Manual on National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants

Home , Abelmoschus angulosus, Abelmoschus caillei, Abelmoschus crinitus, Abelmoschus ficulneus, Aegilops crassa, Aegilops neglecta

Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110 012

Disclaimer:

This document has been prepared primarily based on work done in the NHCP for past three decades with experience by the herbarium staff. No part of this of this document may be used without permission from the Director.

Citation:

Pandey Anjula, K Pradheep and Rita Gupta (2015) Manual on National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India, 50p.

About the Manual on Herbarium of Cultivated Plants

The manual on ‘National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants’ contains information on National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP) along with detailed guidelines on ‘How to use the NHCP’. Some practical experiences gathered while working in this facility are also included in the relevant context. Significant output from this facility in relevance of Plant genetic resource is enlisted.

Knowledge on various aspects of the herbarium, need based demonstrations and user guidelines were disseminated in various training programmes conducted by ICAR-NBPGR to address various issues. To bring out this manual in present form is an attempt keeping in view various indentors approaching this facility from time to time to satisfied their quarries pertaining to consultation and use. Because of dependency of many users from various inter- disciplinary science especially from agriculture and pharmaceutical sciences, need was felt to develop this manual on NHCP. While developing this efforts have been made to include all the information in simple and user friendly way for benefit of users. Feedback from all users is highly appreciated.

NHCP

Contents

S.No. Title Page no. 1. Introduction 1 2. National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants 1 3. How to use the NHCP 11 4. Some significant outpu 11 5. Acknowledgments 14 6. References/Selected Readings 14 Annexures (1-10) 7. List of families represented in NHCP (Annexure 1) 17 8. Different coloured folders used for arranging herbarium specimens 20 (Annexure 2) 9. Wild relatives of crop plants represented in NHCP (Annexure 3) 21 10. Herbarium Record (during field collection) and Index Card, NHCP, 34 NBPGR, New Delhi (Annexure 4) 11. Guidelines for consulting the NHCP (Annexure 5) 35 12. Guidelines for identification/ authentication/ issue of authentication 36 certificate (Annexure 6) 13. Guidelines for deposition of herbarium samples at NHCP (Annexure 37 7a, b) 14. Guidelines for visit to NHCP (Annexure 8) 40 15. Guidelines for participation in training/technical knowhow on 41 herbarium (Annexure 9) 16. Proforma to be filled for taking photographs of herbarium specimens 42 for study (Annexure 10) Appendix (1-2) 17. Additional links, source of information and literature for 43 identification and use of herbarium resources 18. List of Important Museum/ Herbaria, Code, Specialty and Date of 47 foundation 19. Illustration 49

1.Introduction

Global herbarium resources consists of approximately 4,000 recognized herbaria collectively holding over 35,00,00,000 herbarium specimens. India represents over 3.5 million herbarium specimens including over 23,000 type specimens (source: http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp).

The herbarium of cultivated plants at ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, also known as National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (code ‘NHCP’) occupies a place among 25 major Indian herbaria. It holds collections mainly of cultivated taxa and wild/ weedy relatives of crop taxa of both native and exotic origin; besides, seed and carpological samples of plant genetic resources (PGR) as complementary collections.

NHCP is intended to serve as a reference collection for identification, and taxonomic study of taxa of PGR relevance. It differs in its mandate from the general herbaria across the country in representing wide range of variability in crop plants depicted as cultivars, primitive landraces, wild forms and their wild relatives from different agro-ecological regions of India collected under various PGR programmes. In addition local flora of Delhi, weed flora, species of medicinal and potential value are richly represented here as vouchers. Build-up of material is through specimens/ seeds collected during explorations in different agro-ecological zones of India, material introduced from abroad under various research/ breeding/selection programmes and also vouchers of the systematic studies of crop groups.

