AMERICAN HISTORY 1 – PACKET #3 COVER SHEET Activities #22-#30

ACTIVITY INTRODUCTION/DIRECTIONS Crash Course US History #13—Youtube #21 All Men Are Created Equal: Power Point and Notes

The Era of Good Feelings: #22 PPT, Notes and Worksheet

Crash Course US History #14 #23 The Age of Jackson: PPT, notes and worksheet Crash Course US History #16 #24 Changing Culture in America: PPT, notes and worksheet Crash Course US History #15 #25 Reform Movements of the 1800s: PPT, notes and worksheet

Crash Course US History #17 #26 Manifest Destiny: PPT, notes and worksheet #27 Crash Course US History #18 Causes of the Civil War: PPT, notes and worksheet #28 Crash Course US History #20 AND #21 Start of the Civil War: PPT, notes and worksheet #29 Crash Course US History #19 The Civil War and Major Battles: PPT, notes and worksheet #30 Crash Course US History #22 Reconstruction: PPT, notes and worksheet

Warm-Up Questions 1.) Which political party was against the War of 1812, which ultimately led to their demise? A.) Democratic-Republicans B.) Federalists C.) Whigs D.) Tories

2.) Why did the US go to war with Britain in 1812? A.) Britain was interfering with US foreign trade B.) Britain refused to give up their forts C.) Britain was becoming too friendly with France D.) Britain was trying to buy the Louisiana Territory

3.) Who attempted to unite Native Americans into a confederation to protect their homeland against white intruders? A.) Mad Anthony Wayne B.) The War Hawks C.) Tecumseh D.) Little Turtle

4.) All of the following happened during the War of 1812 except A.) New Orleans was lost to the British B.) Andrew Jackson became a war hero C.) The White House and the Capital were burned D.) British warships were beaten on the Great Lakes

5.) All of the following were outcomes of the Treaty of Ghent except A.) Restored pre-war boundaries B.) Britain gave compensation to formerly impressed sailors C.) Increased US prestige overseas D.) Generated a new spirit of patriotism

6.) Where did the largest American victory of the War of 1812 happen? A.) Saratoga B.) Washington C.) Gettysburg D.) New Orleans

All Men Are Created Equal? Inequalities in America

1.2 - Analyze Political Freedoms before 1820 The Rise of Democracy

In the late 1700’s, only one group of people had voting privileges in the United States of America. – White Men who owned their own land.

Not coincidentally, the Constitution of the United States was also written by rich white men. – Did not take other groups into account because there was no one at the Constitutional Convention to give other groups a voice The Role of Women

• Very strict and few jobs were available to women. • Abigail Adams had asked her husband to “remember the women” when writing the Constitution. Differences Between the Classes

• There are no nobles in the United States but there are classes of people.

• Upper class often favored over lower class.

• Events like the Whiskey Rebellion showed that poor farmers demanded rights also. Indians/Native Americans

• We keep taking (buying, stealing, overrunning) their land. The acquisition of Native American land becomes the main objective of United States Indian policy in the early 1800’s.

• Tecumseh tried to create an Indian confederation to fight white settlements and oppression. Fought with the British in the War of 1812.

• After his death, confederation idea dies and so does most Indian fighting. • Under Constitution, slaves were counted as 3/5 of a person for sake of state population (Needed to know for House of Slavery Representatives)

• The foreign slave trade was outlawed in 1808

• Most Northern states emancipated (made free) slaves by 1800

• Supporters of slavery called it a “necessary evil”.

• Most slaves work on plantations Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

- In 1791, Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin. - Cotton Gin removed seeds from cotton allowing for more cotton to be produced for textile mills. - Increased the demand for workers (slavery) on cotton farms - Increased the importance of slavery in the 19th century Assignment - Finish the rest of the Vocabulary Words (Eli Whitney and Bill of Rights)

- Finish Study Guide

- Study Guide and Vocabulary Sheet will be collected tomorrow before the Test.

- Turn in any worksheet from Unit 1 that you have not finished. EVEN IF YOU WERE ABSENT, YOU NEED TO MAKE IT UP.

- George Washington Takes The Helm - Treaties and Bonny Johnny - Thomas Jefferson: A Bloodless Revolution - The Real War of Independence? The War of 1812

“All Men Are Created Equal? Inequalities in America” Notes

The Rise of Democracy

In the late ______, only one group of people had voting privileges in the United States of America.

– ______who owned their own ______.

Not coincidentally, the ______of the United States was also written by rich white men.

– Did not take other groups into account because there was no one at the Constitutional Convention to give other groups a voice

The Role of Women

• Very ______and ______were available to women.

• ______had asked her husband to “remember the women” when writing the Constitution.

Differences Between the Classes

• There are no ______in the United States but there are classes of people.

• ______often favored over ______.

• Events like the ______showed that poor farmers demanded ______also.

Indians/Native Americans

• We keep taking (buying, stealing, overrunning) their land. The acquisition of Native American land becomes the main objective of United States ______in the early 1800’s.

• ______tried to create an Indian confederation to fight white settlements and oppression. Fought with the British in the ______.

• After his death, confederation idea dies and so does most Indian fighting.

Slavery

• Under Constitution, slaves were counted as ______of a person for sake of state population (Needed to know for ______)

• The ______was outlawed in ______.

• Most Northern states ______(made free) slaves by _____.

• Supporters of slavery called it a “______”.

• Most slaves work on ______.

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

• In 1791, ______invented the ______.

• Cotton Gin removed s______from cotton allowing for more cotton to be produced for textile mills.

• Increased the demand for workers (______) on cotton farms

• ______the importance of slavery in the 19th century

Warm-Up Question 1.) What is the principal of judicial review? a.) Congress can change court decisions b.) The president can veto a judicial appointment c.) The Supreme Court can overturn the decision of a lower court d.) The Supreme Court can declare a law or act unconstitutional

2.) What was the geographic significance of the Louisiana Purchase? a.) Reduced British control of North America b.) Focused the United States of westward expansion c.) Extended United States control over Mexico d.) Decreased tensions with Native American Indians

3.) What did Washington include in his Farewell Address? a.) Warning of a severe depression b.) Warned of the national government’s strength c.) Warning against political parties c.) Advocating Jefferson as the next President

4.) Which of the following groups had voting privileges in the U.S. in the late 1700’s? a.) Women and African Americans b.) White Women and Native Americans c.) All White Men and Women d.) White men who owned their own land

5.) The idea that a state can declare a federal law unconstitutional is called a.) State Interposition b.) State Sedition c.) States’ Rights d.) Nullification The Era of Good Feelings

2.3 economic & social issues that led to sectionalism and nationalism

2.4 political events, issues & personalities that contributed to sectionalism and nationalism 1817-1825 • James Monroe is elected president in 1816, everyone is a Democratic-Republican

• Federalist party is essentially dead

• Henry Clay/John Calhoun create the American System

– System of internal improvements promoted by the government

– Intended to bring together the Industrial North and Agricultural South

– New Bank of the United States after the War of 1812.

– Protective tariff designed to protect American manufacturers by taxing imports to drive up their prices.

– Internal improvements to transportation, particularly roads and canals.

People settle in the newly acquired Western territories of the United States. Court Cases • Two major cases:

– McCulloch v. Maryland – Case about Maryland’s attempt to tax the Second Bank of the United States. – Decision said that the government has implied powers and a state government could not interfere with an agency of the federal government exercising its specific constitutional powers with a state’s borders. Taxing the national bank was a form of interference and, therefore, unconstitutional.

– Gibbons v. Ogden – Case about a company that had been granted a monopoly by the state of New York to control all steamboat traffic in New York waters. – Decision said the monopoly was unconstitutional and noted that the Constitution gave the federal government control over interstate commerce.

• John Marshall’s decisions will help strengthen the power of the federal government and ensured that their law would take precedence over state laws. Foreign Affairs • Rush-Bagot Treaty sets northern border of the United States with Canada at the 49th parallel

• Adams-Onis Treaty - Spain cedes Florida to the United States and establishes and finalizes the official western border of the Louisiana Purchase.

• Webster-Ashburton Treaty – Resolved several border issues between the United States and Great Britain’s Canadian territories.

• Monroe Doctrine – Declared that the American continents were “henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power” and marked the beginning of a long-term American policy of trying to prevent European powers from interfering with Latin American political affairs.

Sectional Issues

• North • Southern – Industrial – Agricultural – Mass production – Plantations and (Interchangeable small farmers Parts) – Slaves – Lowell system – Low tariff – Market value – Free land – High tariff – Pro-slavery – Anti-slavery – “Cotton is King” Missouri Compromise • In 1820, there were an equal number of free and slave states. This was important in Senate because there was a balance of power with voting concerning slavery.

• Missouri wants to enter as a slave state but no free state ready, so Northern states refuse to let them in.

• Compromise: (Henry Clay)

– Missouri let in as a slave state, Maine as a free state

– Line drawn through the Louisiana Purchase territory at 36’30, all area above, free; all below, slave.

Assignment

• Complete “The Era of Good Feelings” Worksheet.

• Complete the following vocabulary words on your vocabulary list:

– McCulloch vs. Maryland – American System – Monroe Doctrine – Missouri Compromise “The Era of Good Feelings” Notes

1817-1825

• ______is elected president in 1816, everyone is a Democratic-Republican

• ______is essentially dead

• ______create the ______

– System of internal improvements promoted by the government

– Intended to bring together the Industrial North and Agricultural South

– New ______of the United States after the War of 1812.

– Protective ______designed to protect American manufacturers by taxing imports to drive up their prices.

– Internal improvements to ______, particularly roads and canals.

• People settle in the newly acquired ______territories of the United States.

Court Cases

• Two major cases:

– ______

– Case about Maryland’s attempt to tax the ______

– Decision said that a state government could not interfere with an agency of the federal government exercising its specific constitutional powers with a state’s borders. Taxing the national bank was a form of interference and, therefore, unconstitutional.

– ______

– Case about a company that had been granted a monopoly by the state of New York to control all steamboat traffic in New York waters.

– Decision said the ______was unconstitutional and noted that the Constitution gave the federal government control over interstate commerce.

• John Marshall’s decisions will help strengthen the power of the federal government and ensured that their law would take precedence over state laws. Foreign Affairs

• ______sets northern border of the United States with Canada at the 49th parallel

• ______- Spain cedes Florida to the United States and establishes and finalizes the official western border of the Louisiana Purchase.

• ______– Resolved several border issues between the United States and Great Britain’s Canadian territories.

• ______– Declared that the American continents were “henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power” and marked the beginning of a long-term American policy of trying to prevent European powers from interfering with Latin American political affairs.

Sectional Issues

Northern Southern ______Agricultural Mass Production (Interchangeable Parts) Plantations and Small Farmers Lowell System ______Market Value Low Tariff High Tariff Free Land ______Pro-Slavery “______”

Missouri Compromise

• In ______, there were an equal number of free and slave states. This was important in Senate because there was a balance of power with voting concerning slavery.

• ______wants to enter as a slave state but no free state ready, so Northern states refuse to let them in.

• Compromise: (Henry Clay)

– Missouri let in as a slave state, ______as a free state

– Line drawn through the ______territory at 36’30, all area above, free; all below, slave.

“The Era of Good Feelings” Worksheet

1.) Who was elected President of the United States in 1816? What party was he in? What party is essentially dead?

2.) What is the American System? Who created it? What are the internal improvements?

3.) What was the decision made in the case of McCulloch vs. Maryland?

4.) What did John Marshall’s decisions in the two court cases do to the federal government?

5.) What state as admitted to the Union as a free state in the Missouri Compromise?

6.) What is the significance of ‘interchangeable parts’?

7.) Describe the major differences between the North and the South in this time period.

8.) What was the case of Gibbons vs. Ogden about?

9.) Which country did the United States acquire Florida from?

10.) What was the Monroe Doctrine about?

11.) Describe the following treaties:

Rush=Bagot Treaty –

Adams-Onis Treaty –

Webster-Ashburton Treaty – Read the following passages from the “Monroe Doctrine” and fill out the Six C’s of Primary Source Analysis chart regarding the passages. You may use the internet or page 193 in the textbook to assist you.

“The occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”

“We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.”

Six C’s of Primary Source Analysis

Content: Describe the Main Idea. What do you see Citation: Who is the author/creator? When was this here? create?

Context: What is going on in the world, the country, Connections: Link this source with other things that the region, or the locality when this was created? you already know or have learned about.

Communication: Point-of-view/Bias. Is this source Conclusions: How does this source contribute to our reliable? understanding of history?

Unit 2 – ‘The Era of Good Feeling, Jackson, and Manifest Destiny’

“The American Vision” Chapters 7-9

Objectives:

- Analyze the effects of territorial expansion & the admission of new states to the Union between 1801 & 1850

- Describe how the growth of nationalism & sectionalism were reflected in art, literature & language

- Distinguish between the economic & social issues that led to sectionalism & nationalism

- Assess political events, issues & personalities that contributed to sectionalism & nationalism

- Identify the major reform movements & evaluate their effectiveness

- Evaluate the role of religion in the debate over slavery & other social movements & issues

Tentative Unit Schedule:

Wednesday, October 5th: - “The Era of Good Feelings”

Thursday, October 6th: - “Industrial Revolution”

Friday, October 7th: - “The Age of Andrew Jackson”

Monday, October 10th: - “Changing Culture in America”

Tuesday, October 11th: - “Reforms of the 1800’s”

Wednesday, October 12th: - “Manifest Destiny and Territorial Expansion”

Thursday, October 13th: - Study Guide / Review

Friday, October 14th: - Vocabulary Sheets Due - Unit 2 Test Unit 2 – ‘The Era of Good Feeling, Jackson, and Manifest Destiny’ Vocabulary Words

Abolitionism Dorothea Dix

Missouri Compromise John Quincy Adams

William L. Garrison Monroe Doctrine

Seneca Falls Convention Temperance

Andrew Jackson Trail of Tears

American System 54 40 or Fight

Horace Mann Brooke Farm

McCulloch vs. Maryland Nat Turner

Nathaniel Hawthorne Manifest Destiny

Erie Canal Worcester vs. Georgia

Joseph Smith Know-Nothing Party

Henry David Thoreau Charles Finney

James Fennimore Cooper Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Warm-Up Questions 1.) What transportation project from Albany to Buffalo was completed in 1825? a.) Wilderness Road b.) Albany turnpike c.) Intercontintental Railroad d.) Erie Canal

2.) Robert Fulton was to the steamboat as ______was to the telegraph. a.) Eli Whitney b.) Cyrus McCormick c.) John Deere d.) Samuel Morse

3.) Midwestern agriculture received a boost from both the plow and an invention patented by Cyrus McCormick called the a.) Six-row Planter b.) Mechanical Hay Bailer c.) Mechanical Reaper d.) Combine

4.) By the first decade of the 19th century, American manufacturing had been revolutionized by the advent of a.) labor unions b.) interchangeable parts c.) transcontinental railroad d.) the electric engine

5.) What was the purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition? a.) Defeat Indian groups b.) remove French from the West c.) Raise money to buy Louisiana d.) Gather information about the West The Age of Andrew Jackson

2.3 economic & social issues that led to sectionalism and nationalism 2.4 political events, issues and personalities that led to sectionalism and nationalism 1.2 political freedoms available to people • Andrew Jackson wins the popular vote but there is no winner in the electoral college so the election has to go to the House of Representatives. Election of 1824

• John Quincy Adams wins the presidency in 1824 because he won the election in the House of Representatives.

