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Absorptivity, 252 Abundance(S), 11, 46, 48, 65–66, 67, 109, 126–127 Index Absorptivity, 252 velocity/velocities, 11, 12, 15, Abundance(s), 11, 46, 48, 65–66, 67, 190, 222 109, 126–127, 133, 145, 168, Apollonius of Myndus, 214 180–181, 231–232, 258, 265, Aquinas, Thomas, 214 268, 269, 270, 271, 276, 277, Ariel (satellite, Uranus I), 151, 153, 279, 283, 286, 370 156, 160, 161, 184 Acetonitrile (CH3CN), 180, 231 albedo, 184 Acetylene (C2H2), 180, 182, 231, 232 Aristotle, 214, 215–216 Adams, John Couch, 134 Artemis, 258 Adams–Williamson equation, 136 “Asteroid mill”, 250, 286, 362 Adiabatic Asteroid(s) (general) convection, 7–8 albedo(s), 293, 298 lapse rate, 11, 31–32, 37, 44 densities, 297, 298 pressure–density relation, 7 dimension(s), 294 processes, 8 double, 297 Adoration of Magi, 226, 228 inner solar system plot, 288, 290, Adrastea (satellite, Jupiter XV), 154, 301, 302 158, 192, 193 masses, 297 Airy, George Biddell, 134 nomenclature, 287 Albedo orbital properties bolometric, 2, 120, 295 families, 290, 292 bond, 120, 150, 344, 365, 370 Kirkwood gaps, 201, 288, 301 geometric (visual), 120, 184, 200 outer solar system plot, 289, 293 Aluminum isotopes, 268, 302 radii, 297, 301, 304, 306 Alvarez, Luis, 277 rotations, 301, 305 Amalthea (satellite, Jupiter V), 154, thermal emissions, 54, 138, 197 158, 193 Asteroids (individual) Ambipolar diffusion, 60, 304 2101 Adonis, 290 American Meteor Society, 248 1221 Amor, 290 Amidogen radical (NH2), 231 3554 Amun, 290 Ammonia (NH3), 50, 122, 124, 1943 Anteros, 290 125–126, 128, 178, 180, 231, 2061 Anza, 290 236, 239, 351 1862 Apollo, 290 Ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH), 197 Arete, 298 125–126 2062 Aten, 290 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, 214 1865 Cerberus, 290 Angular 1 Ceres, 286, 298, 300 diameter(s), 134, 294 2060 Chiron, 239, 293 momentum, 42–43, 93–94, 96, 119, 1864 Daedalus, 290 207, 224, 302, 315, 369 136199 Eris, 157 resolution, 294 433 Eros, 290, 292, 298, 299 388 Index Asteroids (individual) (Cont.) meridional, 25–26, 39, 43 951 Gaspra, 297 parasitic cell(s), 25 2340 Hathor, 290 polar cell(s), 25 2212 Hephaistos, 290 thermal, 19–20 944 Hidalgo, 239, 293 wave motion(s), 27 624 Hektor (Hector), 297 zonal, 39–41 1566 Icarus, 290 constituent(s) 243 Ida, 297 comparative, 46 3 Juno, 287 convection, 7, 32, 47 2 Pallas, 287, 295, 298 diffusion, 45 3200 Phaethon, 242, 290 diffusive equilibrium, 47 5145 Pholus, 239, 293 Earth 1915 Quetzalcoatl, 290 circulation, 38 5381 Sekhmet, 290 composition, 46 2608 Seneca, 290 cyclones, 42, 44 4 Vesta, 298, 299 DALR (dry adiabatic lapse rate), 1989 PB, 297 32, 37 2004 VB61, 290 diffusion time, 47–48 2004 WC1, 290 exosphere, 34 2004 WS2, 290 heterosphere, 48 Asteroids (types) homosphere, 48 Amor(s), 290, 298 hurricane(s), 16, 44 Apollo(s), 290, 299 lapse rate, 31–32, 33, 36, Aten(s), 290 37, 44, 47 Centaur(s), 206, 225, 239, 289, 293 mesopause, 30, 33, 47 Cubewano(s), 290 mesosphere, 30, 32–33, 47 “excited”/ “hot” objects, 293 mixing time, 47–48 Flora family, 291 ozone, 31, 32–33, 36, 37 Hilda family, 288, 291, 293 Rossby number, 38 Koronis family, 290, 292, 297 SALR (saturated adiabatic lapse Kuiper Belt objects, 293, 353 rate), 32 “classical”/ “cold”, 293 stratosphere, 32–33 “excited”/ “hot”, 293 superrotation, 41 main belt, 