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Home , Amgun, Amursk, Bikin, Bikin (river), Bureya (river), Chegdomyn

Development. Newell,

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s km k and Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian higher elevations, the number of frost-free days drops to drops 90 days number of the frost-free elevations, higher approximately has approximately on the same latitude as in the northwestern United ( States northwestern the in Seattle as latitude onsame approximately the south approximately to within zone extends northern stretches CHAPTER 3 and fi and tundra of the part northern the in Mountains species. animal of plant and diversity to awide south, north it has distance agreat extends Krai Khabarovsk Because ecology and Geography – – average temperatures dry. January cold and are Winters panhandle. Alaskan the of of Columbia, and the British third , western the of Oregon, of states the combined to the area equal and France, than larger times half 788 Size ( East Far of Russian the administrative second the largest Krai, Khabarovsk Location Krai Khabarovsk on mountain slopes, and then denser Dahurian forests (which cover (which forests larch Dahurian denser then and slopes, on mountain hurian larch (Larix gmelini larch hurian central part of krai the part central Population low. is density coast. the along The are towns The inaccessible. largely therefore is and roads Most meadows. ofregion lacks and the marshes, small grass, with north) the grow back fi Siberian fi East Valley, infl broad Amur the are its forests region and the Here, in China. and Chita in are ofAmur the headwaters The river basins. largest of the krai of the regions northern the in here than Population higher is density access. increased have greatly spurs onslopes.( Birch grows western larch while slopes, fi and spruce Usually larch. Dahurian the with in 36 , ° 600 c to – to sq. km; approximately sq. km; 1 Far CA: , 40 800 rst after logging or fi logging after rst elds of -covered rock called called rock ofelds lichen-covered ° c r ( in the north. Summers are warm and humid, with July temperatures in the the in July temperatures with humid, and warm are Summers north. the in km from north to south along the Tatar Strait and the Sea of . Its of Okhotsk. Sea Tatar the the to south and along from north Strait km East: Abies Daniel . 130 21 – includes the lower part of the Amur River valley, one River ofworld’s the ofAmur the lower the includes part ° c 150 and in the north about 15 north the in and frost-free days per year; in the north-central region and at region and north-central the in peryear; days frost-free A ) forests interspersed with Japanese stone Japanese pine with interspersed ( ) forests & Reference 4 re. The Baikal-Amur Mainline ( Mainline Baikal-Amur re. The 430 430 . 6 ) and Ayan spruce ( Ayan spruce ) and Daniel. percent of the entire Russian Federation, one a and Russian percent entire of the km of the Circle, and its southernmost tip is its southernmost is tip and Circle, of Arctic the km goltsi 466 r are dominant on the wetter eastern eastern on wetter the dominant r are Guide Betula ° c . Further south one. Further fi . The southern. The portion of region the Picea ajanensis Picea uenced by the climate. monsoon byuenced the climate. pages ) and aspen ( aspen ) and 23 ° – c 130 in the south and between between south and the in for . bam krai ) forests gradually mix mix gradually ) forests Conservation ) and adjacent rail adjacent) and rail Populus tremulae Populus are covered with coveredwith are nds sparse Da- sparse nds 15 Pinus pumila Pinus percent of 47 ° n rfe

