortuna , FO r u ae T RED Fo t n . R Fortuna redux , reduci G . GAL Galeri us . A L E I G G L G O . L allica ( , VICTORIA)

[ 55

LIC n Li c ini anu s . Lici ius , t a LVD SAEC (or FEC) Ludo s saec u lares fecit (Domi i nus) . Messi us H osti li unus Mausai us Carausi us M Marcus , ( ) , ( ) M 01 Mi nervi a L EGI O m Mater , Moneta Martia , arcia ( ) Maxi a T (VICTORIA) Multis (VO I S) .

MAT Mater . AV MAT SEN M PAT Au ustor um e MAT GG R Mater g , mat r

uliu Domnu . senatus , mater patriae (] )

Caesari s C astro ru m . M C Mater , Mater

MAVS Mausai us (Carausi us) . e MAC Macellum (N ro) .

P m ei us . MAG . MAGN Magnus ( o p ) ra ti la MANL Manlia (S n l ) .

MAR VLT M . ars ultor , Marti ultori

MAX . Maximus , Maxima (VICTORIA) e i MED Medicus (M. Aur l us) .

MEM Memoriae .

Merito ru m laudi us Gof bic us . MER. MERIT (C ) M i s osti lia us MES ess u (H n ) .

MET NO R Metallu m Nori cum (H adri anus) . — MGN Magn us (Pompei us) .

MIL Mi li tu m .

I M NE Mi nervi a LE G I O . M N. I R Minerva , ( )

MO N Monet a .

MO N (01 M) VRB Moneta urbica .

M S Mon eta sacra . i V I V MVLT m u lt li c ati s O T S . M L. Multis , p ( ) usri N Nostri (Aug nostri) . — AE N Caesari . N C . (NO B C S) obilissimo

NN CC N o bilissi m i C aesares . n N F Nobilissima foem i na (H ele a Fausta) . n s NAT VRB Natali s urbis (H adr ia u ) .

NEP Nepos .

NEP RED Neptuno reduci .

NER Nerva ( Trajanus) .

NIG N iger (Peseenni us) .

NOR Noricu m (H adri anus) . N V BIS CO NSVL Nobilissimo viro bis consul (Romulus son of Maxenti u s) .

O O ptimo .

O M O ptimo maximo .

O B V b servatos . C 5 , QB C I SER O cives P O , OPT O ptimo ( Tru7unus) . O P EL Opeli us (Mac ri nus) . RB T er ru m O ER R O rbis t ra . 1 56

P Pi Pi a P Pi a L E O G I . us , , ublius , ( )

PAC Paci .

PAR. FA TH P e Parthi c a LE G IO . R arthi ns , ( , VICTORIA) alli enus P C O NS AVG Patt i conservatori Augusto (G ) .

PER. PER P Perpetuus . P ar s PER S ersicus (C u ) . s er u . PERT Pertinax (Sep . Sev )

PESC Pesc enni us .

P F P Pi a L E GI O . ius Felix , Fidelis ( ) vv t PI . PIAV Pi a o niu s (Vi tori nus) .

Plac idi us V lenti nianus I I I . PLA. PLAC ( a )

P M Pontifex maximus . PO N MA PO NT MAX

PO P Popilius (N epoti anus) .

POT Potestate . P P D D Perm i ssu Pro c o nsu lis Dec u ri o n u m D , ecreto (colonial

coins) .

P R Populi Romani .

PRIMIG Primigenia (L EGIO ) . v PRIN IVV Princeps (or principi) i u en tu ti s .

PRO C O S Proconsul . r ti PR O F P ofec o . Pr ne o s PBO N o p .

P . PRO P. PRO PR ropraetor

PROO Proquaestor .

PRO . PROV Pro vi den ti a . V — V P . P B . P B L ublica

RED Redux .

V V . RED. RED . RED C Reduci

i u bli c a . REI. REIP Re p e REO VIES O PT MER Req u ies O ptim or u m m eritorum (Clau i di ns Gotb eus) .

M . ureli us R ELIG Religio ( A ) . v v REN Reno a it (H adr i anus) .

REP Rep arati o . r RES . REST Restitui .

RESTIT Restitutor . R M E V et tu O T A G Romae Augusto (Aug us s) . RO M S P AVG Romae Senatui Populo S SAC M V ( ) (MO N) RB Sacra moneta urbi (or urbica) . SAC ERD C OO P IN O MN CONL SVPRA NVM Sacerdos coop c onle i a n u e tatus in omnia g supra m eru m (N ro) . SA FA Sac ri s fac i u n i V l C R C d s ( i tel i us) . AEC AV Saec u lo S R aureo . I S7

EL Saec u l SAEC F o felici . SAEC FRVG S c a culo frugifero .

SAL S S . alus , aluti SAL GE N HVM S n u alus ge eris h mani . SALL Sallusti a (Or bzana) Sarm ti A M a c us M . Aurel S R ( i us Commodus) . S n S C e atus Consulto . Sec u ri tas Sec ri tati SEC O RB u . , orbis

al . i u SEN Seniori (G Maxi m an s) . im i SEP. SEPT Sept u s . l a SER Servius (Ga b ) .

S EV Severus .

SEX Sextus . i ni r SIGN R EC EP S g s ec epti s .

S P O R Senatus pop u lusq u e Romanus . l SVL S LP S Ga ba Urani ns . . V ulpicius ( , )

T Titus .

Tl Tiberius . T TEM. TEMP emporum . T TER. TERT ertius .

TR EB Trebo n i anu s . Tri b uni i a TR P c potestate . TR POT TRIB PO T V e AL L E G I O . V al rius , Valeria , Valens ( ) si V ES P Vespa anu s . VI Vi bi us Treboni unus ll s B ( Ga u ) . V Vi c t ri ae IC T o . , VIC V ictoria , U L E I O . V . VLF lpia ( G ) V C R I M D R Vir c o nsu lai i s Rex Imperator Du x Romano rum ( Vuballatus) VN MR (VEN MEM) Venerandae memoriae (Constanti nus

V T voti s . O Vota ,

VOT OPT O . Vota , ptata V OT PVB V ota p u oli c a . V OT SO L V ota soluta . V O T SVSC Vota su sc epta . V OT V Vota quinquennalia . V OT X V ota dec ennali a . V OT XX Vota vi c ennali a . VO T X ET XX Voris dec ennalib us (so lu ti s) et vic en nalib us (susc epti s) VOT X MVLT XX Vo ti s dec ennali b us (so lutis) multis vi c enna su libus ( sc epti s) or Voti s dec ennali bu s m u ltipli c ati s vic ennalibu s .

‘ Therefore as soon as its own coinage began to be iss u ed in- Rome T f o r we b n (that is to say in the reign of iberius , have no ro ze P coinage issued in Rome either by M . Antony , om pey or Augus S T o n tus) , the enate placed only the name of iberius one Side and on the other the h ead o f Augustus ; a considerable time elapsed before they resolved to place that of the reigni ng Emperor on the

coins . Such was the origin of the posthumous coi n age which on this account presents us with th e anomaly of the O bverse an d Reverse d types as it were reverse . The side which bears the head , (generally devoted to the O i s th e O bverse) , really the Reverse , whilst true bverse is that side which b ears the name of him wh o caused the mo ney to be Em w was struck , or of him who was peror at the time at hich it

struck . P n n o t 2 57 . osthumous coi s are therefore generally placed u nder E the name of the mperor whose portrait they bear , but under that

of whoever issued them . B ut we shall return to this subject in the following chapters since the posthumous coins are not limited to those of which we fin have j ust treated , and which may be de ed as mere memorials ,

o f c o i ns . esti tuti on but embrace also two other group , those known as R

and those as Consec rati on coins .

CHAPTER XXX

RESTITUTION CO I NS

8 . 5 Restitution coins are those which , after a more or less con siderable v after fi t inter al their rst issue , were restruck by ano her E who u l f m peror , reprod cing more or ess faith ully the prototype . o wn w REST added to it his name follo ed by the abbreviation , or T TVIT more rarely the whole word RES I .

'

2 B Z . Th e B r nz enat ri al 59 . RON E restitution of the o e S o coi nage T o was commenced in the reign of itus , when restored c ins of T D G A ri Augustus , Livia , Agrippa , iberius , rusus , ermanicus , g p

pina I and Galba were iss ued . D m S i n there n o itian , (or to speak more accurately the enate ig

E - o i T r u of that mperor) , restored coins Augustus , Agrippa , ibe i s , D u G u o f Ti tus . r s s , ermanicus , Claudius , and Julia daughter Finally Nerva (always understanding the Senate under him) ‘ reS o red coins of Augustus and of Agri ppina I . And with these the brief series o f restor ed bronze coins is com plered .

b Ti 6 stus resto red tu s . i . B ron e o f Au u F g 9 . z g y

0 B ro n e o f Au u stus r esto red b Ti tus Fig . 7 . z g y .

B ro n e o f G a b a resto red b Ti t u i . 1 . F g 7 z l y s .

w G S V . N fi h o 2 60 . OLD AND IL ER erva was the rst restored a h denarius of Augustus , and it appears that very few of t ese restor

w . ation coins were issued , since only one specimen is kno n to us T It is to the Emperor rajan that the most Splendid series belongs , or more accurately the o n ly series of restitution coins in both gold and silver . - 1 6 1

He a issued , in gold , restitution coins of Julius C esar , Augustus , T G T S iberius , Claudius , alba , Vespasian , and itus , and in ilver , E a C ari si a denarii of the families milia , C ecilia , , Cassia , Claudia , Cornufic ia D H Li vi neia Cornelia , , idia , oratia , Junia , , Lucretia ,

Au u f Fi . 2 . re s o audi us restored b g 7 Cl y Trajan .

Mam ilia Mem m ia No rbana um o nia , Marcia , Maria , , Minucia , , N , P Ru b ri a Sc ri boni a Sul i c i a T T ompeia , , , p , itia , ullia , Valeria , and

Vipsani a.

i F f r t b Tra an . . Denari us o the orne ia ens es o red g 7 3 . C l g y j

The epoch of the restitution of silver coins was closed under of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus , who issued restored coin s L EG . VI of Marc Antony . 1 ffi fi 26 . It is di cult to say with con dence what may have been n S E the motive of the Roma enate , and afterwards of some mper

' ins ne ors for restriking certain of the anc i ent c o . O might argue that it was the intention to keep alive the memory of their prede c essors among the reigning families ; but if that were so , there then arises the difficulty o f explaining the choice of the names restored . O ne can well understand for example that under Tiberius and Claudius it might be desired that the name of Augustus should be recorded ; but why should the names of Tiberius and Claudius have been recorded under the reign of th e good Emperor Titus ? These are questions to which probably we may never be able to give a precise answer, neither can we explain each individual case , ffi but rather only give a general explanation su ciently satisfactory , considering that such issues may have been suggested by the Special

Roma aim n C .

