sign in sign up
<<
Home , Compromise of 1877

PERIOD 5: 1844-1877

Following a philosophy of Manifest Destiny, land was added through negotiations, purchase and war. With victory in the Mexican-American War, the secured its southern border and ports on the Pacific Ocean. As the nation expanded and population grew, regional tensions, especially over slavery, led to a civil war. Opposition to slavery ranging from free soilers to abolitionists and an grew in spite of Fugitive Slave Laws and the Dred Scott Decision. A series of compromises failed and, following the election of in 1860, a civil war ravaged the country. The Union victory ended to questions of slavery and states’ rights. Reconstruction brought confrontations and as African Americans established new lives, Black Codes and sharecropping were established to maintain their subservience

BIG CONCEPTS: v Westward Expansion (Manifest Destiny, Mexican-American War) v Increased immigration (Ireland and Asia) and the resulting tensions v Growing tensions over slavery and states’ rights v Civil War v Reconstruction

VOCABULARY: Reasons for westward migration (Manifest Destiny) - Access to natural and mineral resources, economic opportunities for settlers, religious refuge (Mormons). Arguments to annex western lands included – Manifest Destiny and American institutions (democracy) Impact US acquiring the Mexican Cession- Debates over the status of slavery (Wilmot Proviso), Native Americans, and Mexicans in the newly acquired land. How did the government encourage westward migration?- Passing new legislation (think Homestead Act) encouraging settlers to move west, government gave land and subsidies to RR companies. Goal of the Nativist Movement - It was especially Anti-Catholic. The nativists hoped to limit the power and cultural influence of the immigrants (Irish and Germans). Free soil movement- - Sought to keep slavery from expanding into newly acquired territories. abolitionists- Moral arguments (think ), assisting slaves' escapes (think Underground RR), using violence (think Bleeding-Kansas and Harpers Ferry).

How the South justified and defended slavery – They claimed slavery was a positive good (John C. Calhoun). - Dealt with the Mexican Cession - popular sovereignty would be used in the territory, slave trade was banned in Washington D.C., California was added as a free state, a more strict fugitive slave law was created. Kansas-Nebraska Act - Overturned the - introduced popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska. Helped lead to the creation of the Republican Party. Dred Scott v. Sanford – Slaves were property, not citizens; Congress could NOT legislate slavery in the territories. What did Lincoln campaign on in the Election of 1860? – A free soil platform – non extension of slavery. How did Lincoln’s views towards the war change over time? – Lincoln viewed the war initially as preserving the union, but eventually sought to end slavery -> Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg Address How did the Union ultimately prevail in the Civil War? – Improvements in leadership and strategy (Grant and the “”), Key Victories – Gettysburg and Antietam; Greater resources – more factories and RRs, the South’s infrastructure was destroyed. 13th Amendment– abolished slavery 14th Amendment - granted citizenship and equal protection 15th Amendment - universal adult male suffrage Why did the 15th amendment split the women’s rights movement? – Some women advocated suffrage be extended to women as well as African American males. Why did Reconstruction end? – Compromise of 1877 withdrew troops from the South; The North’s WANING resolve led to many in the North to no longer support Reconstruction. What is sharecropping? – Renting of land to former slaves – limited economic opportunities to former slaves and poor whites in the south. What were ways the South resisted the 14th and 15th amendments? (Great Short Answer Question) – Segregation – ; Violence – KKK and ; Supreme Court Decisions – Plessy v. Ferguson (“”); Local political tactics – poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses

POTENTIAL SHORT ANSWERS/ESSAY TOPICS: o Mexican-American War as a turning point o Causes and effects of Manifest Destiny o Sectional tensions prior to the Civil War o How successful was Reconstruction? o Ways southern states resisted 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments WESTWARD EXPANSION 1842-1850

President Tyler’s Administration (1841—1845) § John Tyler becomes an “accidental” president following William Henry Harrison’s death one month after being inaugurated – battles the Whigs throughout his presidency

MANIFEST DESTINY: America is destined to expand from coast to coast § It’s a God-given destiny for America to expand § We are superior people and need to civilize the Native Americans § Should spread our culture, institutions and ideals of democracy

