Starflower Image Herbarium Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O

Home , Herbarium, Lilium columbianum, Linnaea borealis, Luetkea, Lysichiton, Maianthemum stellatum

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.1 Starflower Image Herbarium Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O

These species pages has been valuable and loved for over a decade by WNPS members and the PNW plant community. Untouched since 2007, these pages have been archived for your reference. They contain valuable identifiable traits, landscaping information, and ethnobotanical uses. Species names and data will not be updated. To view updated taxonomical information, visit the UW Burke Herbarium Image Collection website at http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php. For other useful plant information, visit the Native Plants Directory at www.wnps.org.

Compiled September 1, 2018

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.2

Contents

Lilium columbianum ...... 4 Tiger Lily ...... 4 Linnaea borealis ...... 5 Twinflower ...... 5 Lithophragma parviflorum ...... 6 Small-flowered Woodland Star ...... 6 Lomatium utriculatum ...... 7 Spring Gold ...... 7 Luetkea pectinata ...... 8 Partridgefoot ...... 8 Lupinus polyphyllus ...... 9 Large-leaved Lupine ...... 9 Lysichiton americanum ...... 10 Skunk Cabbage ...... 10 Maianthemum dilatatum...... 11 False Lily-of-the-Valley ...... 11 Maianthemum racemosum ...... 12 False Solomon's Seal ...... 12 Maianthemum stellatum ...... 13 Starflowered False Solomon's Seal ...... 13 Mentha arvensis ...... 14 Field Mint ...... 14 Menyanthes trifoliata ...... 15 Buckbean ...... 15 Mimulus guttatus ...... 16 Yellow Monkey-flower ...... 16 Mimulus lewisii ...... 17 Pink Monkey-flower ...... 17 Nuphar luteum ssp. polysepalum ...... 18 Yellow Pond-Lily ...... 18 Oenanthe sarmentosa ...... 19 Pacific Water Parsley...... 19 Olsynium douglasii ...... 20 Satin Flower, Grass Widow ...... 20 Oxalis oregana ...... 21 Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.3

Wood Sorrel ...... 21 References ...... 22

About Ann Lennartz

Founded in 1996 by Ann Lennartz, Starflower Foundation assisted with the creation, rehabilitation, and stewardship of Pacific Northwest native plant communities in Seattle, Washington, by supporting community-driven restoration and education projects. Having met the founder’s expectations, Starflower Foundation ceased operations in December 2007.

Resources developed by Starflower Foundation included an array of educational materials, plant ID cards, project case studies, and this image herbarium. All resources contain Western Washington native plant information and images for use in education, restoration and landscaping projects. As mutually agreed upon with Starflower Foundation, Washington Native Plant Society has made Starflower's learning and education materials available on our website.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.4

Lilium columbianum Tiger Lily

 Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: May, June, July. Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

sub-alpine Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80% Hydrology moist

Habitat Preferences Sub-alpine and Alpine: Avalanche tracks Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.5

Linnaea borealis Twinflower

At a Glance: Trailing, slender, semi-woody, with short erect leafy stems and dainty bell-shaped flowers.  Height: 4 inches (10 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Slender, trailing and rooting.  Leaves: Opposite and firm with few shallow teeth along the upper half, minutely hairy, broadly elliptic, to 1.5 cm (.6 in), dark green above, paler below.  Flowers: Fragrant trumpet-shaped nodding flowers born in pairs on a thin Y-shaped stalk;  Size: 2-5 mm.  Flowering Period: May, June, July, August, September.  Fruits: Fruits are small nutlets with sticky glandular hairs that catch onto the fur of mammals and the feathers of birds.

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Bogs, fens Shorelines and Riparian: Bog margins Riparian corridors Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Open forests Sun/Shade Tolerance Coniferous forests partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Old growth forests mostly shady 60%-80% Thickets full shade > 80% Hydrology Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts moist Medicinal Uses: Snohomish boiled the leaves to make a tea for colds. Landscape Uses: Great groundcover in woodland or partially shady areas, easy Elevation Range to propagate. Spreads readily by stolons. low elevation Name Info: Named after the famous naturalist Carolus Linnaeus. It was his mid elevation favorite plant

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.6

Lithophragma parviflorum Small-flowered Woodland Star

At a Glance: Delicate herb from slender rhizomes with numerous small bulblets; white star-shaped flowers.  Height: 2-16 inches (10-40 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.

