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A Thesis Subn=D to University of Wales in Fulfilment of the Requirments for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

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A Thesis Subn=D to University of Wales in Fulfilment of the Requirments for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy THE ISLAMIC TENDENCY IN AL-JAIjIZ'S PROSE WORKS: A STUDY OF SELECTED TEXTS FROM THE R,4Sj'IL, 4L-JjffIZ COLLECTION ZAMRI ARIFIN A THESIS SUBN=D TO UNIVERSITY OF WALES IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES AND ISLAMIC STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF WALES, LAMPETER, WALES, UNITED KINGDOM 2005 i ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to examinethe Islamic tendencyin al-Jibiz's proseworks, with specialreference to the selectedtexts from the Rasi'd a1-J9bi..,- collection. This thesis consistsof eight chaptersincluding the introductorychapter, and is divided into two parts.Part one coversthree chapters.This part startswith an analysisof the historical backgroundof study and literature review. It then proceedsto a brief discussionon the developmentof Arabic literature, and ends with a discussionon the significanceof al-RbiZ and his prosework as a whole. Part two consists of five chapters.This part dealswith an analysisof the text from twenty- one extantrisgla from the collection.This coverstextual introductions,an analysisof the main issuein the risala, the use of the Qur'in and 1jadith and the style of writing. In the courseof investigatingall thesesubjects, provisions of classical Arabic literature works, particularly al-RbiZ's works, have beenreferred to and various sourcesof Arabic languageand literaturestudies have been consulted. It has been found in this thesisthat the nature of al-J5biZ'swork focused on adab and socialissues including religious,political, scientificelements etc. A]-Ribiz's observationson Islamic elements and issues such as legal, theological, ethical and social are scatteredamong his rasid. This studyhas also revealedthat the raa'il of al-jabiz, which hasbeen chosen for an extensivestudy in this thesis,in many of its aspectsconstitutes a rich resourcefor Islamic studies.It would seemthat the Qur'dnic verses and the Ijadith of the ProphetMuhammad (p. b. u. h. ) constitutethe main sourcesin al-Bbiz's works. Therefore, we hope that this thesis will encouragefurther study, especiallyin the fields of Islamic studiesand particularlyin Arabic proseliterature study. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praisebe to Allah, Whom we beseechfor aid, guidanceand forgiveness,and to Whom we turn in repentance.We seek refuge with Allah from the wickedness within us and from our evil deeds.Whom Allah guide none may lead astray;whom He leavesin error has no guide. We testify that there are no other deities saveGod, Alone without partner. We testify that Muhammad(p. b. u. h. ) is His Slave and His Messenger. Over the three years in which I have been involved with this study, a lot of people have lent me assistanceand encouragement.This study has also been made possiblethrough the help extendedto me by many graciouspeople to all of whom I am greatlyindebted and grateful. My deep and sincere appreciation goes to my supervisor Dr. Mawil Izd Dien of the Department of Theology and Religious and Islamic Studies, University of Wales, Lampeter, who was tremendously instrumental in helping me to think systematically not only in relation to this study, but also to Islamic thought as a whole. I would like also to thank him for his encouragement and criticism throughout the stages of the preparation of this thesis. His incisive criticism on matters of substance and of style helped me to refine both my argument and my prose. It has been a great honour and pleasure to have been his student. Special thanks also go to Dr. Francis Knight, the Head of department of Tbeology and Religious and Islamic Studies, for IV her help particularly to obtain the financial assistanceof the Departmental Bursary; firstly, for attending a three months English course at University of Wales, Aberystwyth, and secondly, for collecting data at the School of Oriental and African Studies,University of London and the British Library. It was there that I was able to read the collection of al-JdtiZ's work. Researchfor this thesis also took me to Egypt, where I had an opportunity to read and collect Arabic sourceson al-JahiZand Arabic prose literature in general.It is important to note that one particular part of this thesis was presented at BRISUES in 2004 which was held at SOAS, London. I wish to thank the TRS and UKM for making my presentationpossible. I wish also to thank the chairpersonand panellists of my panel for their valuable suggestions. My special thanks also go to Professor Dr. Yusouf Izzi Dien, a famous Iraqi Adib and Dr. Mawil's father, who offered excellent advice and guidance at one particularly crucial point. In addition, he gave the benefit of his expertise and offered