Herbarium specimens representing all essential parts and information on locality, habitat and salient characters of collected material are available in the NHCP for teaching, research and referral use. Information on plant species about area of availability, variability pattern, flowering/fruiting time, status on rare/endangered/endemism, economic uses, etc. gathered from herbarium data may help the users in carrying out studies in various fields. An ideally dried herbarium with character representation (vegetative characters: roots, tubers, bulbs and rhizome, leaf, stipule, spine, spathe, bark, etc. and floral characters: inflorescence, flower- scape, stamen, petal; and fruit characters: pericarp, placentation, seed) are good resources for taxonomic studies (Davis and Heywood, 1963).

The ‘Manual on Herbarium of Cultivated Plants’ has been prepared to serve as baseline information that provides brief introduction about the NHCP, components of the herbarium, procedures followed besides providing guidelines for using the herbarium.

2. National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants

2.1 History of NHCP

Taxonomy of cultivated plant groups has been largely a neglected field. Moreover, little or no herbarium records are available of materials of primitive forms, landraces, as also obsolete cultivars in traditional herbaria. Keeping this in view the Herbarium of Plant Introduction Division of Indian Agricultural Research Institute was reportedly set up in 1948; during 1948- 1974 nearly 5,000 specimens were added through collections made under various genetic resource programmes such as evaluation, breeding, and plant introduction. The herbarium was rechristened in 1985 as National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants with its location at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. To lay thrust on this activity, work was taken up in project mode in 1985 under institutional project on “Establishment, build-up and maintenance of herbarium and seed museum of cultivated plants”. Since 1985, the holdings have raised to four folds with tremendous increase during implementation of National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP 1999-2005), under which exploration activity was a major thrust.

NHCP is listed in the Index Herbariorum which is a global directory of public herbaria in different regions (http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp). The first curator Dr. E Roshini Nayar, with her painstaking effort in building up of infrastructure facilities, a separate wing (in Old Campus, now) was created during 1988.

Box: Some Dos’ and Don’ts’ for visitors at NHCP

Dos’

 Use only the visitors’ area designated for study in NHCP; observe silence while working

 Do enter your name and address in visitors’ book before starting the work

 Handle the specimen with utmost care as they are the most precious vouchers for genetic resource study

 Immediately inform the curator on finding any discrepancy/ damage or misplacement of a specimen

 Handle the specimens after wearing mask and gloves especially while working with treated material; wash hands carefully after use

 Do put the ‘determinavet slip’, if sure of the wrong identity of herbarium specimen, if any

 Close the storage chambers/ compactors immediately after use

 Ensure to have emergency numbers/ contact numbers while working inside the herbarium (or) contact herbarium staff during emergency

 Keep your valuables in safe custody while working

Don’ts’

 Do not bring any raw material/wet material/ live plants/ other sources into the herbarium

 Do not bring any eatables/ food material inside the herbarium

 Do not bring any fire/ hazardous material inside the herbarium

 Do not removed any part of the specimen during study; if broken keep it in pouch and inform curator

 Do not stack herbarium folders one on the other or upside down

 Do not take photographs without the permission from the authorities

 Do not put back the specimens in wrong place without consultation with herbarium staff

Specialized training attained by the scientific staff of the herbarium at various national and international herbaria such as the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and in the USA facilitated in

2 modernization and upgrading of its infrastructure. The insect- pest- and dust-free storage cabinets gradually replaced the traditional pigeon hole cabinets. With addition of three new- space saver compactors during 2004-2008, the capacity of herbarium has increased to up to 40,000 specimens.

The work done in project mode on ‘Genetic Resources Study of Economically Important Plant Families- Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae, Rosaceae and Poaceae’ during 1984-1995 served as base line for many systematic works undertaken in NHCP.

2.2 Brief about the NHCP

The NHCP has representation of cultivated taxa (and variability within them) of crop/economic species (reported in The Wealth of India, CSIR, New Delhi), wild relatives of major crop taxa (Arora and Nayar, 1984) including the rare, over-exploited and endangered plants among them and the species introduced for breeding purpose, and wealth of economic and potentially important plant resources of India, both indigenous and exotic.