1 63

And if indeed some of the restored types have not been preserved

to our day , that ought to be ascribed to the smallness of the

number restruck . In fact several of the types which have been preserved to us are

~ only known to us by one single specimen . What wonder therefore that no specimen of others should have

been preserved . Th e 2 63 . Restitution coins in Bronze are rare in regard to some E Emperors and mpresses , but generally they may be considered as T common coins . hose in gold and silver on the other hand are o f always rare , (with one exception , viz, that of the silver coin

EG . . L . VI of M Antony restruck by M Aurelius and L Verus) , and

some of them are very rare being valued at from 1 0 to 2 5 .

Restored Medallions are unknown .

2 64 . It will not be out of place to give here the remarks promis ed i h the preceding chapter concerning the arrangement or classi fic ation of the Restitution or Posthumous coins as they may be U called from a more general point of view . sually and from old custom these coins are placed under the name and reign of the

“ ruler they commemorate and whose portrait they bear , whereas it would be more reasonable to place them under the name and reign of the ruler who com m emorated them and ordered the striking of

the coins in question .

For example , in all catalogues we see registered immediately fol lowing the coins of Augustus not only those struck during the reign of Tiberius in sim ple memory of the deceased Emperor but the E T D also coins of Augustus restored by the mperors itus , omi

N T H . tian , erva , rajan and adrian But these are not really coins of Augustus but rather coins of T T D N T H iberius , itus , omitian , erva , rajan , and adrian , and it is to the several reigns of these Emperors that the coins should logically

be ascribed . Hence in fact the entire series of the Restitution coins of Trajan

should be assigned to his reign and not to the individual names ,

Whether Imperial or Republican , which were restored . The old way of ascribing them constitutes j ust such an historical anachronism as would be made by attributing to N uma Pompilius the T u denarii of the Calpu rnian gens or to Titus Tatius those of L . it rius Sabi nu s because the heads of those Kings are represented on .

their coins . ' B ut this bad habit h as b e come too inverate to b e easily abandoned

and considerable time will be needed to enable us to correct it . CHAPTER XXXI

CONSECRATION COINS

H 2 6 5 . uman pride has always been excessive but i t reached its Th e highest point when men desired to be considered divine . rulers of the Roman world after having enjoyed the highest human honours soon desired to take unto themselves also these last and deific atio n claimed their own , an honour which was decreed to a Romulus by a people who in the earlier ges , though but little

given to adulation , through excessive enthusiasm spoke of him exceptionally as the divine founder of the city DIVO ROMVLO

CONDITORI . ae 2 66 . At the death of Julius C sar the popular exaltation and the execration of the detested assassin ation urged the people and the

Senate to decree divine honours for him . Moreover the times were already changed and the republican severity was already influenced and made more lax by Greek customs ; so much was this the case that Augustus was able a little later to claim the title DIVI FILIVS n while he was yet livi g , and thus from the very beginning of the Deified Empire to initiate the series of Rulers . This highest honour ought to have been reserved for the best

of their rulers , but by degrees politics , convenience , party interests , and intrigues caused these divine honours to be decreed to rulers

of far less worth and even to the very worst of Emperors . Consecration was decreed by the Senate as we may see from the

E . C Ex coins of certain mpresses on whose coins we read S . (

Senatus Consulto) .

i ion Sesterti us. F . o nsec at g 74 . C r

n 2 67 . O the coins the ceremony of consecration is recorded by the simple word CONSECRATIO . 1 65

When the designer had to represent an Emperor or a C aesar gathered among the gods b e re resented on the coins a rogus or m funeral pile ; often orna ente with statues , and the triumphal quadriga with which the pile was crowned , or a quadriga , or a chariot drawn by four elephants , or an eagle with wings outspread n resting on a sceptre or a globe , or sometimes an eagle flyi g , or lastly a closed temple . _When on the Other hand the apotheosis to be celebrated was that of an Empress a peacock took the place of the eagle or the type P fi Car entu m represented . iety sacri cing at a tripod , or the p , the funeral car drawn by two mules , or the lectisternium , the seat of E Juno , or the mpress herself being carried to heaven by an eagle . 6 h the fi 2 8 . T e head of dei ed person is generally represented bare , ae i . Go th c us rarely veiled (Jul C sar , Claudius , and certain of his

Fi i . r ti on denar us. g 7 5. Co nsec a

s successor ) , it is sometimes accompanied by a star , as for instance in the case of Julius Caesar and Augustus . The E mpresses are generally veiled , except Livia , who is crowned The with ears of corn after the model of Ceres . legends _are always in the dative case in the case of the Emperors (DIVO ANTO NINO PIO) ; but the legends of the Empresses though often in DIVAE the dative , are also sometimes in the nominative ( MARI NIANAE D FAVSTI A , IVA N ) . 2 f - 69 . From H istory we learn that as many as orty seven person E Cmsars E h ad ages among the mperors , and mpresses the honour of h being admitted to t h e number of the gods after their death . T e ae G list begins with Julius C sar and ends with Constantine the reat , n of o nl E but we possess true co secration coins y thirty mperors , as we see th e may in the following list , from which it will appear that Consecration coins begin at the time of Hadrian with those of Matid i a h ow Marciana and , and we shall see much more commonly n the Consecration coins were of silver , those of bronze comi g next and , lastly, those of gold ; all are fairly abundant except the medal w B h nu m lions , hich are extremely rare and all in ronze , and t ese few ,

n five . bering o ly in all , are each known by only one example

1 67 Al R [E ‘ E ” Carus Nu m eri anus Nigri nianus Maxim ianus H erc uleus Constantius Chlor us Galeri us Maxim ianus

Romulus son of Maxenti as . Constantine the Great

27 0 . It would not however be exactly true to say that those only are consecration coi ns which bear the types and legend CO N RATI SEC O . There are many Other coins which whilst they bear on ' the O bverse the head of the Emperor or Empress with the epithet DIVO or DIVA bear on the Reverse the Symbol of Consecration either with out any legend (as for i nstance the Aureus of Trajan

i 6 Bron e Posth um o us Meda io n of Fausti na th e E der F g . 7 . z ll l .

P B u with the hoenix or the ronze Medallion of Fa stina the mother , 6 f th e a illustrated in fi . 7 ) or with some legend which re ers to po g — th e si AETERNITATI SIDERIBVS RE EPT o s . , as for example C A m AETERNAE E O E (Faustina , the other) M M RIA (Constantius

Chlorus) and others . All such coins may be held to be quite equivalent or almost Simi lar to the Consecration Coins and if we take these into account th e series of such coins extends to a much earlier period , even al fi m ost to that in which the ceremony was rst introduced . m o reover a s ec i al n 27 1 . We have p series of Co secration Coins in base silver and of uniform type in honour of the Emperors Augus T N T H P tus , Vespasian , itus , erva , rajan , adrian , Antoninus ius , — 1 68

. u Se tim i us S S M A relius , Commodus , p everus , and everus Alexan O th e E der , bearing on the bverse the radiate head of mperor with D O the usual legend IV , and on the Reverse the altar, or an eagle with the legend CONSECRATIO . The uniformity of type of all these coins proves that they were not ff n struck at di erent periods , that is to say at the co secration of each of the Emperors named above ; bu t that they were the product of one single issue ; a similar occasion can only be found at the time T of the Restitution series of raj an , and thus they may be looked u pon as a special series of Consecration or Restitution money issued at one time . Judging by the types they should belong to the period which elapsed between the reigns of Philip and Gallienus . Some desire to attribute them to th e reign of this latter Emperor ; but for my part l fi I shou d rather attribute them to the former reign , in the rst place because they are more like th e coinage of Philip in style and fabric G than that of allienus , and in the second place because we can give a better explanation of such an issue in the reign of Philip if we con sider them to have been struck to commemorate the festival of the Millenari u m of Rome which was then bei ng celebrated . th e 27 2 . What has been said concerning coins of Restitution Vi u applies also to those of Consecration , ( , that they o ght strictly speaking to be arranged under the reign of whoever caused them

to be struck , and never under that of the name they bear . In regard to some of the Consecration coins however we might make an

exception , or we might as it were wrest chronology a little by regard ing the consecration coins as a secondary or complemental coin age o f the deified Emperor ; or they may be looked upon as a commemoration of the last episode in the biography of the dec eas E ed mperor . It should be moreover observed that the Consecration coins n n au ever bear a date , nor the ame of hi m who c sed them to be d struck , seeing that it was quite evi ent they were issued soon after E the death of an mperor by his immediate successor .

CHAPTER XX XII

TH E OFFICES AND TITLES FOUND ON TH E IMPERIAL COINS

MP . Th e 2 73 . I ERATOR head of the military forces in the prim i tive period of Rome was called Imperator and as a title of honour it was conferred by the Senate on any general who had obtained a wi f brilliant military success , and th this meaning the title is ound 1 69

th e on the coinage of Republic . From the reign of Augustus how of ever the title Imperator was used to signify the highest authority , and hence it came to mean that which we in modern times signify f by its use . In act the legends of almost all the Imperial coins , from h P IMP. T e Augustus to ostumus , commence with the word title I m erator p could be conferred more than once , many instances P are found on the coins in the legends of which we read IM .

I MP . c II TE IMP I XX & . TE U IMP . R I R M , , ( ) , X , In the later period the value of this title was depreciated and was

only used to indicate the number of the years of a reign . For I XXX I . instance a gold solidus of Theodosius II hears IMP .

. O 2 74 . CAESAR riginally this was a cognomen of the Julian gens and was afterwards assumed by any member of the same and

also by those who entered the gens by adoption . When the Julian gens became extinct the Claudian gens took the as name . It was found expedient to claim as near relationship pos sible to the Julian gens in order that its prestige and popularity ES might be enjoyed , hence the cognomen CA AR was assumed and gradually came to be the title indicating a claim to the inheritance ofthe imperial purple and was afterwards conferred with that signifi A S . O n C E . E cance coins it was expressed by the letters C , , CA ,

ES CAESS. or fully CA AR , and in the plural . In later times it was found necessary to add to this title the epi

BI . ES EI O LIS IMUS N . C N B . CA NO L N S O . thet , and the legends , , ES CA . are very common .