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) Circumstances: There were several causes of Terms/Effects tension between Great Britain and United States: § US-Canadian land claims were settled The Canada-Maine border in the area of the § US-British relations are strengthened Aroostook Valley was disputed, issues over ships § “spirit of mutual concession” and rescuing slaves

Annexation of Texas (1845) Circumstances: § 1821:Mexican Revolution grants Mexico free from Spanish control. Texas is a state in the Mexican Republic. Mexico begins to invite immigration from the north by offering land grants to Stephen Austin and other American settlers. Mexico needed to increase the population of the area and to produce revenue for their infant government.

§ 1835: Thousands of Americans live in Texas. American settlers now had to obey Mexican law which also included converting to Catholicism, prohibiting slavery, and pledging allegiance to Mexico. Mexico begins to crack down on American settlers who ignore Mexican authority and refuse to conform. (Texas was becoming too “American.”)

§ 1836: Texans begin to rebel against Mexican authority and declare their independence. The Mexican dictator, Santa Anna, advanced north and annihilated the Texan garrisons at the Alamo and at Goliad. “Remember the Alamo!” becomes the rally cry as Texans fight back. Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna at San Jacinto, and the Mexicans were forced to let Texas go its way. Texas wins it independence and becomes a republic.

§ Sam Houston immediately asks the American government for recognition and annexation. President Jackson, Van Buren and Henry Clay are against the annexation of Texas: don't want to anger Mexico and upset the free state/slave state balance. Southern slave states support the addition of Texas and fear an alliance between independent Texas and Britain.

§ President John Tyler made the annexation of Texas a priority, and in the closing days of his presidency, Congress voted to make Texas a state. Texas admitted to the Union as the 28th state on the last day of Tyler’s presidency with a joint resolution in 1845 (majority vote in Congress). Officially becomes a state in 1846 under Polk.

Effects: § Helps fulfill Manifest Destiny § The addition of territory increases tensions between the North and the South over the future of slavery in the new states

Wilmot Proviso of 1846: o Republican Representative David Wilmot (D-PA) proposed a bill at the start of the Mexican- American war stipulating that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in any territory to be acquired from Mexico. o aroused intense sectional feelings

Election of 1844: Whigs nominate Henry Clay, Democrats nominate James K. Polk

POLK = EXPANSIONST - had eyes set on Texas, Oregon, and the Southwest and California

He tapped into the public mood and realized that manifest destiny was the very issue that could lead him to victory. Polk called for expansion that included Texas, California, and the entire Oregon territory. The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes. "FIFTY-FOUR FORTY OR FIGHT!" was the popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds.

Oregon Treaty 1846 Circumstances: Terms & Effects: § Lured West: lush valleys, rich forests, mild § While originally calling for “54° 40’ or fight!” climate attracts settlers and fur traders Polk was willing to compromise § Oregon Trail: stretched 2,000 miles from St. § Polk pressures Britain to negotiate the rights to Louis to Portland (5 month journey) Oregon § Oregon had been jointly controlled by the US § US and Britain compromise on the Oregon and Britain since 1818 border at 49th parallel

Polk agrees to compromise at 49th parallel because of growing tensions with Mexico over the border of Texas

Mexican-American War 1846-1848 Circumstances: § Polk hoped to purchase CA and NM from Mexico and authorized diplomat John Slidell to offer $24 to $30 million for the territory. The annexation of Texas angered the Mexican government so much that it refused to receive Slidell.

§ Tensions mounted between the United States and Mexico over a border dispute. Mexico claimed the Nueces River to be Texas’s southern border, but the United States insisted the border lay further south at the Rio Grande River.

§ Polk, angry over the failed purchase and refusal of Mexico to see Slidell, retaliated by sending troops into disputed territory to pressure Mexico into negotiating.

§ A force under General Zachary Taylor took up a position just north of the Rio Grande. Days later, Mexican troops attacked an American patron. When news of the clash reached Washington, Polk sought and received from Congress a declaration of war against Mexico.

