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La Esclavitud En Las Colonias Romanas De Andalucia

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La Esclavitud En Las Colonias Romanas De Andalucia DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA ANTIGUA FACULTAD DE FILOSOFIA Y LETRAS UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA LA ESCLAVITUD EN LAS COLONIAS ROMANAS DE ANDALUCIA Tesis Doctoral dirigida por Dr. Cristóbal González Román MANUEL MORALES CARA Granada, 2005 “A Helena y Juan Manuel, por su tiempo”. D(is) M(anibus) S(acrum)\MELITINE ANN(orum) VIIII M(ensium) VI DI\ER(um) VIII HIC SITA EST INFANS PATRI PER\SAECULA FLENDA QUAM RAPTAM\ADSIDUAE (!) MATER MAERORE REQUIRIT\GRATA BLANDI [-5-6-] QUALES QVIUSQUE\SIBI CUPIAT PRODUCERE NATOS HANC AN\NUS X PRIVAVIT MUNERE LUCIS CASUM QUIS\QUE LEGAT FATO MALEDICAT INIQUO\[S(it) T(ibi) T(erra) LEVIS CARPOP]HORUS\PATER ET FELICULA MATER FILIAE PIENTIS\SIMAE (CIL II 2295 Corduba). "Consagrado a los dioses Manes. Melitine de 9 años de edad 6 meses y 6 dias. Aquí yace la niña a quien su padre ha de llorar toda la vida, que, apenas desaparecida, busca continuamente su madre pesarosa. Agradecida a las caricias... era como cada uno quisiera que fuesen sus hijos. El año décimo la privó del don de la luz. Quien lea este infortunio maldiga el hado inicuo. Séate la tierra leve. Carpóforo, su padre y Felicula, su madre, para su cariñosísima hija". La esclavitud en las colonias romanas de Andalucía. M. Morales Cara INDICE GENERAL. 7 La esclavitud en las colonias romanas de Andalucía. M. Morales Cara 8 La esclavitud en las colonias romanas de Andalucía. M. Morales Cara INDICE GENERAL. INTRODUCCIÓN ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 PARTE I: PROSOPOGRAFIA ……………………………………………………………………………………… 17 I.1. ACCI. COLONIA IULIA GEMELLA. (GUADIX) ………………………………… 23 I.2. ASIDO CAESARINA. COLONIA. (MEDINA SIDONIA) …………………… 27 I.3. ASTIGI.COLONIA AUGUSTA FIRMA. (ÉCIJA) ………………………………… 41 - Territorio alrededor de Astigi …………………………………………… 145 I.4. CORDUBA. COLONIA PATRICIA. (CÓRDOBA) ………………………………… 165 - Personas de origen servil “servus quasi colonus” 371 I.5. HASTA REGIA. COLONIA. (MESAS DE ASTA, JEREZ DE LA FRONTERA, CÁDIZ) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 383 I.6. HISPALIS. COLONIA ROMULA. (SEVILLA) …………………………………… 389 I.7. ILITURGI FORUM IULIUM. COLONIA. (MENGÍBAR) ………………… 441 I.8. ITALICA. COLONIA AELIA AUGUSTA. (SANTIPONCE) …………… 455 I.9. ITUCI. COLONIA VIRTUS IULIA. (TORREPAREDONES, BAENA) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 509 I.10. ONUBA AESTUARIA. COLONIA. (HUELVA) …………………………………… 519 I.11. SALARIA. COLONIA. (ÚBEDA) …………………………………………………………… 523 I.12. TUCCI. COLONIA AUGUSTA GEMELLA. (MARTOS) …………………… 533 I.13. UCUBI. COLONIA CLARITAS IULIA. (ESPEJO) ……………………… 557 I.14. URSO. COLONIA GENETIVA IULIA URBANORUM. (OSUNA) … 561 - Gilena y Aguadulce …………………………………………………………………………… 577 - Cerro del Agua, la Puebla de Cazalla, Carula ……… 579 I.15. ESCLAVOS DE DUDOSA CONDICIÓN SERVIL ………………………………… 581 PARTE II: ESTUDIO HISTORICO ……………………………………………………………………… 605 II.1. CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE LA DOCUMENTACIÓN ………………………… 607 II.2. PROBLEMAS DE IDENTIFICACIÓN ……………………………………………………… 613 II.3. FUENTES DE LA ESCLAVITUD ……………………………………………………………… 619 II.4. LA CUANTIFICACIÓN DE LOS ESCLAVOS ……………………………………… 629 II.5. EL GÉNERO ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 637 II.6. DESARROLLO HISTÓRICO ………………………………………………………………………… 643 9 La esclavitud en las colonias romanas de Andalucía. M. Morales Cara II.7. PROCEDENCIA GEOGRÁFICA: EL ORIGEN ……………………………………. 651 II.8. ESPERANZA DE VIDA ………………………………………………………………………………… 661 II.9. LA ONOMÁSTICA …………………………………………………………………………………………… 669 II.10. RELACIONES DE PARENTESCO …………………………………………………………… 717 II.11. LOS PROPIETARIOS DE LOS ESCLAVOS ……………………………………… 729 II.12. EL TRABAJO EN LA ESCLAVITUD …………………………………………………… 739 II.13. LOS COLLEGIA DE LOS ESCLAVOS ………………………………………………… 767 II.14. LA RELIGION DE LOS ESCLAVOS …………………………………………………… 771 CONCLUSIONES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 779 ANEXOS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 785 INDICE DE ABREVIATURAS …………………………………………………………………………………… 793 BIBLIOGRAFIA ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 797 10 La esclavitud en las colonias romanas de Andalucía. M. Morales Cara INTRODUCCIÓN. 