). ), ) 145 ) and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK oak ( oak of Mongolian forests forests, mixed and (broadleaved) of cover, deciduous forest diversity a large including: of and woody species plant types different hundred two approximately are There species. endangered and such as river otter ( river otter as such ( 146 centers. major seven the among industrial distributed urban, Approximately Largest cities about are There fauna and Flora world. the in forests temperate species-rich and River, one is of most unusual the the of biodiversity. after levels , named Ussuri The high has and Ice Age last the during glaciation escaped It humid summers. warm, monsoonby the has and of town Vanino, the infl around from strongly is coast sea southeastern the and basin River of Ussuri the of the southern The part ermani of stone Japanese pine, of regions stone birch (Betula koraensis fi freshwater ing 650 and nonterrestrial) and restrial bear ( bear tus pelagicus stork ( ( tiger Siberian the ( birch, alder and dominant Ayanspruce with forests and fi ( sable ( vison tela tar Islands. In the the In Islands. tar Shan- the around waters rich the in feed species whale vulgaris Khabarovsk is also acenter refi for petroleum also is Khabarovsk territoriallylargest ( folia 50 ( lynx Eurasian Vulpes vulpes J. Alnus , 000 Ⅲ ), elms( 2004. Quercus mongolicus r forests, peat bogs with sparse larch trees, complex trees, larch sparse with bogs peat r forests, Ursus thibetanus Ursus M. zibellina Ciconia boyciana Ciconia ), and mountain ash ( ash mountain and ), lakes, there are over are there lakes, ), poplars (Populus poplars ), 2 ), and variable hare ( hare variable and ), The administrative center is Khabarovsk, the the center Khabarovsk, is administrative The THE FAR RUSSIAN THE ), secondary aspen and birch forests, thickets thickets birch forests, and aspen secondary ), ), yellow-throated marten ( marten yellow-throated ), Sus scrofa ). Other mammals include the Himalayan Himalayan include the mammals Other ). Ulmus ), dog ( raccoon ), McKinleyville, Felis lynx Felis shes) in the krai the in shes) 85 The 2 percent of the , krai ), wolverine ( wolverine ), 000 Panthera tigris altaica tigris Panthera Lutra lutra Lutra ), and ash (Fraxinus ash and ), 400 ), as well as many smaller mammals mammals smaller many as well as ), ), brown bear ( brown), bear ’s 120 estimated species of vascular plant(ter- of vascular species ), and Steller’s and ), ( eagle sea Russian sq. km) and in terms of population terms (pop. in and sq. km) ), forests of Korean pine ( of Korean forests ), ), Eurasian squirrel ( squirrel Eurasian ), ), chosenia ( 200 krai Lepus timidus Sorbus Nyctereutes procyonoides Nyctereutes ), ( mink American ), Gulo gulo species of fi species , including many rare rare many , including , which includes part part includes , which krai vertebrates (includ- vertebrates ). Key species include species Key ). Martes flMartes avigula ’s population is is population ’s Ursus arctos Ursus Chosenia arbuti- , 000 ) forests, spruce spruce ) forests, Far ), Oriental white Oriental ), CA: ), red fox red ), ). Numerous rivers and and rivers sh. ning, meat, dairy, and fi and dairy, meat, ning, Sciurus 1 East:

Haliaee- uenced uenced Daniel ), and and ), Mus- Pinus Pinus ), ), A & Reference Daniel. their traditional territories (see pp. 173–74). pp. (see territories traditional their from resources allocate to right havethe not do and territory own their own or to title hold not do still peoples indigenous in1992, (TTPs) Use Nature ofTraditional ofTerritories borders determining began government Khabarovsk the though Even Indigenous land rights pp. 171–72). (see projects funding are others and (CIDA), Agency Development International Canadian the USAID, Bank, World the RFE, inthe region timber-producing largest the is Khabarovsk As investment inForeign the timber industry throughout the krai destructive with millions of hectares burned particularly were in1998 Fires Khabarovsk. Forest fi fi Forest logging. to areas upnew opening there, forests important critically the fragment to continues funded, federally ofit much Khabarovsk, Rapid road in the southern building road Increased 175–77). pp. (see logging begun has and land forest- haofprime 1million over secured recently Hijau Rimbunan company Malaysian giant The companies. logging multinational most the tracted at- has Khabarovsk RFE, inthe regions allthe Of corporations multinational by Logging 154–55). pp. (see polluted most Union’s Soviet former the among also is It rivers. largest ten world’s ofthe one is River Amur The River Amur the of Pollution Key andprojects issues 617 sh processing, sh processing, , 800 res, most caused by humans, plague plague humans, by caused most res, res ). 466 Guide . pages for Conservation and Development. Newell, J. Khabarovsk Forest Service The 1998 fi 1998 The ofKhabarovsk. areas huge devastated res 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian Most people ( to the warmer and more industrialized south (approximately south (approximately more and industrialized warmer to the 1 (approximately regions northern populated sparsely the from varies for this close relationship. for this control over all facets of economic and social development of social economic the in and facets control over all point Critics to Ishaev’s Krai. Primorsky does than relationship with working infl the Through status Political 1 by rate birth the exceeds rate death local the however, population is, The lages. decreasing; age. Of this population, Ofthis age. 3 according to the International Labor Organization, unemployed. Offi Organization, Labor International to the according . . 9 3 percent of the total potential labor force, were registered as unemployed. as force, labor were registered potential percent oftotal the times. Approximately Approximately times. Far CA: 1 , 223 uence of ,uence enjoys the amuch better Ishaev, Khabarovsk Viktor East: Daniel , 700 ; about 80 86 50 A . 9 . 6 percent was employed percent was ( percent ofkrai the & Reference . 6 Daniel. percent of the 466 ’s considered of population is employable Guide krai Krai Khabarovsk 663 ’s total) live in cities; the rest in vil- in rest the ’s cities; in live total) pages Negidal ethnic groups. Density groups. Density ethnic Negidal , and Ulchi, Nivkhi, Nanai, imately, 2 mately approxi- population Russian, is with a245with ized in Mnogovershinny; Okhotsk, refi platinum and , , of town Solnechny; the with associated is metallurgy rous nonfer- production; chemical and fl and dairy, meat, metallurgy, rous a center refi for petroleum (pop. molsk-on-Amur Komso- for example: area, urban each with associated are industries industry. light Particular and 1 As of 2001 Population (pop. 34 57 (pop. Amursk processing. capacity, acenter is for fi 22 rfe (pop.Amur industry. Nikolaevsk-on- defense major cities. port our production,our fi , , percent Jewish, and, very approx- very and, percent Jewish, 506 000 , , 900 000 total. , 700 10 people), with the remainder, ) is acenter) is of the for 8 ) and Gavan Sovetskaya ) and to 30 to , percent Ukrainian, percent Ukrainian, 2 400 , almost , almost 3 percent acombination of krai Eighty percent of the Eighty , the population was population the was 000 35 person per Conservation ) are the krai the ) are people persq. km). cially, as a major reason amajor reason as , 600 -ton handling ning are central- are ning 25 sh processing, sh processing, ), Vanino), (pop. percent of the 25 , 309 100 shing and shing 10 krai ning, fer- ’s three , sq. km) sq. km) people, Ⅲ 400