Terms/Effects: § Whigs accused Polk of provoking Mexico § Northerners feared the expansion of slavery § US routes Mexican forces in an easy victory

§ MEXICAN CESSION: US gains California, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah and Nevada (US pays 15 million)

§ Rio Grande border of Texas

§ Manifest Destiny is fulfilled

THE SLAVERY ISSUE: Should slavery extend into the new territories?

Election of 1848:

Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass Martin Van Buren Whigs Democrats Free-Soil Hero of Mexican-American Supported popular No slavery in the territories War. Never voted, knew little sovereignty: allowing settlers of politics, had no platform to vote on fate of slavery in territories

California Circumstances: Effects: § Gold is discovered in 1848, leading to a rush of § Admission of California as a free state would settlers to California. “49ers” upset the slave state/free state balance § California asks to be admitted as a free state (remember: Missouri Compromise previously used to solve a similar issue) § Compromise of 1850 adds California

COMPROMISE OF 1850:

o California admitted as a free state

o The territories of Utah and New Mexico left open to popular sovereignty

o Slave trade abolished in Washington D.C.

o New Fugitive Slave Law (strictly enforced)

SECTIONAL CONFLICT 1850-1860

The Coming of the Civil War: Territorial Expansion and westward settlement leads to disputes over the future of slavery in the new territories.

RECAP: The Slavery Issue § Missouri Compromise (1820): adds Missouri (slave state) and Maine (free state) to maintain balance in Congress. Territories north of 36° 30’ line free to slavery.

§ Annexation of Texas (1845) and new territories acquired as a result of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) increase tensions between pro-slavery South and anti-slavery North. Wilmot Proviso suggests banning slavery in new territories from Mexico – denied

§ Compromise of 1850: Gold discovered in California speeds up the admission of California to the union. This compromise adds CA as a free state, ends the slave trade in Washington DC, enforces a stricter Fugitive Slave Act and determines future territories by popular sovereignty.

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 o Introduced by Senator Stephen Douglas (D-IL) o Future of slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories would be decided by popular sovereignty – settlers in the territories would vote on slavery o Calls for repeal of Missouri Compromise (see map)

The Result of Kansas-Nebraska Act:

Bleeding Kansas: pro-slavery Southerners and anti- Violence in the Senate: abolitionist Senator slavery northerners rush to Kansas to influence the (MA) denounces slavery in a vote. Violence breaks out (mini Civil War). Missouri speech. Violence breaks out as Sumner is beat “border ruffians,” pro-slavery activists who crossed the over the head with a cane by Congressmen Missouri border, burned and pillaged anti-slavery towns. Preston Brooks (SC), who is then celebrated Abolitionist John Brown and crew murder pro-slavery as a hero throughout the South. camps along a river.

Lecompton Constitution: Proslavery government in Kansas ratifies a state constitution without a popular vote. Congress orders Kansas to vote on the Constitution – become a slave state or remain a territory. Kansas reject being a slave state, remains a territory until 1861.

POLITICAL SPLIT:

• Split in the Whig Party: The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the repeal of the Missouri Compromise is seen as the breaking of a solemn agreement o “We went to bed one night old fashioned Whigs and woke up stark mad abolitionists!”

§ Northerners “Conscience Whigs” vs. Southerners “Cotton Whigs”

Most importantly, the Act gave rise to the REPUBLICAN PARTY, a new hodgepodge of northern “Conscience” Whigs and Democrats who shunned the Kansas-Nebraska Act, members of the Free Soil Party, and assorted abolitionists who opposed the extension of slavery into the territories. 1854: win over 100 seats in the House of Representatives

KNOW-NOTHING PARTY (American Party): § born of out a reaction to the increased immigration of Catholics from Germany and Ireland during the 1840s and early 1850s. Believed that immigrants posed a threat to economic and political security of native- born Protestant Americans

o NATIVISTS: nationalists, anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic

o Called for restrictions on immigration, exclusion of foreign- born from voting or holding office, 25-year residency requirement for citizenship

o by 1855 they are the 2nd largest party in the US, then they disappear – ignore the issue of slavery

ELECTION OF 1856

Democrats Republicans Know-Nothing James Buchanan John Fremont Millard Fillmore Supports from southerners, Northern Support, abolitionists. Anti-German and Irish. Do not slaveholders. A supporter of Opposed expansion of slavery, take a stance on slavery popular sovereignty. “Free Soil! Free labor! Fremont!”