2 . O 7 5. AUGUSTUS When ctavius had gathered all authority into hi s own hands he wished the Senate to pass a decree giving him a n ew name which should indicate in itself the chief source of auth ority and be for himself and his successors synonymous with

Imperator . The name which he had eagerly desired by preference was that of Romulus intending thus to proclaim himself as the second foun der o f Rome ; but after due thought fearing that that name might awake some slumbering democratic opposition he chose that of Augustus and from that time called himself Caius Caesar Augus

tus . The name was passed on to all his successors related or not , and

thenceforth the title Augustus , enduring not only throughout

ancient , but also through mediaeval and modern times , ever preser ved the meaning attributed to it by Octavius and expressed in one

word the sovereign power . All the Imperial coins bore the title Aug ustus generally expres b -th e fi AVG AVGG sed y rst letters (in the plural ) , and moreover all the ladies who had the honour to be represented on the coi nage

had the title AUGUSTA added to their names .

— I 7 I He used through all the series of Consecration coins . nce it was a

title only conferred upon a deceased ruler , but there came a time E a h when an mperor d red , alt ough exceptionally , to attribute to DE S DIVVS himself the title V , as equivalent to , though perhaps not

as containing in itself the full force of th e word . We know of an aureus of Carus bearing th e legend DEO ET DO MINO CAR O AVG and an antoninianus of Aurelian with the legend DEO ET O N TO AV ELIA DOMIN A R NO AVG .

. T fli 2 82 . CONSUL his o c e and title contin u ed in use after the times of the Republic throughout the period of the Empire (see

what has been said thereon in chapter XVII . T 8 . fi 2 3 . CENSOR his of ce and title also existed during the

Imperial period (see chapter XVII . T I B V P 2 8 . R NI CIA The ri 4 OTESTATE (with f unc tus understood) . T bunes of the People were instituted i n th e year 2 6 2 o f Rome to th e P Th e ffi protect people from the atricians . o ce was therefore essentially plebeian and i t was only by a sort o f c o ntradi c tio n that it v E was e er accorded to a patrician such as the mperor was , at least such as he came to be considered whatever may have been h i s

origin“ H owever this may have been , so great and important were the ffi powers annexed to this o ce , it was only too natural that the E m perors desired to retain them in their own hands . The tribunitial powers w ere decreed for life to Caesar by the ac c lain ati on A S of the people ; and to ugustus , by the enate , for E o f Tri b une ever ; but none of the mperors assumed the title , a title which would have appeared too inco nsistent with th ose of Impera o r c i rc u m lo c u tor Augustus , and they therefore adopted instead , a

T . P T TR . P . R O tion expressing the reality by the letters , or abbreviations for TRIBVN ITIA POTESTATE (functus) either in the the form of ablative absolute , or as an indication of date by adding a numeral indicating h o w many times this power had been

conferred (See in chapter XX VIII an account of the Tribunes) .

2 P P I VVE TVTIS . T i s n m 85. RINCE S N his title syno y ous with uve tus that of the Captain of the knights (Magister eq u i tu m ) . j n is

not to be taken in this case in its literal sense of youth , but rather in the military sense in which th e Romans were accustomed to

n th e h . use this generic word , as meani g military yout The order of knights was chosen from among the higher classes of the citizens (ex p ri m o ribus civitatis) and formed in itself a civil P S had order distinct from the eople and the enate , and its own

leader or head who was entitled Pri nc eps I uventutis . The ae C sar , however , designated to be the successor to the find u Imperial throne was given this title , which we pon coins u p to G the time of ratian . Th e legend PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS i s always accompanied with the figure of the Caesar on foot in military attire holding a a globe and sceptre or with the b ton of a commander .

2 86 . O THER TITL ES . Numerous other titles are found of a less important nature than those we have hitherto examined on coins E E m bearing titles decreed to m perors or mpresses , so etimes for

civil merit or special goodness , sometimes and rather more often o f for military achievements , in consequence which a surname was E accorded to the mperors recording the conquest of a nation . From

the former the following may be cited . ' Pater Patr zz which was first conferred by the Senate

upon Augustus , and in later times was given to most of the Em erors p . Mater Patri ae D was a title given to Livia and to Julia omna . Pater Senatus was Balbi nus , this title given to Commodus , , and

Pu pi enu s. Mater Senatus D , Julia omna had this title conferred upon her . Mater Casi rorum was n , this title given to Faustina the you ger , m aea Julia Do na and Julia Mam .

Pi us . , was used from the reign of Antoninus Felix w , was used from the reign of Commodus , after hich the two Pi us Felix words and were generally used together . ' N obilisszm zts Caesar was used from the time of Caracalla . ' z V r Consular is was adopted by Vaballath us . I nvietus Carausi us , was used by , and others afterwards . Vic t r P o . , was used by ostumus , and others afterwards Felissimus and B eutissi mus were used by Diocletian and Maximia r ul u s nus H e c e . orti s i us ti l F s nt Dec en us Ch orus . , by , and Constantius Servus Christi B us i II ti t anus . was used by Michael II, asil I , and J u Th e ladies generally bore the title A g usta . But Fausta the wife of Constantine and her daughter Helena bore u pon thei r coins the title N obili ssima Fcemina Among the titles recording special victories o ver barbarous w n nations , the follo i g may be cited ' Adiabe S . m aeus which was conceded to Sept . everus ’ Arabz u e s E . , to the same mperor Armen iac us . , to Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus B ri tannic us S . S , to Claudius , Commodus , ept everus , Caracalla

and Geta . Car ic us P p , to hilip I and his son . Dac ic us T H , to rajan , and adrian . Germani c us D N i u Dom iti anus , to rusus , Claudius , ero , V telli s , , N Tra anu s H erva , j , adrianus , M . Aurelius , Commodus , Caracalla , Maxim i nus P P V , Maximus , hilippus I , and hilippus II , alerianus, G allienus , Claudius II . x73

othic us a . G , to Cl udius II

Medic us . . , to M Aurelius

Parthic us Tra anus H . u . S , to j , adrianus , M A relius , L Verus , eve

rus , Caracalla and Carus .

Persic us . , to Carus

Sarmati cus . i . , to M Aurel us and Commodus

CHAPTER XXXIII

LEGIONARY COINS — 2 87 . With the view of flattering the self esteem of his troops Marcu s Antonius inaugurated the system of issuing a special coin age bearing as type the legionary eagle between two military

ensigns , and as legend the number of the legion . di u His Clo s S . S Gal example was followed by Macer , ept everus , lienus Carausi us , Victorinus , and ; some of these added to the num

ber the titles and symbol of the respective legions , as for example a ’ N pegasus , a capricorn , a bull , an eagle , a lioness , eptune and so

forth . Legionary coins were all issued in either gold or silver .

2 88 . n A list is here given of the legions with their sur ames , and t e E the names of h mperors who recorded them on their coins .

' ’ ’ Ad utrzx Au ustus I talzca Mi nervi a LEG . . Macrtana I , j , g , ,

S . S G M . Antonius , Clod . Macer , ept everus , allienus , Victorinus , i Caraus us .

’ l ca Parthica Tra ana Au usta LEG . . Ad utrzx I ta i II j , , , j , g i C arausi s . S . S u . M Antonius , ept everus , Victor nus ,

Fi . Le i onar Denari f Anto ni us. g 7 7 . g y us o M.

L EG . . Libera Au usta I talica Gallica Parthien III , g , , ,

. . Cara si us. S . S G u M Antonius , Clod Macer , ept everus , allienus ,

LE . G IV . Flavia

. S i e . G u Carausi us. M Anton us , S pt everus , allien s , Victorinus ,

LEG . XIX i M . Anton us .

V le i c t ix . . r a Vi LEG . a r XX ,

. G Carausi u s . M Antonius , allienus , Victorinus , I XX . LEG . Car i u . G aus s . M Antonius , alli enus ,

i i en a . Pr m i LEG . XXII g S . S . G . M Antonius , ept everus , allienus , Victorinus

X I . LEG . XI I

M . Antonius .

LEG . XXIV .

M . Antonius .

LEG . XXV .

Carausi us . M . Antonius ,

LEG . XXVI . p

LEG . XXVII

M . Antonius . L EG . XXVIII p

LEG . XXIX .

M . Antonius .

LE . l ia t i x G . U Vi c r XXX p ,

i s . . S . S G Caraus u M Antonius , ept everus , allienus , Victorinus,

To the abovem entioned surn am es of the legions the titles PIA DE S ene1 all , FI LI are nearly always added , g y expressed by the letters P . F . ' l 0 289 . Legionary coins in go d are always rare (from 2 or more) . O n the O ther hand those 111 silver are generally common but m fi among them there are some very rare , as for exa ple the rst h e 111 t r . among legiona y coins of M Antonius , and those higher

- number than the twenty fourth . 2 0 Th e 9 . Cohorts also are sometimes recorded on the coins ; we ma h n o Cobars y note the Co ors specu lator um (M . A t nius) and the rzetorzanorum r i p (Gallienus and Ca aus u s) . CH APTER XXXIV

THE PUB LIC vows (VOTA) ME NTIONED ON THE c oms

2 9 1 . During the Rep ublican period the Public Vows appeared fi N for the rst and only time on a denarius of the onia gens , but during the Empire they were very frequently com memorated on the coins . In the Imperial period it was the custom at Rome to off er the Public Vows for the prosperity of the Empire o n the kalends O of January when the consuls were elected , and ther vows were offered two days before the nones of the same month for the health B E . of the mperor esides these , on special occasions other vows were frequently made . 2 2 Th e u wh 9 . decennial vows date from the reign of A gustus o assumed command of the provinces in the year of Rome 7 27 (27

B C . ) and promised that in ten years all the world would be at peace . ’ When those ten years were ended another five years govern 8 B . C . ment was given and then another like period , in another ten

D . . H i v A. s rec ei years , and in 4 another ten successors , without ing any such authority from the people or from the Senate kept U th e p custom of celebrating the decennial pu blic vows , then the vows for five years (quinquennali) and afterwards celebrated special

&c . s vows for twenty and thirty years, for the pa t and also for the di sti nc t1on OT future , hence the expressed by the words V A SO LVTA (vows accomplished) and VOTA SVSCEPTA (vows promised) .