’s ’s ) is ) is 147 and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK million tons. ( spruce m): cu. (million by species reserves following and gas reserves, mainly offshore around the , put fi the Islands, Shantar the around offshore mainly reserves, gas and 695 total lands about 1 total to exploited fi have heavily exposed been and of the southern half the in is timber valuable of commercially the 148 signifi do not and generate subsidized heavily are sectors but these statistics, state in reported as Power production for fuel account about and Main industries metals. rare and antimony, , bismuth, arsenic, molybdenum, , mercury,platinum, , , gold, silver, including minerals, commercial of deposits one different known hundred thousand approximately two are There resources. mineral and for its timber known best One rfe of richest the resources Natural regions of , much of of Russia, regions other from year each of coal aboutports 6 Khabarovsk annually im- elsewhere, reserves coal large production and Despite this than producesmore East, Far the in oneUrgal, of largest the Today,ing. at mine shaft the for process- Russia gions in however, sent is to other re- Most output,concentrates. copper and country’s the over produce to used Russia, in largest complex, oneMining of the the that estimates Forest Service Federal The ondata. Soviet outdated based often are tories widely, inven- as vary reserves timber for total Figures Russia. in of tin reserves largest the a region well known for large gold, deposits. silver, for large platinum known and well a region fi and silver, (gold, platinum), and precious metals logs), raw equipment, (mostly timber equipment, refi of aircraft ofof economy exports the consists output. industry’s of the 97 yielded platinum sh. In J. krai Ⅲ 2004. 1 cant revenue, aside from federal government fi support revenue, (see federal from aside cant million tons annually. tons annually. million 7 1999 has about 1 has The Solnechny Solnechny The THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE , gold and 6 million tons million 35 McKinleyville, , 500 percent of The 4 The world’s largest zirconium deposit is in the Ayano-Maisky region— Ayano-Maisky depositthe world’s in The zirconium is largest billion tons, with coking coal reserves at reserves coal coking tons, with billion ha, about 0.9 ha, . 75 percent billion cu. m of commercial timber ( timber mof commercial cu. billion regions in terms of quantity and diversity, Khabarovsk is perhaps perhaps is diversity, and of Khabarovsk quantity terms in regions Russian a huge obstacle. a huge poses machinery outdated ofsawnwood, exports toincrease like would Khabarovsk While percent of the total land area. Preliminary estimates of oil Far CA: re. Commercial reserves of black and brown of and black reserves re. Commercial 50 East: percent of the total industrial production, industrial percent of total the Daniel 515 ), pine ( A 4 70 billion tons. Agricultural tons. billion Agricultural ned oil and oil extraction extraction oil ned and oil & Reference percent coniferous, with the the with percent coniferous, 505 g. g. 5 Daniel. Khabarovsk has one of has Khabarovsk krai ), and oak ( oak and ), 3 . 1 , and accessible areas areas accessible , and ). The backbone The ). gure atabout gure 466 185 Guide ). Much 500 pages

