DOCSLIB.ORG

Remembering Rivonia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Remembering Rivonia ISSUE 3, NOVEMBER 2014 PLJ The People’s Law Journal 50 YEARS ON Remembering Rivonia Cover.indd 1 Untitled-1 1 2014/11/14 3:203:16 PM I Idid did what what I Idid did becausebecause I Iwanted wanted to to helphelp““ my my people people in in their their strugglestruggle for for equal equal rights. rights. I Iknow know this this is is not not the the placeplace to to describe describe in in detaildetail all all the the heavy heavy burdensburdens which which an an AfricanAfrican has has to to carry, carry, butbut I Iam am telling telling the the Court of some of these Court of some of these NoNo single single person person matters which make matters which make cancan liberate liberate a a country. country. ourour hearts hearts sore sore and and our our ““ minds heavy. minds heavy. YouYou can can only only liberate liberate a a countrycountry if if you you act act as as a a ” collective. ” collective. NelsonNelson Mandela Mandela”” EliasElias Motsoaledi Motsoaledi Cover.inddUntitled-1 2 2 2014/11/14 3:20 PM 2014/11/14 3:16 PM Cover.indd 2 2014/11/14 3:16 PM 4 Rivonia timeline CONTENTS Foreward .............................. .3 Rivonia then, Khayelitsha today ........... 25 Timeline of the Rivonia Trial ............... .4 A Trial of its Time ...................... 26 What else happened in the 1960s? ....... .5 50 years since Rivonia 20 years of freedom – Ahmed Kathrada. 28 The Trialists ............................ 6 Constitutionally protected rights .......... 40 Rivonia Trial Fact Sheet .................. .6 Defence Team Lawyers ................ 10 A legal framework for repression .......... 42 Prosecution Lawyer ................... 12 1950. 43 1961. 43 29 Ahmed Kathrada talks to Presiding Judge. 12 Ndifuna Ukwazi 1962. 44 The trial that changed South Africa ........ 13 1963. 44 1965. 44 The Families .......................... 16 The Sisulus ........................ 16 Speeches from the dock ................. 47 The Mandelas ...................... 18 Nelson Mandela ..................... 48 Caroline Motsoaledi ................. 20 Walter Sisulu ....................... 54 6 The Trialists Elias Motsoaledi ..................... 60 Rivonia: Lawyers who helped change South Africa .................. 21 Suggested reading ..................... 62 Cover picture: Noqaphi Nosekeni, Nelson Mandela’s mother with her grandchildren 13 The trial that changed South Africa 47 Speeches from the dock Remembering Rivonia | People’s Law Journal 1 There was nothing to read, nothing to do, “nothing to occupy my mind – nothing except to think of what was happening to my children at home. Security Branch men threatened that my children would be taken over by the State. I nearly lost hope (during 90 day detention without trial, 1963). ” Albertina Sisulu 2 Remembering Rivonia | People’s Law Journal FOREWORD elson Rolihlahla Mandela died on 5th December 2013 and this edition of the People’s Law Journal is dedicated to Madiba, Walter Sisulu, Govan NMbeki, Elias Motsoaledi, Raymond Mhlaba, Ahmed Kathrada, Andrew Mlangeni and Dennis Goldberg. The PLJ is also dedicated to their families who carried the brunt of persecution, arrests, detention banning orders and unimaginable hardships. Their collective loss, suffering and pain represents the anguish of all families of political prisoners and detainees, those banished, banned and exiled under apartheid. Bram Fischer, Arthur Chaskalson, George Bizos, Vernon Berrange, Harold Hansen and Joel Joffe’s work as lawyers in the Rivonia Trial represented political lawyering at its best: the refused to compromise the principles of freedom, equality and justice for mercy from the apartheid court. They were humble lawyers who prepared for the trial in a meticulous analysis of evidence and law. This edition of the People’s Law Journal (PLJ) is also dedicated to the lawyers of the Rivonia Trial and the hundreds of lawyers in our struggle for freedom. Joffe’s book The State versus Nelson Mandela: The Trial that Changed South Africa is one of the best and most moving accounts of the Rivonia Trial. The interview with Ahmed Kathrada conducted in a seminar of about seventy mainly young Black working- class leaders and activists is a central feature of this journal. Today, Kathrada is the last of many generations of leaders in the liberation movements who embodies the Biblical injunction “serve, suffer and sacrifice. At 85, Ahmed Kathrada remains an activist leader this PLJ comes close to being a quality journal that tirelessly educating young people and he leads the activists, active citizens, students, academics and many campaign to free Marwan Barghouti and all Palestinian more people can read. Our issue on ‘The Urban Land people held in Israeli jails. Uncle Kathy as he is known Question’ and the forthcoming one celebrating the to all of us gives this issue of the People’s Law Journal Treatment Action Campaign’s Constitutional Court special meaning. mother-to-child HIV prevention will are important activist history and contemporary tools of struggle. As historical documents, Walter Sisulu’s evidence and cross examination and Elias Motsoaledi’s speech from We worked on this PLJ as a team in the Ndifuna the dock are published in full. Nelson Mandela’s speech Ukwazi Fellowship Programme and leaders from our from the dock has been edited for length. partner organisations the Social Justice Coalition and Equal Education Law Centre. We thank Ashley The PLJ has undergone a radical change aspiring to Richardson for