invaluable advice to me. For the non-academicstaff of UWL, I would like to firstly thank, Mrs Marlene Albett, the Department secretary of the of Theology, Paula Yates, the postgraduate Department assistant of the of Theology, for the help that they offered me. I thank Academic Computer also all the staff of the Service at UWL for all the facilities made for available my use. Thanks also go to all the staff of the UWL library (my second home) for their co-operation throughout my study, especially Mrs Jenny Brecher, the library administrator, and Ms Kathy Miles, of the inter-library loan section, for getting me the material not available in this library. I am indebted to Serena Gibb, Ian Showell and others, who have critically read early drafts of this thesis, corrected the V style and languageof the thesis and offered valuable remarks.I would like also to take this opportunity to thank all my friends in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies. I spent my three years of college life in Wales among them, and by their prayers to God I was supported.Also, all my colleaguesin the Department of Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, Faculty of Islamic Studies,The National University of Malaysia, Malaysia. Furthermore, this study would have been impossible without financial support from the Malaysian Government through the National University of Malaysia (UKM) and the Public Service Department Administration (JPA). This study would also have never been completed without the support of my family. I would particularly like to take this occasion to acknowledge with love and gratitude, my wife Hanani Yaacob, four Nurul Haneen, and our children - Hifdzi Zaim, Hatem Zafir, Nurul Hilya - who have given me the much neededcompanionship, understanding and constant support and encouragementover the past three years. I also have to ask my wife and my forgive for children to me not giving them enough time. Also, my gratitude goes to father, Almarhum (the Late) Haji my Arifin' and my mother Hajjah Aishah, and also in law, Haii Yaacob Hajah my parents and Rahmah, for their support to seethis study achieve its final form. Finally, with the work of many scholars in the field of Arabic literature, I only hope that this contribution will merit attention, and that readerswill not spareme their comments. I have drawn a lot of evidence from both past and presentscholars as can I During the progressof the thesis,my fatherpassed away on 16thMarch 2004.It wasa very difficult andpainful time for me becauseI hadnot seenhim for morethan two years,since I havebeen in the UK to continuemy studyat UWL. vi be seen from the footnotes and bibliography, and I am very grateful to all of them. Needless to say, the responsibility for mistakes and any conjunctures remain mine alone.I haveto admit that this thesismost certainlyhas its own weaknesses,due to lack of knowledge, experience and outlook. Hence, any suggestion for its improvement would be highly appreciated.I pray to God the Almighty to forgive the errorsand mistakesI havemade. Perfection and faultlessnessonly belongsto Allah, the Almighty. 45LS A$ k"ý"* 4ilr- #AJJ ,j ., vil TRANSLITERATION, VOWELS AND NOTES A. Transliteration: Many Arabic words were transliteratedinto Roman alphabet in this thesis. Tlie Library CongressSystem (LC) is usedfor this purpose.They are as follows: a t b z t 9 th gli i f b 3 q kh 'A k d j I dh In r n z A h s W UA sh y 0.2 -) L).:. a (in construct state - at) B. Vowels: a) Long vowels: .I: i j fa- L,; : b) Shortvowels: a u I viii C: Notes: 1. The proper names and the names of the well-known cities such as Muhammad,Ahmad, Abdullah, Mecca,Basra, Baghdad and Cairo etc., have ' beenspell asinternationally known. 2. 'Ihe year of death (abridged as d.) had been given whereveravailable in both the Islamic (Hija) and the Christian (or Common) calendars;e. g. 206/821-2 = 206 (Anno Hijrae) correspondingto parts of 821-2 (Anno Domini). 3. The letter ( b.) is for 'Ibn' 'bom' is in full. short =I son of , whereas written 4. In the bibliography, author with Arabic namesthat begin with definite article "al" is listed accordingto their main surnames.For example,al-Ribiz is includedunder "J". 4. As for the translationof the Qur'dn, I mainly make use of Abdullah Yusuf Ali's translation. ix LIST OF ABBREVIATION This thesis has not used many abbreviations.'Me following is a list of abbreviationsused in this thesis: A. D. (Anno Domini): Gregoriancalendar. A. H. (Anno Hegirae): Islamic calendar. Art. - Article. b.: ibn (son of) B.C.: Before Christ. bt.: bint (daughterof) cf. : compare. d.: dateof deathof an authoror scholar(to showthe agein which he lived). d. c- uncertaindate of deathof an authoror scholars. e. g. (exempli gratia): for exwnple. et. al. (et. Afii): and others. etc. (et cetera): And the others; so forth. Eds.: Editors. ]bid. (Ihidem): in the saine book or passage. i. e. (id esl): that is. MS: manuscript. p.: page. pp.: pages. Pl.: Plural. p.b. u.h.: Peacebe Upon Him.
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