11 La esclavitud en las colonias romanas de Andalucía. M. Morales Cara 12 La esclavitud en las colonias romanas de Andalucía. M. Morales Cara INTRODUCCION El presente trabajo es la continuación de la Memoria de Licenciatura, que con el nombre “La esclavitud en las colonias de la Bética: Corduba y Astigi” presentamos en Granada en marzo del 2003. Este trabajo se enmarca dentro del intento de poner al día el tema de la esclavitud, debido fundamentalmente a la renovación del corpus de inscripciones y a los nuevos planteamientos ideológico/metodológicos que en este campo se están produciendo. Así mismo, ofrecemos un estudio prosopográfico de los esclavos de Andalucía, que junto con una corriente de investigadores que desde el Área de Historia Antigua de la Universidad de Granada, y más en concreto, desde el grupo de investigación “Arqueología e Historia de la Hispania Meridional en época romana y visigoda”, dirigido por el profesor C. González Román se está produciendo, para la actualización de los conocimientos sobre el sur peninsular, con especial incidencia en el campo de la prosopografía bética. También ha incidido en este trabajo, la necesidad de reavivar los trabajos sobre la esclavitud en la antigüedad, y la renovación de los estudios de J. Mangas Manjarrés1 y J.M. Serrano Delgado2. De igual modo, hemos intentado visualizar a los esclavos desde un prisma más humano, ya que hay que recordar que estamos estudiando a personas que padecieron bajo el manto de la esclavitud la ausencia de la libertad; matizándose siempre su comportamiento entre los entresijos de la historia y las visiones generales de ésta. La base de todo este estudio es la documentación epigráfica, compuesta primordialmente por el corpus de inscripciones aparecidas hasta la actualidad, y que constantemente se está renovando. Esto quiere decir que interviene un carácter subjetivo en la selección de las inscripciones, ya que en un número importante de ellas, la condición de “esclavo” no aparece, lo que explicaremos con posterioridad, haciendo más difícil su adscripción al mundo servil. En primer lugar, hay que decir que optamos por una limitación geográfica para poder ofrecer una situación espacial y territorial que marcara una homogeneización en el estudio y en sus posteriores conclusiones. Así, decidimos analizar la esclavitud en las colonias que jalonan el Guadalquivir y el Genil, ya que en un principio, 1 Cf. J. Mangas, (1971). 2 Cf. J. M. Serrano, (1988). 13 La esclavitud en las colonias romanas de Andalucía. M. Morales Cara objetivo aún por conseguir, se pretendió actualizar todo el corpus de esclavos y libertos del sur peninsular, pretensión algo desmesurada para las premisas básicas de un trabajo de este tipo. Nos encontramos en este caso con realidades muy diferentes, tanto social como económicamente. En segundo lugar, la delimitación temporal ha sido más fácil enmarcarla, ya que nos ha venido impuesta por la realidad romana de expansión y desarrollo de la esclavitud. Esta, como posteriormente veremos cuando estudiemos la cronología de las inscripciones aparecidas de esclavos y libertos, aparece desde el s. II a.C., aunque si fuéramos un poco más estrictos, sería desde el s. I a.C., que es cuando surgen los testimonios sobre la servidumbre; y el s. III d.C., que será cuando la crisis de la ciudad, del desarrollo mercantil, y de las formas de organización romanas entren en declive, y den paso a otras fórmulas de organización. Una vez puntualizados estos dos aspectos, hay que destacar la importancia que tiene en nuestro trabajo la selección de la documentación presentada, y que está básicamente compuesta por todos aquellos epígrafes que creemos componen actualmente el corpus de libertos y esclavos de las ciudades citadas. La organización de la documentación se ha realizado por ciudades, detallando, al final de todas ellas las conclusiones de los datos que nos ofrecen. Examinaremos algunos aspectos, que hemos considerado básicos, entre los que cabe destacar la edad, la cronología de los documentos, el origen del esclavo o liberto, la condición, y por último la ocupación básica de éstos, entre otros. La ordenación de la documentación, además de por ciudades, se realiza en base al nombre del esclavo por orden alfabético. Es evidente, que aunque el título del presente trabajo sea La esclavitud en las colonias romanas de Andalucía, hemos estudiado también el corpus de libertos de estas ciudades; ya que creemos que el liberto, aunque deje de ser esclavo a través de su manumisión, lo fué, vivió como tal y unicaménte porque se cumplieron unas determinadas circunstancias dejó de serlo. Aún así, ¿habría más distancia entre un esclavo y un liberto que entre un liberto y un libre? ¿no le recordarían todos los días los miembros de su comunidad su orígen? y si no era esclavo ¿por qué no era libre?. El objetivo de este trabajo no es cerrar un capítulo en la historia social romana, en particular la de los esclavos del sur peninsular, sino la puesta al día de la documentación, y la continuación con anteriores trabajos, para el conocimiento más exhaustivo de aquellos que padecieron hace solo dos mil años, la expresión más cruel 14 La esclavitud en las colonias romanas de Andalucía. M. Morales Cara del alma humana como es la falta de libertad. Las formas de adaptación a estas circunstancias, en algunos casos sorprendentes, son parte de la investigación. Para finalizar, queremos expresar nuestro más sincero agradecimiento a todas aquellas personas que han hecho realidad este trabajo. En primer lugar, a los miembros
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