Impact of Mine Waters on Chemical Composition of Soil in the Partizansk Coal Basin, Russia

International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7 (2019) 57–63

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research

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Original Research Article Impact of mine waters on chemical composition of soil in the Partizansk Coal Basin, Russia

Ola Areﬁeva a,n, Alina V. Nazarkina b, Natalya V. Gruschakova a, Julia E. Skurikhina c, Vera B. Kolycheva a a Far Eastern Federal University, 8, Sukhanova str., 690950, Vladivostok, Russian Federation b Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far-Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Stoletia prospect, 690022 Vladivostok, Russian Federation c Paciﬁc State Medical University, 2, Ostryakov Avenue, 690002, Vladivostok, Russian Federation article info abstract

Article history: Partizansk Coal Basin, located in the south of the Russian Far Eastern Region, was intensively mined from Received 22 June 2017 1918 until 1998. Although it was mostly explored by underground excavation, the natural landscapes were Received in revised form transformed into anthropogenic ones. After the mines closed, ground subsidence occurred widely, espe- 30 November 2018 cially in areas near the waste dumps. This caused water tables to rise to the surface and pollute the soil. Accepted 5 January 2019 Analysis of the hydrochemical composition of the mine waters were conducted in 2011–2013, and showed Available online 11 January 2019 low alkalinity and average level of mineralization. This can be explained by the fact that while going up Keywords: through soil mass, the mine waters lost their much of their pollutants due to soil buffering. All mine water Mine waters samples contain thermo-tolerant coliform bacteria E. coli that indicates a source of fresh fecal pollution. Soil solution Our research indicates increased hydrocarbon ion concentrations in mine waters, especially in autumn, Chemical composition that resulted in accumulation of chromium and copper compounds, which can cause soil pollution. A Abandoned coal mines Bacteriological contamination of water strong relationship between the chemical composition of the mine waters and soil extracts was found within areas of unregulated groundwater discharge on the surface. Signiﬁcant negative correlation between pH and content of metal compounds including chromium and copper was found at the “Avangard” mine (r ¼0.95); and between alkalinity and chromium content at the “Glubokaya” mine (r ¼0.94). & 2019 International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation and China Water and Power Press. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction methods, whereby groundwater abstraction ceases. Rising groundwater and the discharge of polluted mine water at the surface The accelerated mass closure of unprofitable coal mines without results. The acid mine water can be toxic; their chemistry reflects appropriate environmental impact assessments and scientificjus- the sulphide mineral content (Audry et al., 2010; Audry, Blanc, & tification has multicomponent environmental impacts (Taylor, Schafer, 2005; Moncur, Ptacek, Blowers, & Jambor, 2005; Smolya- Mackay, Hudson-Edwards, & Holz, 2010). The range and scale of kov, Ryzhikh, Bortnikova, Saeva, & Chernova, 2010). detrimental post-mine closure impacts on landscape and biota are A variety of mine water treatments are available, including: various and reflect the the extent of the environmental protection liming for acid mine waters (Cravotta, 2003; von Willert & management measures. Core problems related to coal mine closure Stehouwer, 2003; Ziemkiewicz, Skousen, Brant, Sterner, & Lovett, are erosion and soil contamination (Hammarstrom, Seall II, Meier, & 1997), combustible gases (Lamminen et al., 2001; Laperche & Kornfeld, 2005), surface subsidence, collapse of water bearing Bigham, 2002), wetlands (Ye et al., 2001), sulfate reducing bacteria strata, deterioration of natural water quality (Audry et al., 2010; (Carmen-Mihaela, Gerald, & Bruno, 2007). For Russia the problem is Galan et al., 2003; Grosbois, Courtin-Nomade, Martin, & Bril, 2007) rather acute (Krupskaya et al., 2013) and attention is focused on and waste piles (Cherkesova & Tsurak, 2004; Tarasenko et al., 2004). assessment and reclamation of mining damaged areas, as their Closure of mines is, in most cases, carried out by "wet" closure drainage water causes significant environmental damage. For example, we showed that in the industrial area of the abandoned