designing this issue. really become a people’s journal. Beautiful photos, excellent design and plain language means that People’s Law Journal Editorial Team Remembering Rivonia | People’s Law Journal 3 Timeline of the Rivonia Trial The Rivonia Trial The Rivonia Trial The Rivonia Trial 9 Oct 1963 29 Oct 1963 3 Dec 1963 The trial The State’s indictment Percy Yutar begins against the accused is makes his opening in the quashed by Judge De Wet statement for the Pretoria — and the accused are prosecution Percy Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Percy Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Supreme rearrested Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy The State’s indictment against the accused is quashed by Judge De Wet – and the the accused is quashed by Judge De Wet – and the accused are rearrested. The makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy accused are rearrested. The State’s indictment against the accused is quashed by State’s indictment against the accused is quashed by Judge De Wet – and the Percy Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar Court Judge De Wet – and the accused are rearrested. The State’s indictment against the accused are rearrested. The State’s indictment against the accused is quashed by Percy Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar makes accused is quashed by Judge De Wet – and the accused are rearrested. The State’s Judge De Wet – and the accused are rearrested. The State’s indictment against the Percy Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar makes his The trial begins in the Pretoria in the Pretoria Supreme Court. Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar makes his Supreme Court. The trial begins The trial begins in the Pretoria indictment against the accused is quashed by Judge De Wet – and the accused accused is quashed by Judge De Wet – and the accused are rearrested. The State’s are rearrested. The State’s indictment against the accused is quashed by Judge De indictment against the accused is quashed by Judge De Wet – and the accused Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar makes his in the Pretoria Supreme Court. Supreme Court. The trial begins makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar makes opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar makes his The trial begins in the Pretoria in the Pretoria Supreme Court. Wet – and the accused are rearrested. The State’s indictment against the accused is are rearrested. The State’s indictment against the accused is quashed by Judge De quashed by Judge De Wet – and the accused are rearrested. The State’s indictment Wet – and the accused are rearrested. The State’s indictment against the accused is his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar makes his opening Supreme Court. The trial begins The trial begins in the Pretoria opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. in the Pretoria Supreme Court. Supreme Court. The trial begins against the accused is quashed by Judge De Wet – and the accused are rearrested. quashed by Judge De Wet – and the accused are rearrested. The State’s indictment The State’s indictment against the accused is quashed by Judge De Wet – and the against the accused is quashed by Judge De Wet – and the accused are rearrested. statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy The trial begins in the Pretoria in the Pretoria Supreme Court. Percy Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Yutar makes his opening statement for the prosecution. Percy Yutar Supreme Court. The trial begins The trial begins. accused are rearrested. The State’s indictment against the accused is quashed by The State’s indictment against the accused is quashed by Judge De Wet – and Judge De Wet – and the accused are rearrested. The State’s indictment against the accused are rearrested.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 135 Newcontree the Birth of Umkhonto We Sizwe: Old And
    NEWCONTREE 135 THE BIRTH OF UMKHONTO WE SIZWE: OLD AND NEW SOURCES Vladimir Shubin (Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences) The history of the South African liberation movement is still to be written. Academic books and articles published so far left too many of its pages blank or contain information which can't withstand a scrutiny. Among the bibliographies on the anti-apartheid struggle Peter Limb's "The ANC and the Black Workers in South Africa, 1912-1992" should be singled out as well as books by Thomas Karis and Gail Gerhart. However, no special bibliography on "Umkhonto we Sizwe" (MK) has been compiled so far except for an introductory bibliography prepared by Sandi Ie Schalk and the author for the Conference on the Beginnings of the Armed Struggle in South Africa convened in December 1995 by the Mayibuye Centre for History and Culture at the University of the Western Cape. Who took a decision and when? The early history of MK is a subject to controversy. The question of when and how the decision was taken is a subject of debate among academics. Naturally nobody knew this better that the participants themselves but even the evidence of those who participated in the events directly is somewhat contradictory. The possibility of using an armed form of struggle was discussed in Congress Alliance and communist circles immediately after the Sharpeville massacre in March 1960 if not before. The mood was growing that under repressive conditions a position of non- violence was becoming more and more irrelevant. Some people even called it treacherous.