Fi . i d i B on e o e Me a on of om m o dus. g 7 9 . r z V t v ll C

2 9 3 . In the earlier period and up to the reign of Commodus the type representing the vows on the coins was a representati on E fi o ac c om of the mperor sacri cing , sometimes alone , at ther times anied p by priests and assistants , musicians and others afterwards they th e were accustomed merely to write legend in a crown , or above l fi th e a a shie d borne by a gure of Victory , or in later d ys by two fem ale figures representing Rome and Constantinople . The legends most generally used are

' O T PVBLI CA VO TA SVSCEPTA OT SOLVTA. V A , , V A

VOTA V [vota u i nq uennalis] . n l V O TA X [vota dec en a is] . ’ l X . XX vo tis ec ennalis a r et vi c enna ib us VO T . ET [ d (sol is)

' VOT X V MVLT XXX [vo ti s q ui ndec ennali b us (solutis) multis tri c esim ali bu s VOT XX sic XXX [voris vi c ennali b us (feliciter so lu tis) Si c trice simalia is VOTIS MVLTIS . [vo ris multis (su sc ept

Fi . G o d i li i n ot e m e J al n tant e . g 80 . l v v on o f Co s

f m a 29 4 . I the memorials of the votes y present a certain basis for determi ning the dates of the coins recording them duri ng the E earlier period of the mpire , such a basis is altogether wanting in w c the later period , during hich , in order to give o casion for a greater of f esti vals th e w number , stated periods ere abbreviated , and the vows celebrated were greatly in excess of the number of years i n the i re gn .

CHAPTER XXXV

TH E IMPERIAL MINTS

2 9 5. In the latter days of the Republic , coins (nummi castrenses) i 1n were ssued all the three metals , gold , silver and bronze , struck far f n . in mints rom Rome , by the comma ders of the army As soon

Roma oi s n C n .

K a . K, KA, AR, KART C rthago (Carthagina)

P . K, KY, KVZ Cyzicus ( ropontis) O N — Lo ndi n u m n L, LL, LN, L (Londo ) , L u du u m G LVG D n . L, LD, LG , LV , g (Lyons) n MD, MED Mediolanum (Mila ) .

Narbon . N, NAR Narbo ( )

O N B . N, NIC ; NIK, NIC icomedia ( ithynia)

OST O stia .

RV , RAV Ravenna .

V B m . R , RM, RO M, R Ro a D S . SD, SER, SER D erdica ( acia) S P SIR, SIR M, SM irmiu m ( annonia) . P S . S, SIS, SISC iscia ( annonia) Tarrac o T T ( arragona ,

E T . TE, TS , T S hessalonica (Macedonia) TR TRE Trevi ro ru m T G , Augusta ( reves , ermany) .

2 98 . These abbreviations of the names of the Mints are t l O i i G of en fo lowed by ther n tial letters , either reek or Latin or difi erent ffi some numeral cypher , which indicated the o ces T k r k . O wor shops of the Mints hus the mar s C O NA, CO NS , C O NT,

A MOP MDS MDT , CO NSTANT N CON , or , , should be read as I O o ffic i na E VNDA T E T A VA POLIS PRIMAa S C , R I , Q RTA, and

i na V . MEDIO LANI O ffi c PRIMA, SEC NDAi T ERTIA Th e mint marks are frequently preceded by the letters S M meaning SAC R A MONETA. T k MAQ S MALT SA A M NETA hus the mar s S , , signify C R O an d AQVILEIAE Offic i na QVARTA, SAC RAMO NETAALEXANDRIAE offi c ina TER TIA. n 2 99 . About the end of the third century the i itial letters of the

“ western min ts were placed in the field of the coins whilst the - of O NO B ancient mint mark Constantinople C , converted into M B 00 w CO O , (confer 3 and remained al ays in the exergue as a mere mark of guarantee that the coin was of gold . We therefore find on the field of the gold coins and sometimes also in those of silver the following initials .

N . A . ND O. Aq uileia icomedia

Arelatu m RA . AR . or RV Ravenna m RM Ro m a so m etim es LO Lugdunu . ( in

. S . MD Mediolanum . SM irmium

T Trevi ri . NB Narbo . R

h n of 3 00 . T e mark C O NO B seen o the exergues many gold d coins has _given rise to much iscussion among numismatists , who P have g i ven several diff erent interpretations of its meaning. inder a O N 0 8 d Friedl nder , dividing the mark into two parts C and 1 80

saw fi s llable t e k in the rst y , h abbreviation of Constantinople and too the second as a numerical symbol corresponding to 7 2 (see 2 and read C o nstanti no o li tanae ae chapter XXVIII , 55) thus p (libr ) septuagesima secunda (pars) meaning that it thus indicated the was o f Valenti nian I solidus , which in fact according to the laws the

- seventy second part of a pound . Another hypothesis is that we should rather divide ' the mark into two parts CO N and 0 8 and read CO N(STANTINOPOLIS) O B(RVS | O N) meaningfinegold of Constanti nopolis and this interpret ation is the one now preferred and more generally accepted because it is supported by the fact that the letters CO NO B used as the mark of gold in Constantinople were sometimes though not frequently used with the mint - mark of some other mints as for example ANOB TE B T T (for SO (for hessalonica) TRO B (for reves) . There was also a corresponding mark for the silver in the sign P5 (or rarely PV) a mark which should be read as argentum posulatum or ostulatu m ar to T m p meaning g en p uro. his ark was used on the a o f m an e h silver coin ge y mints ; for instance w ave AQ PS, LVGPS , MOPS SISPS T PS A PS RVPS RMPS , , R , R , , , on the silver coins of S T Aquileia , Lyons , Milan , iscia , reves , Arles , Ravenna , and Rome ; ‘ besides LDPV, MDPV for the silver of London and Milan under

Constantine III . Another reason which may be urged in favour of this second hypothesis it the fact that the Arabs who came into power after the fall of the - Byzantine Empire translated the mark CO NOB by

words which in their language signified fine or pure gold . n 3 0 1 . After a certai time the Sign C O NO B was changed into ' O MO S whic h kee s C , the most probable explanation of p the same meaning of O B and th e changed letters signify Comi te Obryzii which means ; wi t/i tive g uarantee of the m ag istrate appoi nted to oversee the coi nag e of g old ; these magistrates were in fact called Comes in n n a various Imperial rescripts of Vale ti i n I and Valens .

C HAPTER XXXVI

T H E AN D P N COINS OF COLONIES , CITIES ROVI CES

he P w 02 . T n 3 Coins of the Colo ies , Cities , and rovinces follo and are complementary to the coinage properly called Roman , that is , the money struck in Rome or in the official mints of the Empire under E S the direct authority of the mperor or the enate, and having E currency throughout the whole mpire . This complementary coinage was to a certain extent autonomous and , as the names under which it is classed indicate , was issued by

e P . the Coloni s, the Cities , or rovinces Th 3 0 3 . COLONIAL COINS . e Latin Colonies as their very name indicates were founded by Rome and inasmuch as they were auton ' T omo us states they enjoyed the r ight of coining money . hese Colonies were thirty- nine in number and were founded from the h rd 2 t u th e E Sam 59 year of Rome p to s7 3 year , in truria , Campania ,

G a G &c . nium , in Magna r cia , in aul , The issues o f aes g rave in the Latin Colonies have many analo the aes rave R gies with those of g of ome , nevertheless we meet with

i ra As with th e h ead o f A o o . Fi . Ita i c b g 8 1 . l l l p ll

ff di erences sometimes not only in the types but also in the weights . S m ome of the series bear a na e inscribed , or at least some initial and a fi letters , from these are easily cl ssi ed ; others , however , bear l only symbo s , and their attribution is in consequence often uncertain . Some Colonies issued also silver coins before silver had been R adopted in ome , a fact which shows how thoroughly were these r colonies autonomous in origin , and independent of the mothe H city . owever , Rome , ever jealous of the right to coin money , grad ually restricted this liberty of action once conceded to the

Colonies . of r In the year Rome 486 (2 68 B . C . ) Rome prohibited thei k t stri ing silver coins , and a little la er placed restrictions also on

1 83

-E the m a In the ast , however , where Ro an civilization was gradu lly becoming predominant over another which had been establi shed for a ages , Rome acted with greater circumspection , apparently at le st , and thus with wise policy left all th e a ppe arances of liberty to th e

O f ro tec te people honoured by her with the title allies , or to those p n ed by her , but holdi g them in reality dependent as subjected people . In these cases she did not dare to abolish the existi ng coin l r age too precipitately , but c eve ly applied in these cases a war of

“ ff n - tari which soo er or later brought about the wished for result . While allowi ng th e old coin age to continue in circulation within m n its circumscribed bounds , they at the same ti e i troduced the Roman denarius wi th a legal relation so u n fa vourable to the ancient a f ea e coin ge that it was gradually orced to disapp r , being consign d the the fi th e to crucible , thus leaving eld free to powerful invader . The 3 0 5. City Coinage was always issued by permission o f the S e n Per m i ssu Pr tate , (oft n beari g the legend o c o nsu lis Dec u ri on u m D was and ecreto) , it always limited to silver bronze , o f and generally consisted bronze rather than silver . Th e coinage ot GOld was absol utely reserved to the Roman Mint as an Imperial privilege .

i i Fi . 8 . A exandr an Bron e o n g 3 l z C ,

The l m permission to issue silver was gradual y limi ted , and ade ffi a o f b ro nze w h di cult to cquire , but the issues ere on the ot er hand

' ab u ndan t erh a s u - very , p p , beca se the Romans thus found means to humour the patriotism of the diff erent cities without incurri ng any e economical or political danger , or perhaps because it might hav proved inconvenient to provide bron ze by means of the mints ar l Rome and Antioch under the Senate for circu ation throughou t . In fact it is for these reasons that we possess the immense series I m er ial Greek bron e coi ns of the p z , which . however , is thus rather C inaccurately nam ed , simply because the oins bear the portraits of the E i n G n mperors , and the legends the reek la guage , seeing that they constitute an essentially civic or municipal seri — 1 84 f When the liberty of coining was given , the di ferent cities issued and their coinage on their own account , inscribed thereon their name in the genitive case , signifying their own property , whilst the E fi th e name of the mperor gured on the coins in nominative , or m t the accusative case , as a title of honour , or , so e imes in the D ative case , as if in dedication to them . For these reasons this series should be arranged accordi ng to the order of the cities from which they were issued rather than accord n E ing to the ames of the mperors , and should be named Civic or Munici al coi ns I m e p , rather than according to the common usage p r ial