• Andrew Jackson calls this the “corrupt bargain” because Adams gave Henry Clay a cabinet position and he was the speaker of the House of Representatives.

• Andrew Jackson’s supporters form the Democratic party

• John Quincy Adams, son of President John Adams, is a dull president Election of 1828

High voter turnout • Andrew Jackson is the hero to the “Common Man” • Andrew Jackson wins - 1st U.S. President from the West • Inauguration of “King Mob” was the first to be held outdoors and had a crowd of thousands who were let in the White House and destroyed valuable China and furniture. Jackson’s Presidency • Andrew Jackson is called the “Common Man’s President” • Makes government more Democratic • Universal white male suffrage • Spoils system – He chose people he trusted and backed him instead of the most qualified for his cabinet positions – Supported it because he believed it gave the winning party in an election a mandate to select officials from its ranks – Nominating conventions • Leaves out women, slaves and Indians • Henry Clay forms the Whig Party and he despises Andrew Jackson. Whigs vs. Democrats

Whigs favored an expanded activist government while the democrats favored a limited non- interventionist federal government Nullification Crisis • The Tariff of Abominations – The major goal of the tariff was to protect industries in the northern United States which were being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods by putting a tax on them. The South, however, was harmed directly by having to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce, and indirectly because reducing the exportation of British goods to the United States made it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South.

• John C. Calhoun (Vice President) writes the South Carolina Exposition and Protest which stated that if the tariff is not removed, South Carolina will secede from the United States.

• Webster-Haynes debate – Famous debate that took place in Congress over these events

• Andrew Jackson threatens to use federal force if South Carolina tries to secede

• Henry Clay organizes a compromise tariff.

• Shows the fragile relationship between North/South Indian Policy • Andrew Jackson hates Indians • Indian Removal Act, 1830 – Removed Native Americans from their homelands in the South to lands West of the Mississippi River • Cherokees take it to Supreme Court in Worcester vs. Georgia – Ruled that state officials must honor Cherokee property rights – Stated that the Cherokee are an independent nation • Andrew Jackson ignores the ruling – States that they are simply illegal inhabitants of the State of Georgia, not an independent nation

• Trail of Tears – The Cherokee are forced to travel West in a grueling journey that is known as “The Trail of Tears’. Second Bank of the United States

• Andrew Jackson felt like the National Bank was bad for the nation.

• Henry Clay pushes for it to re-charter to hurt Andrew Jackson’s reelection in 1832

• Andrew Jackson wins and decides to kill the bank immediately • Puts money in “pet banks” • Leads to a financial crisis Martin Van Buren

• Andrew Jackson’s 2nd Vice President and hand-picked successor wins election in 1836 • Blamed for the financial crisis and recession (Panic of 1837)

William Henry Harrison & John Tyler • War hero William Henry Harrison becomes the first Whig president – Used the famous slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler, too”. He was a famous for the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe in which Harrison defeated Tecumseh and John Tyler was Harrison's running mate. – Whigs chose him instead of Henry Clay because he was a popular war hero like Andrew Jackson.

• William Henry Harrison died from pneumonia only one month after election.

• John Tyler becomes the first Vice President to become President because of a President’s death Assignment

- Complete “Victory for the Common People” and “Cherokee Indians Protest” Worksheet. Then answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper and turn them in stapled to your worksheet.

1.) How did John Quincy Adams win the presidency in 1824?

2.) Andrew Jackson accused John Q. Adams of winning through a “corrupt bargain”. What did he mean by this?

3.) What did the Supreme Court rule in Worcester vs. Georgia?

4.) What did Andrew Jackson believe about the spoils system?

5.) Which President was known as the “Common Man’s President”?

6.) What part of the government did Andrew Jackson feel was bad for the nation? “The Age of Andrew Jackson” Notes

Election of 1824

• Andrew Jackson wins the popular vote but there is no winner in the ______so the election has to go to the House of Representatives.

• John Quincy Adams wins the presidency in 1824 because he won the election in the ______

• Andrew Jackson calls this the “______” because Adams gave Henry Clay a cabinet position and he was the speaker of the House of Representatives.

• Andrew Jackson’s supporters form the ______

• ______, son of President John Adams, is a dull president

Election of 1828

 High voter turnout  Andrew Jackson is the hero to the “______”  Andrew Jackson wins - 1st U.S. President from the ______ Inauguration of “______” was the first to be held outdoors and had a crowd of thousands who were let in the White House and destroyed valuable China and furniture.

Jackson’s Presidency

• Andrew Jackson is called the “Common Man’s President”

• Makes government more ______

• Universal white male suffrage

• ______

– He chose people he trusted and backed him instead of the most qualified for his cabinet positions

– Supported it because he believed it gave the winning party in an election a mandate to select officials from its ranks

– ______

• Leaves out women, slaves and ______

• Henry Clay forms the ______and he despises Andrew Jackson.

Nullification Crisis

• The Tariff of ______

– The major goal of the tariff was to protect industries in the northern United States which were being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods by putting a tax on them. The South, however, was harmed directly by having to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce, and indirectly because reducing the exportation of British goods to the United States made it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South.

• ______(Vice President) writes the ______and Protest which stated that if the tariff is not removed, South Carolina will secede from the United States.

• Webster-Haynes debate – Famous debate that took place in Congress over these events

• Andrew Jackson threatens to use federal force if South Carolina tries to secede

• ______organizes a compromise tariff.

• Shows the fragile relationship between North/South

Indian Policy

• Andrew Jackson hates Indians

• ______, 1830

– Removed Native Americans from their homelands in the South to lands West of the Mississippi River

• Cherokees take it to Supreme Court in ______

– Ruled that state officials must honor Cherokee property rights

– Stated that the Cherokee are an independent nation

• Andrew Jackson ignores the ruling

– States that they are simply illegal inhabitants of the State of Georgia, not an independent nation

• ______

– The ______are forced to travel West in a grueling journey that is known as “The Trail of Tears’.

Second Bank of the United States

• Andrew Jackson felt like the ______was bad for the nation.

• Henry Clay pushes for it to re-charter to hurt Andrew Jackson’s reelection in ______

• Andrew Jackson wins and decides to kill the bank immediately

• Puts money in “pet banks”

• Leads to a ______

Martin Van Buren

• Andrew Jackson’s 2nd ______hand-picked successor wins election in 1836

• Blamed for the financial crisis and recession (______)

William Henry Harrison & John Tyler

• War hero ______becomes the first Whig president

– Used the famous slogan “______”. He was a famous for the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe in which Harrison defeated Tecumseh and John Tyler was Harrison's running mate.

– Whigs chose him instead of Henry Clay because he was a popular war hero like Andrew Jackson.

• William Henry Harrison died from pneumonia only ______after election.

• ______becomes the first Vice President to become President because of a President’s death Victory for the Common People

When Andrew Jackson became President, it was a victory for the common people. He felt as the people were important in governing, like President Thomas Jefferson had. Andrew Jackson was often described as a “man of the people”. As President, he gave more people a voice in America’s government. However, “Jacksonian Democracy” was far from perfect. Some groups of people were not given their full rights as citizens. Some of President Jackson’s decisions reflected the spirit of democracy while others did not.

Directions: Decide if you think each of the following events reflect America’s spirit of Democracy.

Definition of Democracy: ______

Spoils System: Andrew Jackson chose people for his cabinet who were not necessarily wealthy or highly educated, but those whom he considered loyal.

I (DO / DO NOT) believe that Andrew Jackson’s choice of a cabinet reflects the spirit of democracy because… ______

Nominating Conventions: Jackson set up a new system of choosing Presidential candidates. People from all parts of the country and all walks of life came as delegates to national nominating conventions.

I (DO / DO NOT) believe the nominating conventions reflect the spirit of democracy because… ______

Slavery: Andrew Jackson owned slaves on his plantation in the South.

I (DO / DO NOT) believe that this fact reflects the spirit of democracy because… ______

Bank War: Jackson closed the Bank of the United States in 1836 because he believed it was too powerful and only benefited the rich.

I (DO / DO NOT) believe that Jackson’s decision to close the bank reflects the spirit of democracy because… ______

Indian Removal Act: Jackson ordered the forced removal of Native Americans from their homes in the South so that white settlers could set up plantations.

I (DO / DO NOT) believe that Jackson’s choice reflects the spirit of democracy because… ______Cherokee Indians Protest

During the 1830’s, as a result of the Indian Removal Act, thousands of southeastern Indians were driven from their houses and forced to march to Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River. In 1838, the U.S. Army drove more than 15,000 Cherokees westward in a land they had never seen. The Cherokees trekked hundreds of miles over a period of several months. They had little food or shelter. Thousands died during the march, mostly children and the elderly. In all, about one fourth of the Indians died. The Cherokee’s long, sorrowful journey west came to be known as the “Trail of Tears”.

Directions: Pretend you are a Cherokee on the “Trail of Tears”.

1.) Write a protest letter to President Jackson explaining why you think his Indian Removal policy is unjust.

Dear President Jackson,

______

Sincerely, ______

1.) Write a journal entry describing your painful journey to your new home.

Dear Journal,

______

Sincerely, ______“Changing Culture in America” Notes Immigrants

• 1815-1860

• Over 5 million ______travel to America

• ______(Ireland)

– Largest wave of immigrants

– nearly ______

– Potato famine in 1845

• ______(Germany)

– 2nd largest group of immigrants

– ______

– Escape violence, repressions, & failed revolutionaries Nativism

• ______is to oppose immigration and have feelings of hostility towards foreigners

• A secret society called the ______formed in 1849

• Protested the rise of Irish, German, and especially ______immigration to America

• Saw Catholics as dangerous and illegal voters under control of the ______in Rome

• Membership was secret and those questioned replied “I know nothing”

• Became known as the “______”

– The “Know-Nothing Party” demanded an end to immigration into the United States The Second Great Awakening

• Commitment to organized religion was weakening in America

• 1800’s revive American commitment to ______

• Salvation through ______

• Religion as American ______

• Started several reform movements

– ______Movement

– ______Movement The Message

• Individuals must readmit ______and ______into their daily lives

• All could attain grace through ______Charles Grandison Finney

• Advocate of Second Great Awakening • Worked for the ______of the larger society

• Everybody had the capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation

• Founded modern ______

• Warned against using ______to change society Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

• ______

• Founded by ______in 1830

• Published The Book of Mormon

• ______became the leader and they moved to ______

• Believe in building the kingdom of God on Earth Utopian Communities

• Believed that society tended to corrupt human nature

• Way to a better life was to separate themselves from society and form their own utopia, or ideal society

• Cooperative living and the absence of private property

– ______

• A Massachussetts commune that wanted to create a perfect union between intellect and manual labor but failed because nobody wanted to ______

– ______

• Believed it liberated women from the demands of male "lust" and from traditional bonds of family. Shakers

• Religious group

• Social & spiritual equality

• Did not believe in ______or having ______so their group dissolved Literature

• ______:

– Feeling over reason

– Inner spirituality over external rules,

– ______over ______

– Nature over environments created by humans

• ______:

– New England writers – Overcome limits of the ______– Let their ______reach out

Name ______“Changing Culture in America” Worksheet

1.) In what ways did Henry David Thoreau’s ideas influence leaders like Martin Luther King?

2.) What did the painters of the Hudson River School seek to do?

3.) In his essay, Resistance to Civil Government, Henry David Thoreau claimed that an individual should do what?

4.) In the 1820’s and 1830’s, Protestant revival evangelists like Charles Finney worked for the reform of what?

5.) Why were James Fennimore Cooper’s novels “The Last of the Mohicans” and “The Pathfinder” considered the first American novels?

6.) What did people who formed utopian communities believe?

7.) Which religious group was founded by Joseph Smith?

8.) What were Alexis de Tocqueville and Nathanial Hawthorne each famous for?

9.) Which Massachusetts commune wanted to create a perfect union between intellect and manual labor, but failed because nobody wanted to work?

10.) Which two countries did America have the most immigrants from? How many from each country?

11.) What did the “Know-Nothing Party” believe in and desire to do?

12.) What did the Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner believe? What is nativism? Match the writer/artist with the work that they are most known for.

1.) Ralph Waldo Emerson ______A.) Paintings that glorify American landscape

2.) James Fennimore Cooper ______B.) “The Raven” and “Tell-Tale Heart”

3.) Nathanial Hawthorne ______C.) “Democracy in America”

4.) Washington Irving ______D.) “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle”

5.) Noah Webster ______E.) “Webster’s Dictionary”

6.) Edgar Allen Poe ______F.) “The Scarlett Letter” and “The House of Seven Gables”

7.) Hudson River School ______G.) “The Last of the Mohicans” and “The Pathfinder”

8.) Alexis de Tocqueville ______H.) “Resistance to Civil Government”

9.) Henry David Thoreau ______I.) “In Nature”

Quick Write

James Fennimore Cooper was known for his work that focused on themes of the frontier and other prominent aspects of American culture. In general, his work was often adventurous and about the West or the United States in general. His work promoted Nationalism in the United States because it was so pro-America and not about Great Britain like many other works of this time. Because of these characteristics about his writing, his work was often considered the first “American” novels.

What types of things do you think could be included into writing to be considered “American”? Write your own explanation of different examples of things that could be included to exemplify a truly “American” piece of writing OR give a short example of “American” writing with your own short pro-America story.