n Avangard mine (Partizansk Coal Basin, south of the Russian Far Corresponding author. East), underground and alluvial waters are mixing allowing leakage E-mail address: [email protected] (O. Arefieva). Peer review under responsibility of International Research and Training Center of mine waters into public water supply sources. Correlations on Erosion and Sedimentation and China Water and Power Press. between hydrochemical parameters of the polluted mine waters https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2019.01.001 2095-6339/& 2019 International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation and China Water and Power Press. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 58 O. Arefieva et al. / International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7 (2019) 57–63 and parameters of the river water quality (Belaya and Melniki 2. Materials and methods Rivers), and also parameters of water quality of the wells used by local population for water supply are established by Nazarkina, Partizansk Coal Basin is located on the South of the Russian Far Arefieva, Kadyrova, Buyanova, and Savenkova (2013). Sorbents for Eastern Region (the longitude - 135.0, the latitude - 45.0). The – – mine water purification - perlite modified by expanding and hy- Partizansk Coal Basin developed in 1918 1998. In 1996 1998 drophobization treatment were offered by Arefieva et al. (2013). groundwater abstraction ceased, causing groundwater rise and flooding of abandoned mines. Currently, mine water are discharging This research project was directed at establishing the impact of at the ground surface and penetrating into underground waters. mine waste piles on the chemical composition of soil solutions in Joint sampling of mine water and soil was undertaken in industrial areas of abandoned coal mines on the example of Avan- 2011–2013 in Autumn (October) and Spring (May) in the industrial gard mine of the Partizansk Coal Basin (south of the Russian Far areas of the Partizansk Coal Basin at the following abandoned East). The results demonstrate that there is a transformation of the mines: Avangard (point 11 - Autumn, point 12 - Spring), Glubokaya chemical composition of soil water extracts beneath the mine waste (point 21 - Autumn, point 22 - Spring), Nagornaya (point 31 - deposits (rock dump), including: pH changes, concentrations of Autumn, point 32 - Spring). Joint samples of mine water and soil sulphide and silicon compounds in the humic horizon; iron, chro- were taken in places of discharging mine waters on the ground mium and copper compound concentration in the mineral horizons (Fig. 1). A total of eighteen (18) samples were collected from the (Arefieva, Nazarkina, Gruschakova, & Sidorova, 2014). study area from October 2011 to May 2013. At the time of mine closure the questions of monitoring techni- The chemical composition of mine waters was studied for core ques and legislative instruments are particularly important. In Russia hydrochemical parameters (Table 1). All measurements were these procedures are less well defined, whilst in Canada and the USA performed at least in triplicate. the procedures associated with the liquidation of unprofitable mines Soil-water extracts from specific soil horizons were prepared in are implemented. In Canada abandoned mines are inspected. A compliance with guideline for chemical analysis of soils number of committees are working in connection with abandoned (Arinushkina, 1970). For preparation of soil-water extracts the ratio mines and a long-term program and concept for mine abandonment of the solid-to-solution ratio 1:5 was used. In the studied samples - has been developed (Corwan, Mackasey, & Robertson, 2010; the concentrations of Suspended substances, Nitrates (NO3 -N), Nitrites (NO --N), Ammonium-nitrogen (NH þ -N), Phosphates Mackasey, 2000), with a framework for responsible mining and 2 4 (PO 3-), Sulfides (S2-), Sulfates (SO 2-), Silicon compounds (SiO ), mining standards development (Miranda, Chambers, & Coumans, 4 4 2 Chromium (VI), Total iron, Nickel, Cobalt, Aluminum and Copper 2005). In the USA, the Federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation were measured using a HACH DR2700 (Germany) spectro- Act is implemented (Sutton, 1979). photometer according to HACH methods 8006, 8039, 8507, 8155, Mine waters are potentially ecologically harmful kinds of waste 8048, 8131, 8051, 8185, 8023, 8008, 8150, 8078, 8012 and 8506, waters. The coliphages pollution intensity of domestic water respectively. рН of soil-water extracts was determined by – – amounts to 106 108 BFU/100 ml, and of mine and quarry waters potentiometer with glass electrode, electrical conductivity – by – 104 105 BFU/100 ml (Guidelines 2.1.5.800-99, 2000). The source conductometer OK-102/1 (Hugary, Radelkis). Statistical analysis of of the microbial contaminants of coal mine leachates is the leakage the results of chemical composition of mine waters and soil-water of fecal waters from nearby settlements into coal mine leachates extracts was done with the StatSoft Statistica 10.0. To compare the (Avchinnikov, 2000; Mukhin, 2008). sample frame results of a chemical composition of mine waters The impact of coal mine leachates (mine water) on the soil not and water extracts the analysis of variance was carried out. To been assessed recently. It is the objective of this paper is to study establish the influence of mine waters on the water extracts the impact on adjacent soil of mine leachates (mine water) from composition of the soils the correlation and regression analyses abandoned mines of the Partizansk Coal Basin. were carried out.

Fig. 1. The location of the Abandoned Mines. O. Areﬁeva et al. / International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7 (2019) 57–63 59

Table 1 Methods of determining core hydrochemical parameters.