 Stems: Distinctly purplish towards top. Sun/Shade Tolerance  Leaves: Deeply divided into 5 main divisions that are full sun > 80% themselves 3 cleft, hairy, upper stem leaves nearly stalkless; mostly sunny 60%-80% basal blade, palmately compounded; shape: circular to kidney- Hydrology shaped; Size: 1-3 cm blades; color: green. Flowers and seeds while soil is moist (spring).  Flowers: 5 to 11 flowers in a compact to elongated cluster at top of stem; 5 petals, 3-fingered. Plants along the coast of dry Washington and Oregon appear to have distinctly pinkish- to purplish-tinged stems and flowers; Size: 1 cm wide. Elevation Range  Flowering Period: March, April. low elevation mid elevation  Fruits: Capsules, 3-chambered and 3-beaked at tip; seeds wrinkled and ridged. Soil Preferences gravelly soils

Habitat Preferences Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs Rocky slopes

Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.7

Lomatium utriculatum Spring Gold

At a Glance: Perennial herb with finely lacey foliage and flat-topped umbels of bright yellow flowers.  Growth Form: Herb.

 Flowering Period: March, April.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Hydrology moist dry Elevation Range low elevation

Habitat Preferences Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs Outcrops Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.8

Luetkea pectinata Partridgefoot

At a Glance: Low-growing ground cover with spikes of small white flowers. Photo © Ben Legler  Height: Up to 6 inches (3 cm) tall.  Growth Form: Herb.  Leaves: Deeply divided into slender segments shaped somewhat like a bird's foot.  Flowers: Numerous small white flowes in dense spikes held above the leaves. Each flower has 5 white petals, 20 stamens, and 5 pistils.  Flowering Period: June, July, August.  Fruits: Dry brown capsules about 5 mm long.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Hydrology moist dry Elevation Range sub-alpine high elevation

Soil Preferences Prefers moist sandy acidic soil. sandy soils gravelly soils

Habitat Preferences Sub-alpine and Alpine: Heaths Tundra

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.9

Lupinus polyphyllus Large-leaved Lupine

At a Glance: A large perennial native forb with spikes of blue flowers from one to many hairy stems.  Height: 3-6 feet (1-2 meters).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Stems erect; hollow.

 Leaves: Compound, divided into 5-18 leaflets that radiate from a central point, with smooth upper surfaces and hairy undersides; leaves are alternate along main stem, well below the flowers; Size: leaflets 15- 40 cm (6-16 in) long; color: green.  Flowers: Shaped like a pea flower; flower stalks are short; primary color: bluish-purple, brown with age; vary from pale blue to dark violet or purple; occasionally all-white; arranged in spikes 12-28 inches long along upper section of main stem.  Flowering Period: June.  Fruits: Pods covered with dense hairs; open on one side; contain bean- like seeds; Size: 2.5-5 cm (1-2 in) long; color: black, with silvery hairs.

Wildlife Value Habitat Preferences Seeds Aquatic and Wetland: Nectar for hummingbirds Marshes or swamps Nectar for butterflies Bogs, fens Birds: Seeds valuable food for game and Shorelines and Riparian: song birds. Stream or river banks Sun/Shade Tolerance Insects: Silvery blue and other butterfly Riparian corridors mostly sunny 60%-80% species use the flowers and vegetation. Saltwater Areas: partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Mammals: Small mammals eat the seeds. Seashores Forests and Thickets: Elevation Range Forest edges, openings low elevation Meadows and Fields: mid elevation Pastures or fields Meadows or grassy areas Hydrology Moist to wet. Landscape Uses: Widely cultivated as a garden ornamental; many colors wet and shades have been developed. moist Name Info: May be derived from the Latin lupinus, for wolf, because it was a pea only fit for wolves. Another source suggests that it is wolfish because it depletes the soil of its nutrients, which is a serious misinterpretation because lupines fix nitrogen and actually fertilize poor soils. There is a possibility that Lupinus comes from the Greek lopos, a husk, or lepo, a hull or peel, in reference to the fruit. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.10

Lysichiton americanum Skunk Cabbage

At a Glance: A wetland plant with very large waxy erect leaves and yellow flower spikes enclosed in a large yellow sheath.  Height: 1-5 feet (30-150 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.