253, 288, 290, 291, 293, thermal structure, 30 298, 353 thermosphere, 33, 36 Plutino(s), 186, 206, 289, 293, 353 tropopause, 27, 28, 30 scattered population, 238, 240, troposphere, 31–32, 36, 37 294, 369 winds, 36, 43, 75 trans-Neptunian object(s), 206, 290, eddy/eddies 293, 353 effects on heat transport, 26–27 eccentricities vs. semi-major escape mechanisms, 68 axes, 294 isobars, 18–19, 20–22 Trojan(s) & Greek(s), 288, 290, 292 isotherm(s), 19, 20, 22, 27, 33, 37, 40 Atlas (satellite, Saturn XV), 155, 159, jet stream(s), 27–29, 39 195, 201 Jupiter Atmosphere/atmospheric belts, 122, 123, 124, 125, 143 air mass(es), 27–28 brown barges, 123, 124 circulation(s) Great Red Spot, 123, 124, 125, 128 eddy/eddies, 27–28 helium deficiency, 131, 138 Ferrel cell(s), 25, 26, 43 mean molecular weight, 121 global, 22–23 pressure scale height, 147 Hadley cell(s), 24–25 white spot(s), 166 Index 389 winds, 121 Bayeaux tapestry, 226, 228 zones, 123, 126 Benzene (C6H6), 182 Mars Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, 218 averaged temperatures, 40 Bielids, 242 circulation, 38 Bipolar outflow(s), 302, 305 composition, 46 Birkeland currents, 104, 105 dust devils, 36 Bode, Johann Elert, 131, 286 ionosphere, 66–67, 113–114 Bolide(s), 243, 248, 257, 269 lapse rate, 36 Bolometer, 296 mixing rate, 64 Boltzmann constant, 1, 2, 303 Rossby number, 38 Borelli, Giovanni, 216 stratomesosphere, 34, 36 Bradley, James, 132 thermal structure, 34 Breccia(s) thermosphere, 36 anorthositic, 276 troposphere, 36 basaltic, 276 meridional cross-section(s), 27, 28 genomict, 273 mixing, 11, 45–46, 47, 51, 64 monomict, 264, 273 Neptune, 54, 133–136 polymict, 264, 273, 274 pressure regolith, 273, 274, 276 baroclinic instabilities, 26, 27 Bright Star Catalog, 314 gradient(s), 5, 15, 16–17, 18–19, Brown dwarf desert, 334, 20–22, 38, 42 337, 368 high/low, 18, 21, 22, 24–25, 27, 42 Brown dwarf(s), 335ff, 346ff, refractive index, 6 367–368 Saturn definition, 353–356 features, 129, 196 detection techniques, 338ff structure, 121, 129, 130 evolution, 369 winds, 131 origins, 367ff seeing, 294 spectral characteristics, 354 structure, 4–11, 30, 34, 36, 121, Brownlee particles, 235, 249 126, 127 Brunt-V¨ais¨al¨a frequency, 44–45 subtropical fronts, 28 thermal inertia, 34, 36, 44 Uranus, 131–133, 156, 160, 183 Calcium–aluminum inclusion(s) (CAI), Venus 267, 269–270 circulation, 38 Callisto (satellite, Jupiter IV) composition, 46 domed crater(s), 170, 172 cryosphere, 37 interior, 170–172 cyclostrophic balance, 41–42 moment of inertia, 171 Rossby number, 38, 41 surface feature(s) stratomesosphere, 37, 44 ringed plain(s), 168, 170, 171 superrotation, 41, 43–44 Valhalla (ringed plain), 170–171 thermal structure, 30, 36 Campbell, William Wallace, 194, 313 thermosphere, 36, 37, 41, 44 Capture mechanisms, 163 troposphere, 37 Aurora(e), 87, 91, 99, 103, 105, 127, Carbon black, 239 130–131 Carbon dioxide (CO2), 31, 68, 175, Auroral oval, 101, 103–105, 130 180, 236, 370 Avogadro’s number, 6, 9 Carbon monosulfide (CS), 231, 236 Carbon monoxide (CO), 69, 180, 231, 232, 235–237 Bacon, Roger, 214 Cardan, Jerome (Cardano, Baroclinic instability, 26, 27 Girolamo), 215 390 Index Cassini/Cassini’s Division, 119, 121, Kracht group, 221 123, 125, 127, 129–131, 143, Kreutz group, 220, 240 151, 164, 174, 175–177, 179, “lost”, 224–225 185, 192, 194–197, 201, 202 Marsden