Greek c oi nage. Th e n 6 . d 3 0 very umerous and abun ant series of Civic c—oins (in bronze) was issued u p to the reign of Go rdi an u s Pius (2 3 8 244 w an d after hich time it becomes scarce , then ceased en t n - ti ely duri g the reign of Aurelian (2 7 0 2 7 5 A. D . ) if we make an exception O f the mint in Alexan dria which closed only under the reign of Diocletian (2 84 - 3 0 5 0 e 3 7 . _Th continual deterioration Of the fabric of the coi ns of the Roman mint no lo nger perm itted th e provi n cial mi nts to obtain fi m t a and h t any pro t fro heir coin ge , t erefore hey were obliged n d to cease coining . A if the m int of Alexandria was allowed to continue worki ng rather longer th an the others it was owing alto

A exandr ian o in i n b ase Si e . Fig . 84 . l C lv r

gether to the fact of their having known h o wto follow the deterio r a u ng m ovement of the Roman Mint in the decline of the value of

the metal . he E 0 . th t 3 8 All that has been said so far applies to e cities of ast , for- i n th e the West, Civic coinage lasted but a very little time beyond t h e period of the Republic . n S G In the provi c es of pain , aul and Africa , Special mints were c reated whic h , issued bronze coinage , and sometimes , exceptionally , r Silver ; but always of the same standa d as the Roman , although

adopting in some cases the la ngu age of the locality . CHAPTER XXXVII

TH E TE SSERIE

0 3 9 . In the Roman series , we have , besides the true coins , certain small bronze m edallions which possess some characteristics n excludi g them from the series of true coins , but their use and O et e fi e h bj ect not having y b en well de n d , t ey are added to this T series . heir dimensions may be described as betweenthe middle and small bronze , and j udg ing from their style and fabric they must th have been issued during the early years of e Empire . The 3 1 0 . greater n u m ber of these bear o n t he one side (which i O o f th e E we w ll call the bverse) , the head of one early mperors

. Tessera o f B r n e . Fig 85. o z

and e or of a member of the Imperial family , more rarely som other the the portrait , and on Reverse in midst of a circle , a number , l (which however is very exceptiona ly higher than X V I) , and some T he times also the letters AVG . portraits found on these pieces are

T N . those of Augustus , iberius , Claudius , Caligula and ero These tesserae were certainly struck du ring the reigns of the

~ E o r ver f . mperors represented thereon , y shortly a ter

i T s era f r 86 . e s o B on e. Fg . z

There are also other tesserze which bear instead of an Imperial por ' r re resentatio n o f i alle o ri t ait , a p some mythological , histor cal , or g S hi ntri a s i nthrta bear1n cal subject ; and others called p , or p , g on the

Fo r T a Co nto r this reason , j ust as in the case of the esser e , the a B u t niates oug ht to be excluded from any Numismatic tt e ti se . now seeing that they were introduced so long ago , at any rate in the and guise of an appendix , on account of their external appearance , ‘ see i ng that they have been for 5 3 long a period objects of a discus sion among Num ismatists, and again because their very varied types off er a certa i n amount of interest in rega rd to the customs of the

s i t few . time , seems worth while to spend a words upon them at e m edallt n . o s 3 14 In diameter they nearly the same as the , 1 2 - o m i n varying from inch to I 2 5 4 ill) , in relief and weight , considet abl 1 ss i n art they are y , and regard to , they are rather inferior .

C o ntorniate . i 8 . F g . 7

Th e f 1 ed 0ge is turned and there ore is perfectly circula (this is 0 1 never the case in regard to either coins medallions) , and an

i ate . Fi 88 . o nto rn g . C

‘ i ncised trench i s form ed all round the piece near th e edge on sides , forming a frame to the type . - I 8S It is from this frame (called in Italian Contorno) that they are called Contorniates by all nations .

1 . G 0 11 3 5 enerally , a head or a bust is represented one side , most E N T often that of a Roman mperor, frequently of ero or rajan ; er sometimes the head is that of a divinity , or of some celebrated p ‘ sona e th e G H Mi nerva ~ Hom er g ; Alexander reat , ercules , Roma , , H or . n orace , Virgil , similar heroes O the Reverses are found varied the scenes taken from mythology , history , or from the real life of games and the circus , quadrigas , horsemen , charioteers , some a n times accompanied by ame as or by an augury , IOANNES &c . Th e few greater number of the Contorniates are cast , and only a and to struck , they vary as type , fabric , and artistic value according to the period and the circumstances in which they were issued .

-

. I n 3 1 6 . regard to the date of their issue we must not consider them contemporaneous with the Emperors whose portraits they d bear . Ju ging from their style , the errors in orthography , or his tory , from the base Latin found in the legends , and also from th e several of the portraits , we must assign to them a date during ' a third and fourth centuries , or from the reign of Const ntine the

G . reat and onwards . All are now agreed on this point

- 3 1 7 . The point in deed on which the learned have not yet been able to agree is the destination and use of these medallions .

Fi . 8 . I nc use o ntornia e g 9 C t .

The fact that the Emperors most famous for their games are fi r gured on them in prefe ence to Others , the many designs on the Reverses relative to the games and the fact that all the m y thologi ' cal subjects can also be easily referred to the theatre , have caused some to adopt the general idea that the Contorniates served some purpose relative to the games , and , going into detail , some think they were admission tickets ; others that they were thrown to the 1 89

a o r victors ; others , that they were mulets charms carried for good luck . B ut all th ese m tesserze guesses are far fro convincing , because , as i n tri n or entrance tickets to the games , the Contorniates were in sic value far above the price which the people paid when they did not enter without paymen t at all ; they could not have been prizes for the victors because it would have been against the rules which w th e ere in vogue concerning charioteers , athletes and actors at that T time . hey can hardly have been talismans or amu lets because w they ere not adapted in shape or dimensions to be worn as such . And moreover whatever we may think of the three guesses above the ? noted , how shall we explain the devices on reverses What Should be the signification of the diff erents heads P H W e 3 1 8 . ence h n we abandon the three hypotheses put before us and admit that the Contorniates must have been issued for I thi nk some object , we must have recourse to a new hypothesis , and it may be found quite naturally in considering that they were simply medals for some playing games .

i i n Fi 0 . A Conto rn ate c ised b h and g . 9 y .

o wn anc tents For our modern games we use cards , the instead Ever o int used the medallions . y p may easily be explained by this h oth es1s all difli c ulti es yp , and the vanish as by enchantment with ' all the objections which present themselves in face of all th e o th er hypotheses . We have no longer any need to study why certain heads were chosen and others rejected , nor what may have been the hidden meaning of the numerous designs of the reverses . A game is fantastic in its nature and does not demand any reasoning in the explanation o f o ne device being chosen rather than of findi n another . If any one gave himself the task g a reason for the designs on our playing cards he would certainly waste his time . v 3 1 9 . There are among the Contorniates some with the re erse

1 9 1 fi reign , after we have classi ed all the coins which by the consulate , or the tribunate , or by some special fact , give to us a precise indi o f ear i n n cation the y which they were struck , certain coi s to which it is impos sible to attribute a date more exact than the pe riod of the reign ; Ec khel therefore arranged these u nder the title of coins a of uncertain date (nummi v gi) . T m a 3 2 2 . hough this system y be ap plied in great museums as fi more rational and scienti c , it does not appear to be in practice r ll advisable for p ivate co ectors , partly because of the vast know o f o f ledge varied details which it presu pposes, partly because the fi i n fi H dif culties involved readily nding a coin in a collection . ence r r ls f the alphabetical o der of the Reve ses pre erable , although alto gether empirical , and is the order generally adopted , as it very greatly assists those seeking to identify any si ngle coin . h 3 2 3 . Another important question concerning t eclassification of G this series is , where are the reek and Colonial coins to be placed . S r 1n R hould they be a ranged with those struck the oman mint , or should they form a series by themselves ? Most collectors get over the diffi culty by limiting themselves to the collection of coins from the Roman mint ; that is to say of coins struck not only in Rome itself, but also in the other Imperial mints . And indeed this seri es _i s so vast in itself that it may well suff i ce for any private collector however he may be p rovided with will and means . 2 T 3 4 . hose who desire to dedicate their attention to the whole series of the Imperial coinage must choose between two plans . E n E ither arra ge the series under the heads of the mperors , and in that case make subdivisions under each name for the coins of the G s Roman and foreign mints , with Latin or reek legend ; or arrange h v the collection according to the Mints , and in t at case the di ision will be geographical , the coins being arranged according to the i i r nations , c t es , or ulers ; some classes will be of autonomous coins , others of c o i ns bearing tlie symbol of Roman rule . The choice between these two systems can only be made by determining on what special studies the collector wishes to engage and which system will b est aid therein .

CHAPTER XL

CHRONOLOGY OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

P MP m Po m ei us . O EY THE GREAT . Cu us p Magnus C /E US P MP ae P i N G o m e us . O EY . n us p 1 9 2

U / I ulius J LIUS C ESAR . Caius Caesar . I uni u B s . BRUTUS . Marcus rutus

CASSIUS . Caius Cassius Longinus .

C nre us Aheno b ar u . DOMITIUS . Domitius b s

U L abien us . LAB I EN S . Quintus S Po m ei us P ] SExT Us POMPEY . extus p Magnus ius

Aem ili us . LEPIDUS . Marcus Lepidus

MARCUS ANTONIUS , Marcus Antonius .

f . . . FULVIA , wi e of M Antony Fulvia

. O . O . CTAVIA , wife of M Antony ctavia f P . . CLEO ATRA , mistress , afterwards wi e of M A

. 2 B C . Cleopatra . d 3 .

ANTYLLUS , son of M . Antonius and Fulvia . Marcus

B . C . Antonius . 3 5 or 3 4

CAIUS ANTONIUS , brother of M . Antonius .