Hydrochemical parameters The method The technique

рН Potentiometry A potentiometer using a glass electrode Mineralization Gravimetric To determine a mineralization the solid residue was calcinated in the mufﬂe furnace within 3–3.5 h at a tem- perature of 500–600 °C. Colour Photoelectrocolorimetric It was determined by a chromocobalt scale using the spectrophotometer UNICO-1201 at λ ¼ 413 nm. Turbidity Photoelectrocolorimetric It was determined by a suspension of kaolin scale using the spectrophotometer UNICO-1201 at λ ¼ 530 nm. Total iron content Photoelectrocolorimetric It was determined by a sulphocyanide method using the spectrophotometer UNICO-1201 at λ ¼ 4500 nm. Permanganate demand Titration It was determined by Skopintsev's method. To 100 ml of the studied water we added 10 ml of 0.01 mol L1 solution of potassium permanganate and 3 ml of 33% of solution of sodium hydroxide and boiled within 10 min. Further the test was neutralized by sulfuric acid (1:3) solution. Then in a ﬂask 0.5 g of potassium iodide, 3 ml of sulfuric acid (1:3) were added and the emitted iodine was titrated by sodium thiosulphate solution. Hardness Titration It was determined by volumetric trilonometric method using a chromogen. Calcium Titration It was determined by volumetric trilonometric method using a murexide. Alkalinity Titration It was determined by the acidimetric method. Chloride Titration It was determined by the argentometric titration with potassium chromate as indicator. Sulfate Titration It was determined by iodometric titration.

Sampling for bacteriological analysis and the study for micro- 3. Results and discussion biological parameters were done in compliance with (Guidelines 3.1. Chemical and bacteriological study of mine waters 4.2.1884-04, 2004). The following parameters were determined: total number of mesophilic aerobic and optionally anaerobic mi- The chemical composition of mine waters from Avangard, croorganisms (TMC), total and thermotolerant Coliform bacteria, Glubokaya and Nagornaya mines is shown on Fig. 2. Mine waters coliphages. of Nagornaya and Glubokaya are moderately hard with increased

Fig. 2. Mineralization (a), pH value (b), calcium concentration (c) and hardness (d) of Partizansk Coal Basin's mine water: 1 – Avangard; 2 – Glubokaya; 3 – Nagornaya. 60 O. Areﬁeva et al. / International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7 (2019) 57–63

Table 2 Results of bacteriological study of mine waters.

Sampling point TMC (CFU/ Total coliform bacteria Thermotolerant coliform bacteria Coliphages (BFU/100 1 ml) (CFU/100 ml) (CFU/100 ml) ml)

Avangard 256 7000 125 56 Glubokaya 550 8700 120 25 Nagornaya 20 3000 43 Not found Permissible level for discharge into aquatic objects (Guidelines -a 100 100 100 4.2.1884–04, 2004) Permissible level for drinking and public water supply (Sanitary Not over 50 Not over 1000 Not over 100 Not over 10 rules & norms 2.1.5.980-00, 2000) Permissible level for recreational water consumption and within – Not over 500 Not over 100 Not over 10 communities (Sanitary rules & norms 2.1.5.980-00, 2000)

a not normative parameter.

Fig. 3. Seasonal characteristic of colour (a) and pH value (b) of Partizansk Coal Basin's mine waters: Avangard 11 (Autumn), 12 (Spring); Glubokaya 21 (Autumn), 22 (Spring); Nagornaya 31 (Autumn), 32 (Spring). mineralization. At Avangard, mine waters are soft with moderate colour of those mines’ waters in spring is explained by humic mineralization, possibly because of natural filtration through the substances with meltwaters. soil horizon. High mineralization and hardness at Glubokaya relates to waste pile materials close to mine water discharge. 3.2. Chemical composition of soil-water extracts and mine waters By pH, the mine waters studied are close to natural waters: impact on soil-water extracts at Avangard the medium reaction is rather acidic, at Nagornaya – rather alkaline. The area's contamination was assessed by analysing soil-water As alluvial and mine waters mix, the quality of water supply extracts, which indicate the most mobile forms of contaminating resources deteriorates. The study of microbiological parameters elements that are easily transformed into other media (natural revealed that mine waters differ by TMC characterizing pollution water). Statistical differences in chemical composition of soil-water of water source with organic matters, by coliform index reflecting extracts were found only in the pH, which is different in Nagornaya the level of fecal contamination of water and by coliphage content andAvangardmines(Fig. 4). (Table 2). The water in all samples complies with permissible con- taminant threshold level in accordance with the Sanitary rules and norms 2.1.5.980-00 (2000). However in all samples analyzed thermotolerant coliform bacteria were found to be a better indicator of recent fecal contamination than general coliform bacteria and are predominantly represented by E. coli. The source of the E.coli in the mine water is the leakage of sewage waters from the nearest inhabited locality. The assessment of waters’ microbial contamination showed that they may be a potential pathogenic source of natural water body. Mine waters were characterized by high microbial content which indicates available sources for microbial contamination. Seasonality may affect pH and colour of mine water. At Avangard mine, seasonal differences of mine water's chemical composition have not been found (Fig. 3). In Autumn, mine waters of Glubokaya and Nagornaya are more alkaline. This may be explained by leaching of waste piles during typhoons. The intense Fig. 4. pH of soil-water extracts: 1 – Avangard; 2 – Glubokaya; 3 – Nagornaya. O. Arefieva et al. / International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7 (2019) 57–63 61