    [Show full text]
  • The Zacuto Complex: on Reading the Jews in South Africa
    Richard Mendelsohn, Milton Shain. The Jews in South Africa: An Illustrated History. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 2008. x + 234 pp. $31.95, cloth, ISBN 978-1-86842-281-4. Reviewed by Jonathan Judaken Published on H-Judaic (August, 2009) Commissioned by Jason Kalman (Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion) While the frst Jews to officially settle in South hand, Europeans colonized him in the name of Africa did so in the early nineteenth century, the the same basic ideas that justified European ex‐ history of their antecedents is much longer. They pansion and exploitation, notions that we can include Abraham ben Samuel Zacuto, distin‐ name in one word: racism. The "Zacuto complex," guished astronomer and astrologist at the Univer‐ as I want to call it, has played out through most of sity of Salamanca prior to the expulsion of the the history of Jews in South Africa, as this won‐ Jews from Spain in 1492. His astrological tables derful book demonstrates. were published in Hebrew, and then translated The Jews in South Africa, by two of the lead‐ into Latin, and then into Spanish. They were used ing living historians of South Africa’s Jewish past, by Christopher Columbus, and more importantly is the frst general history of South African Jewry by Vasco da Gama, for whom he also selected the in over ffty years. It is written in lively prose, scientific instruments and joined on his voyage to sumptuously illustrated, and includes rare photo‐ Africa.Zacuto, thereby, “was probably the frst Jew graphs as well as documents culled from the ar‐ to land on South African soil when, in mid-No‐ chives, which are inserted into offset “boxes” that vember 1497, the Da Gama party went ashore at help illuminate the forces at work in South St Helena Bay on the Cape west coast” (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Report
    Military bases and camps of the liberation movement, 1961- 1990 Report Gregory F. Houston Democracy, Governance, and Service Delivery (DGSD) Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) 1 August 2013 Military bases and camps of the liberation movements, 1961-1990 PREPARED FOR AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY: FUNDED BY: NATIONAL HERITAGE COUNCI Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... iii Chapter 1: Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Literature review ........................................................................................................4 Chapter 3: ANC and PAC internal camps/bases, 1960-1963 ........................................................7 Chapter 4: Freedom routes during the 1960s.............................................................................. 12 Chapter 5: ANC and PAC camps and training abroad in the 1960s ............................................ 21 Chapter 6: Freedom routes during the 1970s and 1980s ............................................................. 45 Chapter 7: ANC and PAC camps and training abroad in the 1970s and 1980s ........................... 57 Chapter 8: The ANC’s prison camps ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Apartheid, Liberalism and Romance a Critical Investigation of the Writing of Joy Packer
    UNIVERSITY OF UMEÅ DISSERTATION ISSN 0345-0155 ISBN 91-7191-140-5 From the Department of English, Faculty of Humanities, Umeå University, Sweden Apartheid, Liberalism and Romance A Critical Investigation of the Writing of Joy Packer AN ACADEMIC DISSERTATION which will, on the proper authority of the Chancellor’s Office of Umeå University for passing the doctoral examination, be publicly defended in hörsal F, Humanisthuset, on Friday, 23rd February 1996, at 3.15 p.m. John A Stotesbury Umeå University Umeå 1996 Abstract This is the first full-length study of the writing of the South African Joy Packer (1905-1977), whose 17 works of autobiography and romantic fiction were primarily popular. Packer’s writing, which appeared mainly between 1945 and 1977, blends popular narrative with contemporary social and political discourses. Her first main works, three volumes of memoirs published between 1945 and 1953, cover her experience of a wide area of the world before, during and after the Second World War: South Africa, Britain, the Mediterranean and the Balkans, and China. In the early 1950s she also toured extensive areas of colonial "Darkest Africa." When Packer retired to the Cape with her British husband, Admiral Sir Herbert Packer, after an absence of more than 25 years, she adopted fiction as an alternative literary mode. Her subsequent production, ten popular romantic novels and a further three volumes of memoirs, is notable for the density of its sociopolitical commentary on contemporary South Africa. This thesis takes as its starting-point the dilemma, formulated by the South African critic Dorothy Driver, of the white woman writing within a colonial environment which compels her to adopt contradictory, ambivalent and oblique discursive stances and strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • Yusuf Mohamed Dadoo
