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Ahtl-European STRUGGLE by the MAPPILAS of MALABAR 1498-1921 AD

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Ahtl-European STRUGGLE by the MAPPILAS of MALABAR 1498-1921 AD AHTl-EUROPEAn STRUGGLE BY THE MAPPILAS OF MALABAR 1498-1921 AD THESIS SUBMITTED FDR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE DF Sactnr of pitilnsopliQ IN HISTORY BY Supervisor Co-supervisor PROF. TARIQ AHMAD DR. KUNHALI V. Centre of Advanced Study Professor Department of History Department of History Aligarh Muslim University University of Calicut Al.garh (INDIA) Kerala (INDIA) T6479 VEVICATEV TO MY FAMILY CONTENTS SUPERVISORS' CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF MAPS LIST OF APPENDICES ABBREVIATIONS Page No. INTRODUCTION 1-9 CHAPTER I ADVENT OF ISLAM IN KERALA 10-37 CHAPTER II ARAB TRADE BEFORE THE COMING OF THE PORTUGUESE 38-59 CHAPTER III ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SOCIETY 60-103 CHAPTER IV THE STRUGGLE OF THE MAPPILAS AGAINST THE BRITISH RULE IN 19™ CENTURY 104-177 CHAPTER V THE KHILAFAT MOVEMENT 178-222 CONCLUSION 223-228 GLOSSARY 229-231 MAPS 232-238 BIBLIOGRAPHY 239-265 APPENDICES 266-304 CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH - 202 002, INDIA CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis "And - European Struggle by the Mappilas of Malabar 1498-1921 A.D." submitted for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Aligarh Muslim University, is a record of bonafide research carried out by Salahudheen O.P. under our supervision. No part of the thesis has been submitted for award of any degree before. Supervisor Co-Supervisor Prof. Tariq Ahmad Dr. Kunhali.V. Centre of Advanced Study Prof. Department of History Department of History University of Calicut A.M.U. Aligarh Kerala ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My earnest gratitude is due to many scholars teachers and friends for assisting me in this work. I acknowledge my gratitude and sincere benevolence to Prof. Tariq Ahmad, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History, A.M.U. Aligrah. It is under his supervision and inspiring guidance that this work has been completed. I am also greatly indebted to my Co-Supervisor Dr. Kunhali V. Professor and former head of the Department of History, University of Calicut, for his meticulously thorough and constant encouragement, without which the work would not have been completed. I express my gratitude to Prof. Shahabuddin Iraqi, Chairman and Co­ ordinator, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History A.M.U. for his timely response to my request for leave and other official formalities. I am thankful to my teachers Prof. Irfan Habib, Prof. Shireen Moosvi, the former Chairperson and Co-ordinator of CAS, Prof. Ishtyiak Ahmad Zilli, Prof Rafi Ahmad Alavi, Prof S.P. Verma, Dr. Liyaqat Husain Moini, and (Late) Prof Jamal Mohammad Siddiqui who were the constant inspiration to me during the course of my study in Aligarh. I owe my gratitude to ICHR New Delhi for granting the Junior Research Fellowship for the successful completion of this work. I extend my sincere thanks to the staff of National Archives of India, New Delhi, especially, to Dr. S.M. Moideen, Assistant Director and Jayaprabha for their ready response to the request for the assistance. Also to the staff of Nehru Memorial Museum and Library ofASI, Delhi, J.N. U. and Jamia Millia Islamia University libraries, Maulana Azad Library, Professor Nurul Hasan Research Library, Centre of Advanced Study, libraries of the Departments of Islamic Studies and West Asian Studies, A.M.U. Aligrah, and CH. Muhammed Koya Library, University of Calicut, Tamilnadu Archives, Chennai, State and Regional Archives of Kerala and Farook College Library. I am thankful to Dr. Umar M, A.LA. College, Kuniyil, Dr. Noushad AH P.M. Department of Library and Information Science, Dr. Abdurahim K, Department of Muscology A.M.U. Aligarh, Dr. T. Muhammed Ali, Farook College, Mayankutty, P.S.M.O. College, Thirurangadi, Dr. Muhammed Poozhikuth, Government College, Malappuram, Basheer Manchery, M.U.A.College, Pulikkal, A.P. Muhammed Ali Musliyar, Nellikuth, M. Afsal and P. Noushad, Kalikavu and Alavi Achuthodika, LH.S.S. Chennamangalore for their timely help and suggestions during the course of work. I express my hearty thanks to Prof. P. Abdul Hameed, Department of English, M.E.S. Mampad College and his family for their assistance for this work. 1 also express my thanks to M. Kunhalavi, Research Scholar Department of Botany, P. Abdul Wahab, Research Scholar Department of Psychology, Faisal Khan, Research Scholar Department of Islamic Studies, Izzuddin Nadwi, Research Scholar Department of Arabic and Md. Kurshid Alam, Younus Iqbal Bhatt and Md. Raihan Ghani, Research Scholars CAS, Department of History, A.M.U. for their help and encouragement I thank all my friends whose prayers and wishes always made me confident to pursue the work to its completion. Last though not least, I am very grateful to my Father, Mother, Brother, Sister in law, Sisters and in laws and to my beloved wife with whose constant support I was able to complete the work. Above all, I praise Almighty God for His mercy and benevolence to complete my research work in time. Dated: nfo^Jo^ SALAHUDHEEN O.P. LIST OF MAPS Page No. i. Kerala-Dominant Kingdoms-1498. 