for Conservation

Josh Newell and Development. Newell, J. nutilpouto nKaaos ri 1999 Krai, Khabarovsk in production Industrial 3.1 Figure Source: 2004. lcrclenergy Electrical hbrvkAmnsrto,2000. Administration, Khabarovsk Machinery McKinleyville, 33% The 13% Russian Other 16% 1 more than would of becapable handling Gavan Sovetskaya line, of asecond rail struction con- prospective the with specialists, to various volumes. According cargo regional of total and volumes and turnover have been increasing, and as of 2000 of March as and increasing, havevolumes turnover been and fi and timber as importance in rapidly growing both are north and a part of until 1948 until Krai of Primorsky apart and south just to Vanino. the city aport Gavan, through Sovetskaya passed mainland Russian port annually. Until quite annually. recently,port connecting oil extraction facilities in with the refi the with Sakhalin in facilities extraction oil connecting pipeline oil existing an projects via gas and oil offshore from Sakhalin gas ultimately and supply hopesasteady to receive and of oil this, investment to to Japanese achieve looking 20 approximately Vanino handles Island. Sakhalin and most of region’s the Pacifi to the exports timber mous Oblast ( Oblast mous Autono- Jewish nearby to the Amur of the abridge across included construction road this road has opened up large areas of forestland in the southern part of krai the southern part the in of forestland areas opened up large has road Nakhodka Chita- funded federally of the Construction lines. trunk connecting by two linked are and Two railroads, the Trans-Siberian and the Baikal-Amur Mainline ( Mainline Baikal-Amur the and Two Trans-Siberian the railroads, Infrastructure by helicopter. of the part northern The largest. East’s Far Russian the as compete for designation airport international expanded newly ulproduction Fuel . 5 million tons of freight annually. tons of freight million percent of which is export. Five thousand freighters, freighters, Five thousand percent export. is of which 106 19% percent, respectively, over respectively, percent, Far CA: Forestry Mining 7% 7% jao Nonferrous metallurgy East: ). The eastern terminus of the of the terminus eastern The ). Daniel 5% A & Reference Komsomolsk Refi The Khabarovsk. and Komsomolsk-on-Amur in prises signifi only really and biggest, two the has also try. Khabarovsk have helped indus- to retool the contracts These projects. for Sakhalin the ofplatforms oil portions the to build Company, anumber of contracts received Amursteel has the with along yard, Yard. This Shipbuilding Amur the Amursk, in facility ship-building alarge and on-Amur, rfe the in plants krai The projects. aid international investment and foreign attracting is industry timber the infrastructure, port and road, rail, well-developed arelatively and markets, export for location strategic geographically their of forests, the size the With logs. raw as exported been production has all few, past almost the particularly ly. and years recent In with about 5 with rfe the is industry timber Khabarovsk The deposit. coal gri Republic from the of Sakha’s coming huge Neryun- that krai Daniel. 1999 9 65 Khabarovsk’s international airport and ’s Vladivostok’s and airport international Khabarovsk’s also has the largest machinery and metalworking metalworking and machinery largest the has also has few roads, no railroads, and is accessible largely largely accessible is and no railroads, roads, few has percent of the freight destined for Sakhalin from the fromthe for Sakhalin destined percent offreight the cant, petroleum refi petroleum cant, levels. Railroad transport accounted for accounted transport Railroad levels. , and the port city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur to the to the of city Nikolaevsk-on-Amur port the , and million cu. m of timber produced year- mof timber cu. 10million to c and runs a ferry between Khabarovsk Khabarovsk between aferry runs c and 466 bam 8 , again in Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk- and Khabarovsk in , again nery, in dire need of modernization, is is of need nery, modernization, dire in Guide Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk is in Vanino, the port that handles Vanino, handles in is that port the 10 million tons of shipments million ayear, pages 50 neries neries in the percent oceangoing, visit the the visit percent oceangoing, nery. nery. sh export points. Cargo points. Cargo sh export for , were up bam Conservation rfe ) cross the the ) cross , with enter- , with 116 ’s largest, largest, ’s percent 70 percent Ⅲ krai

; 149 and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK receiving about $38 receiving period, went the sector, investment foreign into during timber mining the cent of with all Between Russia. percent within from comes Although the South . United and the States, from ,equipment, China, electronics and foodproducts, ( to foreign countries, including the United ( the States including countries, to foreign of of are the largest investors. largest the are 150 Ⅲ Ⅲ RFE the in importance Economic (see fi krai the are China and Japan trade Foreign ucts amounted to amounted ucts u.s.$596 aboutis double 1999 the in equipment to China, which accounted for about accounted equipment which $524 to China, and aircraft of military sale from the largely was crease Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Khabarovsk ( ( plant Manufacturing were Komsomolsk the Aircraft krai from the exports in million percent exports. of total but trade, the in active ers were There over logs. raw min cu. aboutexported rfe the is and approximately dustry manufacturers, Amurmetal ( and Forest Starma ( Forest Starma and Floraers, ( ( Metall Vostok J. 25 $444 Second highest number of operating companies and enterprises: as of as enterprises: and companies number of operating highest Second Provides more than one-third of the one-third Provides more than Vanino and Sovetskaya Gavan ports are key export and import centers not import and for only the export key are ports Gavan Vanino Sovetskaya and rfe the in percent of Fourteen gold reserves refi gas and oil in leader regional The 2000 2000 offi and contributes aboutand 1 rfe krai producer. the in reserves coal fourth-largest the trade; percent), Poland, , and Peru. Imports are primarily of machinery and and of machinery primarily are Peru. percent), and Imports Poland, Korea, South Ⅲ 2004. g. g. cially had cially million), the Komsomolsk the ( million), ’s third largest industrial producer after the Republic of Sakha and Primorsky Krai Krai Primorsky and Republic the of Sakha producer after industrial ’s largest third , but also for the entire rfe. for entire the , but also , an increase of 3 increase , an , and imports totaled u.s.$141 totaled imports , and 3 million; imports— THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE . 2 $31 ). 10 $113 McKinleyville, . , Khabarovsk ’s 1999 exporter. In , Khabarovsk leading Reported exports totaled totaled exports Reported 1 4 million), Dallesprom ( The 4 $12 percent of Russia’s wood exports total 38 krai million cu. m, including m, including cu. million . 7 21 , million) oil refi oil million) . million. 867 8 $11 , receives receives 300 million), and the timber export- timber the and million), . registered enterprises, Khabarovsk had had Khabarovsk enterprises, registered 5 Russian 12 trade turnover (exports— million). Khabarovsk supplies Khabarovsk million). . tons during the fi the tons during Export of fi Export 2 . 45 – 2 13 percent to Russia’s domestic product. gross 3 fi $157 Corporations from Japan, Malaysia, and the United the and States fromJapan, Malaysia, Corporations . ’s largest trading partners partners ’s trading largest u.s.$300 4 rms control aboutrms 90 times over January–March over January–March times . The largest exporters exporters largest . The million). neries, the heavy in- heavy the neries,