______“Changing Culture in America” Writer/Artist Table

Artist Famous Work Other

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Henry David Thoreau

James Fennimore Cooper

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Noah Webster

Washington Irving

Alexis de Tocqueville

Edgar Allen Poe

Hudson River School

Warm-Up Questions 1.) John Quincy Adams won the presidency in 1824 because a.) he won the most popular votes b.) he won the majority of votes in the Electoral College c.) he won the election in the Senate d.) he won the election in the House of Representatives

2.) In the election of 1824, supporters of Andrew Jackson accused John Quincy Adams of winning through a “corrupt bargain”, in which Adams gave a.) Henry Clay a bribe b.) Henry Clay a cabinet position c.) William Crawford a bribe d.) William Crawford a government job

3.) In Worcester vs. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled a.) the national bank was unconstitutional b.) the national bank was constitutional c.) state officials must honor Cherokee property rights d.) state officials need not honor Cherokee property rights

4.) Andrew Jackson supported the spoils system because he believed it

a.)brought the country’s most educated people into government

b.) gave the winning party in an election a mandate to select officials from its ranks c.) encouraged good workers to stay in their government jobs d.) attracted young thinkers into the government

5.) Who was known as the Common Man’s President? ______

6.) What part of the national government did Andrew Jackson feel was bad for the nation? ______

7.) Which Indian group had to walk the Trail of Tears? ______

A.) Transportation project from Albany to buffalo, Vocabulary Quiz completed in 1825.

1.) Missouri Compromise B.) The principle that the Supreme Court can declare a law or act unconstitutional.

2.) McCulloch vs. Maryland C.) The leaders behind this were Henry Clay and John Calhoun 3.) Monroe Doctrine D.) Won the Presidency in 1824 because he won the 4.) American System election in the House of Representatives

E.) States that the Western Hemisphere is off-limits to 5.) Erie Canal European powers

F.) Common Man’s President 6.) Andrew Jackson G.) The solution to admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to the Union. 7.) Trail of Tears H.) Case in which Supreme Court ruled that state officials 8.) Worcester vs. Georgia must honor Cherokee property rights

I.) Supreme Court case that stated that the government has 9.) John Quincy Adams implied powers

J.) The Cherokee Indians had to walk this when they were 10.) Judicial Review removed from their homes in the South and sent to live West of the Mississippi River. Changing Culture in America

Objectives: 2.02- Explain how the growth of nationalism and sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, and language Immigrants

• 1815-1860

• Over 5 million immigrants travel to America

• Irish (Ireland) – Largest wave of immigrants – nearly 2 million – Potato famine in 1845

• German (Germany) – 2nd largest group of immigrants – 1.5 million – Escape violence, repressions, & failed revolutionaries

Nativism

• Nativism is to oppose immigration and have feelings of hostility towards foreigners

• A secret society called the Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner formed in 1849 • Protested the rise of Irish, German, and especially Roman Catholic immigration to America • Saw Catholics as dangerous and illegal voters under control of the Pope in Rome • Membership was secret and those questioned replied “I know nothing”

• Became known as the “Know-Nothing Party” – The “Know-Nothing Party” demanded an end to immigration into the United States

The Second Great Awakening

• Commitment to organized religion was weakening in America • 1800’s revive American commitment to religion • Salvation through faith • Religion as American Culture • Started several reform movements – Abolition Movement – Temperance Movement

The Message

• Individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives • All could attain grace through faith Charles Grandison Finney • Advocate of Second Great Awakening • Worked for the reform of the larger society • Everybody had the capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation • Founded modern revivalism • Warned against using politics to change society

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

• Mormons • Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 • Published The Book of Mormon • Brigham Young became the leader and they moved to Utah • Believe in building the kingdom of God on Earth Utopian Communities • Believed that society tended to corrupt human nature • Way to a better life was to separate themselves from society and form their own utopia, or ideal society • Cooperative living and the absence of private property

– Brooke Farm • A Massachussetts commune that wanted to create a perfect union between intellect and manual labor but failed because nobody wanted to work

– Onedia Community • Believed it liberated women from the demands of male "lust" and from traditional bonds of family. Shakers

• Religious group • Social & spiritual equality • Did not believe in marrying or having children so their group dissolved Literature • Romanticism: – Feeling over reason – Inner spirituality over external rules, – Individual over society – Nature over environments created by humans

– Transcendentalism: • New England writers • Overcome limits of the mind • Let their souls reach out Ralph Waldo Emerson

• Most influential transcendentalist

• Wrote “In Nature” in 1836 – Communion with the natural world Henry David Thoreau

• Wrote “Resistance to Civil Government” – Encouraged people to refuse to obey unjust laws – Promoted civil disobedience – Influence for Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ghandi (All advocated non-violent resistance) James Fennimore Cooper

• His most famous work was “The Last of the Mohicans” in 1826

• Also wrote “The Pathfinder” and a series of stories called“The Leather Stocking Tales”

• His work was often adventurous and about the West or the United States in general.

• He focused on themes of the frontier that were prominent in American culture so his work was often considered the first “American” novels

• Promoted Nationalism in the United States because his work was not about Great Britain

Nathaniel Hawthorne

• Wrote many prominent short stories in early American literature

– Two major romances • The Scarlett Letter • The House of Seven Gables

– Used a styled called “Dark Romanticism” where guilt, sin, and evil are inherent qualities of the people

Noah Webster

• Textbook author • Spelling reformer • “Father of American Scholarship and Education” • Wrote “Webster’s Dictionary” • American English (not British)

Washington Irving

• Nicknamed “Father of the American Short Story”

• Wrote famous works such as • “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” • “Rip Van Winkle”

Alexis de Tocqueville

• French – Sent by French government to study American prison system but studied American society instead. Very important person to democracy.

• Wrote “Democracy in America”

• Noticed uniquely American ideas: – Individualism – Capitalism

Edgar Allen Poe • Famous for writing poems and short stories

• “The Raven”

• “Tell-Tale Heart”

Hudson River School

• Landscape paintings • Mid-1800s • Romanticism • American Art • Wanted to Glorify American Landscape Assignment

- Complete “Changing Culture in America” Worksheet

- Complete the Vocabulary Words for today. - Brooke Farm - Nathaniel Hawthorne - Joseph Smith - Know-Nothing Party - Henry David Thoreau - Charles Finney - James Fennimore Cooper

Warm-Up Questions

1.) In what ways did Henry David Thoreau’s ideas influence leaders like Martin Luther King? a.) He questioned government’s authority b.) He advocated non-violent disobedience c.) He urged religious worship d.) he urged revolts against bad government

2.) What did the painters of the Hudson River School seek to do? a.) Preserve scenes of battles b.) Show the brutality of slavery c.) Show patriotic scenes d.) Glorify the American landscape

3.) In “Resistance to Civil Government”, Henry David Thoreau claimed that an individual should a.) not pay a poll tax b.) refuse to obey unjust laws c.) refuse the artificial constraints of government d.) obey only elected officials

4.) In the 1820’s and 1830’s, Protestant revival evangelists like Charles Finney a.) proclaimed the possibility of salvation for only a select, chosen few b.) called for a crusade against immoral television c.) worked for the reform of the larger society d.) worked for the Catholic Church

5.) Joseph Smith founded which religious group? a.) Methodists b.) Mormons c.) Lutherans d.) Church of Latter Day Smiths

6.) The Know-Nothing Party a.) Wanted to limit the rights of freed slaves b.) Demanded an end to immigration in the U.S c.) Backed the early efforts to form unions d.) Supported the farmers against the railroad Reform Movements of the 1800’s

2.05-Identify the major reform movements and evaluate their effectiveness

2.06-Evaluate the role of religion in the debate over slavery and other movements and issues

Temperance Movement

• Campaign against the use of alcohol. The goal of the movement was to abolish alcohol. • Middle-class reform movement. • Believed – Alcohol led to loss of self-control – Alcohol led to violence in the family • Several states enacted prohibition laws, which were quickly repealed • In general, this movement led to a great decrease in the amount of alcohol consumed in the United States Prison Reform

• Believed in rehabilitating prisoners rather than just locking up

• Chance to meditate and think about wrongdoings

• Penitentiaries: prisoners would work to achieve remorse Dorothea Dix • Mental health institutions reform

• School teacher from Boston

• She became concerned with the conditions the mentally ill were enduring – Held in prisons – Chained in attics, cellars, and basements – Beaten into submission

• Campaigned & convinced 9 southern states to create hospitals for the mentally ill and insane – Her campaigning improved the lives of thousands of mentally ill people Horace Mann and Schools/Education Reform

• Lawyer from Massachusetts

• Appointed as first US Secretary of Education in 1837

• Believed in compulsory education and that every person was entitled to an education at the public’s expense

• Pioneered: – Graded schools – Uniform curricula – Teacher training colleges Women’s Rights Movement

• Married women wanted the right to own and sell their own property • Women wanted custody of their children • Wanted rights to higher education • Wanted the right to vote The Cult of Domesticity

• Promoted by Catherine Beecher • Middle class women no longer helped with the family business • Expected to stay home and take care of the house and children and maintain morals and religious education • Books, magazines, and songs romanticized and idealized a woman’s role in the home • Working class and poor women were still expected to work and take care of the household Seneca Falls Convention

• 1848

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

• Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York

• 260 women and 40 men met and passed a series of resolutions proclaiming women’s equality

• The convention issued a Declaration of Sentiments (Very similar to Declaration of Independence), demanding political, social, & economic equality. Susan B. Anthony

• Women’s suffragette - Fought for women’s right to vote, eventually leads to 19th amendment

Abolitionist Movement

• Reform movement for abolition of Slavery

• North vs. South

• Strongly opposed slavery and believed that all enslaved humans should be freed immediately

• 2nd Great Awakening – Sin/Evil = Slavery

Gradualism

• Slavery ended gradually – Stop new slaves from entering – Phase out slavery in North, upper South, finally lower South – Compensation for losses – Help economy adjust Colonization

• Send African Americans back to Africa – Liberia • American Colonization Society • Too expensive & many African Americans considered America their home Lucretia Mott

• Active Abolitionist – Raised money – Distributed anti-slavery literature – Collected signatures for petitions to Congress

• Faced opposition from men from the South William Lloyd Garrison

• 1831 Founded The Liberator

• Pledged his dedication to the immediate and complete abolition of slavery in the South

• Founded the American Antislavery Society Nat Turner Slave Rebellion

• 1831 – Nat Turner, a well-educated minister in Virginia, led a about 70 slaves in a revolt in southeastern Virginia, killing 55 whites

• He and most of his followers were captured and 20, including him, were hanged

• In retaliation, over 100 African-Americans who had nothing to do with the revolt were killed by angry whites

• Served as a lesson to white southerners that After this attack, printed slave insurrections were an ever-present threat abolitionist material was forbidden in the south Non-Violent Movements

• Frederick Douglas and Sojourner Truth were speakers for the American Anti-Slavery Society that W. L. Garrison helped found

• Both were escaped slaves who believed abolition was the only way to end the violence of slave revolts Underground Railroad

• Harriet Tubman was a leader of the Underground Railroad

– This was a network of people who helped slaves escape to the north by providing hiding places, food, clothes, money, and guide Underground railroad Map of Underground railroad Assignment - Complete “Reform Movements of the 1800’s” Worksheet

- Finish the following vocabulary words on a separate sheet of papaer

- Abolitionism - Dorothea Dix - William L. Garrison - Temperance - Seneca Falls Convention - Horace Mann - Nat Turner

“Reform Movements of the 1800’s” Notes

Temperance Movement

• Campaign against the use of alcohol. The goal of the movement was to ______.

• Middle-class reform movement.

• Believed

– Alcohol led to loss of ______

– Alcohol led to ______in the family

• Several states enacted ______laws, which were quickly repealed

• In general, this movement led to a great decrease in the amount of alcohol consumed in the United States

Prison Reform

• Believed in ______prisoners rather than just locking up

• Chance to ______and think about wrongdoings

• ______: prisoners would work to achieve remorse

Dorothea Dix

• ______institutions reform

• School teacher from Boston

• She became concerned with the conditions the mentally ill were enduring

– Held in prisons

– Chained in attics, cellars, and basements

– Beaten into submission

• Campaigned & convinced ______southern states to create ______for the mentally ill and insane

– Her campaigning improved the lives of thousands of mentally ill people Horace Mann and Schools/Education Reform

• Lawyer from Massachusetts

• Appointed as first US Secretary of ______in 1837

• Believed in ______and that every person was entitled to an education at the public’s expense

• Pioneered:

– Graded schools

– Uniform curricula

– Teacher training ______

Women’s Rights Movement

• Married women wanted the right to ______and ______their own property

• Women wanted ______of their children

• Wanted rights to higher education

• Wanted the right to ______The Cult of Domesticity

• Promoted by ______

• Middle class women no longer helped with the family business

• Expected to stay ______and take care of the house and children and maintain morals and religious education

• Books, magazines, and songs romanticized and idealized a woman’s role in the home

• Working class and poor women were still expected to work and take care of the ______Seneca Falls Convention

• 1848

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

• ______Convention in Seneca Falls, New York

• 260 women and 40 men met and passed a series of resolutions proclaiming women’s ______

• The convention issued a ______(Very similar to Declaration of Independence), demanding political, social, & economic equality. Susan B. Anthony

• Women’s ______

- Fought for women’s right to vote, eventually leads to ______amendment

Abolitionist Movement

• Reform movement for abolition of ______

• North vs. South

• Strongly opposed slavery and believed that all enslaved humans should be ______

• 2nd Great Awakening

– ______= Slavery Gradualism

• Slavery ended ______

– Stop new slaves from entering

– Phase out slavery in ______, upper South, finally lower ______

– Compensation for losses

– Help ______adjust

Colonization

• Send African Americans back to Africa

– ______

• ______

• Too expensive & many African Americans considered America their home Lucretia Mott

• Active ______

– Raised money

– Distributed anti-slavery literature

– Collected signatures for petitions to Congress

• Faced opposition from ______

William Lloyd Garrison

• 1831 Founded ______

• Pledged his dedication to the immediate and complete abolition of slavery in the South

• Founded the American Antislavery Society Nat Turner Slave Rebellion

• 1831 – ______, a well-educated minister in Virginia, led a about 70 slaves in a revolt in southeastern Virginia, killing ______whites

• He and most of his followers were captured and 20, including him, were ______

• In retaliation, over 100 African-Americans who had nothing to do with the revolt were killed by angry whites

• Served as a lesson to white southerners that ______were an ever-present threat

• After this attack, printed abolitionist material was ______in the south Non-Violent Movements

• ______and ______were speakers for the American Anti-Slavery Society that W. L. Garrison helped found

• Both were escaped slaves who believed abolition was the only way to end the violence of slave revolts

Underground Railroad

• ______was a leader of the ______

– This was a network of people who helped slaves escape to the north by providing hiding places, food, clothes, money, and guide

“Reform Movements of the 1800’s” Worksheet

1.) What was the purpose of the Seneca Falls Declaration?