correlation was seen between the composition of mine water and solid-water extract (Table 3). During spontaneous discharge of mine waters, the growing mine water's mineralization may cause an accumulation of chromium, copper, iron, sulfates, sulfides and phosphates in soil solution. Inverse correlation between mine water's pH and the content of chromium, copper, nitrates, silicon compounds, sulfides, phosphates evidences the decrease of mobility of those compounds in alkaline medium. The interdependency between mine water's pH and the content of chromium and copper in soil extract is characterized by a wide confidence interval, evidencing the uncertainty of prediction (Fig. 6). At Glubokaya, inverse dependency between the alkalinity of mine water flowed out waste pile's base and the content of chromium, nitrates, silicon and ammonium is seen. Growing alkalinity of mine water leads to fixation of those compounds in Fig. 5. Seasonal characteristic of the chemical composition of Partizansk Coal Ba- the soil which is confirmed by the regression equation (Fig. 7). sin's soil-water extracts: Avangard 11 (Autumn), 12 (Spring); Glubokaya 21 (Autumn), 22 (Spring); Nagornaya 31 (Autumn), 32 (Spring). Our research shows that in the industrial areas of the abandoned coal mines of Partizansk the main sources of contamination are the mine waters and waste piles (Fig. 8). Seasonal changes in the chemical composition of soil-water ex- The present work shows that coal mine leachates affect the tracts is shown on Fig. 5. Seasonal variations between the chemical composition of the soil solutions. Mine waters rise has had a sig- composition of Glubokaya's soil-water extracts by pH are apparently nificant impact on water quality of the alluvial water-bearing linked with the active development of erosion. At Avangard and horizon and, as a result, on the quality of water sources of a Nagornaya no significant seasonality was found. At Nagornaya, no noncentralized water supply.

Table 3 Correlation coefﬁcients for chemical composition of mine waters (mg/L) and soil-water extracts (mg/L) of Partizansk Coal Basin (p o 0,05).

Soil-water extract

Mine water Chromium (VI) Copper Nitrates Silicon compounds Sulfates Ammonium Sulﬁdes Phosphates

Avangard mine (N ¼ 4) pH 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.95 –– 0.96 Mineralization 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.96 – 0.95 0.97 Chlorides 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 – 0.99 0.99 Sulfates 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 – 0.99 0.99 Glubokaya mine (N ¼ 6) Alkalinityb 0.94 – 0.86 0.88 – 0.96 –– Chlorides, mg/l 0.97 – 0.91 0.81 – 0.98 – 0.84 Sulfates, mg/l 0.94 – 0.88 0.85 – 0.97 – 0.82 Nagornaya mine (N ¼ 4) Mineralization –––––––– Solid residue –––––––– Alkalinityb –––––––– Total iron –––––––– ano correlation.

Fig. 6. Regression curve of chromium(VI) (a) and copper (b) content in soil extract dependency on mine water's pH.

b mg-eq/L. 62 O. Areﬁeva et al. / International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7 (2019) 57–63

Soil-water extracts are close to each other by the chemical composition. Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of soil-water extracts are seen only on Glubokaya mine, caused by proximity to the impact of a waste pile. The statistical analysis of the research results show that mine waters impact on the chemical composition of soil-water extracts. The analysis of the ecological conditions in areas of the abandoned coal mines conﬁrms the considerable negative environmental impact. Long term questions regarding the consequences mine closure on environment and health of the population have remained a low priority without systematic monitoring. These results have the potential to form the basis for the development of a soil and ecological programme of local environmental monitoring. They could also form the basis for development of monitoring and protection programmes where there is a potential for popu- lations to be impacted by adverse environmental impacts in the industrial areas of the abandoned coal mines.

Fig. 7. Regression curve of chromium content dependency on mine water alkalinity. Acknowledgements

The study was supported by The Ministry of education and science of Russian Federation, project 14.А18.21.1896.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

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