$260 220 $44 sh and sea prod- sea sh and million; this million in investment each year, more than year, more investment each in than million timber export- $12 ning (not diesel) and the wholesale petroleum petroleum wholesale the and (notning diesel) . Far rfe . 5 u.s.$1 CA: 8 million) and and million) million) and and million) rst quarter rst quarter . 11 9 3 ’s annual timber production. This in- , million), million), 937 1994 . and, in 2000 3 East: rfe. , billion billion 000 Daniel and 2000 and 40

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A , about $105 1999 , Russia’s third-largest gold , Russia’s third-largest & Reference xot–US$. billion U.S.$1.3 – Export 2000 Krai, Khabarovsk with trade Foreign 3.2 Figure Source: million U.S.$141 – Import 26 . Most were sold directly . Most were sold directly Daniel. , 314 Japan ($36) 26% hbrvkAmnsrto,2001. Administration, Khabarovsk . ($524) China 40% 29 million, or 40 14 1999 percent), Japan , Primorsky , Primorsky 466 China ($30) 21% Guide 90 Singapore ($236) pages 18% per- ($19) 14% U.S. for .Korea S. ($210) Japan 16% ($14) 10% .Korea S. Conservation ($61) 5% Other ($42) 29% ($278) Other 21% and Development. Newell, J. 2004. McKinleyville, The Russian Putin’s or representative, super presidential governor, to the infl its governor, President and favor with He Putin. sits on Ishaev, high years the in is Viktor this is not clear; Russian fi Russian not is clear; this diffi more will benefi Khabarovsk has gained political clout in major decisions affecting the the clout major in affecting decisions political gained has Khabarovsk Range. Mountain of Sikhote-Alin the to protect heart the Krai Primorsky in areas neighboring complex with form wilderness acore will protected, they If region. most the productive the in are and biodiversity highest support the forests these as of the southern part the in forests old-growth remaining the Protecting codes. practices ignore forestry largely that operations with competing are they as unsuccessful largely and ( Council to Forest Stewardship according the of in those all equipment. region, The of hopelessly outdated the wood-processing and timber processed than for rather logs raw desire Chinese beimplemented, and Japanese it the given will whether tell but will laudable, is time only decree The of logabolishment raw exports. forgradual the calling adecree governorto implement issued recently it. Khabarovsk’s employees have failed Forest Service Khabarovsk proponentseven that admit oflaw the 1999 In forests. of management sustainable toward the some have made effort makers policy Khabarovsk ging concessions. If this trend continues, it is unlikely that forest management in the the in management forest that it continues, trend unlikely is this If concessions. ging workers to and develop log- companies Chinese attracting in interested government also is have amajor infl will companies foreign that possibility real the investment and this to attract used tactics the about concerned industry, groups but are timber environmental the investmentforeign in benefi to their decisions forest-management mafi timber Russian of so-called the acenter as internationally known is Rather, of Khabarovsk logs. raw export or illegal the logging illegal controlling in success little government had has Khabarovsk The grounds. spawning of salmon erosion, soil destruction and to restoration forest the and inadequate cover, forest in led to losses to historically has region. Inappropriate the in logging forests in the krai Unfortunately, makers crisis. apublic policy created health process, the in and, forestland about burned efforts, conservation forest inadequate and methods ging of Solnechny and Gorny. and of Solnechny huge fi The forest fi riverine have impaired mining placer and Open-cast practices. industrial and cultural, tion, fi forest Ⅲ In the past ten years, the the tenyears, past the In outlook General sheries and polluted important groundwater reservoirs, such as those near the villages villages the near those as such groundwater reservoirs, polluted and sheries important Currently the only producer of metal-cutting machinery in the the in machinery producer only of the metal-cutting Currently uential Federation Council in Moscow and has persuaded Konstantin Pulikovsky, Pulikovsky, Konstantin persuaded has Moscow and in Federation Council uential machinery. Primorsky, rfe the in one regions of two only cult to ensure enforcement of environmental regulations, although at this stage stage atthis although regulations, enforcement of to ensure environmental cult Far t local communities and residents. Control by foreign companies may make it make may Control residents. by companies foreign and communities t local CA: have not yet heeded this warning and have failed to act decisively to protect decisively to act have failed and warning have not this heeded yet res, and water pollution, all caused by destructive logging, mining, agri- mining, logging, by destructive caused waterpollution, and res, all East: , for example, the regional Duma passed a regional forest law. forest aregional However, passed Duma regional the , for example, Daniel rfe uence on the management of Khabarovsk’s forests. The Khabarovsk Khabarovsk The forests. of Khabarovsk’s onuence management the , has proceeded most quickly to certify some of operations its forest to certify most quickly proceeded , has krai rms are currently the main violators. main the currently are rms A , especially the southern part, has suffered severe deforesta- severe suffered has southern part, the , especially & Reference Daniel. a—elites within the timber industry who manipulate who manipulate industry timber the within a—elites fsc res res in t. The region was the fi the region was The t. ) standards, but these remain small in size size in small remain but these ) standards, 466 that produces wood-processing wood-processing produces that 1998 Guide Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk , largely brought on, largely by poor log- pages rfe for , to set up his offi , to up set his rst to receive large-scale large-scale to receive rst rfe Conservation and, with 3 million ha of ha million rfe krai in recent is critical, critical, is ces in the the in ces Ⅲ