2.) What was the goal of the Temperance Movement?

3.) What did supporters of the prison reform movement believe in?

4.) What did Abolitionists believe in?

5.) Which reform was Horace Mann responsible for?

6.) What did William Lloyd Garrison pledge his dedication to?

7.) What lesson did white Southerners learn from the Nat Turner Rebellion?

8.) Which reform was Dorothea Dix responsible for?

9.) What was the Underground Railroad? Who was one of the leaders?

10.) What was the Nat Turner Slave Rebellion? What resulted because of it?

11.) What is the Cult of Domesticity and what type of role did it promote for women?

12.) What did Horace Mann believe about Schools/Education reform?

13.) Explain the ideas of gradualism and colonization. What did they mean for slavery? The following are examples of posters, cartoons, or flyers that were made public during the 1800’s to promote different movements or reforms and their beliefs. On the lines underneath each of the following pictures, indicate which picture is for which movement.

______

Create your own poster, cartoon, or flyer for one of the movements or reforms of the 1800’s. These may include, but are not limited to, the Abolitionist Movement, Women’s Rights Movement, Prison Reform, or Temperance Movement. Please put effort into this and color.

Pop Quiz Questions 1.) What was the purpose of the Seneca Falls Declaration? a.) Women’s rights b.) Westward expansion c.)Tariffs d.) Abolition

2.) What was the goal of the Temperance Movement? a.) preventing future wars b.) communal living c.) women’s rights d.) abolish alcohol

3.) Abolitionists believed in a.) utopian living b.) black codes c.) opposing slavery d.) institutional reform

4.) Horace Mann championed which of the following reforms a.) schools and education b.) prisons c.) elections d.) mental hospitals

5.) William Lloyd Garrison pledged his dedication a.) shipping freed blacks to Africa b.) the immediate abolition of slavery in the South c.) preventing the expansion of slavery d.) outlawing the slave trade

6.) Dorothea Dix championed which of the following reforms a.) schools/education b.) prisons c.) elections d.) mental health institutions

Manifest Destiny and Territorial Expansion

2.1: Effects of territorial expansion and the admission of new states to the Union • Idea that God had given the continent to Americans and wanted them to settle Manifest Destiny western land

• Resulted in the annexation of much of the continent

• Previous actions suggest that this idea had existed for some time. – Louisiana Purchase – War of 1812 – Indian Removal Act – Fort Laramie Treaty The Mormon Migration • Religious group founded by Joseph Smith in 1827

• Smith is killed by a mob

• Brigham Young takes over and takes them to Salt Lake, Utah on a trail that became a valuable route westward (Mormon Trail) to escape persecution and have religious freedom • Mountain men like Kit Carson and Jim Bridger made their living by trapping beavers in the Oregon tough Western terrain and selling their furs to traders. They were able to create several East to West trails that helped settlers travel.

• The Panic of 1837 financial crisis created interest in settling in new areas with different economic opportunities

• Oregon Trail became a major wagon route to the West

• Donner Party traveled West with wagons and tried to find a quicker route but got trapped by snow in the Sierra Nevada and many starved to death. James K. Polk

• The main issue in Polk’s 1844 presidential campaign was his commitment to territorial expansion of the United States. Served as President from 1844 to 1849.

• He was known as the “Expansionist President”

• He was elected in 1844 with the slogan “54’40 or Fight” – This slogan meant that he wanted all of Oregon to the 54’40 north latitude line or he was willing to go to war with Britain for it

• Stephen Austin takes settlers to Texas owned by Mexico

• Mexico tries to regain power there Texas because they distrusted the American settlers and feared there was an American plot to acquire Texas

• Texans declare war • The Texans defended the Alamo for nearly two weeks creating enough time for Sam Houston to organize an army to defeat the Mexicans

• The Texans declared independence, became the Republic of Texas and elected Sam Houston as their President

• Also voted to join the United States but it took several years because Congress could not agree on whether Texas should be a slave state or free state Mexican War

• Texas joins the United States in 1845 because of Polk’s election

• A border dispute at the Rio Grande River causes the Mexican War

• General Zachary Taylor sent by Polk to the Rio Grande to defend against the Mexican invasion

• United States wins the war and gets the Mexican Cession in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - Has to pay 15 million to Mexico

The New American Territories

• California Gold Rush – The Gold Rush of 1849 (Forty-Niners) saw many of the newly acquired Western territories get populated by those looking for financial gain by finding gold.

• The Wilmot Proviso – Would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future, including the Mexican Cession, but after passing in the House of Representatives, it did not pass in the Senate. This was one of the major events leading up to the Civil War because it created another conflict between the North and South. Territory Recap

• Annexation of Texas – After fighting Mexico for their independence, Texas joined the United States in 1845 when James K. Polk was elected as the President of the United States

• Territory of the Original 13 States – Acquired in 1783 from Great Britain in the Revolutionary War

• Gadsden Purchase – Purchased the region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from Mexico in a treaty signed by James Gadsden, the American ambassador to Mexico at the time, after he was sent to negotiate by President Franklin Pierce, on December 30, 1853

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Ended the Mexican War in 1848 and exchanged the Western territory of the United States that includes California with Mexico for 15 million dollars

• Oregon Territory – Originally claimed by multiple countries, it was officially divided in 1846 in an agreement between the United States and Great Britain.

Territory Recap Continued • Louisiana Purchase – In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte and France sold this large portion of land just West of the Mississippi that encompasses part of 15 future states to Thomas Jefferson and the United States for only 15 million dollars.

• Webster–Ashburton Treaty – The treaty was signed on August 9, 1842, by Secretary of State Daniel Webster under President John Tyler. The treaty resolved several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies in Canada. It resolved a dispute over the location of the Maine–New Brunswick border and established the border between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods.

• Adams-Onis Treaty – Created the official border between American land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase and the Spanish colonies in North America in 1819 during the Presidency of James Monroe. The treaty also included the cession of Spanish land to the United States in three major areas – East Florida, West Florida, and the Orleans Territory (part of the future state of Louisiana).

• Treaty of 1818 – Treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain under President James Monroe in which the United States obtained the southern portion (south of the 49th parallel) of the “Rupert’s Land” in Canada.

Assignment

• Complete “Manifest Destiny and Territorial Expansion” Worksheet. This includes the map activity on the map so do not turn it in until you are complete.

• New Vocabulary Words

- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - 54’40 or Fight - Manifest Destiny

“Manifest Destiny and Territorial Expansion” Notes

Manifest Destiny

• Idea that ______had given the continent to Americans and wanted them to settle ______land

• Resulted in the ______of much of the continent

• Previous actions suggest that this idea had existed for some time.

– ______, War of 1812, Indian Removal Act, Fort Laramie Treaty

The Mormon Migration

• Religious group founded by ______in 1827

• Smith is killed by a ______

• Brigham Young takes over and takes them to Salt Lake, Utah on a trail that became a valuable route westward (______) to escape persecution and have religious freedom

Oregon

• ______like Kit Carson and Jim Bridger made their living by trapping beavers in the tough Western terrain and selling their furs to traders. They were able to create several East to West trails that helped settlers travel.

• The Panic of 1837 financial crisis created interest in settling in new areas with different economic opportunities

• Oregon Trail became a major ______route to the ______

• ______traveled West with wagons and tried to find a quicker route but got trapped by snow in the Sierra Nevada and many starved to death.

James K. Polk

• The main issue in Polk’s 1844 presidential campaign was his commitment to ______of the United States. Served as President from ______to ______.

• He was known as the “Expansionist President”

• He was elected in 1844 with the slogan “______”

– This slogan meant that he wanted all of Oregon to the 54’40 north latitude line or he was willing to go to war with Britain for it

Texas

• ______takes settlers to Texas owned by Mexico

• Mexico tries to regain power there because they distrusted the American settlers and feared there was an American plot to acquire ______

• Texans declare war - the Texans defended the ______for nearly two weeks creating enough time for Sam Houston to organize an army to defeat the Mexicans

• The Texans declared independence, became the Republic of Texas and elected ______as their President • Also voted to join the United States but it took several years because Congress could not agree on whether Texas should be a ______or free state

Mexican War

• Texas joins the United States in ______because of Polk’s election

• A border dispute at the ______causes the Mexican War

• General ______sent by Polk to the Rio Grande to defend against the Mexican invasion

• United States wins the war and gets the ______in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

- Has to pay ______million to Mexico

The New American Territories

– California Gold Rush - The Gold Rush of 1849 (______) saw many of the newly acquired Western territories get populated by those looking for financial gain by finding gold.

– ______- Would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future, including the Mexican Cession, but after passing in the House of Representatives, it did not pass in the Senate. This was one of the major events leading up to the ______because it created another conflict between the North and South.

Territory Recap

• ______- After fighting Mexico for their independence, Texas joined the United States in 1845 when James K. Polk was elected as the President of the United States

• ______- Acquired in 1783 from Great Britain in the Revolutionary War

• ______- Purchased the region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from Mexico in a treaty signed by James Gadsden, the American ambassador to Mexico at the time, after he was sent to negotiate by President Franklin Pierce, on December 30, 1853

• ______- Ended the Mexican War in 1848 and exchanged the Western territory of the United States that includes California with Mexico for 15 million dollars

• ______- Originally claimed by multiple countries, it was officially divided in 1846 in an agreement between the United States and Great Britain.

• ______- In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte and France sold this large portion of land just West of the Mississippi that encompasses part of 15 future states to Thomas Jefferson and the United States for only 15 million dollars.

• ______- The treaty was signed on August 9, 1842, by Secretary of State Daniel Webster under President John Tyler. The treaty resolved several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies in Canada. It resolved a dispute over the location of the Maine–New Brunswick border and established the border between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods.

• ______- Created the official border between American land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase and the Spanish colonies in North America in 1819 during the Presidency of James Monroe. The treaty also included the cession of Spanish land to the United States in three major areas – East Florida, West Florida, and the Orleans Territory (part of the future state of Louisiana).

• ______- Treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain under President James Monroe in which the United States obtained the southern portion (south of the 49th parallel) of the “Rupert’s Land” in Canada. “Manifest Destiny and Territorial Expansion” Worksheet

1.) Give an example of the results of the concept of Manifest Destiny. What happened in the United States because of this idea?

2.) Supporters of James K. Polk cried “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” while he was campaigning for the Presidency. What did this mean?

3.) Mexico ceded 500,000 square miles of territory to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. What did the United States have to do?

4.) Why did the United States not admit Texas as a state immediately after the defeat of the Mexican army?

5.) What was the main issue in James K. Polk’s 1844 presidential campaign that he showed a strong commitment to? What was his nickname as a result of this?

6.) What did Brigham Young do with the Mormons after Joseph Smith’s death?

7.) Who were the Mountain Men? What did they do and what were they able to create?

8.) What famous landmark were the Texans able to defend for two weeks against the Mexican army?

9.) Who were the Forty-Niners? Why do you think they called them this?

10.) What was the Wilmot Proviso and what did it eventually lead to?

11.) What previous actions suggest that the idea of Manifest Destiny had existed for some time?

12.) What is the Mexican Cession and how did the United States obtain it?

13.) What was the Gadsden Purchase? When was it signed? Who signed it for the United States?

14.) Why did Mexico try to regain power in Texas after allowing Americans to settle there? Territorial Expansion Map

Fill out the following chart. If needed, you may write this information on a separate piece of paper and attach.

Letter Name of Territory Year of The President when How was it annexed? of Area Annexation it was annexed

Territorial Expansion Map

Unit 3 – ‘Civil War and Reconstruction’

“The American Vision” Chapters 10-12

Objectives:

1. Trace the social, economic & political events from the Mexican American War to the outbreak of the Civil War

2. Analyze & assess the causes of the Civil War

3. Identify political & military turning points of the Civil War & assess the significance to the outcome of the conflict

4. Analyze the political, economic & social impact of Reconstruction on the nation & identify the reasons why Reconstruction ended

5. Evaluate the degree to which the Civil War & Reconstruction proved the supremacy of the national government

Tentative Unit Schedule:

: Thursday, January 22: Tuesday, Janaury 27: - “Causes of the War” - “Legacy of War”

Friday, January 23: Wednesday, January 28: - “Reconstruction” - “Start of the War”

Thursday, January 29 Monday, Janaury 26: - Study Guide / Review - “Major Battles” Friday, Janaury 30: - Vocabulary Sheets Due

- Unit 3 Test

Unit 3 – ‘Civil War and Reconstruction’ Vocabulary Words

Wilmot Proviso Secession

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Compromise of 1850

Kansas-Nebraska Act John Brown

Battle of Gettysburg Emancipation Proclamation

Battle of Vicksburg Thaddeus Stevens

Hiram Revels Sharecropper

Compromise of 1877 Reconstruction

Battle of Antietam Radical Republicans

Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis

Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant

Jim Crow Laws Black Codes

Andrew Johnson 13th Amendment

14th Amendment 15th Amendment

Civil Rights Act of 1866 Dred Scott vs. Sanford

Warm-Up Questions 1.) Manifest destiny was the idea that God had given the continent to a.) White men and expected them to bring Christianity to the Native Americans b.) Americans and it was their destiny to become the greatest nation in the world c.) Americans and wanted them to settle western land d.) Americans and it was their duty to protect the environment

2.) Andrew Jackson supported the spoils system because he believed it a.) Brought into government the country’s most educated people b.) Opened up government to more ordinary people c.) Encouraged good workers to stay in their government jobs d.) Attracted young thinkers into public service

3.) Members of the Know-Nothing party were known for all of the following except their a.) Use of passwords b.) Use of secret handshakes c.) Support for the rights of immigrants d.) Belief in nativism

4.) The Shoshone who joined the Lewis & Clark expedition as a guide was a.) Sacajawea b.) Little Jacket c.) Tecumseh d.) Tacawaca

Causes of the Civil War

3.1 trace the economic, political and social events from the Mexican War to the Civil War

3.2 analyze and assess the causes of the Civil War. Long Term Causes States’ Rights

• 10th amendment – Powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the States or the people.