232 2. Mosques Constructed by the Early Missionaries. 233 (Cited in Tuhfat-ul-Mujahideen) 3. Indian Ocean - Maritime Trade Routes in 15* Century. 234 4. South India - Malabar District and Native States. 235 5. Malabar District - Administrative Divisions. 236 6. Malabar District - Sites of 19* Century Uprisings. 237 7. MalabarDistrict-MajorSitesof 1921 Rebellion. 238 LIST OF APPENDICES 1. Mappila 266 2. Malabar 268 3. List of Mosques mentioned in Rihlat-ul-Muluk. 270 4. Poetical Message sent by Umar Qazi to Mamburam Sayyid 271 Alavi Tangal in December 1819. 5. List ofMartyrs at Malappuram Battle of 1738. 272 6. Kurikkal's Letter found at Manjeri Temple. 273 7. Moplah Outrages Act. 277 8. Anonymous Letter to the Government of Madras. 282 9. Gandhi's Speech at Calicut. 285 10. Yaqub Hasan's Visit to Calicut. 289 11. Copy of Kerala Patrika Supplement - Report on the Arrest of All Musliyar. 292 12. Copy of Manorama Supplement- Report on the Arrest of Variyamkunnath Kunhammed Haji and Colleagues. 293 13. List of Martyrs in ' Wagon Tragedy'. 294 14. Photo of Konnala Ahmed Haji who survived the 'Wagon Tragedy'. 297 15. Note on Military Onslaughts on Mappilas in 1921. 298 16. Gandhi's Speech at Madras. 299 17. Population Statistics of Malabar. 301 18. Photos of Malabar Khilafat Leaders. 302 19. Photo of Sayyid Fazal Pookoya Tangal. 303 20. Photo of the Kodungallur Mosque before renovation. 304 ABBREVIATIONS AES Asian Educational Service BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies CMO Correspondence of Moplah Outrages CUP Cambridge University Press EPW Economic and Political Weekly HFM History of Freedom Movement lA Indian Antiquary IC Islamic Culture ICCR Indian Council of Cultural Relations ICHR Indian Council of Historical Research lESHR Indian Economic and Social History Review JAS Journal of Asian Studies JESHO Journal of Economic and Social History of Orient JKS Journal of Kerala Studies JMBRAS Journal of Malasian Branch of Royal Asiatic Society JPS Journal of Peasant Studies JRAS Journal of Royal Asiatic Society KCHR Kerala Council of Historical Research MAS Modern Asian Studies MIQ Medieval India Quarterly MJP Madras Judicial Proceedings MRC Modern Review, Calcutta MRP Madras Revenue Proceedings NAI National Archives of India OUP Oxford University Press PP Past and Present Pro. IHC Proceedings of Indian History Congress ss Social Scientist TNA Tamil Nadu Archives USSF Under Secretary's Safe Secret File Pro.MLC Proceedings of Madras Legislative Council ihjrnovucrwN INTRODUCTION The research study outlined here viz, "Anti-European Struggle by the Mappilas' of Malabar^ 1498-1921 AD." is an attempt to bring to light the role of the Mappilas of Malabar in defending the land of spices from Portuguese onslaughts and their efforts to throw the yoke of colonial administration in nineteenth and early parts of twentieth centuries. 'Malabar' is the name familiar to Ancient, Medieval and Modern historians of India and of the World. The narrow coastal strip of land had attracted the attention of travellers, geographers and scholars and all those interested in history. Greek writers were familiar with the land and the people. Arab geographers were full of praise for the land and its rulers and people. The spices attracted the Europeans. Pyrard de Lavel in eighteenth century notes that, Zamorin, the merchant Prince had attracted the wealth of the whole world to his market places. It was the position of Malabar as an entrepot of the East - West trading activities in the Indian Ocean littoral that availed her prominent place in the medieval world. The frequent references in ancient sources on trade with Malabar are impressive. It was the background of this extensive trade in Indian Ocean that formed the base of the Mappila identity. The Arabian Sea has been the permanent and determining factor in the history of Malabar. Thus Malabar with its fascinating natural beauty claims a venerable antiquity in the history of Indian culture. See Appendix -I for a brief discussion on the origin of the word 'Mappila". • See Appendix -II for a discussion on the geographical area of Malabar. The anti-European struggles in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and peasant uprisings of nineteenth century attracted the attention of sociologists and historians to Malabar and to its people. Later in the beginning of 20"^ century the Malabar Rebellion of 1921 led by the Mappilas practically expelled the British Administration from Mappila homelands of Ernad-Walluvanad Taluks for six months. No other people in Colonial India had been bold enough to launch such war against ruling masters. Sources of the Study The source material for the study constitutes Archival records from National Archives New Delhi, Tamilnadu Archives Chennai, State and other Regional Archives of Kerala, and other published and unpublished materials from different libraries of Delhi, Aligarh and Kerala.
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