 Leaves: Leaves emerge early from large basal rosette, leaves are thin, net-veined; shape: lance to broadly elliptic shape; Size: up to 1.5 meters (5 ft) long, to 50 cm (1.5 feet) wide; color: dark green.  Flowers: Numerous small flowers on thick axis (spadix) that is hooded by a large bright yellow bract/sheath, gives off skunk-like odor when flowering, flowers before the leaves appear; primary color: greenish-yellow; Size: 6-8 cm (2.5-3 in) thick, 30 cm (12 in) long.  Flowering Period: March, April, May.  Fruits: Fruits are berry-like with a pulpy texture and are embedded in the fleshy flower spike, 1 or 2 seeded; color: greenish -white.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Aquatic and Wetland: mostly shady 60%-80% Shallow pools Hydrology Sloughs

wet Swales or wet ditches Photo © 2004, Heidi Bohan moist Marshes or swamps Scrub-shrub wetlands Elevation Range Wildlife Value Forested wetlands Sea level to 1300 meters. Insects: The pungent odor of the flowers Bogs, fens attracts pollinators such as carrion Seeps, springs low elevation beetles and blowflies. Shorelines and Riparian: mid elevation Mammals: The flower heads often Lake shores Soil Preferences browsed by deer. The fruits are eaten by Bog margins Common in wet soils under cedar bear. The roots are eaten by muskrats. Streams or rivers trees. Stream or river banks clay soils Other Facts Riparian corridors muddy soils Forests and Thickets: Toxicity: Contains calcium oxalate Coniferous forests crystals that are harmful if digested

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.11

Maianthemum dilatatum False Lily-of-the-Valley

At a Glance: Quickly spreading ground cover with attractive glossy green leaves.

 Height: Up to 12 inches (30 cm) tall.  Growth Form: Herb.  Leaves: Large heart-shaped leaves 5-10 cm long with a pointed tip and smooth margins. Leaf surfaces are glossy green.  Flowers: The small delicate white flowers are grouped in short spikes held just above the leaves.  Flowering Period: April, May, June.  Fruits: Reddish, often mottled berries to 5 mm cross.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.12

Maianthemum racemosum False Solomon's Seal

At a Glance:  Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: May, June.

Sun/Shade Tolerance partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80% Hydrology moist

Elevation Range

low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings

Wildlife Value Berries Birds: Birds eat the berries.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Often used as an accent plant.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.13

Maianthemum stellatum Starflowered False Solomon's Seal

Photo © Heidi Bohan At a Glance:  Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: May, June.

Sun/Shade Tolerance partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80% Hydrology moist Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Soil Preferences humic soils organic soils

Habitat Preferences Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Rocky slopes Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Open forests Coniferous forests Old growth forests Photo © 2004, Heidi Bohan Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings

Wildlife Value Berries Birds: Birds eat the berries.

Landscape Uses: Often used as a ground cover to carpet an area.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.14

Mentha arvensis Field Mint

At a Glance: A wild mint with small groups of light purple flowers in the leaf axils.  Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: May, June, July, August.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% Hydrology wet moist Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Bogs, fens Seeps, springs Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Bog margins

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.15

Menyanthes trifoliata Buckbean

At a Glance: White, curly-haired flowers and large trifoliate leaves decorate this patch-forming plant found in shallow water.  Growth Form: Herb.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60%

Hydrology wet

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Sloughs Swales or wet ditches Marshes or swamps Bogs, fens

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.16

Mimulus guttatus Yellow Monkey-flower

At a Glance: Large yellow tubular flowers top this deciduous-leaved wetland perennial.  Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: March, April, May, June, July, August, September.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Hydrology wet Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Swales or wet ditches Seasonally inundated areas Marshes or swamps Bogs, fens Seeps, springs Shorelines and Riparian: Bog margins Stream or river banks

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Good in seeps. Spreads readily.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.17

Mimulus lewisii Pink Monkey-flower

At a Glance: A clump forming perennial with large pinkish-red flowers.