The NHCP is located in a separate wing in the old campus of ICAR-NBPGR. Over 4,000 taxa of importance in PGR including over 400 species of CWR are part of the NHCP (Annexure 3). Associated with the herbarium is the seed museum, which provides a reference seed collection of crop, wild and weedy plants. Economic products/ carpological samples of interesting material are maintained as supplementary holdings.

The system of classification of specimens differs from that in other herbaria, in the sense that specimens are arranged by families, then by genera and then by species; all in an alphabetical order (Annexure 1). Such a classification of arrangement of specimens was found more convenient for wide use by PGR workers, para-botanists and non-taxonomists and other user groups. The specimens housed in steel cabinets (specially designed compactors) are grouped in three blocks: 1-3 blocks for herbarium and 2 for seed / carpological samples. For storage of the herbarium specimens colour code is denoted for each category of genus folder: green for cultivated; blue for wild; brown for exotic, red for type collection; yellow for Delhi flora and mustard for illustrations, photographs, line diagrammes, publication reprints etc. (Annexure 2).

Significant holdings in the NHCP include material represented from:

 Grassland Survey Scheme of PL-480 (1960-70s)  Flora of Karnataka Project (1980s)  Project on Collection of Fodder Grasses and Forage Legumes from North-western region (1948-86)  National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) on Plant Biodiversity (1999-2005)  Subproject on Biosystematics of the Genera Vigna, Cucumis, and Abelmoschus under National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) (2011-14)  Herbarium of Dr YS Rao’s Collection on Aquatic Plants (give years)

Herbarium documentation room has two computers for storage of soft data and images as virtual herbarium. Information available in Index Cards (Annexure 4) is catalogued as hard copy and is cross linked to computerized databases. An inventory of digitized taxa in the

NHCP was prepared (Nayar et al. 2011). Anybody wishing to refer the herbarium must check these sources for the representation of taxa (s) he is interested.

Target users of NHCP: genetic resource personnel, students (in basic/ applied research), breeders, taxonomists, agronomists, weed scientists, pathologists and entomologists (for host plant identification), foresters, medicine men, pollination biologists, conservators, molecular biologists.

Information/ notes must be provided by the herbarium collectors on the labels pasted on the herbarium specimen sheets. This must include the botanical identity, family names, NH number (National Herbarium Number; unique number) besides location of collection, date of collection and associated field data (Annexure 4).

A small net house facility is available for grow out for identification, experimental study on salient taxa, preparing vouchers of material raised through vegetative propagules or seed and also for teaching purpose. About 50 taxa are maintained mostly in pots in this area. A small herbarium library holds selected floras, books of relevance to day-to-day use, and old literature.

In general, crop taxa have good representation of variability from wide distributional range, Besides major cultivated taxa maintained in the herbarium, some of the significant specimens of less-known domesticated species include- Moghania vestita (Soh-phlong), Digitaria (Raishan), Coix lacryma-jobi in north-eastern hills, and others such as Malva verticillata, Inula racemosa, Hodgsonia heteroclita, rice bean, winged bean and Vigna vexillata, and some species of potential for commercial cultivation from western and eastern Himalaya.

Important taxa of Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) maintained in the NHCP include: Oryza, Sorghum, Vigna, Allium, Abelmoschus, Cajanus/Atylosia, Medicago, Trifolium, Solanum, Sesamum, Cucumis, Trichosanthes, and Curcuma, Piper, Melilotus, Amaranthus, Luffa, etc. (Annexure 3). Some specialty collections include wild Vigna from north-western Himalaya, fodder grasses and forage legumes from north-western areas and peninsular India, and wild alliums from high altitude areas of western and eastern Himalaya.

Type collections of newly described taxa by ICAR-NBPGR in genera viz. Curcuma, Abelmoschus, Vigna, Cucumis, Herpetospermum, Momordica, etc. are some valuable collections maintained in NHCP. Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Bor collected from the Delhi Ridge area (10.9.1939 by Dr. HB Singh), Indigofera viscosa (the oldest herbarium specimen collected in 1933 from Baluchistan, now in Pakistan), Vicia hyaeniscyamus (exotic material raised in Plant Quarantine Experimental Fields, NBPGR, Delhi), rare/ endangered taxa- Cycas beddomei, Podophyllum hexandrum (anti-cancer plant), etc. form some significant holdings.