    YUSUF MOHAMED DADOO SOUTH AFRICA'S FREEDOM STRUGGLE Statements, Speeches and Articles including Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi Compiled and edited by E. S. Reddy With a foreword by Shri R. Venkataraman President of India Namedia Foundation STERLING PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED New Delhi, 1990 [NOTE: A revised and expanded edition of this book was published in South Africa in 1991 jointly by Madiba Publishers, Durban, and UWC Historical and Cultural Centre, Bellville. The South African edition was edited by Prof. Fatima Meer. The present version includes items additional to that in the two printed editions.] FOREWORD TO THE INDIAN EDITION The South African struggle against apartheid occupies a cherished place in our hearts. This is not just because the Father of our Nation commenced his political career in South Africa and forged the instrument of Satyagraha in that country but because successive generations of Indians settled in South Africa have continued the resistance to racial oppression. Hailing from different parts of the Indian sub- continent and professing the different faiths of India, they have offered consistent solidarity and participation in the heroic fight of the people of South Africa for liberation. Among these brave Indians, the name of Dr. Yusuf Mohamed Dadoo is specially remembered for his remarkable achievements in bringing together the Indian community of South Africa with the African majority, in the latter's struggle against racism. Dr. Dadoo met Gandhiji in India and was in correspondence with him during a decisive phase of the struggle in South Africa. And Dr. Dadoo later became an esteemed colleague of the outstanding South African leader, Nelson Mandela.
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa
    South Africa r OR THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA, 1990 was one of the most dra- matic, exciting, and, at the same time, bewildering periods in recent history. It was a year in which radical government action hastened the dismantling of apartheid and further threatened the traditionally dominant and privileged position of whites. Jews shared the anxieties of other whites about the future and were also mindful of their own potential role as scapegoats during the painful adjustments to come. They were worried, too, about the apparent growth of black anti-Semitism and how this might afiFect them in the new South Africa.' National Affairs On February 2, 1990, Pres. F.W. de Klerk stated in his opening speech to Parliament that the government had decided to lift the ban on all prohibited organi- zations, including the African National Congress (ANC), as well as to release, unconditionally, ANC leader Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners. Fur- thermore, the three-year-old "state of emergency" would be relaxed in regard to media curbs, conditions imposed on released emergency detainees, and restrictions on some 33 organizations. He also announced the repeal of the Separate Amenities Act of 1953, which comprised the discriminatory laws generally referred to as "petty apartheid." De Klerk's speech marked the beginning of a new phase in the process of political reform that had been initiated more than a decade earlier by his predecessor, P. W. Botha, in response to growing doubts within the National party about the continued viability of apartheid and to various political and economic developments during the late 1960s and 1970s.
    [Show full text]
  • Nelson Mandela and His Colleagues in the Rivonia Trial
    South Africa: The Prisoners, The Banned and the Banished: Nelson Mandela and his colleagues in the Rivonia trial http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1969_08 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org South Africa: The Prisoners, The Banned and the Banished: Nelson Mandela and his colleagues in the Rivonia trial Alternative title Notes and Documents - United Nations Centre Against ApartheidNo. 13/69 Author/Creator United Nations Centre against Apartheid Publisher Department of Political and Security Council Affairs Date 1969-10-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1969 Source Northwestern University Libraries Description Note.
