2018 Anthropologist, 31(1-3): 1-10 (2018) DOI: 10.1080/09720073.2018.1424545
The Influence of Economic Development on Dynamic of Commuting in Srem Region, Republic of Serbia
Aleksandra Malić Sibinović1, Danica Šantić2, Mikica Sibinović3, Marija Antić4, Igor Miščević5, Abosa Hadud6 and Ibrahim Sabri7
1, 2, 3University of Belgrade, Faculty of Geography, Studentski trg 3/III, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia Fax: +381112184065, E-mail: 1
KEYWORDS Labor. Functional Centers. Industry. Investments. Demography
ABSTRACT This paper reviews the findings of the study carried out in Srem region, to establish whether non- permanent population mobility is a phenomenon of social, economic, and demographic significance for the region itself and a country as a whole. This well-known immigration area in Serbia was inhabited for centuries because of its specific economic and political reasons, and recently became one of the most important regions in the country in terms of commuting process of commuting. Very intensive absorption of commuters is the result of the economic development regarding the new investments in this region. Agrarian settlements became a base for the labor force in recent period. The aim of the paper is to highlight how commuting correlates with economic development.
INTRODUCTION lies in the intentions of individuals and the na- ture and level of their commitment to particular Different forms of temporal migrations are places, and such phenomena defy attempts to neither a new phenomenon nor a new form of establish temporal criteria. Zelinsky (1971) ar- mobility. In the past, even before the current gued that circulation denotes a great variety of national borders existed, “many migration moves movements, usually short term, repetitive or cy- have been pursuing livelihood strategies by clical in nature, but with lacking any declared consciously taking advantage of opportunities intention of a permanent or long lasting change in time and space in order to meet their needs in residence. Temporary work-related migration under scarce resources” (Hugo 1982). Migrants by individuals are characterized with maintain- optimize their income, savings, and investment ing close social and economic ties with their strategies according to employment options and place of origin, with returning in regular inter- possibilities in the places of origin and destina- vals, and with no intentions of settling perma- tion and therefore improve their economic, so- nently in the destination region. The interdependence of commuting and mi- cial and personal situation taking advantage of gration was initially noticed in the 1970s (Yapa each situation in each country (Constant and et al. 1971; Holmes 1971). Some authors include Zimmermann 2012). With the rapid progress in this relation in their typologies of migration transport technology, time and travel costs and (Gawryszewski 1978; Termote 1980). Reitsma and with easier access to the information in the last Vergossen (1987) pointed the causal role of com- decades, the large increase of all types of non- muting within the decision on migration. Zax and permanent migration occurred. They are con- Kain (1991) demonstrate that commuting dis- tributing in creation of migration markets and tance, as an important determinant, can stimu- therefore can provide employers with a flexible late mobility of workers. Considering the dis- labor force, but also migrants themselves can tance there are several opinions that commuting profit from repeated or circular moves (Hugo is a substitute to migration in intraregional mo- 1982; Hugo and Smailes 1985). It is not easy to bility but is complement to migration in interre- make distinction between permanent and non- gional population mobility (Zax 1994; Holmes permanent population mobility. The difference 1971). 2 ALEKSANDRA MALIĆ SIBINOVIĆ, DANICA ŠANTIĆ, MIKICA SIBINOVIĆ ET AL.