Herbarium specimens of PGR of exotic origin include those of the Plant Introduction Scheme (PI) under the Botany Division of the IARI since 1946. Virtual herbarium specimens of 298 taxa representing 482 exotic germplasm accessions bearing Exotic Collection (EC) numbers are already uploaded in institutes’ website for wider use. Some important genera/crop groups represented under this group included Oryza from Philippines; Avena from Australia; Brassica from Canada; Medicago from Portugal, Australia; Trifolium from Australia, Portugal, UK; Vicia from Australia; Solanum from USA and Sri Lanka; Lycopersicon from

South America; others such as Amaranthus, chenopods from USA; dwarf peaches from Australia and Agathis, Calluna, Corynocarpus from New Zealand.

Layout map for NHCP

Economic Products collections (600 samples) are maintained as complementary collection in wet preserved or dry form. Some significant ones include- Lagenaria siceraria (90cm long fruit); Luffa (dry fibrous fruit), Entada phaseoloides (pod 60 cm; seed; stem); Moringa oleifera (fruit and seed collection of cultivated and wild types from western Himalaya); Juglans regia and Prunus amygdalus (fruits), coconut (fruit, coir); arecanut (fruit, plates made from spathe); Ravenella (inflorescence); Trapa bispinosa (dry fruit); Diospyros (fruits of 4 species); Aleurites moluccana (nuts); Glycyrrhiza glabra (roots), Moghania vestita and Pachyrrhizus erosus (tubers), okra (landrace diversity); Gossypium arboreum (bolls of

5 different races); Triticum (different species); Curcuma, ginger; rootstock of Sassurea lappa; Tecomella undulata bark, gum crystals of mukul (Commiphora mukul); Saraca indica (fruits); kokam, Garcinia gummi-gutta and Terminalia (species collection by fruit).

Collections of common weeds of agricultural importance, local plants from NCR/Delhi are also represented for post-graduate teaching programmes at IARI and for trainees in genetic resources courses at NBPGR.

Build-up of material is through specimens/ seeds collected during explorations to different agro-ecological zones of India, material introduced from exotic sources and raised as plants and also vouchers of the systematic studies of crop groups. Current holdings of NHCP represent major part of the specimens added through exploration, raised as experimental material and herbarium specimens deposited by the NBPGR regional stations especially Thrissur, Bhowali, Hyderabad and Shimla. To achieve targeted collection, gaps are revisited from time to time. The flow chart given below shows the material/ procedure flow for build- up of specimens in the NHCP:

2.3 Procedure for build up

The standard procedure for build-up of material involves five steps: 1) Collection and processing; 2) Taxonomic identification/ authentication; 3) Indexing (classification according to system of arrangement), documentation and maintaining; 4) digitization; and 5) Inclusion of specimen. The procedure may vary depending on type of material.

1) Collection and processing: material introduced or intended to be added to the NHCP is registered at preliminary level (suitability for inclusion as per mandate as well as quality of material). During scrutiny if it is found incomplete or unsuitable as per NHCP guidelines, it is out rightly rejected. The material deposited for inclusion must have essential information associated with it (see Annexure 5-10).

Processing involves sorting and cleaning (removal of extra parts, infected /damaged parts), pressing and drying of specimen using 3-4 blotting papers; corrugated card board sheets are inserted alternating with the blotting sheets. This helps good aeration and prevents the specimens getting wet due to plant material perspiration and fungal infection. The bundles of freshly pressed specimens are kept under heavy weight press. For quick drying and pressing, sometimes also for plants having leaf sheading, heavy electric iron pressing and microwave technique have been found useful. These techniques also help in retaining the natural colour. For material that tends to be fungify quickly must be treated using hot water or with formaldehyde solution (1:4) or sprayed with alcohol at the time of collection.