• Idea of nullification – A legal theory that a United States state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law that a state has deemed unconstitutional

Examples: • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (Thomas Jefferson/James Madison) • South Carolina Nullification Crisis (John C. Calhoun)

Slavery

• Missouri Compromise

• Slave Codes

• Growth of Abolitionism

Sectionalism

• Issues become more regional

• Industrial North / Agricultural South

• Anti-Slavery/Slavery

• High Tariff/Low Tariff

• Strong Federal Government/Strong State Government Compromise of 1850 • Wilmot Proviso

• Would have banned slavery in all territories acquired in the Mexican-American War

• Stirred up emotions and was only favored by the North

• California ready for statehood but Henry Clay wanted to keep the union together and avoid civil war

• California admitted as a free state and rest of the Mexican Cession would be popular sovereignty (actual residents of territories should be able to decide by voting whether or not slavery would be allowed in the territory)

• Strict Fugitive Slave Law

• Banned slave trade in D.C. Underground Railroad • Early attempts to escape relied on luck

• Network of antislavery people who helped people escape

• Goal was to get to Canada and be totally free

• Harriet Tubman was one of the most active conductors on the Underground Railroad Fugitive Slave Law

• Allowed slave catchers to go into free areas to capture runaway slaves and return them to their master

• Made it a crime to help a slave run away

• If caught, not a fair trial

• Led to more abolitionism in the North

Immediate Causes Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Showed slavery as evil

• Second only to the Bible in sales

• “So you’re the little lady who started this great war” – Abraham Lincoln Kansas-Nebraska Act • Designed by Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas that created Kansas and Nebraska

• Popular sovereignty allowed the new territories to vote whether they wanted to be slave states or free states

• People from both sides rush to Kansas to vote and try and make it go one way or the other.

• “Bleeding Kansas” - John Brown and his sons gained notoriety in the fight against slavery by murdering five pro-slavery farmers in the Pottawatomie Massacre

• Spreads to Congress - In 1856, a South Carolina Congressman, Preston Brooks, nearly killed Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner on the Senate floor two days after Sumner delivered an intensely anti-slavery speech called "The Crime against Kansas"

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

• Dred Scott was a slave who moved to free areas with his master

• Scott sues for freedom because of Missouri Compromise but the case ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

• Supreme Court (majority from the South) rules – Blacks aren’t citizens – Can’t ban slavery anywhere – Ruled that slaves have no rights – Missouri Compromise is illegal

• Pleased southerners

Birth of the Republican Party

• Many Northerners mad that the Whigs and Democrats have not taken a stand on slavery

• Free-Soil Party – Single-issue Party who focused on opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories.

• By 1850, furious over the Kansas/Nebraska Act, the Republican Party is born. It is mostly made up of

• Whigs • Northern Democrats • Free-Soilers

• The Republican platform was created to oppose the extension of slavery to the West - NOT end slavery in the south Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Senate race, Illinois, 1858

• Stephen Douglas (Democrat) vs. Abraham Lincoln (Republican)

• Debate is primarily about slavery in the territories

• Neither man likes slavery but they disagree on how to end it and they have a series of debates about the issue

• Lincoln believes slavery should not spread because it is morally and politically wrong

• Douglas’ Freeport Doctrine

– Slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery

• Douglas wins election but Lincoln gets fame. John Brown • Extreme abolitionist

• Very Anti-slavery and violent

• Attacks the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in order to start a slave revolt

• Surrounded, surrenders and hanged

• Becomes a martyr to the North, a sign of Northern aggression to the South

• Increased tensions between the North and South Election of 1860 • Slavery divides the parties

– Abraham Lincoln – Northern Republican

– Stephen Douglas - Northern Democrat

– John Breckinridge - Southern Democrat

– Lincoln wins because the Democratic party was split into two factions

Secession • Secession: the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union

• South Carolina is the first to secede

• Followed by 6 others: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

• Forms the Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as President

• Believes in strong state governments where slavery is protected Assignment • Complete “Causes of the Civil War” Worksheet

• Complete the following vocabulary words:

– Dred Scott vs. Sanford –Jefferson Davis –Kansas-Nebraska Act –John Brown –Compromise of 1850 –Uncle Tom’s Cabin –Wilmot Proviso –Secession Causes of the Civil War Long Term Causes

States’ Rights

- ______amendment - Powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the States or the people

- Idea of ______- A legal theory that a United States state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law that a state has deemed ______(Examples: - Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and South Carolina Nullification Crisis)

Slavery

- Missouri Compromise - Slave Codes - Growth of ______

Sectionalism - Issues become more ______

- ______North / ______South - Anti-Slavery/Slavery

- High Tariff/Low Tariff - Strong ______Government/Strong ______Government

Compromise of 1850

• ______- would have banned slavery in all territories acquired in the Mexican-American War

• Stirred up emotions and was only favored by the ______• California ready for statehood but Henry Clay wanted to keep the union together and avoid ______- California admitted as a free state and rest of the Mexican Cession would be popular sovereignty (actual residents of territories should be able to decide by voting whether or not slavery would be allowed in the territory)

- Strict ______- Banned slave trade in ______

Underground Railroad

- Early attempts to escape relied on luck - Network of ______people who helped people escape

- Goal was to get to Canada and be totally free - ______was one of the most active conductors on the Underground Railroad

Fugitive Slave Law

• Allowed slave catchers to go into free areas to capture runaway slaves and ______

- Made it a crime to help a slave run away - If caught, not a fair trial - Led to more abolitionism in the North Immediate Causes

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

- Written by ______- Showed slavery as evil - Second only to the Bible in sales

- “So you’re the little lady who started this great war” – ______

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Designed by Illinois Senator ______that created Kansas and Nebraska

• ______allowed the new territories to vote whether they wanted to be slave states or free states

• People from both sides rush to ______to vote and try and make it go one way or the other.

• “Bleeding Kansas” - ______and his sons gained notoriety in the fight against slavery by murdering five pro-slavery farmers in the Pottawatomie Massacre • Spreads to Congress - In 1856, a South Carolina Congressman, Preston Brooks, nearly killed Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner on the Senate floor two days after Sumner delivered an intensely anti-slavery speech called "The Crime against Kansas"

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

• ______was a slave who moved to free areas with his master

• Scott sues for freedom because of Missouri Compromise but the case ruled the Missouri Compromise ______

• Supreme Court (majority from the South) rules

- Blacks aren’t citizens - Can’t ban slavery anywhere - Ruled that slaves have no rights - Missouri Compromise is illegal

 Pleased ______

Birth of the Republican Party

• Many Northerners mad that the Whigs and Democrats have not taken a stand on slavery

– Free-Soil Party - Single-issue Party who focused on opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories.

– By 1850, furious over the Kansas/Nebraska Act, the Republican Party is born. It is mostly made up of

- ______- ______- ______

• The ______platform was created to oppose the extension of slavery to the West - NOT end slavery in the south

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

- Senate race, Illinois, 1858 - Stephen Douglas (Democrat) vs. Abraham Lincoln (Republican)

- Debate is primarily about ______

- Neither man likes slavery but they disagree on how to end it and they have a series of debates about the issue

- Lincoln believes slavery should not spread because it is ______and ______wrong

- Douglas’ ______- slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery

- Douglas wins election but Lincoln gets fame.

John Brown

- Extreme abolitionist - Very Anti-slavery and violent - Attacks the federal arsenal at ______in order to start a slave revolt

- Surrounded, surrenders and hanged - Becomes a martyr to the North, a sign of Northern aggression to the South

• Increased tensions between the ______

Election of 1860

Slavery divides the parties

- Abraham Lincoln (Northern Republican) - Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat) - John Breckinridge (Southern Democrat)

– Lincoln wins because ______

Secession - The formal withdrawal of a state from the Union

• South Carolina is the first to secede (Followed by 6 others: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas)

• Forms the ______with ______as President (Believes in strong state governments where slavery is protected) “Causes of the Civil War” Worksheet

1.) What was the Wilmot Proviso and who was it favored by?

2.) What is the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union known as? Which states did this? What did they form and who was their president?

3.) What was the Underground Railroad and who was one of the most active conductors?

4.) What is “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” and why is it important? Who wrote it?

5.) What was Dred Scott vs. Sanford about? What did the court rule?

6.) What was the Lincoln-Douglas debate? What was the main topic discussed?

7.) What decision was made in the Compromise of 1850? What was Henry Clay’s primary purpose in offering the Compromise of 1850?

8.) What was the result of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

9.) How would you describe Lincoln’s position on slavery in 1858

10.) Who was John Brown and what two words would you use to describe him? What happened at Harper’s Ferry? What effect did this have on the nation?

11.) What was the fugitive slave law and what did it allow slave catchers to do?

12.) Why was the Republican platform created and what groups of politicians was it mostly made up of? Fill in information about each cause of the Civil War in the chart below. There should be at least SIX long term causes and EIGHT immediate causes. Think about each slide from your notes. Include what the cause was and how it may have contributed to the start of the Civil War and increased tensions between the North and South.

Long Term Causes Immediate Causes 1.) 1.)

2.) 2.)

3.) 3.)

4.) 4.)

5.) 5.)

6.) 6.)

7.)

X 8.)

X

Secession: Shade in the seven states that were the first to secede from the Union in the Civil War.

Warm-Up Questions 1.) The Wilmot Proviso was favored by a.) The North b.) The South c.) The North and South d.) California

2.) The formal withdrawal of a state from the union is known as a.) Confederacy b.) Compromise c.) Secession d.)Popular sovereignty

3.) One of the most active conductors on the Underground Railroad was a.) Harriet Beecher Stowe b.) Harriet Tubman c.) Horace Greeley d.) Abraham Lincoln

4.) Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written by a.) Horace Greeley b.) John Brown c.) Harriet Beecher Stowe d.) Charlotte Forten

5.) The Dred Scott decision did all of the following except a.) Please southerners b.) Rule that slaves did not have rights c.) Declare that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional d.) Guarantee that slavery would not be allowed in future states

6.) The topic of the Lincoln-Douglas debates was a.) The Missouri Compromise b.) Secession c.) The Wilmot Proviso d.)Slavery in the territories

Start of the Civil War

3.2 - Assess causes of the Civil War Why does the South secede? • Abraham Lincoln elected

• Republican platform opposes slavery – The southern economy was rural and consisted mostly of plantations so it depended on slavery

• States’ Rights – Believed that State governments should be more powerful than the Federal government

• Loss of power in Congress – Congress was made up of mostly Northern delegates and the South believed their voices and concerns would fall upon deaf ears

• Fighting for independence – Wanted to create their own country, The Confederate States of America Crittenden Compromise

• An unsuccessful proposal and last ditch effort to avoid war by Kentucky Senator John Crittenden

• It would have guaranteed the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states and protected it with a Constitutional Amendment.

• Would have prohibited further expansion of slavery and slavery in the North or Western territories

• Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans opposed this and it was rejected in both the House of Representatives and Senate Fort Sumter, South Carolina • April 12-14, 1861

• With the secession of South Carolina and six other southern states, the state of South Carolina demanded that the United States abandon their facilities at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor

• United States does not oblige and sends supply ships to supply the Union soldiers at the fort.

• Confederate forces began to bombard Fort Sumter with artillery shells and the Union soldiers returned fire, they were significantly outgunned and, after 34 hours, the Union agreed to evacuate and surrender. These were the first shots fired in the Civil War.

• Once the Civil War began, Abraham Lincoln’s main goal was to restore the Union using any means necessary so he calls for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the southern rebellion.

• As a result, four more states (Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina) seceded from the United States and joined the Confederacy

Anaconda Plan

• North’s three part plan to defeat the South 1. Create a blockade of Southern ports along the coasts 2. Control the Mississippi River to cut the South in two 3. Capture Richmond, Virginia (Southern Capital) *Named this because it was like the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim Home Front: In the South

Food shortages caused by – Drain of manpower into the army – Union occupation of food-growing areas – Loss of slaves to work in fields

Huge inflation - Spending went from $6.85 on food per month to $68 a month - Bread riots (broken up by Jefferson Davis)

Paid for war by selling war bonds and printing money without any gold to back it

Caused smuggling of goods into North for exchange of gold

Whole towns of young men die fighting in the war

Home Front: In the North

• Lots of immigrants in the army

• Draft riots

• Paid for war with war bonds and income tax

• The Army’s demand for goods boomed industry and made some people very rich (first millionaires) Women

• Stayed on the farms, in factories, and in stores to work jobs left by men who fought in the war

• Also served as nurses and spies African-Americans

• Many African Americans escaped slavery with many plantation owning men gone at war

• Many chose to stay on plantations while others went towards cities to look for family

• In 1862, Congress passed a law allowing Blacks to serve in the military

• Made up only 1% of population but 10% of enlistment

• Less pay, until Congress equalized in 1864

• 54th Massachusetts Regiment was one of the first African American units to fight in the war

• As Prisoners of War of Confederates, Blacks were usually executed, unlike whites.

– Battle of Fort Pillow – Confederate forces massacred 200 African Americans who had surrendered

Politics • Union uses absence of Southern Democrats to pro-North pass laws

– Morrill Tariff • Appealed to industrialists and factory workers in the North as a way to foster rapid industrial growth by limiting competition from lower-wage industries in Europe

– Homestead Act • Gave applicants ownership of land that forced individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to Southern slave-owners who used slaves.

– Morrill Land-Grant Act • Allocated land based on the number of senators and representatives each state had in Congress for the creation of Universities. This gave an advantage to the more populous Northern states.

– National Banking Act • The banking system was used to create the sale of government bonds and to establish a uniform bank note currency.

– Transcontinental Rail Road built in the North

• Both sides issue Martial law, which suspends normal rights and laws and places military authority in an area during an emergency. Abraham Lincoln set up martial law in Maryland in order to prevent it from seceding, leaving Washington D.C. surrounded by Confederate territory. He also suspended the writ of habeas corpus, which allowed soldiers to arrest and detain without a trial people who were considered “disloyal”.

The Emancipation Proclamation

• Huge Impact

• Made as a proclamation by the Commander in Chief, not passed by Congress

• The stated aim of the Emancipation Proclamation was to free all slaves behind Confederate lines

• Raised spirits of African-Americans. Many escaped to the North and joined the Union army

• Slavery not OFFICIALLY abolished until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment

Assignment

- Complete “Start of the Civil War” Worksheet

- Complete new Vocabulary Words - Emancipation Proclamation,13th Amendment

“Start of the Civil War” Notes Why does the South secede?

• ______elected - ______platform opposes slavery

• The southern economy was rural and consisted mostly of plantations so it depended on ______

• States’ Rights

• Believed that ______governments should be more powerful than the ______government

• Loss of power in ______

• Congress was made up of mostly Northern delegates and the South believed their voices and concerns would fall upon deaf ears

• Fighting for independence - Wanted to create their own country, The ______States of America

Crittenden Compromise

• An unsuccessful proposal and last ditch effort to avoid war by Kentucky Senator John ______

• It would have guaranteed the ______in the slave states and protected it with a Constitutional Amendment.