Photo © Ben Legler  Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: June, July, August.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology moist dry

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.18

Nuphar luteum ssp. polysepalum Yellow Pond-Lily

At a Glance: An aquatic water lily with large, round, floating leaves and fleshy, yellow flowers held at the water surface.  Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: June, July, August.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80%

mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60%

Hydrology Aquatic, grows in shallow water. wet

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation sub-alpine

Soil Preferences muddy soils

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Shallow pools

Sloughs

Bogs, fens

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.19

Oenanthe sarmentosa Pacific Water Parsley

At a Glance: Semi-aquatic, often reclining or scrambling herb, with stem tips ascending or curled and small flat-topped clusters of white flowers.  Height: Up to 40 inches (1 meter).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Fibrous and succulent, but usually weak and soft, developing a dark red tinge late in the season.  Leaves: Celery-like odor and shape; 2-3 times coarsely pinnately divided, oblong to egg-shaped in outline; leaflets toothed and cleft with primary veins directed to teeth tips; Size: leaflets 1-6 cm; color: green.  Flowers: Tiny flowers in 5-20 compact clusters on 1-3 cm long stalks subtended by 0-few, narrow, leafy bracts; primary color: white, sometimes pink tinged; Size: small; shape: compound umbels.  Flowering Period: May, June, July.  Fruits: Mature late summer; ribs broader than narrow intervals; shape: barrel; Size: 2.5-3.5 mm long by 2 mm wide; color: maroon. Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Shorelines and Riparian: Shallow pools Lake shores Sloughs Streams or rivers Swales or wet ditches Stream or river banks Seasonally inundated areas Riparian corridors Marshes or swamps Bottomlands Sun/Shade Tolerance Forested wetlands Shade or sun. Wildlife Value full sun > 80% Thickets and shelter mostly sunny 60%-80% Other Wildlife: Used as spawning vegetation by Red-legged frog and partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Northwestern salamander. mostly shady 60%-80% Hydrology Ecological Importance: Produces significant above-ground biomass, growing wet very densely, and therefore can be useful in slowing water flow to enable Wetland Indicator Status: sediment settling. Tolerant of replanting, making it useful in wetland OBL (obligate wetland) restoration in shallow aquatic settings. Soil Preferences Name Info: Some species of the genus were used in Greece to flavor wine so Saturated year-round. Occupies Oenanthe comes from the Greek "ionois" (wine) and "anthos" (flower). When lowest or wettest areas of wetlands. the stems touch or lie on the ground they send out long runners from the muddy soils nodes, which is described by sarmentosa. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.20

Olsynium douglasii Satin Flower, Grass Widow

At a Glance: Showy tufted perennial resembling a miniature iris topped with large pink to purple flowers.  Height: Up to 12 inches (30 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Flattened but not winged.  Leaves: Short bract-like basal leaves and longer stem leaves;

shape: long and narrow; Size: 15 cm (6 in) long, 3 mm wide; color: blue-green.  Flowers: Satiny in appearance, usually 2 terminal flowers above leaf-like bracts; primary color: pinkish-purple; Size: 4 cm (1.5 in); shape: 6 large oval petals.  Flowering Period: February, March.  Fruits: Brown finely pitted seeds contained in capsules 1 cm long.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% Hydrology dry

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs

Rocky slopes Outcrops Forests and Thickets: Open forests Deciduous forests Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas Mossy areas

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Name Info: Flowers appear like beautiful blue/purple eyes from the side of a grass-like stem. Sisyrinchium was Theophrastus name for an iris. Flowers have satin sheen that sparkles in the spring sunshine Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.21

Oxalis oregana Wood Sorrel

At a Glance: A delicate herb with clover-like leaves and white to pink flowers, forming carpets in forested areas.

 Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: April, May, June, July, August, September.

Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80%

Hydrology moist dry

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Soil Preferences Prefers humus-rich soils. organic soils

Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Coniferous forests Old growth forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests Nurse logs

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Spreads rapidly in shade and humus-rich soils.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, J-O – pg.22

References

Linnaea borealis Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 149.  Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 47.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 472.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 451.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 284.  Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 92.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 68.

Lithophragma parviflorum Suggested References

 Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1006.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 109.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 426.  Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 201.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 174.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 164.

Lupinus polyphyllus Suggested References

 Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 116.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 634.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 269.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 208.  Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 162.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 195. Lysichiton americanum Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 151.  Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 138.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 196.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1104.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 324.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 236.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 334.

Oenanthe sarmentosa Suggested References

 Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 151.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 66.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 167.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 334.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 244.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 64.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 206.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 216.