Completely dried/ processed specimen is put for mounting which involves stitching or pasting (with glue) of the specimen on thick mounting board sheet (acid free; 42x28cm). Labeling of specimen involves putting label filled with essential information pasted on the right hand side bottom corner of the mounted specimen.

Processed herbarium specimen is recorded in the herbarium registers and accession number (HS no. - unique identification number assigned by NHCP) is allotted as NHCP number; secondary identity (source number, herbarium collector number, IC numbers, etc.) is maintained with HS number.

2) Taxonomic identification/ authentication: taxonomic identification/ authentication process involves checking for correct identity based on available records and literature from various sources (Appendix 1). This also helps to avoid confusion in the existing databases and shifting of family genera/ genus due to nomenclatural reasons. This also helps in assigning status of “New Additions” to the NHCP.

3) Indexing (classification according to system of arrangement), documenting and maintaining: indexing includes recording of the data for individual species on index card giving information on herbarium number, number of specimens, herbarium collector’s number (primary identity given by source/ depositor), locality, collection period, remarks (use, unique feature of plant recorded when collected), etc. The Index Cards are arranged in box in alphabetical order in bundles: family-wise, within family genus-wise, within genus species-wise in an alphabetical order. All new additions to be recorded if not already designated in index card. Newly collected herbarium/ seed material would be kept in the processing room till accessioning, poisoning and initial study (refer Annexure 5-10). Herbarium records (registers, database, index cards, catalogues) are updated periodically.

Index cards should be placed back immediately after use. Existing collections have to be routinely monitored visually by visiting each and every cabinet at least a weeks’ interval. Application of naphthalene ball (whole 4-5) in the cabinet or as powdered form (at three monthly interval), para-di-chlorobenzene in combination of 1:2 ratio, then fumigation using EDCT (320 mg/l) for 72 hrs (at six monthly interval); and poisoning using saturated mercuric chloride solution (mixed in 1: 9 ratio) or deep freezing techniques are being followed. Deep freezing technique has been found most efficient in order to maintain insect/pest free status to fresh material brought from outside or having hidden infestation/infection. Bundles of specimens (15-20) packed in double layered polythene bags are tight sealed and exposed to - 200 C for 48-72 hours at 6-8 months interval. Storage space is routine cleaned with rectified spirit and also dusted with naphthalene powder to make it pest- free.

Maintaining the herbarium and seed museum

S. no. Activity Frequency 1 Routine dusting and cleaning of desktops Daily 2 Routine dusting and cleaning of cupboards Once a month from inside 3 Treatment with naphthalene (dusting, refilling Once a month of pads) 4 Physical verification (specimen/seed samples) Annually 5 Mounting, labelling, storing Need based 6 Deep freezer treatment (of fresh material) After three months (in rotation till reaches compactor) 7 Updating of documents/herbarium database Daily and information backup

4. Digitization: before digitization it should be ensured that digital image of specimen be validated for their identity, and checked with source data on collection. Digital scans (jpeg images) of herbarium specimens are created using flat-bed scanner (high resolution HP Scanjet 3500C) at a resolution of 300 dpi (for close up of parts-seed, trichomes, micro details it can be done at 600-1200dpi). These images of herbarium specimens are linked to database and put in family-wise and genus-wise folders, as well as by unique identity numbers assigned to herbarium specimens (HS numbers).

5. Inclusion: Herbarium specimens ready for inclusion in NHCP are firstly put in the species cover (thin white sheet of the size of herbarium specimen, covering both the sides), genus folder using different colours (Annexure) which are arranged family-wise, within family genus-wise, within genus species-wise in an alphabetical order. The colour code is assigned based on type of material (Annexure 2). Digital images are also put in the virtual herbarium in proper alphabetical order in family and genus folders.