Buchanan wins: The election in 1856 brought a weak president to leadership in a badly divided nation.

INCREASING TENSIONS

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe § A fictional novel about the heart-wrenching tale of a slave and life in slavery. Becomes an instant bestseller (300,000 copies – 2nd only to Bible) o Makes the issue of slavery a personal one/moral issue o Slaves are portrayed as people, not property o Northerners see the evils of slavery o "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war.” – Lincoln

§ Southern Reaction: furiously denounce the book an inaccurate and inflammatory à “Wholly false” “Wildly exaggerated”

DRED SCOTT DECISION

Historical circumstances: Dred Scott is a slave who moves with his owner from Missouri to free territories in the North. He then moves back with his owner to Missouri. When his owner dies, the widow allows John Sanford to take ownership of Scott. Dred Scott sues for his freedom, claiming he is no longer a slave because he had become free after living in a free state

Ruling: Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 o African Americans are not citizens, cannot sue in court o Slaves are property. Congress can’t ban property, therefore Congress can’t make laws banning slavery o Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional

Impact: The Dred Scott decision further increased tensions between anti-slavery and pro-slavery groups. For abolitionists who were outraged at the decision, the ruling made it clear where the government stood on slavery and suggested there would never be laws to ban slavery. Southerners saw the decision as a victory, defending their institution of slavery.

PANIC OF 1857 § Financial crisis – sudden downturn in the economy § North is hit hardest and blames the South for supporting low tariffs o South unaffected by the depression – shows the superiority of the slave economy

JOHN BROWN’S RAID § John Brown, an abolitionist, has a plan to raid a federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, WV and arm slaves for a slave rebellion. Brown easily takes the arsenal, but slaves do not rise to support his cause. John Brown is captured, tried, and sentenced to hanging.

§ Southerners view John Brown has a traitor and terrorist, where Northerners celebrate his actions are courageous, treating him as a hero and martyr.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

§ House Divided speech at the Illinois A house divided against itself cannot stand. Senate Republican convention I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. § Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Lincoln

debates Illinois Senate incumbent Stephen I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the Douglas on the issue of slavery in the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. territories. o Lincoln loses, Douglas elected to the It will become all one thing, or all the other. Senate – but Lincoln is propelled into the national spotlight. Widely known Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, for his views on slavery (stop spread) and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, ELECTION OF 1860: till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new—North as well as South. Republican Democrat Democrat Constitutional Union Abraham Lincoln John Breckinridge Stephen Douglas John Bell Prohibit slavery in Support federal slave Oppose federal slave Avoids the slavery issue territories, contain code in territories, code in territories, slavery where it exists support popular support popular sovereignty

ABRAHAM LINCOLN WINS THE ELECTION OF 1860

- Immediately after the Election of 1860, the South secedes from the Union (led by )

- South Carolina votes unanimously to secede, six more states in the lower South join South Carolina (Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, , Texas, )

Southern states name reasons for their secession

- Lincoln’s Election - States’ rights - Slavery

CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION 1860-1877

RECAP: Increasing tension between the North and South over the future of slavery. The Election of 1860 (Lincoln) is the immediate cause of the war. The South secedes.