krai 151

and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK 152 law. the under granted due the process order in to assert to organize River, have started tion. peoples the Indigenous in offi Local decisions. management land- in participation Traditional guaranteed Use peoples are where Nature indigenous Territories government approved On has paper,of forty-one Khabarovsk years. the to become signifi likely are rights land of indigenous Issues development. gas to and oil Sakhalin portion of the eastern the and Islands to open Shantar up the plans also are There upgrading. extensive requires and disrepair in onshore Sakhalin—is projects in oil from transports to Komsomolsk-on-Amur—which pipeline from Sakhalin existing to stop project oil the The outright. threatening opposed is pipeline to and the proposal government is Sakhalin The to pay world consumers gas. for and oil the prices of Russian signifi of the latter, The toresidents. its own source because however, energy an unlikely is as gas to provide like natural would also and to China, gas and oil the reexport molsk and Komso- in oil the hopes to process projects. Khabarovsk gas and oil offshore II Iand lin Sakha- from the gas and oil to transport to Komsomolsk-on-Amur Island from Sakhalin of pipeline anew lobbying for construction government the also is Khabarovsk The signifi focus high phenol levels in fi signifi to explain unable have been fi to continues degrade River pollution Chronic Amur of the years. prominent coming the in to become more likely are issues land-use and environmental other serious Several the in regions friendly one as of least the known is Khabarovsk style. heavy-handed tarian, However, authori- for come criticism under his has Governor of Khabarovsk. city Ishaev sheries stocks and damage the health of local residents. So far, scientists in Khabarovsk Khabarovsk in far, So residents. scientists of local health the damage and stocks sheries J. — Josh Newell, Jeremy Tasch, Jeremy Gordon David — Josh Newell, Ⅲ rfe 2004. cant investment required to modernize Khabarovsk energy systems and the inability inability the and systems energy Khabarovsk to modernize investment required cant to civil society and nongovernmental organizations. and society to civil THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE cant attention on restoring this vital watershed. vital this attention on restoring cant McKinleyville, The sh. As conditions in the Amur worsen, Khabarovsk will need to need will worsen, Khabarovsk Amur conditions the in sh. As Russian krai cials have, however, participa- providedcials equal never truly cant occurrence of of presence pollution, the occurrence as such cant , and especially along the lower reaches of the Amur lower of Amur the the along reaches especially , and Far CA: East: Daniel A & cant over the next several several over next cant the Reference Daniel. krai near northern northern near 466 Guide pages for Conservation and Development. Newell, J. lakes. tofi close and rivers and streams thousand twenty and one hundred approximately contains territory The Amur. Middle the and Udil-Kizin, Tuguro-Evoron, of the those including plains, alluvial and lakes freshwater large are ranges the Separating Stanovoi. and zhur, , Dzhugd- , Sikhote-Alin, include ranges mountain krai of the three-quarters nearly cover Mountains south. the in grow fl subtropical unusual with forests, broadleaved and region, of the borders northern the Tundra along grows biogeography. and topography both in diverse exceptionally tions throughout the Amur basin. Massive timber harvests harvests timber Massive basin. Amur the throughout tions 1960 the in ing overfi and This, streams. and of rivers temperature and hydrology the altered have practices Poor logging extinction. with threatened are species plant and of animals dozens and drastically, decreased have pine forests Korean rate. tainable unsus- atan logged being are Forests increasing. is extraction ore tin and of gold mining pace the regions, northern the In continued. development has Despite this, itself. replenish to ability land’s the wereoutpacing depredations human endemism. There are close to close are There endemism. and out for biodiversity its stands particular, in Range, Alin krai the in biodiversity hold greatest the plants, Ecological imbalance. Ecological The Tasch Jeremy Sapaev, Vladimir Voronov, Boris Ecology Rivers contain more than thirty-fi more than contain Rivers krai of the all almost with 290 more than and vertebrates of terrestrial species 260 home tomore than forests, These forests. broadleaved mixed pine and Korean rich are Range Sikhote-Alin of the portion Khabarovsk the along and Amur of the South basin. fi Siberian east larch, Dahurian larch. by Dahurian dominated taiga krai Much of the 90 largest rivers of the world. Its annual discharge is is discharge annual world.Its of the rivers largest one Amur, ten of of the the basin the within located are rivers of Most the . Khor, and , , Anyui, , In total, there are about about are there total, In Russia. in where else any- quantities such in not seen are species animal and plant aged and many ecosystems are now degraded. now degraded. are ecosystems many and aged dam- been has structure forest the logging, of intensive years fi freshwater (including and aquatorial) and (terrestrial 2004. percent of that in the summer. the in of percent that vertebrate species here. Biotopic diversity is also great, great, also is Biotopic here. diversity species vertebrate krai 15 The largest rivers are the Ussuri, , Bureya, Bureya, Amgun, Ussuri, the are rivers largest The , extending almost 1 almost , extending r, and Ayan spruce forests cover the Lower Amur Amur Lower the cover forests r, spruce Ayan and McKinleyville, . The largest, and most geographically complex complex geographically most and largest, . The The s and 1970 s and north and west of the Amur River is is River Amur of the west and north Russian In the 1950 the In sh) in the krai the in sh) s, has greatly reduced fi reduced greatly has s, ’s vegetation types represented here. represented ’s types vegetation 2 , , 000 800 1 , 650 600 s it became apparent that that apparent s it became km north to south, is is tosouth, north km species of vascular plant plant of vascular species ve species of fi ve species species of vertebrate of vertebrate species vascular plant and about about and plant vascular . Unfortunately, due to Far CA: fty-fi East: ora and fauna, ora fauna, and 1 ve thousand ve thousand . The Sikhote- . The sh. Many , Daniel sh popula- 400 227 vascular vascular sq. km, sq. km, sh- A