B . C Antonius . 44 .

o f M. . LUCIU S ANTONIUS , brother Antonius Lucius B 1 C . Antonius . 4

- i B . . 1 B . C e C . O Ca as. O CTAVIUS AUGUSTUS . Caius ctavius p 43 4

D . 2 B . C . u . . LIVIA , wife of Aug stus Livia Iulia rusilla d 9 u Vi sanius PP Of A u stus . AGRI A , adopted son g Marcus p

Agrippa .

d . . JULIA , aughter of Augustus Iulia

CAI U s . CAESAR , son of Agrippa and Iulia

- 13 . C . Caesar . d . 4

B . C . LUCIUS CAESAR , brother of Caius . Lucius Caesar . 4

. C . A. O T B T N 1 0 B . . I ERIUS . iberius Claudius ero 3 7 b Ti . N D hr . N ERO RUSUS (senior) , of ero Claudius

- A D . C . . 8 B . Drusus . 3 9

- A. D D T . D . 1 1 2 . RUSUS (j unior), son of iberius rusus 3

ANTONIA , daughter of M . Antonius . Antonia . d . 3 9 .

A. D . G M of Nero D . G . I ER ANICUS , son rusus ermanicus 9 i PP G . A r AGRI INA (Mother) , wife of ermanicus g p i p na .

N D G . N ERO and RUSUS , sons of ermanicus ero and Drusus . — G . . CALIGULA , son of ermanicus and Agrippina Caius C aes i CIESO N IA . on a. , wife of Caligula

D . D . RUSILLA , sister of Caligula Iulia rusilla 8 LIVILL A . Li vil . 1 la . , sister of Caligula Iulia or Livia born in

N D . CLAUDIUS I , son of ero rusus and of Antonia T iberius Claudius Drusus .

I w . . MESSAL NA , ife of Claudius I Valeria Messalina

B of . RITANNICUS , son Claudius and of Messalina

Tiberius Claudius Britannicus . 1 9 3

AGRIPp I NA — A ri , daughter , sister of Caligula . Iulia g p i p na .

N . N . ERO , nephew of Caligula ero Claudius f Bri t nn ic us O o a . O . CTAVIA , Sister ctavia P N . P PP S . O AEA , wife of ero oppaea abina d N Po ea . CLAUDIA , aughter of ero and of pp Clau

dia . t i N . S at lia . MESSALINA , wife of ero Messalina

IU S . l C LOD C o di us . MACER , usurper In Africa Macer Su l 1c 1u s B . S G GAL A ervius p alba . Salvi u s O OTHO . Marcus tho .

VITELLIUS . Aulus Vitellius .

M . G G . ER ANICUS , son of Vitellius ermanicus

VITEL L I A . , daughter of Vitellius f i el V . V t ITELLIUS , ather of Aulus Vitellius Lucius

lius .

es a i n u . VESPASIAN . _ Flavius V p s a s Ves asi us D D M an . . O ITILLA , wife of p Flavia omitilla

D M Ves asianus . O ITILLA (junior) , daughter of p Fla

vi a Domitilla .

' TI rUS o f Ves asi anus . T Ves asi a , son p itus Flavius p

nus .

of T . . JULIA , daughter itus Iulia

D m i t an us . DO M Ves asi anu s . o i ITIAN , son of p — m iti f m i ti a . o i DO MITI A o Do n D a Lo n na. , wife g

Ves asian s . VESPASIAN (j unior) . Flavius p u

Co c c ei us . NERVA . Marcu s Nerva

T U l i us Traian us C ri ni tu s . RAJAN . Marcus p Nerva

P T P P . Of . LOTINA , wife raj an ompeia lotina

T . MARCIANA , Sister of. rajan . Marciana

MATI DI of Matidi a . A daughter Marciana .

T rai an u s . d . 1 00 T . T RAJAN , father of rajan before the year HADRIAN Publius Aeli tIs N erva Trai anu s H adria

nus .

S B . H . S A INA , wife of adrian Iulia abina f Aeli us AELI US ado ted so n o f H . , p adrian Lucius

Aurelius Verus .

A rn us . ANTINONU S H i . nt o , favourite of adr an N T Aeli us H A TONINUS P1Us . itus adrianus Antoni P 1 8- 1 6 1 nus ius . 3 G P . FAUSTINA , wife of Antoninus ius Annia aleria

Faustina Pi a.

G ALE RIUS N P . ANTO INUS , son of Antoninus ius al r G e i us Antoninus .

Do m iti a . LUCILLA, mother of M . Aurelius . Lucilla

Rom a Coi s n n .

1 9 5

RBI ANA S Sallustia O , wife of everus Alexander . rbiana Barbia O . MME JULIA MA A , mother of Alexander . Iulia Mam

m aea.

I u li u URANIUS . s ANTONINUS , tyrant Lucius Aurelius

Sulp1c 1u s U ranru s Antoninus .

i m i anus . MAxIMIAN U s . Max , tyrant 2 —2 8 I uli u s Maxim i nu s . MAXIMI NU S I . Caius Verus 3 5 3 P P f Maxi m inus . . AULINA , wi e of aulina I uli s MAxI MU s Maxi m i n u s . u , son of Caius Verus 2 - 2 8 Maximus . 3 5 3

GORDI ANU S . AFRICANUS, father Marcus Antonius rdian s Go u Africanus .

GO RDIAN US . Go r AFRICANUS , son Marcus Antonius

dianns Africanus .

Caeliu s Balbi n u s . BALBINU S . Decimus

P Clodi u s Pu i enu s . PU IENU S . Marcus p Maximus di a O P . G o r G RDIANU S III . or IUS Marcus Antonius 2 8- 2 nus Pius . 3 44 i TRAN U ILL INA f o f G o rd anus P s. Q , wi e iu i Sab ni a Tranq u i lli na.

l r 2 I u i u s P . P PP . u HILI US , father Marc s hilippus 44 49

u O tac illa S . O of Phi li s . TACILIA , wife pp Marcia evera

li P z r z I u S . PH PP . u s ILI US , son Marcus everus hilippus 4a 49

M . MARINUS , tyrant . arinus PACATIAN U S T P , tyrant iberius Claudius Marius ( ) P a ac ti anu s .

Fulvi us P OTAPIANU S . J , tyrant Marcus Rufus ( ) Iota 1 p anus . Me si us t Traianus TRAJ ANU S DE CI U s . Caius s Quin us 2 - 2 1 Decius . 49 5 H erenni a ETRU SCI LLA T ra anu s D . , wife of j ecius

Annia Cupresseni a Etru sc illa.

HEREN N IU S Tra an us D . , son of j ecius Quintus 2 - 2 1 Herenni u s Etru sc u s . 49 5

HOSTILI AN U S Tra anus D . , son of j ecius Caius Valens 2 - 2 1 Hosrilian us Messi us Quintus . 49 5 Vibi u s Treboni anus TREBONIANU S GALLUS . Caius 2 2 - 2 Gallus . 5 54

VOLU SI ANU S o f Treb oni anu s G . , son allus Caius Vi bi anu s 2 1 - 2 us Volusi . _ 5 54 AEMI I uli us Aem ili us Aem i LIANU S . Caius Marcus li an us .

S P Aem ilianus . CORNELIA U ERA , wife of Cornelia

Supera . 1 9 6

- P . 2 2 . l 60 VALERIANUS, father ub ius Liciniu s Valerianus 54 f Valeri a u o n s . . MARINIANA , wife Mariniana P GALLIENUS . ublius Licinius Egnatius Valerianus 2 - 2 6 Gallienus . 54 8

SAL ON I NA Ga . Saloni na. , wife of llienus Cornelia

SAL ON INU S G . P , son of allienus ublius Licinius

Cornelius Valerianus Saloni nus .

VALERIANUS (j unior) . Valerianus .

lvi I rianu s . . u M F u s T . un i us ac MACRI AN U S . M

Mac ri anus . QUIETUS , tyrant , brother of

T . Innins Quietus .

li n u s . U P . P Re a a REGAL I AN S . , ty rant ublius C ( ) g Su l i c i a D D RYANTI LL A Re ali an us . , wife of g p ryan

tilla . i ani us Lati n i us Pos P M . Cass OSTU US , tyrant Marcus 2 - 6 tumus . 59 2 7 Lmli an u U l i anu s s. L E L I ANU S . , tyrant p Cornelius i au v P o niu s . VICTORINUS , tyrant . M . Victorinus

MARIUS , tyrant . Marcus Aurelius Marius .

i etri c us . TE T RI C US . s P Esuv us T , father Caiu ius

E i T tr c u s . TE T RIC U S . P su v us e i , son Caius ius

CLAUDIUS II GO TH I CU S . Marcus Aurelius Valerius Claudius 2 69 - 270

Gothi c us . QUINTILLUS , brother of Claudius Marcus

Aurelius Claudius Quintillus .

AURELIANUS . Lucius Domitius Aurelianus . 1f S w e Au relran u . s U S . EVERINA , of lpia everina V L S a ABAL ATH U P P V ab all th us . , tyrant , rince of almyra . B rh r b — Se m i a . m o e Va allath u s . ti ZENO IA , of p Zenobia

T . T ACITUS Marcus Claudius acitus . An i . n us FLORIANUS Marcus Florianus .

P B . P RO US Marcus Aurelius robus . T R U I li us SA U N IN S . u at rn inu s , tyrant S u .

BO N O SU S . B on sus o . , tyrant

- . r 2 82 28 CARU S Ma cus Aurelius Carus . 3 M NU E RI AN U S . u , son of Carus Marcus Aurelius N - 8 m erranu s . 2 82 2 4 CARIN U S o f N um eri an us . , brother Marcus Aurelius

- C ari nus . 2 82 2 84 U B Cari nu s . MAGNIA R ICA , wife of Magnia U rbi c a . NIG RI N IAN U S ari C nu s . i ri n i a s . , son of N g n u

. I li s u anu . JULIANUS , tyrant Marcus Aurelius .

DI O C LETIAN U S . aleri us Di o l i Caius V c et anus . MAxI MI AN U S H E RCU L EU S . Marcus Aurelius Valerius Ma - xrm tan us . 2 86 3 0 5 I 9 7

CARAU SI U S . Mau sai u s , usurper Marcus Aurelius

Carausi u s .

T All t . ALLEC U S . ec us , usurper D M DOMITIANU S D m O ITIUS , usurper . Lucius o itius

Do m i ti anu s .