In modern definitions the circular migrations numerous theoretical and empirical researches only refer to international migrations. Instead of (Evers 1989; William et al. 1994; Renkow and that the term commuting has the same charac- Hoover 2000; Renkow 2003; Skeldon 2006; Ver- teristics but it is used for internal migrations, or tovec 2007; Partridge et al. 2010; Lukic 2011; Cas- more precisely migration between rural and ur- tles and Ozkul 2014; Geddes 2015). Researchers ban areas and vice versa. In support of that is a in this field indicate that commuter dynamic is Constant and Zimmermann (2011) definition of closely related with the vicinity of the capital circular migration as the systematic and regular city, metropolitan areas, regional centers and movement of migrants between their homelands functionally developed cities. Furthermore, eco- and foreign countries typically seeking work. nomic development and modernization, progress But they argue that if there is free border mobil- of service sector and information technology, ity, the terms commuting or “revolving-door mi- as well as the growing dominance of interna- gration” have been used. Empirical studies con- tional companies, leads to the change of spatial ducted by Huber and Nowotny (2011) highlight- distribution of employment opportunities and ed the interaction between migration and com- more dispersed paths of commuting. Organiza- muting in the cross-border context, considering tion of working zones in Srem region after 2000 commuting as an alternative form of cross-bor- influenced the changes in the regional and mu- der labor migration. nicipal economic policies. Economic develop- Migration and commuting are two potential ment still has been based on agro-industry, but forces reducing regional inequalities in economic the new industrial zones are becoming the basis opportunities, helping to adjust disequilibria in for the development of industry and services. the labor market and spatial separation. The in- Industrial companies which are operating in terrelations between them is a function of the working zones represent a continuation of the degree of spatial, sectored, professional, and oc- development of former strong industrial plants cupational disaggregation (Termote 1980). Com- during the period of Socialistic Federative Re- muting or in other words journey to work refers public of Yugoslavia, but nowadays in the pri- to a worker’s travel from home to work. Place of vate sector. Investment in the economy through work refers to the geographic location of the work- Greenfield model is becoming more and more er’s job. Commuting can be also a step before or present. The Srem region, in particular the mu- after definite migration, pointing to existence of nicipalities that gravitate towards the City of mutual relationship between different types of Belgrade, like Stara Pazova, Indjija and Pecinci, spatial mobility of population (Lukic 2009). The represent the territory with the largest number importance of circulatory movement has been of Greenfield investments in the Republic of Ser- accepted in developed world recently, but in the bia. The inherited economy of the former social- developing nations importance of commuting has ist regime, influenced the flow of commuters to long been recognized with all forms it takes be- the inter-municipal levels, while large Greenfield cause it has been the road to eliminate poverty investments increase the number of commuters (Boyle et al. 1998). In Serbian statistic it is often from other areas, mainly Belgrade, due to skilled used as the term of daily migration instead of labor that is needed. commuting or circulation. Daily migrations repre- sent a special form of spatial mobility of young or Study Area economically active population performing oc- cupation of pupils and students. The flows of The scope and directions of commuting are daily migrants, besides macro-level factors re- influenced by a number of demographic, socio- lated to economic and regional development economic, geo-transportation and other factors policies are shaped by factors on micro and meso in place of origin and place of work (SORS 2013; level relevant to individuals and households Lukic 2013). These links are more important for (Lukic 2013). relatively small regions, and depend on the lo- cation of the region within a regional system Objectives (Termote 1980). This may be illustrated by some empirical data, in this case for selected adminis- The relationship between economic devel- trative region in Serbia. Srem region is located in opment and commuting has been the topic of the south part of Vojvodina province, and in- DYNAMIC OF COMMUTING IN SREM REGION, SERBIA 3 cludes seven municipalities with functional cen- al centers – Novi Sad, and Šabac, is contempo- ters. According to 2011 Census, in 109 settle- rary characterized by rapid economic develop- ments lived 312,278 inhabitants. Due to the nat- ment due to increase of new, mainly foreign in- ural predisposition of the terrain, the area is agrar- vestments, this area shows changes in charac- ian oriented, but the number of inhabitants is teristic of commuting – intensive absorption and increasing in urban settlements, primarily be- resorption of commuters, more dispersed paths cause of economic reasons. In urban areas live of commuting, reduction in out-commuting, in- 135,635 