group, 220–221, Cassini, Jean-Dominique, 192 224–225, 229 Catalog of Meteorites, 259 Meyer group, 220 Centaurs, 206, 239, 289, 293 nucleus, 229–230, 231–232, Ceres (asteroid dwarf planet), 188, 206, 235, 239 286, 287, 294, 298, 300, 353 orbit computation, 218–219, 221, CH radical, 182, 231 224, 287 Chaeremon the Stoic, 213 orbital elements, 226, 228–229 Chalcophilic elements, 267–268 origin, 163, 237–240 Challis, James, 134 parabolic (or long-period), 216, Chaotic variation, 301 220–221, 237 Charge-exchange reactions, 112 periodic, 217–219, 220, 225 Charon (satellite, Pluto I) probability of approach, 238 atmosphere, 188 specific angular momentum, 224 composition, 153, 157, 161, 188 structure, 229–230 discovery, 153 surface ice, 232 orbit/orbital tail(s) elements, 153, 154, 173, 224, 228, dust, 227, 231, 234, 236, 242, 396 239, 291, 347, 368 ion, 227, 230, 231, 233–234, 237 properties, 164, 189, 225, 238 “virgin”, 226 spin–orbit resonance, 175 Comets (individual) Chinook, 55 1P/Halley, 219, 228–229, 230–232, Chiron (asteroid), 206, 225, 239, 293 235, 242 Chladni, Ernst Florenz Friedrich, 257 2P/Encke, 220, 225, 242 Chondrites, see under Meteorites 9P/Tempel 1, 225, 230, 232, 235 Chondrules 13P/Olbers, 225, 226 composition, 267–268, 270, 271 19P/Borrelly, 230 origin, 271–273 23P Brorsen–Metcalfe, 234 CHON particles, 232 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup, 225 Circulation 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, 225 Ferrel cell(s), 25, 26, 43 55P/Tempel–Tuttle, 226, 242 global, 22–23 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann Hadley cell(s), 24–25, 39, 43–44 3, 240 parasitic cell(s), 25 79P/du Toit–Hartley, 225 polar cell(s), 23, 25 81P/Wild, 230 Clairaut, Alexis-Claude, 217 95P/Chiron, 225 CN radical, 231 107P/Wilson–Harrington, 225 Coefficient 109P/Swift–Tuttle, 225, 229, 242 ablation, 245 153P (Ikeya-Zhang), 231 drag, 245 C/1577 V1 (Comet of 1577), Comet(s)/cometary 215–216, 225, 226 attrition, 240 C/1908 R1 (Morehouse), 237 coma, 230, 231, 335 C/1961 R1 (Humason), 237 composition, 231–237 C/1980 E1 (Bowell), 221 demise, 240–241 C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp), 227 dust, 230, 236, 241, 250 C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake), 231, 233 envelope, 230 C/1997 P2 (Spacewatch), 221 Halley group, 238–239 C/1999 H1 (Lee), 233 Jupiter family, 220, 238–240 C/2004 Q2 (Machholz), 236 Index 391 3D/Biela, 226, 242 Despina (Satellite, Neptune V), 157, D/Shoemaker–Levy 9, 226, 240 161, 201 Condensation sequence, 269, 302–303 D/H (deuterium/hydrogen ratio), 272, Copernicus, 216 286, 301 Cordelia (satellite, Uranus VI), 156, Deuterium, 250, 272, 286, 354 160, 198 Diacetylene (C4H2), 180 Core accretion, 363, 368–369 Diamagnetism, 83–84 Coriolis Diapir(s), 171–172 force, 11–12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, Diffusion time, 47–48, 138 20–22, 25, 38–39, 41–42, Diffusive equilibrium, 47 109, 122 Dione (satellite, Saturn IV), 153, 155, parameter, 122 159, 173, 177, 194, 196 Coriolis, Gaspar G., 24 Disk(s) Coronal dead zone, 307, 368 holes, 70, 99 debris/remnant, 301, 305, 307, 313, mass ejection, 99 351, 364 Cosmogenic nuclei, 283 Dissociative recombination, 58–59, 61, “Counterglow”, 250 63, 67–69 Crater(s) Doldrums, 23 impact, 164, 166, 168, 172,
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