• Would have prohibited further expansion of slavery and slavery in the North or Western territories

• Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans opposed this and it was rejected in both the House of Representatives and Senate

Fort Sumter, South Carolina - April 12-14, 1861

• With the secession of ______and six other southern states, the state of South Carolina demanded that the United States abandon their facilities at Fort Sumter in ______Harbor

• United States does not oblige and sends supply ships to supply the ______at the fort.

• Confederate forces began to bombard Fort Sumter with artillery shells and the Union soldiers returned fire, they were significantly outgunned and, after 34 hours, the Union agreed to evacuate and ______. These were the first shots fired in the Civil War.

• Once the Civil War began, Abraham Lincoln’s main goal was to ______using any means necessary so he calls for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the southern rebellion.

• As a result, four more states (Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, and ______) seceded from the United States and joined the Confederacy

Anaconda Plan - North’s ______to defeat the South

1. Create a ______of Southern ports along the coasts

2. Control the ______to cut the South in two

3. Capture ______(Southern Capital)

*Named this because it was like the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim Home Front: In the South

• Food shortages caused by

- Drain of manpower into the army - Union occupation of food-growing areas - Loss of slaves to work in fields

• Huge inflation - Spending went from $6.85 on food per month to $68 a month - Bread riots (broken up by Jefferson Davis)

• Paid for war by selling war bonds and printing money without any gold to back it • Caused smuggling of goods into North for exchange of gold • Whole towns of young men ______Home Front: In the North

– Lots of ______in the army - Draft ______- Paid for war with war bonds and income tax

– The Army’s demand for goods boomed ______and made some people very rich (first millionaires)

Women - Stayed on the farms, in factories, and in stores to work jobs left by men who fought in the war

• Also served as ______and ______

African-Americans - Many African Americans escaped slavery with many plantation owning men gone at war

• Many chose to stay on plantations while others went towards cities to ______

• In 1862, Congress passed a law allowing Blacks to ______

• Made up only ______% of population but ______% of enlistment

• Less pay, until Congress equalized in ______

• ______th Massachusetts Regiment was one of the first African American units to fight in the war

• As Prisoners of War of Confederates, Blacks were usually ______, unlike whites.

o Battle of Fort Pillow – Confederate forces massacred 200 African Americans who had surrendered

Politics -Union uses absence of Southern Democrats to pro-North pass laws

– ______- Appealed to industrialists and factory workers in the North as a way to foster rapid industrial growth by limiting competition from lower-wage industries in Europe

– ______- Gave applicants ownership of land that forced individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to Southern slave-owners who used slaves.

– ______- Allocated land based on the number of senators and representatives each state had in Congress for the creation of Universities. This gave an advantage to the more populous Northern states.

– ______- The banking system was used to create the sale of government bonds and to establish a uniform bank note currency.

– ______built in the North

• Both sides issue ______, which suspends normal rights and laws and places military authority in an area during an emergency. Abraham Lincoln set up martial law in Maryland in order to prevent it from seceding, leaving Washington D.C. surrounded by Confederate territory. He also suspended the writ of ______, which allowed soldiers to arrest and detain without a trial people who were considered “disloyal”.

The Emancipation Proclamation - Huge Impact

– Made as a proclamation by the Commander in Chief, not passed by ______

– The stated aim of the Emancipation Proclamation was to free all slaves behind______lines

– Raised spirits of ______. Many escaped to the North and joined the Union army

– Slavery not OFFICIALLY abolished until the passage of the ______“Start of the Civil War” Worksheet

1.) Why was the Southern economy dependent on slavery?

2.) After the bombardment of Fort Sumter, four more states joined the original seven to create the Confederate States of America. What 11 States were in the C.S.A.?

3.) When the Civil War began, what was Abraham Lincoln’s main goal?

4.) What officially abolished slavery in the North and South?

5.) What was the stated aim of the Emancipation Proclamation?

6.) What three things made up the Union’s three point plan to conquer the South? What was it called? Why?

7.) During the war, what contributed to food shortages in the South?

8.) What were the major similarities and differences between life on the home front in the North and South?

9.) Why were the reasons that the Southern states seceded from the United States?

10.) Briefly describe the lead-up and attack on Fort Sumter. What happened?

11.) What laws did the Union pass with the absence of Southern Democrats?

12.) What role did African Americans play in the civil war? What role did they have with the Union army?

13.) What was the Crittenden Compromise? What was it a last ditch effort to do?

14.) What role did women play in the Civil War?

Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper about this picture of the Battle of Fort Sumter

1. Describe what you see. List at least five details. 2. List three things that the document shows you about life in the United States at the time it was taken. 3. What prior knowledge do you have that relates to this picture? 4. How does this picture contribute to our understanding of history? 5. Write a question to the photographer that is left unanswered by this document.

Read the following passage, the second paragraph of the Emancipation Proclamation, and answer the following questions.

“That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”

1. The Emancipation Proclamation only applied to enslaved people in certain states. Which ones were they?

2. This part of the Emancipation Proclamation also issued an order to the Union Army and Navy. What was that order?

3. Why might the Emancipation Proclamation have encouraged many enslaved people to escape to freedom?

Warm Up Questions 1.) The Confederacy included all of the following states except a.) Maryland b.) Texas c.) Alabama d.) South Carolina

2.) Which of the following best explains the dependence of the Southern economy on slavery? a.) Immigrants who opposed slavery did not settle in the South b.) The southern economy was rural & consisted mostly of plantations c.) The south needed slave labor to support its manufacturing economy d.) Enslaved Africans were well suited to working in the hot southern climate

3.) When the Civil War began, what was Abraham Lincoln’s main goal? a.) To abolish slavery b.) To punish the south c.) To restore the Union d.) To bring an end to the war

4.) Which of the following officially abolished slavery in the north? a.) The Gettysburg Address b.) The Thirteenth Amendment c.) The Compromise of 1850 d.) The Emancipation Proclamation

5.) What was the stated aim of the Emancipation Proclamation? a.) To free all slaves in the US b.) To free all slaves behind Confederate lines c.) To free slaves in the Union states d.) To enlist slaves in the Union army

6.) ______was not part of the Union’s three part plan to conquer the South. a.) Blockading southern ports b.) Drafting freed slaves to fight for the Union c.) Capturing the Confederate capital d.) Splitting the Confederacy in two

The Civil War and Major Battles 1861-1865

3.3 - Identify political & military turning points of the Civil War & assess the significance to the outcome of the conflict

Abraham Lincoln

• 16th President of the United States of America; Republican from Illinois – President during Civil War

• Wanted to restore the Union after secession

• Passed the Emancipation Proclamation

• Union victories in the South helped Lincoln win re-election in 1864

• Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 15, 1865 Jefferson Davis

• 1st (and only) President of the Confederate States of America; Southern Democrat from Mississippi

• Served as U.S. Secretary of War under U.S. President Franklin Pierce and as both a Representative and Senator for the State of Mississippi

• Graduated from West Point and fought in Mexican-American War

Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) (Not in notes but you should write down)

11 States: South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas

Capital: Richmond, Virginia

Confederacy (South)

• War Aims – Fought to win independence – Right to govern themselves – Preserve their way of life

• War Strategies – Defensive war of attrition (force Union to spend its resources) – Keep Union off their land – Capture Washington, D.C. – European Recognition Union (North)

• War Aims – Preserve the Union – Eventually to end slavery

• War Strategies – Anaconda Plan - Create a blockade of Southern ports along the coasts - Control the Mississippi River to cut the South in two - Capture Richmond, Virginia

Advantages

• Union – Most of the population – Large advantages in resources – Most of the transportation and industry – Raising and Supplying Army

• Confederacy – Defending their homes – Strong sectional pride – Better military tradition and leadership Modern War • Calvary • Muzzle Rifles (cone shaped bullets) • Battlefield Formations (trenches & barricades) • Railroads • Telegraphs • Draft (Conscription) • Submarines • Armored Ships • Observation Balloons • Attrition • Iron clad ships – Could resist burning – Could withstand cannon fire – Could splinter wooden ships

Soldier’s Lives • Disillusionment of war

• Filthy conditions

• Poor food

• Bad medical care – Diseases (small pox & pneumonia) – Amputations because of gangrene Notable Confederate Generals Robert E. Lee • General Robert E. Lee was the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia and is known as the most accomplished Confederate general.

Stonewall Jackson • General Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson fought boldly and with great success from Bull Run to his death from a mistaken shot from a Confederate sharpshooter at the battle of Chancellorsville.

Nathan Bedford Forrest • Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest was one of the most feared Confederate leaders. He was an innovative cavalry commander who started the war as a private. Nathan Bedford Forrest Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

Robert E. Lee Notable Union Generals

Ulysses S. Grant • General Ulysses S. Grant led the Union Army during the later years of the civil war, and later became the President of The United States.

General William Tecumseh Sherman • General William Tecumseh Sherman fought in many battles and his best known for taking Atlanta followed by his brutal by effective "march to the sea.“ Promised African Americans who followed him “40 acres and a mule”.

Grant and Sherman used a strategy of “Total War” that targeted not only the Confederate army but also the civilian population of the South.

George Custer • General George Armstrong Custer was a United States Army officer who served in the civil war and Indian wars, meeting his famous demise at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Ambrose Burnside • General Ambrose Burnside Ambrose, besides being a soldier, was an industrialist, railroad executive and an inventor.

Ulysses S. Grant William Tecumseh Sherman

George Custer Ambrose Burnside Major Battles of the Civil War Battle of Bull Run

• Location: Virginia • Date: July 21, 1861 • Confederate Commander: Joseph E. Johnson; P.G.T. Beauregard • Union Commander: Irvin McDowell • Winner: Confederate • Casualties:847 (460 Union; 387 Confederate) • First major battle of the war • Convinced both sides that war would be long and costly • Shocked the North; Allowed for false sense of superiority in the South

Antietam

• Location: Maryland • Date: September 17, 1862 • Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee • Union Commander: George B. McClellan • Winner: Inconclusive • Casualties: 26,134 (12,410 Union; 13,724 Confederate) • Single bloodiest day in American military history • Confederates lost hope of being backed by a European country • Bolstered confidence in the North

Gettysburg

• Location: Pennsylvania • Date: July 1-3, 1863 • Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee • Union Commander: George G. Meade • Winner: Union • Casualties: 51, 112 (23,049 Union; 28,063 Confederate) • Often seen as the turning point in the war because it proved the South could be defeated (First Union victory) • Gettysburg Address – Abraham Lincoln delivered one of the greatest speeches in American history at the dedication of the soldiers’ cemetery at Gettysburg about bringing true equality to all of its citizens.

Vicksburg • Location: Mississippi • Dates: May 18, 1863-July 4, 1863 • Confederate Commander: John C. Pemberton • Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant • Winner: Union • Casualties: 19,233 (10,142 Union; 9,091 Confederate) • Union achieved goal of capturing New Orleans • Because it was one of only two Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking complete control of the Mississippi River, Grant focused on capturing Vicksburg • Union gained control of Mississippi River • Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the rest of the Confederacy

Sherman’s March to the Sea

• From November 15 to December 21, 1864, Major General William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army led a campaign that began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 16 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. Sherman's forces destroyed military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property.

Appomattox

• After Union forces capture the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate forces retreated and eventually saw General Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia surrender to Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army in Appomattox, Virginia. While some fighting still continued out West for a little while longer, this was the beginning of the end of the Civil War.

Civil War

Causes Course Consequences

States’ rights Ft. Sumter Reunification of North and South Anaconda Plan

Nationalism Battle of Bull Run Reconstruction Antietam (1865-1877) Sectionalism Gettysburg

Vicksburg Civil War Secession Sherman’s March Amendments 13, to the Sea 14, 15 added to the U.S. Constitution Slavery Appomattox

Assignment • Complete “The Civil War and Major Battles” Worksheet

• Complete the following Vocabulary words • Battle of Gettysburg • Battle of Vicksburg • Battle of Antietam • Abraham Lincoln • Robert E. Lee • Ulysses S. Grant

“The Civil War and Major Battles (1861-1865)” Notes

Abraham Lincoln

- 16th President of the United States of America; Republican from ______(President during Civil War)

- Wanted to restore the Union after secession - Passed the ______

- Union victories in the South helped Lincoln win re-election in 1864 - Assassinated by ______

Jefferson Davis

• 1st (and only) President of the Confederate States of America; Southern Democrat from ______

• Served as U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce and as both a Representative and Senator from Mississippi

• Graduated from West Point and fought in ______

Confederacy (South)

War Aims - Fought to win ______- Right to govern themselves - Preserve their way of life

War Strategies

- Defensive war of attrition (force Union to spend its resources) - Keep Union off their land

- Capture ______- European Recognition

Union (North)

War Aims - Preserve the ______- Eventually to end ______

War Strategies - Anaconda Plan (Block Southern ports, Control the Mississippi River, Capture Confederate Capital Richmond, VA)

Advantages

Union - Most of the ______- Large advantages in ______

- Most of the transportation and industry - Raising and Supplying Army

Confederacy - Defending their homes - Strong sectional pride - Better ______

Modern War

- Calvary - Muzzle Rifles (cone shaped bullets) - Battlefield Formations (trenches & barricades) - Railroads

- Telegraphs - Draft (Conscription) - Submarines - Observation Balloons - Attrition

• ______(Could resist burning, Could withstand cannon fire, Could splinter wooden ships)

Soldier’s Lives

- Disillusionment of war - Filthy conditions - Poor food

- Bad medical care - Diseases (small pox & pneumonia) - Amputations because of gangrene

Notable Confederate Generals

Robert E. Lee - General Robert E. Lee was the commander of the ______and is known as the most accomplished Confederate general.

Stonewall Jackson - General Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson fought boldly and with great success from Bull Run to his death from a mistaken shot from a Confederate sharpshooter at the battle of ______. Nathan Bedford Forrest - Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest was one of the most feared Confederate leaders. He was an innovative cavalry commander who started the war as a ______.

Notable Union Generals

Ulysses S. Grant - General Ulysses S. Grant led the Union Army during the later years of the civil war, and later became the ______.

General William Tecumseh Sherman - General William Tecumseh Sherman fought in many battles and his best known for taking Atlanta followed by his brutal but effective “March to the Sea.” He promised African Americans who followed “40 acres and a mule”.

 Grant and Sherman used a strategy of “Total War” that targeted not only the Confederate army but also the ______.

George Custer - General George Armstrong Custer was a United States Army officer who served in the civil war and Indian wars, meeting his famous demise at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Ambrose Burnside - General Ambrose Burnside Ambrose, besides being a soldier, was an industrialist, railroad executive and an inventor.