inhabitants and in rural areas 176,643 crease of in-commuting etc. Municipal centers inhabitants. According to the 2011 Census, Srem are functional centers for settlements which grav- region had 35,573 active population performing itate towards them. The settlements are also eco- the occupations outside the place of permanent nomicaly oriented toward capital city of Belgrade residence, of which 17,400 within the same mu- and capital of Vojvodina Novi Sad (with distance nicipality, 4,121 in other municipality in the same less than 100 km). Those gravitational centers region and 13,897 in other region. are the basis for gathering the commuters who A relatively greater fraction of new jobs in fulfill their economic, social and cultural needs metropolitan areas and regional centers are filled outside the place of permanent residence. Also, by in-commuters, while employment growth in that is a good starting point for studying daily surrounded, medium-sized and small-sized cit- interactions between the rural and urban areas. ies is significant for local economic development and appears to have an effect of reductions in METHODOLOGY out-commuting and population growth of these areas. Considering that Srem region, located In international statistics, the cross-section- between Belgrade, capital of Serbia, and region- al nature of standard census data sources fails
Fig. 1. Study area 4 ALEKSANDRA MALIĆ SIBINOVIĆ, DANICA ŠANTIĆ, MIKICA SIBINOVIĆ ET AL. to illuminate circulatory patterns. Most data on search in order to collect the new information commuting are collected in censuses and sam- about daily mobility of Srem region population, ple surveys. Chapman and Prothero (1985) ar- in order to update data six years since the cen- gued that it is necessary to obtain the sets of sus was conducted. They did also a desk re- data derived from field researches, permanent search in order to point out several decades long mobility registers, family genealogies, retrospec- daily migration studies in Serbia. tive movement histories and oral historiography In order to examine the daily mobility of work- reconstruction of residential transfers. Various ers, the researchers presented a model which patterns of circular migration, rural-to-urban allows them to determine the variables that could commuting, and return migration exist simulta- highlight the settlements with different share of neously, and the type of migration captured by commuters in total number of employed popula- the census is only a small part of the movement tion. As an indicator for that they used the mi- in total. The majority of the studies in Serbia gration coefficient which represents the ratio contains analysis related to the various demo- between the number of commuters and the total graphic structures of commuters and are based number of employed population in certain set- on the additional data set from the Statistical tlement. Ilic (1970) used this coefficient in order Office of the Republic of Serbia. Also they refer to make systematization and structure of settle- to the area of one or several municipalities (Sta- ments according to the share of commuters in menkovic 1989; Stamenkovic et al. 1995; Stamen- total number of employed persons. Also, Lukic kovic 1996; Bubalo-Živkovic et al. 2009; Mat- (2011) analyzed daily urban system of a city in ijevic 2009; Lukic 2011). Serbia in order to define the functional areas, The 1961 Census was the first in the Serbian using the migration coefficient. Based on the history which included questions about com- migration coefficient, they classify settlements muting. Since then, every census conducted the into: migratory inactive (migration coefficient question about “Place of work”, which repre- below 10%) and migratory active (migration co- sents the accurate location at which the person efficient more than 10%). Furthermore, depend- performs an occupation and which is compared ing on the frequency of commuters, migratory with the place of usual residence in order to see more clearly the daily mobility of the popula- active settlements, can be divided into: migra- tion. The inclusion of a non-core topic “Place in tory poorly active (10-25% of commuters), mi- which the person attends a school”, enabled gratory partly active (25-50% of commuters), collecting data on daily migrations of the pupils and highly migratory active (over 50% of com- and students. If the person currently works and muters). An analysis of the frequency of com- goes to school outside the place of his/her res- muting in Srem region will be demonstrated us- idence, the advantage during the data process- ing the given migration coefficient in order to ing was given to the work, so that the daily mi- obtain criteria for the classification of settle- grations of those persons are considered only ments and to determine the gravitational areas from the perspective of the place of work (SORS of urban centers. The gravitational area is char- 2013). According to the 2011 Census methodol- acterized by an array of convergent and diver- ogy, daily migrants/commuters are those “per- gent influences of the city and their territorial sons who work or go to school/university out- accessibility (Stamenkovic and Bacevic 1992). side the place of their usual residence, but whose Analyzing the spatial distribution of commut- return is on a daily basis or several times