Procedure and flow of the material in the NHCP

2.4 Current holdings

The National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP) presently has 21,356 herbarium specimens representative of 265 families, 1490 genera and 4,088 species. Year-wise holdings of herbarium specimens, seed samples and economic products conserved in the NHCP (as on 31 March, 2015) are as follows:

Herbarium processing from collecting to drying: (top row) selecting the ideal material, putting price tags/labelling; (middle row) putting the collected material in polythene bag, pressing material between the blotters; (bottom row) pressing herbarium specimens in field press, using corrugated sheets in-between the blotters

Mounting and including herbarium specimens in NHCP: (top row) mounting specimen on board, disinfecting herbarium specimen using poisoning method; (middle row) deep-freezing under -20 degrees temperature, storing in herbarium cabinets; (bottom row) scanning for virtual herbarium; data documentation

Year-wise holdings of herbarium specimens, seed samples and economic products maintained in the NHCP (March 2015)

Year Herbarium Seed samples (no.) Economic specimens (no.) products (no.) Before 1989 7136 290 24 1989-1990 662 80 2 1990-1991 563 48 8 1991-1992 519 17 2 1992-1993 307 46 2 1993-1994 208 50 7 1994-1995 354 259 9 1995-1996 260 25 8 1996-1997 240 88 64 1997-1998 49 35 53 1998-1999 54 121 74 1999-2000 684 165 53 2000-2001 797 436 30 2001-2002 665 69 20 2002-2003 384 81 18 2003-2004 831 191 47 2004-2005 1046 235 48 2005-2006 1176 114 18 2006-2007 687 153 14 2007-2008 575 229 26 2008-2009 313 90 37 2009-2010 325 70 10 2010-2011 296 20 12 2011-2012 289 34 35 2012-2013 302 62 19 2013-2014 287 30 14 2014-2015 404 7 8 Total 21760 3045 662

3. How to use the NHCP

The NHCP provides services to number of users/indentors. The guidelines for use by different indentors/users are well in place (Annexures 5-10). The users are advised to follow the guidelines. For details refer to ‘Brief about herbarium’ (item no. 2.2 above).

4. Some significant output

4.1 Build-up and taxonomic study

Build-up of herbarium specimens of landrace collection, CWR and economic species; specimens from neglected regions, tribal areas, NEH region are the prime focus. Taxonomic and biosystematic studies on native crop taxa viz. Oryza, Vigna, Crotalaria, Cajanus/Atylosia, Macrotyloma, Sesamum, Abelmoschus, Luffa, Moringa, and Ocimum has helped in better understanding the identity/relationship of taxa under these crop genera of PGR relevance. Only taxa of doubt arestudied in detail for further validation using biochemical and molecular tools under inter-institutional collaborative research works. Based

on characters of taxa studied, identification key are prepared for field use. Flow chart given below is steps for taxonomic study.

4.2 Development of protocol for safe drying, processing and storage of specimens

Herbarium specimens are well preserved dried form of plant sample with unique characters available for identification, research and teaching purpose. An ideal herbarium specimen should represent all parts and information on locality, habitat and record plant characters of collected material. Protocol were being worked out for difficult-to-store groups, pest-free storage in NHCP, ideal storage conditions for families which are sensitive to pest damage, standardization of use of low temperature (-20°C) using deep freezer, dusting of naphthalene powder, etc. Difficult-to-mount taxa like bulbous group, tuberous taxa, Musa etc. are being work out for representation in NHCP. Routine drying techniques using heavy iron press and microwave drying techniques for difficult material are being further refined for crop plant taxa. Keeping in view the material used for advance studies such as biosystematic study,

biochemical/ phytochemical and molecular study the efforts have been on minimal use of hazardous chemicals for maintaining the specimens. To minimize use of contact poisons/chemicals, deep freezing methods and use of insect repellants (naphthalene bolls) were encouraged.

4.3 Gap analysis: crop taxa of Indian region vs. the taxa represented were made as a base line for future collection. Families/ groups: major plant families Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae; groups/ genera: Asiatic Vignas, Crotalaria, Allium, Prunus and wild Triticeae; checklist of Indian crop plants and crop wild relatives were brought out for working out gaps in collection and pinpoint taxa of priority for study/collection in NHCP.