& Reference and Badzhalsky industrial complexes, and those around around those and complexes, industrial Badzhalsky and Chegdomyn-Uralsky tothe adjacent areas the damaged have practices agricultural and mining, logging, Destructive ers. bam Evoron the along region, Lake the in Amursk, and Amur of Komsomolsk-on- cities the and around developing especially constantly are broadening, areas disaster Ecological the hit have changes ecological serious many years, recent In region’s destroyed. of the is fabric the ecology suffi regrowth of astage reach forests before generations many be it could ests, for- of the potential regenerative weakened the and areas such tofi ten- the Considering themselves. regenerate them around forests the until no future have territories these suggest, policies land-use present-day As forests. the exhausted has logging intensive as abandoned been have of roads thousands and settlements ten and One hundred materials. of raw asource as tance impor- their lose soon will that for development regions in plans no long-term are There used. be will environment the how not properly regulate does still policy Environmental krai the in regions of many tance impor- biological The use. for land plan strategic suitable a not have created planners government Unfortunately, completely disappeared has animal the some locations in and areas, most in times twenty bam of the construction nis falcipennis ( lynx boar, Eurasian tiger, wild Siberian ofbear, brown populations reduced have in Khabarovsk. (Cypripedium slipper lady’s spotted maculatum) rare The Daniel. , and around the towns of Urgal, Chegdomyn, and oth- and Chegdomyn, of Urgal, towns the around , and fteen-year cycle of ecological catastrophes in in catastrophes of ecological cycle fteen-year ), and many others. In the ten years following following tenyears the In others. many and ), 466 cient to justify logging again. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, again. logging cient tojustify Guide Khabarovsk Krai Krai Khabarovsk Felix lynx Felix pages , lynx populations have shrunk by shrunk have populations , lynx ), Siberian grouse ( grouse Siberian ), for remains poorly studied. studied. poorly remains Conservation krai . Falcipen- Ⅲ grows grows