a week” ers, it can be identified for the functional-gravi- (SORS 2013). Attention in this paper has been tational connections of the settlements and high- focused on population movements to seek or lighted those with the ability to attract the high- engage in work, which has been done deliber- est number of commuters. The definition of func- ately to establish the direct significance of non- tional areas was derived from the analysis of permanent mobility for economic development. commuters of the Srem area. Using the migra- For the purposes of this study, the research- tion coefficient, and based on the obtained re- ers used data from the 2011 population census, sults, the functional typology of the gravitational combined with database on economic structures characteristics of the settlement has been con- of population obtained from the Serbian Statis- firmed, which has been present in the Serbian tical Office. Also they conducted the field re- literature for decades. DYNAMIC OF COMMUTING IN SREM REGION, SERBIA 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The major factors that influenced commut- ing process in Srem region are processes of in- The situation in the former Yugoslavia re- dustralisation, overpopulation in agrarian sec- publics, and in Serbia as well during the 1990s tor, proximity of two major urban areas in Serbia: led to the breakdown of the economy, which Belgrade and Novi Sad, good orientation in rela- was also typical for the Srem region. The initial tion to the central settlement, permanent migra- transition period is marked by bankruptcy of tion, good traffic communications, the possibil- companies and unfavorable privatization. But ity of different forms of traffic and the optimal the large part of the Srem region, in the first place time of the worker’s journey (Matijevic 2009). the east part, even in this period had better eco- The research of gravity zones is of particular nomic patterns. The process of transformation importance in order to better understand the com- of economic development poles was very inten- muting pocess and the relationships and con- sive in this part of Serbia. Most important eco- nections of the settlements with gravity cen- nomic centers: Sremska Mitrovica and Ruma, ters. Curcic (2001) connected the settlements of begun to lose their economic primacy. Gigantic the Srem area within the gravitational zones of factories, which were the backbone of industrial Belgrade, Novi Sad and Šabac, based on the development in socialist period, in 1990s col- grouping of the settlements towards the meso lapsed which led to an increase in unemploy- and micro gravitational zones, as defined by B. ment and these cities become economically dev- Bukurov (1970). Cikic and Stojšin (2017) ana- astated. The latest development phase, with at- lyzed daily commuting of female population in tractive investments, led to the situation that Vojvodina. From the standpoint of the examina- the economy of this region becomes a stable tion of commuting, it is necessary to consoli- system. Unlike the mentioned ones, the munici- date the gravitational affinity of the settlement palities of the eastern part of Srem, Indjija, Stara towards the central settlement. Examining the factors that contributed to the daily interaction Pazova and Pecinci had a different economic de- the researchers will use a model for the consid- velopment after the economic collapse. Sev- eration of primarily economic causes and lead to eral gigantic factories remained until today, with connections between economic development good privatization, but the biggest positive ef- and increase of commuters. fect are within small and medium-sized enter- The latest phase of economic development, prises. The municipalities of Indjija and Stara after transition of economic system in 2000, is Pazova in the former Yugoslavia were well known related to new trends in investment in the econ- for the economic expansion because of the large omy. Former fields of economic development that number of small and medium enterprises. Those were represented in municipalities Sremska were the reason for the lower extend of econo- Mitrovica, Ruma and Šid, continue to develop, my decrease and the unemployment rates. Also, but the development axis of Srem region has the factory workers transferred their work plac- become characteristic of the formerly largely es into private companies and continued the tra- agrarian-oriented municipalities, Stara Pazova, dition of the industry’s development that is Indjija and Pecinci. Their geographical position, present here, such as metalworking, wood, plas- free agricultural land, good industrial potential tics, paper industry, etc. The latest stage of the and well qualified labor force, influence the economic development in the new millenium is changes in the economic trends. So, fast eco- characterized by the formation of industrial nomic growth affected the increase in the total zones, especially in central settlements in east- number of commuters in this part of Srem re- ern part of the Srem region. In other parts of the gion. The location of the settlements between region, the agro-industry is growing more and the two largest cities and markets in the Repub- more. The geographical location and proximity lic of Serbia (Belgrade and Novi Sad) directly of Belgrade were crucial for the expansion of influenced