L CONSTANTIUS CH ORU S. Flavius Valerius Constan - 0 tius . 2 9 2 3 4 H Chlo rus of ELENA , wife of Constantius and mother

Constantine the Great . Flavia Iulia Helena . TI IEO DO RA hl r C o us . , second wife of Constantius

Flavra Maxim i ana Theodora . E I iu GAL RIU S MAX MI ANUS . Galer s Valerius Maxim ia

nus . w aleri G us Maxi m ian us . G VALERIA , ife of aleria

Valeria .

SEVERUS II . Flavius Valerius Severus . I M aleri u s MAx IN U S II DAZA . Caius G Valerius Maxi m - tn us . 3 05 3 1 3 MAXE TI M x im i N U S a anus H erc uleus . , son of

cus Aurelius Valerius Maxenti u s . M M ti axen us . . RO ULUS , son of Romulus

ALEXANDER , tyrant . Alexander . LICINIUS father Flavius Valerius Li c i ni anus Lici

nius .

CONSTANTIA , wife of Licinius . Flavia Constantia . ‘ i Li c i ni anu s LICI NIUS son . Flav us Valerius Lici

nius . — VALERIUS , tyrant . Aurelius Valerius Valens .

Marti nianus . MARTIN IAN U S . Marcus Chlo rus CONSTANTINUS MAGNUS , son of Constantius H e and of elena . Flavius Val rius Constantinus 0 6- Maximus . 3 3 3 7

FAUSTA , wife of Constantinus I . Flavia Maxima

Fausta .

H . H . ELENA II , daughter of Constantinus M elena

CONSTANTIA , sister of Constantinus M . Constantia . I u li us P . CRIS US , son of Constantinus Flavius Cris 1 - 2 6 pus . 3 7 3 In DELMATI US . , nephew of Constantinus Flavius - lius Delm ati us . 3 3 5 3 3 7 H s ANNIB ALLI AN U S Delm ati u . , brother of Flavius H i alli anu s - ann b . 3 3 5 3 3 7

CONSTANTINUS II , son of Constantinus Magnus . I u li s 1 - Flavius Claudius u Constantinus . 3 7 3 3 7

CONSTANS I , son of Constantinus Magnus . Flavius Iulius - 0 Constans . 3 3 3 3 5

I 9 9

E Valenti nian us . E u UDOXIA , wife of III Licinia

doxia . I usta H Valenti ni anus . G ONORIA , sister of III rata

Honoria .

P M . ETRONIUS MAXI US Petronius Maximus . M il TU S aec i us Avi t s . AVI . Marcus u U I uli ai o ri n A O RIAN S . M M J us a us . Li i S . b us S EVERUS III everus .

A THE MI U S. P An s N rocopius them i u . M A E P nthem i u s . Eu he U HE IA , wife of Aelia Marcia p

mia . Ani c i LYB I S us O l bri us . O R U . y l c S G eri u . GLYCERIU . y s

N P . Iuli u JULIUS E OS Flavius s Nepos . ' A T M U GU S U L S . RO ULUS U . Romulus Augustus

BARBARIAN RULERS

i e a) K ng of th H er uli .

O - 8 DOACER . 4 9

s i t l b) Gothic Ki ng n I a y . T HEODORIC .

ATHAL ARI C .

TE D H EO A ATUS . V ITIGES . M ATASUN DA Athalari c . , Sister of TH O E DEBALD . E RRARI C . BAD I V LA. T EIA .

the Longohards .

d) Vandals i n Af rica .

HUNNE RI C .

G UNTII AMUN D . 200

EMPERORS OF TH E EAST

ARCADIUS .

E . UDOXIA , wife of Arcadius

THEODOSIUS II .

EU DoxI A T . , wife of heodosius II

MARCIAN . f n P w . ULCHERIA , i e of Marcia

LE O I .

zE LI A . VERINA , wife of Leo I

h . LEO . t e II , younger

ZENO (ISAU RU S) .

B U n . ASILISC S , brother of Veri a

ZENONI DA B . , wife of asiliscus B MARCUS, son of asiliscus .

ZENO , restored .

LEONTIU S I .

n B icaras . ANASTASIUS I , sur amed

VITALI AN U S . , tyrant

JUSTINUS I .

E P M n . U HE IA , wife of Justi us

o f . JUSTINIANUS I , nephew Justinus I

of usti ni anu s . JUSTINUS II . , nephew J I

TIB ERIUS II . CONSTANTINUS .

f T . ANASTASIA , wi e of iberius II Constantinus .

- MAU RI CI U S TI BERIUS . 582 602 M ri i u T au c s . CONSTANTINA , wife of iberius T M i u auric s T . HEODOSIUS , son of iberius

- PHOCAS . 602 6 10 P LE ON TI A . , wife of hocas

- HERACLIUS I . 6 10 64 1 H MARTINA , wife of eraclius .

H . H ERACLIUS II CONSTANTINUS , son of eraclius .

H ERACLEON AS H . , another son of eraclius I

. Constanti nus . CONSTANS II , surnamed P G U I V. O ON AT S CONSTANTINUS , son of Constans II .

I I. RHINO TMETU S JUSTINIANUS , son of Constantinus L E TI U ON S II . A T B . PSIMAR I ERIUS V .

. RH IN O TMET US . JUSTINIANUS II , restored PH ILEPIC S U BARDANES . ARTEMIUS ANASTASIUS II . zo i

ADRAMYTE US. THEODOSIUS III . N

O . U LE III I SA RI CU S .

COPRON YM S . CONSTANTINUS V . U

ARTAVASDU S.

I CE A v N PHO RUS rta asdu s . , son of LE O G Z IV . A ARUS , son of Constantinus V I V . CONSTANTINUS , son of Leo IV .

R . I ENE , mother of Constantinus VI

BARDANES .

LOGOTH ETA . NI CEPH ORU S I . i u STAU RATI US N c e h o r s . , son of p I B E H AN GA . MICHAEL I . R M N LEO V . THE AR ENIA . M S M . MICHAEL II . THE TA ERER

T P . HEO HILUS , son of Michael II Th MICHAEL III . , son of eophilus .

T . HEODORA , mother of Michael III

T . HECLA , sister of Michael III B MICHAEL III . and ASIL I .

BASILIUS I . THE MACEDONIAN .

O B . C NSTANTINUS IX . , son of asil B LE . . O VI , another son of asil

ALEXANDER , brother of Leo V I .

P P O . CO NSTAN TINus X . OR HYR GENITUS , son of Leo VI V ZO E CARB ON OPSINA I . , mother of Constantinus

ROMANUS I LACAPEN U S . ‘ CHRISTOPHORUS j _sons of Ro m anu s I CONSTANTINUS 5 M I f - I o . RO ANUS , son Constantinus X P NICEP . H O RU S II HOCAS .

ZIMI SC ES . JOHN I .

85 . P B . P ASIL II CONSTANTINUS XI OR HYROGENITUS , son

of Rom anus II . P P CONSTANTINUS XI . OR HYROGENITUS .

M G R S . RO ANUS II . AR Y U

MICHAEL IV . THE PA PHLAGONIAN .

ALAPH ATES . MICHAEL V . C Z O E .

MON OMACH U S . CONSTANTINUS XII . T HEODORA .

VI . T ATON I CU S MICHAEL S R .

M . ISAAC I . CO NENUS

D . COSTANTI N U S XIII . UCAS

M . I O E NEs RO ANUS IV D G . '

EuDoxI DEL ASSENA m . A , other of Constantine XIII

EMPIRE OF TREB IZOND

. M ALEXIUS I CO NENUS . ’

. M zdo . ANDRONICUS I CO NENUS , surnamed G n

. M Axou h JOHANNES I CO NENUS , surnamed c os .

EM . M ANUEL I CO NENUS , brother of Johannes I .

. M o f E ANDRONICUS II CO NENUS , son manuel I . G M EORGIUS CO NENUS , brother of Andronicus II .

. M E JOHANNES II CO NENUS , son of manuel I . f h n o o a nes . ALEXIUS , son J II OMN E A T C N E . HEODORA , daughter of manuel I M ALEe s . . II CO NENUS , son of Johannes II M ANDRONICUS III . CO NENUS , son of Alexius II .

M . M E ANUEL II CO NENUS .

BASIL COMNENUS .

B . IRENE , wife of asil M JOHANNES III . CO NENUS .

MICHAEL COMNENUS .

M B . ALEXIUS III . CO NENUS , son of asil II EM I . M ANUEL CO NENUS , son of Alexius III . M E ALEXIUS IV . CO NENUS , son of manuel III . M JOHANNES IV . CO NENUS , son of Alexius IV D M AVID CO NENUS , brother ofJohannes IV . , usurper .

CHAPTER XLI

' P B MP M W IT H APPRO XI MATE AL HA ETICAL LIST OF I ERIAL NA ES , PRICES OF COINS

2 6 . 3 I now add a list of the current prices of the Imperial coins ,

similar to that given for the Republican , and for the convenience of the those who may use it , I have placed names in alphabetical order . h Considering t is is an elementary manual , I have thought it best o to note nly the prices of coins , passing over the medallions , because the collector who has reached the point of aspiring to pos sess these luxuries must necessarily be provided with Cohen ’ s work fi th e in which he will nd all the information needed , not only on

subject in general , but also concerning each Specimen . Th e general rules given concerning the coins of the Republic o f E (chap . XXII) , may also serve for those the mpire , but to make the matter more c lear I will add the_follo wing notes . of o f G n I . There are coins very base fabric from the times allie us to Diocletian which some (as Arneth in his catalogue of the Museum as at Vienna) classify silver , whilst others (as Cohen) place them under the list of small brass . In the following list they are placed among the Silver .

II . In regard to the bronze coins , as we are obliged to place the coins of all the periods under one c olum n ; for the sake of Si m pli c ity I have thought it best to keep to the old nomenclature of I “ r d , and 3 brass .

III . When coins exist belo nging to one reign both with and of o f the without the head , I have followed the plan citing those T least value . hus for example a gold coin of Julius Cmsar valued at

0 . 00 4 francs , a denarius of Cl Macer valued at 4 francs , and an

ZE I . of Tiberius valued at 1 0 francs are to be understood as being h without the head , for with the ead these coins would be worth 00 1 0 respectively 5 , and 5 francs .

IV . For the same reason in regard to certain heads which some times are represented alone upon the coins and at others are found o n O the Reverse with another head on the bverse , in this list the Vaballathus coins of lower value are cited . For example a coin of is 1 2 h a valued at francs , which means that the ead ppears on the

Reverse of a coin of Aurelian , but if it were found alone on the coin it would be worth 20 0 francs .