Major Battles of the Civil War

Battle of Bull Run

• First major battle of the war

• Convinced both sides that war would be long and costly

• Shocked the North; Allowed for false sense of ______in the South

Antietam

• Single ______day in ______

• Confederates lost hope of being backed by a European country

• Bolstered confidence in the North

Gettysburg

• Often seen as the ______in the war because it proved the South could be defeated (First Union victory)

• ______- Abraham Lincoln delivered one of the greatest speeches in American history at the dedication of the soldiers’ cemetery at Gettysburg about bringing true equality to all of its citizens.

Vicksburg

• Union achieved goal of capturing ______

• Because it was one of only two Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking complete control of the ______, Grant focused on capturing Vicksburg

• Union gained control of Mississippi River

• Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the rest of the Confederacy

Sherman’s March to the Sea - From November 15 to December 21, 1864, Major General William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army led a campaign that began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of ______, on November 16 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. Sherman's forces destroyed military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property.

Appomattox - After Union forces capture the Confederate Capital of ______, the Confederate forces retreated and eventually saw General Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia surrender to Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army in Appomattox, Virginia. While some fighting still continued out West for a little while longer, this was the beginning of the ______. “The Civil War and Major Battles” Worksheet

1.) In which area did the South have an advantage over the North in the Civil War?

2.) Why is the Battle of Gettysburg considered a turning point of the Civil War?

3.) What were the three important advantages of ironclad ships?

4.) What were the three parts of the Union’s plan to conquer the South?

5.) Who else did Grant and Sherman’s strategy of total war target besides the Confederate army?

6.) Because it was one of only two Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking complete control of the Mississippi River, where did General Grant focus on capturing?

7.) What helped Lincoln win reelection in 1864?

8.) What types of innovations made the Civil War a “modern war”?

9.) How would you describe the experience of a soldier in the Civil War? What were the conditions like on the battlefields? In Medicine? Food?

10.) What were the different roles of Confederate President Jefferson Davis in the United States government and military before the formation of the Confederacy?

Fill out the following chart with the information in your notes regarding Civil War Generals

General Name Union or Confederacy What about him?

Fill out the following chart with the information in your notes regarding Civil War Battles

Battle What happened? / Why is it important?

Fill out the following Venn Diagrams with the information in your notes.

Warm-Up Questions 1.) In which area did the South have an advantage over the North in the Civil War? a.) Civilian leadership b.) Food production c.) Industrial capacity d.) Military leadership

2.) Why is the Battle of Gettysburg considered a turning point of the Civil War? a.) It made the South give up the idea of invading the north b.) It divided the Confederacy c.) It convinced the Confederacy to surrender d.) It marked the first Union victory on the battlefield

3.) Which of the following was NOT an important advantage of ironclad ships? a.) They could resist burning b.)They could withstand cannon fire c.) They could splinter wooden ships d.) They could travel much faster than other ships

4.) Grant & Sherman’s strategy of total war targeted not only the Confederate army but also __. a.) The civilian population of the South b.) The South’s population of enslaved Africans c.) Northern citizens sympathetic to the south d.)Native Americans who were not loyal

5.) Because it was one of only two Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking complete control of the Mississippi River, Grant focused on capturing ______. a.) New Orleans b.) Baton Rouge c.) Vicksburg d.) Gettysburg

6.) What helped Lincoln win reelection in 1864? ______

Reconstruction

“With malice toward none, with charity for all.” - Abraham Lincoln

3.4 - Analyze the political, economic & social impact of Reconstruction on the nation & identify the reasons why Reconstruction ended

3.5 - Evaluate the degree to which the Civil War & Reconstruction proved the supremacy of the national government

The End of Slavery • Southern Economy – Destroyed – Money worthless – No government, transportation, or slave labor

• Landowners Hurt (especially plantation owners) – Slaves gone – Crops destroyed – Fortunes lost – Home looted – Radicals wanted to divide land with slaves

• William Tecumseh Sherman promised “40 acres & a mule” to freed slaves during his “March to the Sea”. This meant that plantation land that was previously controlled by the Confederacy would be provided to former slaves, and a mule provided to plow the fields. This was not an official policy, however.

• Slaves – Left plantations – Looked for family – Moved to new areas (cities) – No money Plans for Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Plan Radical Republican’s Plan Proclamation of Amnesty and Wade-Davis Bill Reconstruction Mild, painless, and lenient Harsh and punishing Gave amnesty to most Had to swear they never Confederate soldiers supported the Confederacy 10% of the state’s population’s 51% of the state’s population’s allegiance was required allegiance was required Did not require the right to vote Wanted to give all black men for black men full citizenship, including the right to vote Freedmen’s Bureau

• 1865 – Congress and Lincoln set up the Freedmen’s Bureau to feed, clothe, and educate the freed blacks in the South. – 40 hospitals – 4,000 primary schools – 61 vocational schools (industrial institutes) – 74 teacher training schools

• Very successful at first; over 600,000 freedmen were attending school in 1866 Lincoln’s Assassination

• April 14th, 1865, five days after Lee surrendered to Grant, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C., by John Wilkes Booth John Wilkes Booth and the Gun that killed Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson (Vice-President under Lincoln)

• 17th President of the United States of America, sworn in after Lincoln’s assassination

• Born in North Carolina, Governor of Tennessee – Despised Southern wealthy planter class • Born very poor and in the South so he held a grudge – Regarded Confederates as traitors • Reconstruction plan aimed to punish Wealthy Southern land owners and Confederate leaders

• Reconstruction – Agreed with Lincoln’s Plan – Ratification of the 13th Amendment (Officially abolishes slavery in the U.S.) – Repeal Secession – Repudiate War Debts Radical Republicans Control Congress

• 1866-- Radical Republicans gained majority – Opposed to slavery and Southern Black Codes

• Radical Republicans believed the legislative branch of the federal government should be in charge of Reconstruction policy

• Led by Thaddeus Stevens – Considered moderate

• Responsible for Amendments

– 13th Amendment: Officially abolished Slavery in the United States

– 14th Amendment: Provided a constitutional basis for the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and redefined citizenship in the United States to include African Americans – United States vs. Cruishank was a court case that weakened the 14th Amendment by saying the federal government had no authority to punish individuals who oppressed blacks

– 15th Amendment: Stated that no one can be kept from voting because of race, color or former enslavement. Allowed Suffrage (the right to vote) for all males with United States citizenship, regardless of race or color. Allowed African American men to vote. Black Codes • Laws created by white Southerners to keep the newly freed African Americans oppressed

– Prohibited blacks from voting

– Prohibited blacks from sitting on juries

– Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites

– Prohibited blacks from owning guns

– Imposed a curfew in some states

– Required “passes” to travel

– Limited occupations that could be held by blacks President vs. Congress

• 1866 – Johnson vetoes 2 bills passed by Congress • Freedmen’s Bureau Bill – Expanded the powers of the Freedmen’s Bureau • Civil Rights Act of 1866 – Declared all people born in the United States citizens (except the Native Americans)

• Both vetoes were overridden by Congress

• Vetoes showed that President Andrew Johnson did not support greater rights for African Americans in the South Reconstruction Act of 1867

• Replaces Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction

• Placed the southern states under military rule – 20,000 federal troops were sent to maintain order – Civilian courts were replaced with military courts – Governments were run by Generals

• States had to give black men the right to vote and ratify the 14th Amendment

• Banned former leaders of the Confederacy

• Vetoed by Johnson, veto was overridden The South under Radical Reconstruction

• Southerners hated the new government

• Scalawags: Southerners who cooperated with the new government (farmers)

• Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the south to help the freedmen or run for office

• When Reconstruction began, Wealthy Land Owners living in the South tended to support the Democratic Party Tenure of Office Act - 1867

• Passed by Congress to try to get rid of President Johnson – Required that Congress gives 2/3 approval to the President if they wish to remove a cabinet officer – Johnson challenged it by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

• 1868 – Johnson impeached (formal process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity and removed from office) by the House, but not convicted by the Senate (by a margin of 1 vote) The South was divided into Military Districts Assignment - Complete “Reconstruction” Worksheet

- Complete the following Vocabulary Words – Thaddeus Stevens – Reconstruction – Radical Republicans – Andrew Johnson – 14th Amendment – 15th Amendment – Civil Rights Act of 1866

- Vocabulary Quiz tomorrow!

“Reconstruction” Notes

“With malice toward none, with charity for all.” - ______

The End of Slavery

• Southern Economy - Destroyed - Money worthless - No government, transportation, or slave labor

• Landowners Hurt (especially______) - Slaves gone - Crops destroyed - Fortunes lost - Homes looted

– Radicals wanted to ______

• General William Tecumseh Sherman promised “______” to freed slaves during his “March to the Sea”. This meant that plantation land that was previously controlled by the Confederacy would be provided to former slaves, and a mule provided to plow the fields. This was not an official policy, however.

• Slaves - Left plantations - Looked for______- Moved to new areas (______) No money

Plans for Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Plan Radical Republican’s Plan Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction Wade-Davis Bill Mild, painless, and ______and ______Gave amnesty to most Confederate soldiers Had to swear they never supported the ______% of the state’s population’s allegiance was required ___% of the state’s population’s allegiance was required Did not require the right to vote for ______Wanted to give all black men full ______, including the right to vote Freedmen’s Bureau

• 1865 – Congress and Lincoln set up the Freedmen’s Bureau to feed, clothe, and educate the freed blacks in the South.

- 40 hospitals - 4,000 primary schools - 61 vocational schools (industrial institutes) - 74 teacher training schools

– Very ______at first; over ______freedmen were attending school in 1866

Lincoln’s Assassination- April 14th, 1865, five days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at ______in Washington, D.C., by ______Andrew Johnson (Vice-President under Lincoln)

• 17th President of the United States of America, sworn in after ______

• Born in______, Governor of ______

– Despised Southern wealthy planter class (Born very poor and in the South so he held a grudge)

– Regarded Confederates as traitors (Reconstruction plan aimed to punish______)

• Reconstruction

- Agreed with Lincoln’s Plan - Ratification of the 13th Amendment (Officially abolishes ______in the U.S.)

- Repeal Secession - Repudiate War Debts Radical Republicans Control Congress

• 1866- ______gained majority (Opposed to slavery and Southern Black Codes)

• Radical Republicans believe the legislative branch of the federal government should be in charge of Reconstruction policy

• Led by ______(Considered moderate)

• Responsible for ______– ______Amendment: Officially abolished Slavery in the United States

– ______Amendment: Provided a constitutional basis for the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and redefined citizenship in the United States to include African Americans

– United States vs. Cruikshank was a court case that weakened the 14th Amendment by saying the federal government had no authority to punish individuals who oppressed blacks

– ______Amendment: Stated that “No one can be kept from voting because of race, color or former enslavement”. Allowed Suffrage (the right to vote) for all males with United States citizenship, regardless of race or color. Allowed African American men to vote.

Black Codes - Laws created by white Southerners to keep the newly freed ______oppressed

- Prohibited blacks from voting - Prohibited blacks from sitting on juries - Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites

- Prohibited blacks from owning guns - Imposed a curfew in some states - Required “passes” to travel

- Limited ______that could be held by blacks President vs. Congress

• 1866 - Johnson ______2 bills passed by Congress

- ______– Expanded the powers of the Freedmen’s Bureau - Civil Rights Act of 1866 – Declared all people born in the United States citizens (except the Native Americans)

• Both vetoes were overridden by ______

• Vetoes showed that ______did not support greater rights for African Americans in the South

Reconstruction Act of 1867 - Replaces Johnson’s Plan for ______

• Placed the southern states under ______

– 20,000 federal troops were sent to maintain order

– Civilian courts were replaced with ______

– Governments were run by ______

• States had to give black men the right to vote and ______the 14th Amendment

• Banned former leaders of the Confederacy

• Vetoed by Johnson, veto was overridden The South under Radical Reconstruction

• Southerners ______the new government

• ______: Southerners who cooperated with the new government (farmers)

• ______: Northerners who moved to the south to help the freedmen or run for office

• When Reconstruction began, Wealthy Land Owners living in the South tended to support ______

Tenure of Office Act – 1867 - Passed by Congress to try to get rid of President Johnson

– Required that Congress gives ______approval to the President if they wish to remove a ______

– Johnson challenged it by firing ______

– 1868 – Johnson ______(formal process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity and removed from office) by the House, but not convicted by the Senate (by a margin of 1 vote) “Reconstruction” Worksheet

1.) Who was the congressional leader of the Radical Republicans?

2.) Who did President Andrew Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction aim to punish?

3.) Which Amendment states that “No one can be kept from voting because of race, color or former enslavement”?

4.) When Reconstruction began, which group of Americans living in the South tended to support the Democratic Party?

5.) Who did the Radical Republicans believe should be in charge of Reconstruction policy?

6.) Which action showed that President Andrew Johnson did not support greater rights for African- Americans in the South?

7.) Which words best describes Lincoln’s original plan for Reconstruction?

8.) What do you think Abraham Lincoln meant by “With malice toward none, with charity for all.”?

9.) What did “40 acres and a mule” mean?

10.) What did most formerly enslaved individuals do when slavery ended?

11.) What were the four major differences between Abraham Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction and the plan proposed by the Radical Republicans?

12.) What did the Freedmen’s Bureau intend to do for newly freed blacks in the South?

13.) Give at least five examples of Black Codes that existed after the Civil War.

14.) What was the Tenure of Office Act and what did it intend to do?

15.) In the South under Radical Reconstruction, who were the “Scalawags” and “Carpetbaggers”?

16.) What did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 do? Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments

After the end of the Civil War, three Amendments were added to the Constitution. These three Amendments were some of the first steps for African-American equality in the United States. Below you’ll find the original text of the three Amendments. Your task is to read them, paraphrase them, and explain their importance. Think about how this Amendment affected the lives of those (black and white) in the United States.