a new perspective of economic logistics and distibutive centers in the eastern development. part of the Srem region, which in turn entails the Gravitational area of Novi Sad is composed development of other branches of industry, while of all settlements that are part of the Irig munic- the western part of the region remains without ipality, making gravitational microregion of Irig. significant investments in this field. Only one settlement outside this municipality is 6 ALEKSANDRA MALIĆ SIBINOVIĆ, DANICA ŠANTIĆ, MIKICA SIBINOVIĆ ET AL. a part of this gravitational area, Cortanovci, the ska Mitrovica with 1,504 commuters out of a to- settlement in Indjija municipality. In this settle- tal of 25,877 economically active population. ment, out of a total of 344 commuters, 288 per- Microgravitational area of Ruma consists of set- sons or eighty-four percent worked in Novi Sad, tlements in its northern part. City of Ruma as a and this confirms the existence of the newly es- functional center had 1,708 commuters, of which tablished mesogravitational area on the territo- forty-one percent worked in another area. Micro- ry of municipality of Indjija. Gravitational area gravitational area of Šid is located in the western of Belgrade includes the territory of the munic- part of the Srem region, next to the border to Croat- ipalities of Indjija, Stara Pazova and Pecinci. Mu- ia. Because of that represents an exception in re- nicipalities of Indjija and Stara Pazova consist lation to the rest of the region. The eccentricity of of all settlements in their municipalities (exclud- the geographical position caused the existence ing Cortanovci in municipality of Indjija as the of a smaller number of settlements that gravitate researchers already mentioned). The commut- towards this municipality (Curcic 2001). But all ers are directed towards the central settlement settlements that are part of it, the 18 of them, grav- of these municipalities, but also towards Bel- itate towards the central settlement, city of Šid. grade, as a capital city and big market. Micro- There was 622 commuters in 2011, but only 6 of gravitational area of Stara Pazova is character- them worked in other municipality. ised by the fact that sixty-one percent of com- Based on the migration coefficient, the re- muters work in Belgrade municipality. The set- searchers classify settlements into: migratory tlements with the highest number of commuters inactive and migratory active. The high frequen- are Stari Banovci 1,249, Stara Pazova 1,774, Novi cy of commuting in the Srem region caused only Banovci 2,239 and Nova Pazova 3,319. Actually, two settlements as migratory inactive. Those are the highest number of commuters in the whole Stara Bingula in municipality of Šid at the North- Srem region is from Nova Pazova. Settlement is west with only 5.6 percent of commuters in total located very close to the Belgrade municipali- number of employed population and Dobrodol ties and residents meet their economic, educa- in municipality of Irig at the East with 9.5 per- tional, cultural and health needs both in Bel- cent of the commuters in total number of em- grade and in the municipal center. Functional ployed population. These are typically agrarian center of municipality, Stara Pazova according settlements, in which the population is oriented to 2011 Census had 1,774 commuters, from which to work on their own properties. 808 commuters or 45.5 percent were oriented to- Migratory active settlements, depending on wards Belgrade. All settlements of the lower Srem the frequency of commuters, may be: region are part of the Belgrade gravitational area, - migratory poorly active settlements (from but its influence is very heterogeneous, and this 10 to 25% of commuters) are the functional cen- is considered as the most heterogeneous zone ters of the western part of the Srem area, Srems- in the Srem region. ka Mitrovica with 12.4 percent of commuters, Gravitational area of Šabac is the smallest Šid with 13.1 percent, and Ruma with 17.4 per- in the whole region and is consists of the near- cent of commuters. These three municipal cen- est setllenemts to the city of Šabac together with ters are characterized by the small migration co- several settlements of the municipality of Ruma. efficient, that is, the small share of commuters in Gravitational area of Sremska Mitrovica ex- the total number of employed population, as tends towards the central and western part of they gather labor from the surrounding settle- the Srem region and is consists of three micro- ments which gravitate towards them. The dis- gravitational areas of Sremska Mitrovica, Ruma tance from the most important markets of the and Šid municipality. The settlement with the Srem area, Belgrade and Novi Sad, also influ- highest number of commuters in observed grav- enced the formation of stronger gravity centers itational area is Lacarak, in municipality of Srem- in this part of Srem region. ska Mitrovica, with 2,042 commuters in 2011 -migratory partly active settlements (from which is 1/5 of total settlement population, that 25 to 50% of commuters) represent the majority can be explained by the location of this settle- of the settlements of the Srem region, with mu- ment next to the city of Sremska Mitrovica. Oth- nicipal centers: Stara Pazova and Pecinci with er settlements in this municipality had up to 500 