4.4 Study on domestication trends: Some taxa such as Luffa, Moringa, Ocimum, Crotalaria, etc. were studied for available diversity in the region through herbarium resources and other documents, and trends of domestication were worked out which made a base line for future gap in collection/ taxonomic works.

4.5 Digitisation of herbarium holdings: Digitisation of herbarium holdings of the NHCP was done for over 3,500 species of crop plants (~ 5,000 images), their wild relatives and wild useful and potentially useful plants. This activity was taken up under the project funded from DST during 2011-14. This activity involves authentication of identity of specimens/ taxa belonging to crop genepools, linking with digital images of reference herbarium specimen(s); working out ‘spot’ characters for identification of species. Linking of digital resources of selected exotic herbarium specimens through web-based software was made.

This is an ongoing activity for new additions. Close up of digital images for key characters in a taxon to facilitate identification have been done in some taxa. These resources are intended to facilitate fast access of material for identification by PGR workers. Besides, these digital resources drastically reduce the use of actual herbarium specimens; thereby prevent damage otherwise possible due to routine mishandling.

4.6 Some important documents: Over 100 publications in the form of books, manuals, chapters, research papers, notes on new records are the outcome of work undertaken in the NHCP. Some significant among them are: Wild Relatives of Crop Plants of India (Arora and Nayar, 1984), Wild Edible Plants of India (Arora and Pandey, 1996), Wild Relatives of Crop Plants- Collection and Conservation (Pandey et al., 2005), Rosaceae of India (Pandey et al., 1999) and Guidelines for Use of NHCP (Nayar et al., 1999-2005) (krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/.../1/2035781; krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/.../1/.../1/8.pdf) and Importance of Voucher Specimens of Introduced Germplasm (Nayar et al., 2014). Identifications keys for field use were developed for genera Vigna, Crotalaria, Allium, Trichosanthes, Luffa and other taxa.

4.7 Services provided/ teaching: Besides providing the expert consultation service to wide users in taxonomy the NHCP is actively involved in providing technical input on identification/ authentication, validation, imparting technical know-how on herbarium procedures and informal trainings. It is linked to the other activities on PGR especially for identification/authentication of material conserved, host species for pathogens/ pests/ insects, introduced germplasm, weed identification, etc. It provides hands on exercise to large number of collage and school students and researchers especially working in fields of pharmacy, pathology, entomology, breeding, etc.

For the benefit of different users seeking services provided by the NHCP, special guidelines are in place (refer to Annexure 5-10).

It is also affiliated to PG School, IARI for teaching programme on PGR covering courses on taxonomy, ethnobotany and economic botany since 1999.

The NHCP maintains links with many ICAR institutes, SAUs and traditional universities, Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Forest Research Institute (FRI), and Herbarium Cryptogamae Indiae Orientalis (HCIO- a national-fungal herbarium facility at IARI, New Delhi), and the Herbarium of Wealth of India, CSIR-NISCAIR, New Delhi.

5. Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements are due to all colleagues in the NBPGR who are associated with activity on build-up, and developing the facility for diverse users. We wish to put on our regards to Dr. E Roshini Nayar, the First Curator, NHCP in developing this herbarium. We place our due acknowledgement to HOD, Division of Plant Exploration and Gemplasm Collection and other Heads of the Division, Officer-in-Charges of Regional Stations for their help in various ways. Support from Late Dr. RK Arora, the ex HOD, Exploration Division will always be acknowledged.

6. References/Selected Readings Arora RK and A Pandey (1996) Wild Edible Plants of India: Diversity, Conservation and Use. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 294 p. Arora RK and Nayar ER (1984) Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India. Sci. Monogr. 7: 90pp. Davis PH and VH Heywood (1963) Principles in Angiosperm Taxonomy. University of Edinburgh Press, Great Britain, p 556.