13th Amendment: December 6, 1865

“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

Paraphrase:______

Importance:______

14th Amendment: July 20, 1868

“All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

Paraphrase:______

Importance:______

15th Amendment: February 3, 1870

“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

Paraphrase:______

Importance:______Warm Up Questions 1.) The congressional leader of the Radical Republicans was a.) Hiram Revels b.) Horace Greeley c.) Samuel Tilden d.) Thaddeus Stevens

2.) President Andrew Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction aimed to punish a.) Poor white southerners b.) Confederate leaders c.) Northern abolitionists d.) Formally enslaved African-Americans

3.) No one can be kept from voting because of race, color or former enslavement according to the a.) Black codes b.) 13th Amendment c.) 14th Amendment d.) 15th Amendment

4.) When Reconstruction began, which of the following groups of Americans living in the South tended to support the Democratic Party? a.) Scalawags b.) Carpetbaggers c.) African-Americans d.) Wealthy landowners

5.) Who did the Radical Republicans believe should be in charge of Reconstruction policy? a.) The Judicial branch of the federal government b.) Executive branch of the government c.) The legislative branch of the federal government d.) The state governments in the confederacy

6.) Which action showed that President Andrew Johnson did not support greater rights for African- Americans in the South? a.) He allowed many high-ranking Confederates to vote without swearing allegiance to the US b.) He vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau & the Civil Rights Act of 1866 c.) He fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton d.) He supported a Reconstruction plan similar to Lincoln’s plan

7.) Which word best describes Lincoln’s original plan for Reconstruction? a.) Neutral b.) Aggressive c.) Lenient d.) Balanced

Vocabulary Quiz 1.) Wilmot Proviso A.) The formal withdrawal of a state from the Union

2.) Secession B.) States that “No one can be kept from voting because of race, color or former enslavement”

3.) Uncle Tom’s Cabin C.) Because it was one of only two Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking complete control of the Mississippi River, Grant focused on capturing it

4.) 13th Amendment D.) It’s aim was to “free all slaves behind Confederate lines”

5.) Battle of Vicksburg E.) This was favored by the North and would have banned slavery in any territory acquired in the Mexican War

6.) Emancipation Proclamation F.) Officially abolished slavery in the United States

7.) 15th Amendment G.) Redefined what makes someone an American Citizen

8.) Thaddeus Stevens H.) This marked the first Union victory of the battlefield and is often considered the turning point of the Civil War.

9.) Battle of Gettysburg I.) The congressional leader of the Radical Republicans

10.) 14th Amendment J.) Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe A New South Emerges: The End of Reconstruction

3.4: Analyze the political, economic and social impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the reasons why Reconstruction ended

Election of 1868

• Andrew Johnson finished Presidential term but with no real power

• Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) wins election

• Although this man was considered honest, many of the people he appointed to office were dishonest and corrupt

• Congress passed the 15th Amendment, which stated that “No one can be kept from voting because of race, color or former enslavement” (Gave black men the right to vote)

Election of 1868 Republican Policies

• High tariffs • Tightened bank regulations • Repay debts in gold • Increased federal spending • Sin taxes (excise taxes) • Democrats argued such policies benefited the wealthy 1872 Grant is Reelected • Republicans Split Over Grant’s Scandals – Whiskey Ring: government officials in St. Louis cheated government out of millions of dollars by filing false tax reports (excise)

– Government Bribes: Sec. of War was found to have accepted bribes from merchants (Impeached)

– Political Machines: Boss Tweed stole between 25 and 45 million dollars through political corruption in New York

– Credit Mobilier Scandal: railroad construction paid in excess of $20,000

More Problems for Grant

• Panic of 1873 – Economic crisis because of bad railroad investments

• Radicals have less and less control over South – Severely weakened by its ties to political corruption, severe economic problems and decisions handed down by the Supreme Court in the 1870s

• Democrats rise in the South – When Reconstruction began, Wealthy Land Owners living in the South tended to support the Democratic Party

• Era of “Good Stealings”: Waste, Extravagance, Speculation, & Graft

By 1876

• North is tired of Reconstruction

• Felt 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments protected African Americans Reconstruction Ends in 1877 • Period after Reconstruction: Redemption

• Northerners grew indifferent to the cause of Reconstruction; they got tired of the corruption and did not trust the Republican governments in the south

• Republican Reconstruction governments were replaced with traditional “white rule” after the election of 1876 Compromise of 1877

• 1876 Election - Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) vs. Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)

• Tilden won the popular vote but failed to gain the presidency because there was no clear winner in the Electoral College.

• Some Southern votes are disputed and all disputed votes are given to Hayes

• Southern States are angry and threaten succession again

• Rutherford B. Hayes promised to end Reconstruction and remove troops if elected

• Since there was no winner in the Electoral College, Democrats and Republicans in Congress agreed on the outcome of the presidential election (Hayes) and effectively ended Reconstruction in the South.

Deal is Made

• Commission set up to determine winner

• Hayes wins the election

• Northern Troops are withdrawn from the South

• Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction

• Home Rule of South Reverses many advances

• Southern Democrats managed to achieve after the 1876 election. It allowed them to restrict African American rights, cut taxes and wipe out social programs = Home rule Election of 1876 Making a Living Out of Nothing • Southern economy eventually emerged stronger than before the war

• More industry

• Better transportation

• Politically, whites were in control and blacks were denied citizenship

• Solid South/New South emerges

• Sharecropping replaced slavery

• During Reconstruction the system developed wherein landowners divided their land and gave each worker a few acres in return for a portion of the harvest crop - the system of sharecropping was least beneficial to sharecroppers because it allowed for some independence, but was like slavery in some ways. Blacks in Politics

• During reconstruction, 16 blacks were elected to Congress

• Hiram R. Revels (Mississippi) was the first black United States Senator Positive Effects of Reconstruction

1. Black suffrage established

2. Property ownership no longer necessary to vote or hold office

3. Imprisonment for debts ended

4. Public school system established Negative Effects of Reconstruction

1. Segregation developed

2. Southern debt was high

3. Taxes were raised to pay for Reconstruction.

4. Dishonesty and corruption in politics. Segregation

• Decline in freedoms

• End of Freedmen’s Bureau

• End of Voting

• Little Money

• Southern leaders ignored the 14th & 15th Amendments

• White Southerners refused to accept equal rights for blacks

White Terror • Some southern whites feared political power blacks were gaining and resented federal rule of their states.

• Secret societies like the Ku Klux Klan formed who broke up Republican meetings, burned churches and homes, terrorized blacks, scalawags, and carpetbaggers, and even killed them.

Force Acts and Ku Klux Klan Acts

• 1870/1871

• Federal crime to interfere with a citizen’s right to vote

• Put federal marshals in supervision of federal elections

• Federal government eventually sent troops into the South to limit violence and voter intimidation against African Americans

• Outlaws activities of the KKK Redemption

• State government had been under Republican leadership for 12 years but then Democrats returned to power, or "redeemed" the state.

• New southern governments passed Jim Crow Laws that segregated society and allowed discrimination

– Blacks had to ride in back seats in public transportation

– Blacks had to attend separate schools, restaurants, and theaters. They also had to use separate hospitals, churches, and cemeteries Redemption Steals Black Suffrage • Laws implementing literacy tests and poll taxes deprived many blacks the right to vote

• Literacy tests were supposed to limit voting to only those who could read and write, but blacks were given much harder questions to answer.

• Poll taxes, or fees for voting, were often too expensive for poor blacks to afford

• Poor whites got around the poll tax and literacy tests under grandfather clause laws, which said any man whose father or grandfather voted before January 1, 1867, could vote. Plessy vs. Ferguson

• 1896 – Supreme court ruled that segregation laws were legal, as long as the facilities were “equal”

• “Separate but equal” remained the law of the land until the 1950’s. Assignment

• Complete “A New South Emerges” Worksheet

• Complete the following vocabulary words

• Sharecroppers • Hiram Revels • Compromise of 1877 • Jim Crow Laws • Black Codes “A New South Emerges: The End of Reconstruction” Notes

Election of 1868 • ______finished Presidential term but with no real power • ______(Republican) wins election • Although this man was considered honest, many of the people he appointed to office were dishonest and corrupt • Congress passed the ______Amendment, which stated that “No one can be kept from voting because of race, color or former enslavement” (Gave black men the right to vote)

Republican Policies - High ______- Tightened bank regulations - Repay debts in gold - Increased federal spending - Sin taxes (excise taxes) - ______argued such policies benefited the wealthy

1872 Grant is Reelected • Republicans Split Over Grant’s ______– ______: government officials in St. Louis cheated government out of millions of dollars by filing false tax reports (excise) – ______: Sec. of War was found to have accepted bribes from merchants (Impeached) – ______: Boss Tweed stole between 25 and 45 million dollars through political corruption in New York – ______Scandal: railroad construction paid in excess of $20,000

More Problems for Grant • Panic of 1873 - Economic crisis because of ______– Radicals have less and less control over South - Severely weakened by its ties to political corruption, severe economic problems and decisions handed down by the Supreme Court in the 1870s – Democrats rise in the South - When Reconstruction began, Wealthy Land Owners living in the South tended to support the ______– Era of “______”: Waste, Extravagance, Speculation, & Graft

By 1876 - North is tired of ______- Felt 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments protected African Americans

Reconstruction Ends in 1877 • Period after Reconstruction: ______• Northerners grew indifferent to the cause of Reconstruction; they got tired of the ______and did not trust the Republican governments in the south • Republican Reconstruction governments were replaced with traditional “______” after the election of 1876

Compromise of 1877 • 1876 Election - ______(Democrat) vs. ______(Republican) • Tilden won the popular vote but failed to gain the presidency because there was no clear winner in the ______. • Some Southern votes are disputed and all disputed votes are given to ______• Southern States are angry and threaten ______again • Rutherford B. Hayes promised to end Reconstruction and remove troops if elected • Since there was no winner in the Electoral College, Democrats and Republicans in Congress agreed on the outcome of the presidential election (Hayes) and effectively ended ______in the South.

Deal is Made - Commission set up to determine winner - Hayes wins the election - ______are withdrawn from the South - ______ends Reconstruction - Home Rule of South Reverses many advances - Southern Democrats managed to achieve after the 1876 election. It allowed them to restrict African American rights, cut taxes and wipe out social programs (Home rule)

Making a Living Out of Nothing - Southern economy eventually emerged ______than before the war - - More ______- Better ______- Politically, whites were in control and blacks were denied citizenship - Solid South/New South emerges - ______replaced slavery - During Reconstruction the system developed wherein landowners divided their land and gave each worker a few acres in return for a portion of the harvest crop - The system of sharecropping was least beneficial to sharecroppers because it allowed for some independence, but was like slavery in some ways.

Blacks in Politics • During reconstruction, 16 blacks were elected to Congress • ______(Mississippi) was the first black United States Senator

Positive Effects of Reconstruction - Black ______established - Property ownership no longer necessary to vote or hold office - Imprisonment for debts ended - Public school system established

Negative Effects of Reconstruction - ______developed - Southern debt was high - Taxes were raised to pay for Reconstruction. - Dishonesty and corruption in politics.

Segregation - ______in freedoms - End of Freedmen’s Bureau - End of Voting - Little Money - Southern leaders ignored the ______Amendments - White Southerners refused to accept equal rights for blacks

White Terror • Some southern whites feared political power blacks were gaining and resented federal rule of their states. • Secret societies like the ______formed who broke up Republican meetings, burned churches and homes, terrorized blacks, scalawags, and carpetbaggers, and even killed them.

Force Acts and Ku Klux Klan Acts • 1870/1871 • Federal crime to interfere with ______• Put federal marshals in supervision of federal elections • Federal government eventually sent troops into the South to limit violence and voter intimidation against ______• Outlaws activities of the KKK

Redemption • State government had been under Republican leadership for 12 years but then ______returned to power, or "redeemed" the state. • New southern governments passed ______that segregated society and allowed discrimination – Blacks had to ride in ______in public transportation – Blacks had to attend separate______. They also had to use separate hospitals, churches, and cemeteries.

Redemption Steals Black Suffrage • Laws implementing ______deprived many blacks the right to vote • Literacy tests were supposed to limit voting to only those who could read and write, but blacks were given much harder questions to answer. • Poll taxes, or fees for voting, were often too expensive for poor blacks to afford • Poor whites got around the poll tax and literacy tests under ______laws, which said any man whose father or grandfather voted before January 1, 1867, could vote.

Plessy vs. Ferguson • 1896 – Supreme court ruled that segregation laws were legal, as long as the facilities were “equal” • “______” remained the law of the land until the 1950’s. “A New South Emerges: The End of Reconstruction” Worksheet

1.) What did the Compromise of 1877 signal an end to?

2.) During Reconstruction, who was the system of sharecropping least beneficial to? Why?

3.) Who was Hiram Revels?

4.) Who won the Election of 1868? What type of people did he appoint to office?

5.) What are the three major scandals that define Grant’s presidency?

6.) During Reconstruction, what type of people in the South tended to support the Democratic Party?

7.) Who ran in the election of 1876? Who won? How?

8.) What is sharecropping?

9.) During Reconstruction, how many African Americans were elected to Congress

10.) What are Jim Crow Laws?

11.) What did the Supreme Court rule in Plessy vs. Ferguson?

12.) What did literacy tests and poll taxes do for African Americans who tried to vote?

Positive Effects of Reconstruction Negative Effects of Reconstruction

North Carolina Black Codes

The following are actual black code laws that oppressed African Americans in the State of North Carolina. Please read each of the following Black Code Laws and paraphrase each of them.

Code 1: If any slave shall teach or attempt to teach, any other slave to read or write, the use of figures excepted*, he or she may be carried before any justice of the peace, and on conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to receive thirty-nine lashes on his or her bare back. (1830) *Figures excepted: A slave could be taught to read numbers, not words. Paraphrase: ______

Code 2: No slave shall go armed with gun, sword, club or other weapon, or shall keep any such weapon, or shall hunt or range with a gun in the woods, upon any pretence whatsoever; and if any slave shall be found offending herein, it shall and may be lawful for any person or persons to seize, and take to his own use, such gun, sword or other weapon, and to apprehend and deliver such slave to the next constable, who is enjoined and required, without further order or warrant, to give such slave twenty lashes on his or her bare back, and to send him or her home: and the master or owner of such slave shall pay the taker-up of such armed slave the same reward as by this act is allowed for taking up runaways. (1741) Paraphrase: ______

Code 3: It shall not be lawful for any free negro or free person of colour to intermarry or cohabit and live together as man and wife with any slave; and any free negro or person of colour so intermarrying or cohabiting and living as man and wife with a slave, shall be liable to indictment, and upon conviction shall be fined and imprisoned or whipt at the discreti[o]n of the court; the whipping not to exceed thirty-nine lashes: Provided, That this section shall not extend to any case where an intermarriage or cohabiting or living together took place before the passing of this act. (1830) Paraphrase: ______

Code 4: No person shall grant permission for any meeting or meetings of the negroes of others, or people of colour, at his, her or their houses, or on his, her or their plantation for the purpose of drinking or dancing, under the penalty of forfeiting twenty dollars on conviction of such offence, in any court having jurisdiction thereof, unless such slave shall have a special permit in writing or otherwise from his or her owner for that purpose. (1794) Paraphrase: ______