twenty-nine percent of commuters in both, Irig commuters, with the exception of the city of Srem- with twenty-eight percent and Indjija with twen- DYNAMIC OF COMMUTING IN SREM REGION, SERBIA 7 ty-five percent of commuters. The proximity of wards the central place and towards Novi Sad. the capital city was influenced by the formation The main characteristics of the most of those of the Belgrade gravitational center which was settlements are that they are agricultural orient- the only gravitational area that had an increase ed using a favourable geographic location for in number of commuters from 2002 Census vine production (Kovacevic winery), agroindus- (17,320 commuters) to 2011 Census (19,935 com- try (Frigo Srem) and highest production of ap- muters), with 10,650 commuters or 53.4 percent ples in Serbia (Rudnap Agrar). Recently, the of them commuting outside the area of Srem. municipality has been focused on the invest- Municipality of Indjija is characterized with the ments in the ecological industry and organic highest number of commuters toward the other production. areas. According to Census 2011 some 1.173 - highly migratory active settlements (over commuters or 55.7 percent of their total number 50% of commuters) are mainly positioned next went to another area looking for a job. But re- to the functional centers, with the highest share cently, as a result of new investments in Indjija of commuters in the total number of employed municipality, the trend of reducing the total num- population. Accordingly, no functional center ber of commuters has been noticed. The firms of the Srem region has been identified in the like Grundfos, Metal Cinkara, IGB Lokomotive, category of migratory most active settlements. Mk Group, Thyssenkrupp, Henkel and others Other settlements have the characteristics of opened thier offices offering new jobs for the satellite settlements of gravity centers which are local population. But the number of them travel- positioned along the border with the Belgrade ing to another municipalities remain almost the agglomeration. In contrast, in the municipality same and is consistent with the selection of a of Stara Pazova (7 out of 9 settlements) and job that matches their qualifications. In the mu- Peæinci (10 out of 15 settlements), most settle- nicipality of Stara Pazova is recorded the high- ments belong to the category of highly migrato- est number of commuters who work in other ry settlements. The smallest number of extreme- municipalities 6,579 commuters or fifty-nine per- ly migratory active settlements is in the munici- cent. These figures are not in the line with big pality of Sremska Mitrovica, 2 out of 26, with the investments in this municipality and with the exception of satellite settlement Lacarak with mi- opening of the representative offices of Husq- gration coefficient of sixty-four percent, which varna, DHL, Muhlbauer, Alumil, Greiner I JP Pack- is the highest in Srem region. The largest num- ing, Nestle, Streit Group, Hemofarm, Grubin. Also, ber of commuters in relation to the total number there are large investments in tertiary sector, so of active population is in the suburban settle- in the last few years the trend of opening logis- ment Nova Pazova. This is also a settlement with tics centers has been noticeable. The most im- the largest number of commuters in the Srem portaint logistic and distributive centers and area. The economic active area in this settle- Delhaize, Lidl, Eye Maxx and Delta DMD. These ment is along the M-22 highway which connects investments are very significant for the munici- Belgrade and Novi Sad, represents the most pality and the area, but they can’t attrack a large powerful working area of the municipality and number of workers, such as investments in in- gathers more and more investors and a large dustry sector. Logistic centers gather an incom- number of workers, which affects the decrease parably smaller number of workers in compari- in the number of commuters. Based on the ob- son to industrial plants, and the tendency of the tained values of the migration coefficient, the local development policy is to work on the rep- eastern part of the Srem region, which gravi- resentation of the manufacturing industry, which tates towards Belgrade, is classified into the most has a long tradition in this region. Pecinci mu- active migratory part of the region. The charac- nicipality, whose commuters are highly oriented teristic of the Srem region is that there are no towards Belgrade, are expiriencing the new phase municipal centers in the category of highly mi- of economic development, based on the realiza- gratory active settlements, which confirms the tion of 40 greenfield investments: in Mashine fact that these settlements are functional cen- Industry Klemann Lifts, Bosch, Gorenje, food ters that gather other settlements around them, industry Forneti, Don caffe and chemical indus- and represent larger immigration than emigra- try JUB colors. Also, there is an increasing num- tion areas of commuters. ber of logistic and distribution centers: ITM, La- The orientation of commuters to the certain germax, Naturacoop, Loz, Termomont. Settle- functional centers is a good indicator for the ments of the municipality of Irig gravitate to- existence of the gravitational areas in Srem re- 8 ALEKSANDRA MALIĆ SIBINOVIĆ, DANICA ŠANTIĆ, MIKICA SIBINOVIĆ ET AL.