§ The Civil War Begins: o Fort Sumter, Charleston (SC): Lincoln sends supplies to the fort, Confederate troops fire at Fort Sumter, starting the Civil War o Lincoln declares the South in insurrection and calls for 75,000 troops. VA, NC, TN, AR secede the join the confederacy

LINCOLN’S DECISION TO GO TO WAR

§ To preserve the Union § A political war to uphold the Constitution § Not a moral war to end slavery (yet)

NORTH (Union) SOUTH (Confederacy) Population 22 million 6 million (3 million slaves) Economic § Factories and farms § little industry, mostly cotton producing farms resources § Superior railroad system to supply materials § poor railroad system 70% of the nation’s wealth Military, § Undertrained, inexperienced officers, § Few ships Preparation, mediocre generals § Experiences officers and superior generals Leadership § Strong navy able to blockade (Robert E. Lee, ) § President Lincoln: tireless § Strong military tradition among soldiers § Home field advantage Morale § Indifferent to or against war § Defending their homes, families, way of life § troops far from home Foreign § Recognition as a legitimate government § Lack of support from Britain and other relations nations

General ’s Anaconda Plan § Naval blockade of Confederacy to stop supplies § Gain control of the Mississippi to divide the South in two

Important Battles and Events: Battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Gettysburg NYC Draft Riots, MA 54th Infantry

LINCOLN EXPANDS HIS PRESIDENTIAL POWERS

What the Constitution States What Lincoln did Congress is given the power to raise and Increased the size of the army without Congressional support armies approval No money can be taken from the treasury unless Withdrew $2,000,000 for military purposes without approved by law approval The writ of habeas corpus shall not be Arrested and jailed anti-Unionist giving no reason, no suspended. (the right to be presented to a court permission obtained to be informed of the reason of arrest) No law shall be made about abridging freedom Censored some anti-Union newspapers and had of speech or the press editors and publishers arrested Accused persons have the right to a speedy trial Set up military courts to try Confederate sympathizers and impartial jury in the state or district where the alleged act was committed

§ Freed slaves in areas of rebellion § Did not apply to border states EMANCIPATION § Lincoln’s Reason for the Proclamation: PROCLAMATION o Changes the War aim: becomes a moral war o Union victories in the South would bring emancipation o Would win Union support from Britain

Northern Victory: /Gettysburg Address: turning point of the war, South never recovers

Sherman’s March to the Sea à German Sherman employs a total war strategy: his goal is to destroy the South’s will to fight by destroying everything in his path

April 3, 1865: General Grant takes Richmond, VA

April 9, 1865: General Lee surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, VA

RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR: § 600,000 Americans dead § Southern economy, cities and way of life is destroyed § Slavery in the South is ended § The Union is preserved § The issue of states’ rights, nullification and secession put to rest § Federal government supremacy is upheld

Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Bringing the southern states back into the Union § What is to happen to the southern states? punishment or forgiveness? § Who is responsible for the reconstruction? President, Congress, or southern states? § What is to happen to the freed slaves? They have freedom but nothing else

ABRAHAM LINCOLN President 1860 – 1865 (assassinated) wing of the Republican Party - uncompromising Wins the Election of 1864 under the National opposition to slavery before and during the Civil Union Party (attempt to bring the nation War and a vigorous campaign to secure rights together). Vice President = for freed slaves during Reconstruction. (TN) § A quick and peaceful restoration of the § to punish the south and protect south equality for Blacks § Lenient: “With malice toward none, charity § based on the belief that the South did for all… to bind up the nation’s wounds” secede and can only be readmitted into the § Based on the belief that the South did not Union by Congress secede – Southerners rebelled § Wade-Davis Bill: if a majority of the voting § Ten Percent Plan: if 10% of the voting population of 1860 pledges their loyalty to population of 1860 pledges their loyalty to the United States and accepts the end of PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTIONFOR PLANS the United States and accepts the end of slavery, a new state government can form slavery, a new state government can be and the state can be brought back into the formed and a state can be brought back into union (Lincoln: kills the bill with a pocket the Union veto)

Andrew Johnson: becomes President when Lincoln is assassinated. A Southern democrat from who stayed loyal to the Union. Chosen to be Lincoln’s Vice President in 1864 to show unity (National Union Party). Hated by Southerners and distrusted by Northerners and Republicans. Adopts as lenient plan similar to Lincolns à RADICAL REPUBLICANS FURIOUS.

By the summer of 1866, Johnson had lost support within the Republican Party for his Reconstruction policies. Johnson was too lenient on the South. In the congressional elections, the anti-Johnson Republicans won two-thirds of both houses, thus sealing Johnson's doom and giving his opponents enough power to override his program.

§ Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: power struggle between President Johnson and Radical Republicans in Johnson. Republicans pass the Tenure of Office Act to trap Andrew Johnson (impeachment charges against him when he violates it). o Disagreement over Reconstruction between Johnson and Radical Republicans leads to the impeachment o Johnson is saved, but Presidency is weakened o Avoided a dangerous precedent of the legislative branch being more supreme

13TH AMENDMENT 14TH AMENDMENT 15TH AMENDMENT Abolished slavery Granted all African Gave all African American Americans citizenship men the right to vote

Other Gains & Losses:

GAINS LOSSES

Military Reconstruction Act: Sharecropping: employed former slaves and poor whites to divided the south into five military work plots of land owned by a landlord, freedmen were often districts, each commanded by a Union bound to the land and endured cycles of poverty general and policed by Union soldiers. Black codes: a series of laws restricting the freedom and Freedman’s Bureau: to provide rights of blacks. assistance to the freed slaves of the South - food, clothing, medicine, KKK: used violence, terror and intimidation to prevent education freedmen from exercising their rights

Civil Rights Act of 1866: protect Literacy tests: forced African Americans to take a blacks against black codes (passed reading/writing test before voting over Johnson’s veto) Poll taxes: pay a tax before voting

Grandfather clause: could vote if you grandfather voted

Voter restriction allows Southern democrats to take hold of politics in the South –

Jim Crow Laws: Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Plessy contends that separate rail cars is unconstitutional (against the 14th Amendment). segregation of the races in the south Supreme Court rules separate but equal. Jim Crow Laws and Segregation is LEGAL.

Northerners react with indifference Lose interest in Reconstruction and lose interest in helping Blacks - the general opinion was that Blacks were inferior

Northerners more concerned with jobs

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON

§ Born into slavery in 1856 § Gained and education and founded Tuskegee Institute (1881) in Alabama with the help of northern financing § Washington becomes the leading spokesman for Blacks and is influential in white America. § Atlanta Compromise (1895): famous speech, Washington shares his opinion on racial progress

“Accommodation:” Washington urges Blacks to accept their second class status and prejudice and not fight it

Blacks can move up the social ladder through self-improvement § Learn useful skills and “glorify common labor”

Asks Whites to help Blacks advance – be “patient, faithful, law-abiding”

Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved South after the Civil War to take advantage of opportunity or help former slaves

Scalawags: Southerners who supported Reconstruction

RECONSTRUCTION COMES TO AN END

§ ELECTION OF 1868: ULYSSES S. GRANT elected by Republicans (1869—1877). Presidency is plagued by corruption, bribery and scandal in his cabinet and the Republican party.

§ By 1870s, Democrats win back control of Southern political power

§ Northerners begin to lose interest: Many were fed up with the corruption and inefficiency of government. The war had been over for 10 years – time to let it go. Start of the Industrial Revolution in North changes the focus to economic interests

ELECTION OF 1876 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES (R) vs. SAMUEL TILDEN (D)

§ Tilden wins the popular vote and appears the win the electoral vote à There are disputed electoral votes in 3 southern states still under Republican control (LA, FL, SC)

§ An electoral commission is created (7 Democrats, 8 Republicans) to decide the disputed electoral votes. The Result is a Compromise à The Compromise of 1877

COMPROMISE OF 1877 o Hayes wins the disputed electoral votes and becomes President o The remaining Union troops are removed from the South o Reconstruction comes to an end

“The North won the war but the South won the peace.”

Effects of Reconstruction

§ President Hayes’ withdrawal of federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina marked a major turning point in American political history, effectively ending the and issuing in the system of Jim Crow. § Southern blacks remain poor and without land o Some move north looking for jobs o Some move west () where there is abundant land o Most say in the South picking cotton for whites

§ Southern blacks had gained political rights and then had them taken away à will continue until the 1950s and 1960s

§ Democrats take a solid hold onto Southern political powers (“The ”) à will continue until the 1960s