    [Show full text]
  • Experience 5)&7*#3"/$:0'4065)"'3*$"Μ4$6-563"-%*7&34*5: Africa
    EXPERIENCE 5)&7*#3"/$:0'4065)"'3*$"µ4$6-563"-%*7&34*5: AFRICA $&-&#3"5*/(5)& 7*#3"/$:0' GUIDE 2010 AND CULTURE ARTS 4065)"'3*$"4 $6-563"-%*7&34*5: ARTSANDCULTURE $EPARTMENT ARTSANDCULTURE !RTSAND#ULTURE $EPARTMENT 2%05",)#/&3/54(!&2)#! !RTSAND#ULTURE 5FM ARTS AND CULTURE GUIDE 2010 2%05",)#/&3/54(!&2)#! XXXEBDHPW[B Ditsong: Kruger Museum AFRICA In compiling this guide to the institutions and events that represent the incredibly broad and varied spectrum of the South African cultural scene, the Department of Arts and Culture has received the generous assistance of a number of organisations and individuals. The Department would like to thank each of these for their time, effort and valuable input, all of which were absolutely essential in making this publication as complete, accurate and appealing as possible. Angelique Kidjo (Benin) Freshlyground’s lead singer, Zolani Mahola National Department of Arts and Culture: 2010 Project Management Office Duduzile Mazibuko - Content Advisor and 2010 Project Manager Communications Department: Lisa Combrinck - Editor and Head of Communications Premi Appalraju - Content Development Corney Wright - Product Development James Mathibeng - Photography and DAC Administration Editorial services: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: DeskLink Media Team Design and Layout: Amadou & Mariam (Mali) Mariam & Amadou DeskLink Media Luthuli Nyathi, Sizakele Shingange Project Management: Chris Watterson Printed by: Colorpress (PTY) Ltd FOREWORD .*/*45&30'"354"/%$6-563& .4-6-69*/(8"/" At last, the FIFA 2010 World Cup™ is here. South Africa’s six long and busy years of preparation are finally coming to fruition. We have no doubt that South Africa and Africa are ready to offer the world an unforgettable occasion, creating festive hubs to which fans can flock to share their appreciation of the beautiful game and to experience African arts and culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Utopia As a Perspective: Reading Historical Strata in Guy Tillim’S Documentary Photo Essay Jo’Burg Series
    Utopia as a perspective: Reading historical strata in Guy Tillim’s documentary photo essay Jo’burg series Intern of Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography Miki Kurisu Utopia as a perspective: Reading historical strata in Guy Tillim’s documentary photo essay Jo’burg series Miki Kurisu 1. Introduction This essay examines the Jo’burg series by Guy Tillim (1962-) which represents a post-apartheid cityscape between 2003 and 2007. Born in Johannesburg in 1962, Guy Tillim started his professional career in 1986 and joined Afrapix, a collective photo agency strongly engaged with the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. He also worked for Reuters from 1986 to 1988 and then for Agence France Presse from 1993 to 1994. He has received numerous awards including Prix SCAM (2002), Higashikawa Overseas Photographer Award (2003), Daimler Chrysler Award for South African photography (2004) and Leica Oskar Barnack Award for his Jo’burg series. In addition, his works were ❖１ For Guy Tillim’s biography refer to ❖1 http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche. exhibited in both South Africa and Europe. The Jo’burg series highlights php?id=201&lang=en (Viewed on December 1st, 2013) Tillim’s critical approach to documentary photography in terms of subject matter, format and the portrayal of people. This series was chosen as an object of analysis out of other important works by equally significant South African photographers, such as Ernest Cole (1940-1990), Omar Badsha (1945-), David Goldblatt (1930-) and Santu Mofokeng (1956-) since the Jo’burg series enables us to follow the historical development of South African photography.