Novi Sad
Belgrade Sremska Mitrovica
Sabac
Legend Migratory inactive settlements Migratory poorly active Migratory medium active Extremely migratory active Fig. 2. Settlements in the Srem region according to the migration coefficient gion. The settlements of its eastern part are char- Serbia. Physical and geographical characteris- acterized by the highest mobility of the labor tics of the terrains influenced the formation of a force, because of the proximity of the city of strong agro-industry, while the favorable infra- Belgrade and favorable socio-economic struc- structure connection and proximity of the two ture, as well as good geographic position along most important markets, Belgrade and Novi Sad, the main roads and corridors. Greenfield invest- influenced the existence of a strong industrial ments linked to the manufacturing industry af- base. These are the reasons why this research is fect the reduction of unemployment and the in- conducted in Srem region to determine the im- crease of commuters, while investments based pact of economy and investment, both domes- on the service sector do not gather a large num- tic and foreign, on the scale and frequency of ber of workers. It is important to emphasize that commuters, resulting in the formation of gravi- by opening log centers, a significant area of fer- tational zones. The absence of nearby employ- tile agricultural land is usurped. ment centers in some municipalities of this re- gion means the spatial adjustment of the work- CONCLUSION ing population is accomplished mainly via mi- gration, while in regions close to those econom- Srem region represents in economic terms, ic centers the population is able to adjust to the development axis of this part of Republic of local economic conditions by commuting. The DYNAMIC OF COMMUTING IN SREM REGION, SERBIA 9 demographic and socio-economic consequenc- Curcic S 2001. Naselja Srema, Geografske Karakteris- es, and correspondingly the impact on urban- tike. Novi Sad: Matica Srpska. Evers G 1989. Simultaneous models for migration and ization, are obvious. The statistical monitoring commuting: Macro and micro economic approach- of the changes in the commuting trends of a es. In: J Dijk, H Folmer, HW Herzog, AM Schlott- certain area is significant for a number of scienc- mann (Eds.): Migration and Labour Market Adjust- es, as well as for the local and regional planning ment. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 177-197. and implementation of spatial development pro- Gawryszewski A 1978. The relationship between dif- grams. Nevertheless, we have seen not only that ferent types of migration in Poland. Canadian Stud- commuting has become of immense significance ies in Population, 5: 153-165. in this region of Serbia but that a proliferation of Geddes A 2015. Temporary and circular migration in the construction of European migration governance. non-permanent mobility strategies has made Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 28(4): possible a greater physical separation of dwell- 571-588. ing and workplace than is possible with con- Holmes J 1971. External commuting as a prelude to ventional commuting. European-type commut- suburbanization. Annals of the Association of Amer- ing generally represents an alternative to migra- ican Geographers, 61(4): 774-790. Huber P, Nowotny K 2011. Moving across borders: tion, permitting a concentration of production Who is willing to migrate or to commute? Regional points along with a certain dispersion of the Studies, 47(9): 1-20. population, which produces a different urban Hugo G 1982. Circular migration in Indonesia. Popu- spatial structure. lation and Development Review, 8(1): 59-83. Hugo G, Smailes P 1985. Urban-rural migration in Aus- tralia: A process view of the turnaround. Journal of RECOMMENDATIONS Rural Studies, 1(1): 11-30. Ilic J 1970. Karakteristike funkcionalnih odnosa izmegu This study has applicative role in spatial grada i okoline sa posebnim osvrtom na SR Srbiju. Stanovništvo, 3-4: 167-181. planning and future development strategies. Lukic V 