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Ganimedes Największy Księżyc Jowisza Względne Masy Księżyców Jowisza Księżyce Galileuszowe Jowisza

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Ganimedes Największy Księżyc Jowisza Względne Masy Księżyców Jowisza Księżyce Galileuszowe Jowisza Joanna Kaźmierczak Ganimedes Największy Księżyc Jowisza Względne masy księżyców Jowisza Księżyce Galileuszowe Jowisza odkrycie 7-11.01.1610 Gallileusz 1614 Simon Marius Ziemia Księżyc Ganimedes Największy Księżyc i 9. największy obiekt w Układzie Słonecznym (dwukrotnie większy niż Księżyc Ziemski) Charakterystyka • Średnica Ganimedesa: 5268 km 0. 413 średnicy Ziemii • (Merkury: 4879 km) o 8% większy od Merkurego 45% masy Merkurego • Średnia gęstość: 1,94 g/cm3 • Albedo: 0.43 Europa: 0.67 Księżyc Ziemski: 0.12 Charakterystyka • Pole powierzchni: 8.72*107 km2 0. 171 powierzchni Ziemii • Objętość: 7.66*1010 km3 0. 0704 objętości Ziemii • Grawitacja: 1.428 m/s2 0.146 g • Temperatura na powierzchni: śr. 110 K (min. 70 K, max. 152 K) • Prędkość ucieczki: 2.741 km/s Charakterystyka i parametry orbity Masa Księżyca Ziemskiego~7,3477×1022 kg 0. 025 masy Ziemii Sondy: Pioneer 10 i 11, Voyager 1 i 2 (1977) New Horizons sonda Galileo (Galileo Jupiter Orbiter Probe) Budowa wnętrza Zróżnicowana struktura wnętrza Niewielkie żelazne jądro Płaszcz (krzemiany) Powłoka (lód, wysokociśnieniowe formy lodu, zasolona woda) Niewielka gęstość 1,94 g/cm3 (skały, lód) Model wielowarstwowy Zróżnicowanie warstw lodowych Grubość: kilkanaście km Powierzchnia Ganimedesa • Asymetryczna powierzchnia • Struktury powierzchniowe: Wypiętrzenia i kratery (Impact craters): • Achelous • El • Gula • Khensu • Kittu • Neith • Nergal Mapa geologiczna Kratery Gula i Acheluos Powstanie „Ganymede was likely formed in place around the infant Jupiter in the early solar system. Several smaller worlds likely accreted together to make this moon” Cztery i pół miliarda lat temu Jowisz był już prawie uformowany. W ciągu następnego miliona lat wokół niego utworzył się pierścień z gazu i pyłu, z którego w przeciągu 10 tysięcy lat powstały księżyce. Jupiter and Its Moons David J. Stevenson Science 05 Oct 2001 Vol. 294, Issue 5540, pp. 71-72 DOI: 10.1126/science.1065306 “Okres miliona lat to długi okres w przypadku akumulacji materii” – wyjaśnia Davidson – “to tak jakby ktoś budował dom stawiając tylko jedną cegłę tygodniowo”. Atmosfera • Rozrzedzona • Skład ~ 100% O, O2 , (śladowe ilości: H, O3) • Ciśnienie atmosferyczne: ślady Pa • Powstanie atmosfery: dysocjacja lodu powierzchniowego w efekcie napromieniowania (The oxygen is likely freed as water ice on the surface is broken apart into hydrogen and oxygen by solar radiation) Pole magnetyczne • Ganimedes jest jedynym księżycem w Układzie Słonecznym posiadającym magnetosferę - własne dipolowe pole magnetyczne (linie) • Częściowo stopione jądro (Fe), ocean słonej wody • Pole magnetyczne Ganimedesa ma również składową indukowaną zmianami pola magnetosfery Jowisza • Ochrona przed promieniowaniem Jowisza Zorze polarne na Ganimedesie • Pole magnetyczne Ganimedesa wychwytuje wysokoenergetyczne cząstki i sprawia, że wokół księżyca powstaje zorza polarna podobna do tej, jaką obserwujemy na Ziemi i wokół planet mających pole magnetyczne. • Jowisz odchyla pole Ganimedesa sprawiając, że zorze polarne nie występują w pobliżu biegunów, ale bliżej równika (wynik magnetyzmu ogromnego Jowisza) • duża intensywność • zmienne położenie 1. Nakładające się pola magnetyczne tych dwóch obiektów Badacze podejrzewali istnienie jeszcze innego czynnika powodującego, że zorze są tak intensywne. 2. Słona woda znajdująca się pod powierzchnią lodu Istnienie pod powierzchnią Ganimedesa gigantycznego płynnego oceanu słonej wody. Ocean pod powierzchnią Ganimedesa • ok 150 km pod powierzchnią księżyca • głębokość 100 km (10 razy większą, niż ziemskie oceany) • Bardziej słony niż ziemskie oceany • Przykryty nawet 10-krotnie grubszą warstwą lodu niż ocean na Europie • Jego objętość jest prawdopodobnie większa, niż wszystkich ziemskich oceanów razem wziętych. zbiorniki z wodą, wciśnięte między różne warstwy lodu. Woda = życie ? • Poszukiwanie wody poza Ziemią jest istotne z punktu widzenia poszukiwania pozaziemskich form życia. • Niemniej w tym przypadku szanse na życie podwodne są dużo mniejsze (by nie powiedzieć żadne) w porównaniu z oceanem na Europie czy Enceladusie, księżycu Saturna • Zbadanie księżycy Jowisza • Oceany niektórych księżyców Jowisza są najprawdopodobniej skryte na znacznej głębokości, naukowcy planują więc zastosować sondowanie radarowe. • Sonda będzie też w stanie znaleźć zniekształcone warstwy geologiczne Ganimeda, co pozwoli zrozumieć historię jego ruchów tektonicznych. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9e1wrjFSjkI Źródła • Księżyce Jowisza (Wg "Atlas Układu Słonecznego NASA", Prószyński i S-ka, Warszawa 1999) • https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimedes_(ksi%C4 %99%C5%BCyc) • https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter- moons/ganymede/in-depth/ • https://space-facts.com/ganymede/ • https://space-facts.com/ganymede/ • http://www.astronomy.com/news/2018/10/gany mede-has-earthlike-faults .
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