    [Show full text]
  • MAP of SOUTH AFRICA Nelson Mandela: the Official Exhibition Learning Resources MAP of SOUTH AFRICA
    In partnership with Continue the journey. Nelson Mandela: The Official Exhibition Learning Resources MAP OF SOUTH AFRICA Nelson Mandela: The Official Exhibition Learning Resources MAP OF SOUTH AFRICA Map of South Africa They could use a visit to the exhibition, the They could: Timeline, the Introduction to Nelson Mandela • Find examples on YouTube of people Students could use the map to prepare them presentation and do their own online speaking in some of the different South for their visit to Nelson Mandela: The Official research to explore and plot: African languages Exhibition or to support follow-up work back • South Africa’s total land area in the classroom. • Listen to the South African national anthem • The number of times the UK or England which is sung in five languages. Which could fit inside it (it’s about 9 times the size are they? Why were they chosen? What of England, 5 times the size of the UK) differences can students hear in the musical styles? • Which areas are urban and rural • Try pronouncing Xhosa words such as • Its total population, and how this compares Nelson Mandela’s birth name ‘Rolihlahla’; the to other countries place where he grew up ‘Qunu’; or ‘Xhosa’ • The names of the different peoples who his birth language, using its distinctive clicks. live in South Africa and the languages If there are students or teachers with South they speak African families in the school they may be able to help with this. Or try this BBC clip: • How these peoples are distributed across https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs- the different regions magazine-monitor-25356745 • Mandela’s life journey • The names of the different regions during the apartheid era and how these changed when Nelson Mandela became president • Where South Africa’s valuable natural resources such as gold and diamonds were found • South Africa’s climate.
    [Show full text]
  • E Grassroots Transformation of the African National Congress in the 1940S-1950S
    THE JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH University of Kansas | Summer 2008 !e Grassroots Transformation of the African National Congress in the 1940s-1950s Nelson Mandela’s 1994 inaugu- ing the latent power of the frustrated ration as South Africa’s "rst demo- urban masses, new leadership in the cratically elected president soothed ANC incorporated organic strikes and decades of racial tensions in that boycotts in the 1940s into a more co- country. State-sanctioned racism, herent and durable movement during known as apartheid, crumbled under the 1950s. !e masses and leadership the spasms of the violence that shook developed a symbiotic relationship; Johannesburg and other cities in the the former o$ered economic leverage 1980s, but apartheid’s eventual de- and popular legitimacy, while the lat- struction became possible because of ter articulated a vision of racial equal- strategic changes among the left in the ity to counter the Nationalists’ oppres- 1940s and 1950s. !e African National sive paternalism. !e state cracked Congress (ANC), originally founded down on the better organized ANC-led as an interest group for the educated movement in the 1960s, but the closer African elite, in the 1940s and 1950s relationship between the ANC leader- forged a wide coalition of workers and ship and grassroots carried the move- intellectuals to challenge apartheid’s ment through its di#cult times on the legitimacy. Together with the South long walk to freedom. South Africa still African Communist Party (SACP), the faces serious racial disparities, but its mid-century ANC became a broad- progress from the apartheid age shows based grassroots organization com- the e#cacy of a broad-based move- mitted to nonracial democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • A Journal of African Studies
    UCLA Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies Title Front Matter Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5dr028sd Journal Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 11(3) ISSN 0041-5715 Author n/a, n/a Publication Date 1982 DOI 10.5070/F7113017199 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California U F A HA M U AFR ICAN ACTIVIST ASSOCIATION AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER UNIVERSITY OF CA LIFORNIA LOS ANGE LES, CALIFORNIA 90024 Editor-in-Chief: Kandioura Drame Editorial Boa.rd: Peter Amuka, Steve Harmon, Madoda Rlatshwayo, Adan H. Dnan, Anita Pfouts, John Philips, Saeed Megag Samater, Mike Ssali. Editorial Advisory Board: J. Ndukaku Amankulor, I. N.C . Aniebo, Louis D. Armmand, Teshome H. Gabriel, Niko M. Ngwenyama, Edward C. Okus, Renee Poussiant, Kipkorir Aly Rana, Nancy Rutledge. Technical Advisor: Alice McGaughey !yping and Subscriptions: Gloria Waite CONTRIBUTIONS UFAHAMU will accept contributions £rom anyone interested in Africa and related subject areas. Contributions may include scholarly articles, political-economic analyses, commentaries, film and book reviews and freelance prose and poetry. Manuscripts may be o£ any length, but those of 15-25 pages are preferred. (All manuscripts must be clearly typed, double­ spaced originals with footnotes gathered at the end. Contributors should endeavor to keep duplicate copies o£ all their manuscripts.) The Editorial Board reserves the right to abbreviate any manuscript in order to fit page requirements. All correspondence--manuscripts, subscriptions, books for review, inquiries, etc. ,-- should be addressed to the Editor-in­ Chief at the above address. SUBSCRIPTIONS Individuals in U. S. and Canada $ 8 . 00/volume (3 issues);~$ 3 .
    [Show full text]