. f V For the greater acility of search , some names are found in an d ae two places , that is to say both under the name the pr nomen , as for example Marcus Antoninus will -be found in the letter M and th e Sc an ti lla also in letter A , Manlia under the letter M and also

the S &c . under letter ,

VI . When only Greek or Colonial Coins belong to any given reign , no prices are indicated , but only gr . or col .

VII . All coins having a lower value than one franc are noted as fi l common , signi ed by the etter C .

APPROXIMATE LIST O F PRICES (IN FRAN CS)

OF TH E IMPERIAL COINS

‘ ZR . IE .

0 YEli u s Cesar . 2 0 0 1 2 1 2 8 5

I E m ilianus 2000 6 1 00 60 Agrippa 2 000 1 50 2 A r1 a ae a 1 g pp C s r (son on r ppa). Agrippi na mother 2 00 3 0 8 Agrippina younger . I O OO Albinus Alexander Severus Alexander (tyrant) 2 500 1 000 Alexander (son o f Basil I) Alexius Comnenus

Alexius III . Angelus Comnenus D Alexius V . uca

Em . Alexius I . Comnenus ( p of Trebizond) n Alexius II . Com enus (id

Alexius III . Comnenus (id

Alexius IV . Comnenus (id Allec tu s

f i b C o iI st . Anastasia (wi e of T . Anastasius I Artem ru s Anastasius II . ( ) r ni us And o c I . Comnenus P Andronicus II . alaeologus P Andronicus III . alaeologus P Andronicus IV . alaeologus 1 5

2 0 00 1 0 00 . Annia Faustina col col . An n i us V erus 1 500 Anth em i u s

t . 20 00 Antyllus (son of M. An onius) Or o r . Antinous r .

. s Antonia (wife of N er Drusu ) .

Antonia (daughter of Clau di u s) .

Antoninus Pius . U n 2 0 00 Antoninus ( rani s , tyrant)

Antonius (Marcus) .

Marc us . Antonius ( , son of M 2 00 0 Antonius) .

u o f M. Antoni s (Caius , brother Antonius)

of . Antonius (Lucius , son M Antonius ) 20 00 Aquilia Severa r A cadius . Ariadne Artavasdes

Athalari c (King of th e Goths) .

Athenodorus.

Constans II . Constans (tyrant) Constantina (wife of Maur1t1u s)

Constanti nus I . the Great .

Constantinus II . III Constantinus . (tyrant) Po natus Constantinus IV . go r nim us Constantinus V . C op o Constantinus VI

Constantinus VII .

Constantinus VIII .

Constantinus IX . Por h ro enr Constantinus X . p y g tus

Constantinus XI .

Mo no m ac u s . Constantinus XII .

Constantinus XIII . Ducas Constantia (wife ofLicinius) hl ru s Constantius I . C o

Constantius II . Constantius Gallus Constantius III

Crispina (wife of Commodus) . Crispus Christophorus

Da i o m E o f Treb v dC nenus ( m p .

i zo nd) . Dec en ti us Decius (Trajanu s) Delm ati u s

Di a dum eni an us . Didia Clara Didi us Julianus . Di o c leti anu s . Domi te of Vespasi anus) 1 500 Domi ughter ( P) of Ves

Do m I tranus) . — 208

Do m iti anu s (tyrant) Domitius Dom itianus

Domna (Julia) . Dryantilla (wife of Regalianus) Drusilla (sister of Caligula) col . Drusus I O col . Drusus (Nero) I o

Elagabalus Etrusc illa Eudoxia Arcadius) Eudoxia Heraclius)

Eudoxia Basiliu s I) .

D uc a . Eudoxia C o nst . ) I oo Eudoxia lia) (of Th eodo sius I 4 5 80 Eudoxia inia) (of Valentin ianus

Euphemia (of Anthem i us) . Euphemia (of Justinus I) Eugenius (tyrant)

Fausta 80 0 80

Faustina sen . 4 5 2 4 2

Faustina jun . 40 2 3 2

2 1 0 . Faustina (Annia) 00 0 0 0 col col .

Flac c illa (wife of Theodosius I) . 3 0 0 3 00 6 8 Florianus 200 0 I 1 20 50 t o

Galba Galeria Valeri a aleri us t G An oninus . G aleri us Maxi m i anus Gallienus Gallus (Trebo nianus) Gelam rrus(K1ng ofthe Vandals) Germanicus .

Geta . Glyc eri us Gordi anus Africanus I

Go rdianus Africanus II . Gordianus III (Pius) Gratianus Gu ntam u nd (Ktng of the dals)

Hadrianus Hannibali an u s

Chlo us Helena (wife of Const . r ) I O OO

Helena (wife of Julianus II) . Herac leo nas

Herac li us I

Heraclius II . Constantinus .

H erenni us Etru sc us . of the Goths)

g of the Vandals) . er of Valenti ni a

Honorius H ostili an us ' H unneri c (Ki ng o f the Vandals)

Iohannes (tyrant) . Iohan s I Zi m isc es ne . Io hannes II . Comnenus D Vatatses Iohannes III . ucas E ( mp . of Nicea) I n ohan es IV . Lascari I P ohannes V . alaeologus Cantac uz enu s Iohannes VI . I oh annes VII . Palaeologus

P . Ioh annes VIII . alaeologus Iohannes Angelus Comnenus Em T ( p . of hessalonica)

m a oi s Ro n C n .

Leonti us I 3 50 Leo nti us II Lepidus 2000 40 Li bi us Severus 20 2 5 n 1 0 00 Lici ius (father) : 5 3 Licinius (son) 3 00 Livia (wi fe of Augustus) Lucilla (wife of ZEliu s)

Lucilla (wife of Verus) . Lucius Antonius Lucius Caesar Luc rus Verus

Macer (Clo di u s) . Mac ri anu s (tyrant) Mac ri nus Maesa Julia Majo ri an us Magnia U rbica Magnentius Magnus Maximus Mam m aea (Julia) Manlia Sc an tilla

Manuel I . Comnenus P Manuel II . alaeologus . m Manuel Th e Angel (E p . Trebizond)

m u . Manuel I . Co nen s (id

Manuel II . Comnenus (id .

Manuel III . Comnenus (id . 00 00 Mahomet II . 5 4 I 0 0 0 Marciana . 3 5 Marcianus Marcus (with Basiliscus) Marcus Antonius

Marcus Antonius fili us .

Marcus Aurelius . Maria (o f Mich ael VII) Mariniana Marinus (tyrant) _ 2 12

Marius (tyrant) . f H l Martina (wi e of erac ius I . Marti nianus (tyrant) Maxenti us

Maxi m i an us H erc uleus. l Maxim ianus Ga eriu s) . Maxi m i anus tyrant) Maxim i nus I I OOO ' Maxim i nus II Daza Maxim us

Maximus (M agnus) . Maximus (tyrant) Matasu nda Matidi a Mauritius Tiberi us Messalina Valeria Messalina Stati li a

Mi c h ael I hangabe . Mich ael II Balb us

Michael III Ub riac on us .

Pa hla onic us . Michael IV . p g a c u Mich el VI . Stratioti s

Michael VII . Ducas .

Michael VIII . Palaeologus . Palaeol Michael IX . ogus m Michael Comnenus (E p . of Trebizond)

Nepos (Julius)

N epo ti an us (tyrant) .

Nero . Nero Drusus a Nerv . i h r r v s of t a a de . N c ep o us (f. A ) i c u Lo thetu . N ephor s I . gO S i h P . N c ep o rus II . hocas i c h Bo taniates N ep orus III . Ni c ephorus Melissene Nigri nianus u N m eri anus . 1 50 100 2 1 3

O . ctavia (wife of M Ant. ) O ctavia (wife of N ero) . K O doacer ( ing of the Goths) . Olybrius ' bi ana v r A . O wife of se. lex ) O Ph tacilia wife of ilip , sen . )

O tho .

a s Pac tianu (tyra nt) . Paula (Julia) Paulina P ertinax . Pesc en ni u s

Petronius Maximus . Phi li pi c us Bardanes Philippus (father)

Philippus (son) . Phocas Placidia (G alla) Plau ti ana g m 1 000 1 200 o Plautilla . _4 s P10 tina 2 50 1 00 3 00 Pomp ei us (Gneus) father I S 5 Pom pei us (Sextus) 1 2 m Poppaea g gr . Postumus 2 00 4 3 Probus 1 2 0 1 00 40 I O Pro c o pl us (tyrant) 1 500 1 50 200 1 00 Pulcheria (of Marcianus) 1 00 1 50 2 0 ' 00 1 0 1 2 0 Pupienu s 3 0 7

Quietus (tyrant) Quintillus

Em Theodora Co m nena ( p . of Trebizond) Theodoric (King of the Goths)

Theodorus I . Laz cari s (Em p . of

N icea) . T r II the heodo us . Angel (Gom nen us) Vatac Theodorus III . es Lasca ri s

(Em p . of Nicea) Theodosius I Theodosius H T heodosius (son of Mauritius) . Theodosius III TheO ph anos Theophi lac tus Theo phy i ac tu s Tetri c u s (father) Tetri c u s (son) Tiberius I

Tiberius II . Constantinus Tiberi us III Tiberius I V Tiberius V Abismar as Titiana (wife of Pertinax) T itus . Tra anu s j . Trajanus (father) Tra us o an D . j ecius t T u lli na 800 i . 2 000 00 ranq i 4 Thrasam u nd (K ng of the Van dals) Trebo ni anus Gallus .

Urani ns An toninus (tyrant) Urbica (Magnia)

V

Pa Vaballathu s (Pr . of lmyra)

Valens (tyrant) . Valens 80 60 al i ia 2 “ V ent n nus I . 0 6 40 80

Valenti nianus II . 20 4 1 00 c Valenti nianu s III 2 5 2 0 Valeria (Galeria) 1 000 Valeria Messalina

Valerianus father) . Valerianus son) Verina

Verus (Lucius) .

Vespasianu s . s Vespa i anu s (younger) . Vetrani on

Victor (tyrant) .

Victorinus (tyrant) .

Vitellius . V itellius (Lucius) Vi tiges (King of 00 1115) Vo lu si anus

Zeno . Zenobia (Queen o f Palm y ra) Zoe (wife of Leo VI)

TH E END

aor a r 3 1 01 11 5 3 5 PRI N T ER S MACO N . FRA N C E . g , , ( )