153

Vladimir Dinets and

KHABAROVSK Development. Newell,

KHABAROVSK fl its within found are species) rare several (including animals and of plants array river, adiverse the and inhabit endemic, heavy metals. Primary discharge in combination with other other with combination in discharge Primary metals. heavy and substances bacterial and organic include Contaminants watershed. vast of the parts several in disruption landscape and runoff, agricultural discharges, industrial and household of of a combination aresult of Khabarovsk, city of the stream Belyaev, Vladimir scientist toRussian for biodiversity. According rfe the in artery transport and taining life-sus- avital been has Amur the geographically and cally, 154 River. Amur pollution—the air and Water equipment machinery. and industrial sensitive environmentally new tointroduce and spills oil and fi forest tocombat funding lacks government The period. exceededtinually 20 other and Solnechny Komsomolsky, Amursky, raion most in quality air forest fi and long-lasting Large of automobile number emissions. the in rapid increase a seen has region the For example, of pollutant. forms other by replaced been have emissions those cases many In dustries. of some in- complete collapse even and reduction the with krai on the effects mixed had has crisis Russia’s economic ongoing degradation. avoided have environmental areas some higher-elevation and regions northern far of these parts inaccessible, relatively ing fi frequent forest tomining, tied are areas these problems in environmental Present disturbances. minor toeven sensitive extremely them krai of the fragility The insuffi and outdated are plants existing and stopped has Komsomolsk and Khabarovsk in facilities treatment water- of new construction The others. and , Ussuri, China), (in Sungari tributaries—the main its and Amur the in quality water worsening the is concern special Of qualities. resource-forming their loosing are they that extent to the of ecosystems degradation overall an and grounds, spawning of riverine destruction the wastewater, agricultural and ents effl industrial untreated metals, heavy and sedimentation fi forest problems include mental Specifi Lazo. and Osipenko, Polina Nikolaevsk, most polluted. the of being distinction Union unfortunate for the Soviet former of the waterways other rival river of the Parts . and China with strategically and ically, extends extends of currents tothe tied closely been have Orochi, and , Ulchi, the including peoples, indigenous of several lives the oodplains in Russia, China, and Mongolia. and China, Russia, in oodplains J. Batyuska Amur . Few rivers in the are as important important as are hemisphere northern the in rivers . Few Ⅲ 2004. 4,400 104 THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST FAR RUSSIAN THE ’s environment. Pollution emissions have declined ’s declined have Pollution environment. emissions species and 7 and species km and connects the rfe the connects and km 17 McKinleyville, res, and destruction of fi destruction and res, The highest pollution levels are found down- found are levels pollution highest The The (Father Amur). Geographically, the Amur Amur the Geographically, Amur). (Father million parts per centimeter during this this during centimeter per parts million res res in s. The increase in dioxide in in dioxide carbon in increase The s. subspecies of subspecies fi Russian ’s northern ecosystems makes makes ’s ecosystems northern 1998 res, watershed pollution by pollution watershed res, dramatically affected krai Ecologically, histori- Ecologically, as well as the wider wider the as well as territorially, econom- sh habitat. But, be- But, habitat. sh sh, Far CA: 16 18 Historically, Historically, of which are are of which c environ- East: cient. s con- Daniel u- res res A After pollution levels dropped by dropped levels pollution After China. in located are of pollution sources main the that it appears data but proxy from system, monitoring adequate an lacks currently not Russia improved. has of Amur condition the legislation, environmental stricter the throughout production industrial efi ben- have environments some regional federation, the across of life aspects many impaired have Russia’s troubles economic Although contaminants. river’s of the industrial bulk the Surprisingly, the on fi heavily rely traditionally who peoples indigenous local for the acute particularly is risk that risk, consumes fi who anyone Although pollution. secondary forms substances the most endangered, fi River. Amur the endangered, in most the species sh The Kaluga sturgeon dauricus) (Huso As the river delineates delineates river the As needed. is authorities governmental and researchers Chinese with collaboration fi possible but not currently necessary are documentation and monitoring side.Better other on the live Amur; the along live million Four basins. River Surgyan and Amur of the portion Chinese the in activity industrial of increased because possibly rose, security confl security or political forestall would that ties cultural and economic encourage perhaps and addressed tobe of joint concern areas other the permit could programs ecological Cooperative policy. environmental as well as identities, ethnic and orities, pri- contemporary biases, of historical network international acomplex in intertwined all are sovereignty and economics, security, politics, dispute, in still is of which portion small & Reference ted. Despite reductions, and in many cases the cessation, of cessation, the cases many in and Despite reductions, ted. Daniel. sh, especially from the river’s lower reaches, is at is river’s the from lower reaches, especially sh, icts. icts. 466 krai Guide ’s industries are not for responsible are ’s industries 2 , 900 pages km of a shared border, a of ashared km is the largest, and one of one and largest, the is for 4 rfe .2 70 percent in 1998 in percent nancially. More million Chinese Chinese million and the effects of effects the and sh from the Amur. Amur. the from sh Conservation , they , they

Vladimir Sapaev and