2009. Correlation between commuting and Also, further investigation is required into the migration in daily urban system of Panèevo (Vojvo- relationships between non-permanent mobility dina, Serbia). Geographica Panonnica, 13(1): 17- and social and economic patterns, social ine- 21. Lukic V 2011. Dnevne migracije radnika u sistemu na- qualities, and development. There is also a need selja Srbije. Stanovnistvo, 2: 25-50. for further research in this area and developing Lukic V 2013. O vezi izmegu migracije i dnevne mi- theoretical framework in other to make studies gracije. Stanovništvo, 1: 69-90. of non-permanent migrations more satisfactory Matijevic D 2009. Prostorno Funkcionalna Poveza- and useful. More research should also be di- nost Opštine Stara Pazova Sa Urbanim Sistemom Beograda. Beograd: Geografski Institut “Jovan rected toward identifying and clarifying the pol- Cvijic” SANU. icy implications of this form of mobility. Partridge M, Kamar A, Olfert R 2010. Rural-to-urban commuting: Three degrees of integration, growth REFERENCES and change. Journal of Urban and Regional Policy, 41(2): 303-335. Reitsma R, Vergossen F 1988. A causal tipology of Boyle P, Halfacree K, Robinson K 1998. Exploring migration: The role of commuting. Regional Stud- Contemporary Migration. London, New York: Rou- ies, 22(4): 331-340. tledge. Renkow M 2003. Employment growth, worker mobil- Bubalo-Živkovic M, Dragin A, Ðergan B 2009. Gravi- ity, and rural economic development. American Jour- taciono podruèje Novog Sada. Zbornik Radova - nal of Agricultural Economics, 85(2): 503-513. Geografski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, 57: 103- 121. Renkow M, Hoower D 2000. Commuting, migration Bukurov B 1970. Gravitacione sfere vojvoganskih gra- and rural-urban population dynamics. Journal of dova. Posebna Izdanja SANU, 44: 119-139. Regional Science, 40(2): 261-287. Castles S, Ozkul D 2014. Triple win, or a new label for Skeldon R 2006. Interlinkages between internal and in- temporary migration. In: G Battistella (Ed.): Global ternational migration and development in the Asian and Asian Perspectives on International Migration. region. Population, Space and Place, 12(1): 15-30. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 27-49. SORS 2013. Daily Migrants, Data by Municipalities/ Chapman M, Prothero RM 1985. Circulation in Pop- Cities, 2011 Census of Population, Households and ulation Movement: Substance and Concepts from Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia. Belgrade: Sta- the Melanesian Case. London: Routledge. tistical Office of Republic of Serbia. Cikic J, Stojšin S 2017. Daily commuting of female Stamenkovic S 1989. Dnevne Migracije Stanovništva population in Vojvodina. Sociological Review, 51(2): (Radne Snage I Školske Omladine) Prema Cen- 236-254. tralnim Naseljima U Vranjskom Kraju. Beograd: Srps- Constant A, Zimmermann K 2012. The dynamics of repeat migration: A Markov chain analysis. Interna- ko Geografsko Društvo. tional Migration Review, 46(2): 362-388. 10 ALEKSANDRA MALIÆ SIBINOVIÆ, DANICA ŠANTIÆ, MIKICA SIBINOVIÆ ET AL.
Stamenkovic S 1996. Dnevne migracije stanovništva u International Migration Institute, University of Ox- geografskim prouèavanjima Srbije. Stanovništvo, 3- ford. 4: 46-60. William AV, Kuijpers-Linde C, Kuijpers-Linde M 1994. Stamenkovic S, Bacevic M 1992. Geografija Naselja. Commuting in restructuring urban regions. Urban Beograd: Geografski Fakultet. Studies, 31(3): 465-483. Stamenkovic S, Pavlovic M, Tošic D, Milincic M 1995. Yapa L, Polese M, Wolpert J 1971. Interdependencies Dnevne Migracije Stanovništva (Radne Snage I of commuting, migration and job location. Economic Uèenika) Prema Aleksandrovcu i Brusu. Beograd: Geography, 47(1): 59-72. Geografski Fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu. Zax J, Kain J 1991. Commutes, quits and moves. Jour- nal of Urban Economics, 28: 153-165. Termote M 1980. Migration and Commuting: A Theo- Zax J 1994. When is a move migration? Regional rethical Framework. Working Paper 80-69, IIASA. Science and Urban Economics, 24(3): 341-360. From