Fuller TC and GD Barber (1981) A Micro-wave oven method for drying succulent plant specimens. Taxon 30: 867

Holmgren, PK, and Holmgren, NH (1998, continuously updated). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York: New York Botanical Garden.

Jain SK and RR Rao (1977) A Handbook of Field and Herbarium Methods. Today and Tomorrow Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, p157.

Lawrence GHS (1951) Taxonomy of Flowering Plants. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., p 823. Nayar ER, A Pandey, Kamala Venkateswaran, Rita Gupta and BS Dhillon (2003) Crop Plants India: A Check-list of Scientific Names. Agro-biodiversity (PGR)-26. National Agricultural Technology Project on Sustainable Management of Plant Biodiversity, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 48p. Nayar ER, A Pandey, K Pradheep and Rita Gupta (2011) Inventory of digitized taxa in the NHCP. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. Pandey A, DC Bhandari, KC Bhatt, SK Pareek, AK Tomar and BS Dhillon (2005) Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India: Collection and Conservation. Agro-biodiversity (PGR)41. National Agricultural Technology Project on Sustainable Management of Plant Biodiversity, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 73p. Pandey Anjula, ER Nayar, K Pradheep and Rita Gupta (2013) Preparation of herbarium specimens of cultivated plants. In: Training Manual on Management of Plant Genetic Resources (eds. Jacob et al.), National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India, pp 14-20.

Rao RR and BD Sharma (1990) A Manual for Herbarium Collections. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, p 20. Singh HB (2010) Handbook on Herbaria in India and Neighbouring Countries. National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), New Delhi.

Annexures 1-10

List of families represented in NHCP: Annexure 1

Acanthaceae Brassicaceae Aceraceae Bromeliaceae Actinidiaceae Buddlejaceae Actiniopteridaceae Burseraceae Adiantaceae Butomaceae Aesculaceae Buxaceae Agavaceae Cactaceae Aizoaceae Caesalpiniaceae Alangiaceae Calycanthaceae Alismataceae Campanulaceae Alliaceae Cannabinaceae Altingiaceae Cannaceae Amaranthaceae Capparidaceae Amaryllidaceae Caprifoliaceae Anacardiaceae Caricaceae Ancistrocladaceae Caryophyllaceae Annonaceae Casuarinaceae Apiaceae Celastraceae Apocynaceae Cercidophyllaceae Aponogetonaceae Chenopodiaceae Aquifoliaceae Cistaceae Araceae Clusiaceae Araliaceae Cochlospermaceae Araucariaceae Combretaceae Arecaceae Commelinaceae Aristolochiaceae Connaraceae Asclepiadaceae Convolvulaceae Aspidiaceae Coriariaceae Asteraceae Cornaceae Athyriaceae Corynocarpaceae Averrhoaceae Costaceae Avicenniaceae Crassulaceae Azollaceae Cucurbitaceae Balanitaceae Cunoniaceae Balanophoraceae Cupressaceae Balsaminaceae Cuscutaceae Barringtoniaceae Cycadaceae Basellaceae Cyperaceae Begoniaceae Daphniphyllaceae Berberidaceae Davidiaceae Betulaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Bignoniaceae Dichapetalaceae Bixaceae Dilleniaceae Blechnaceae Dioscoreaceae Bombacaceae Dipsacaceae Boraginaceae Dipterocarpaceae

Ebenaceae Lycopodiaceae Ehretiaceae Lythraceae Elaeagnaceae Magnoliaceae Elaeocarpaceae Malpighiaceae Elatinaceae Malvaceae Epacridaceae Marantaceae Ephedraceae Marsileaceae Equisetaceae Martyniaceae Ericaceae Melastomataceae Eriocaulaceae Meliaceae Euphorbiaceae Menispermaceae Fabaceae Mimosaceae Fagaceae Molluginaceae Flacourtiaceae Moraceae Frankeniaceae Morinaceae Frankliniaceae Moringaceae Fumariaceae Musaceae Gentianaceae Myricaceae Geraniaceae Myristicaceae Gesneriaceae Myrsinaceae Ginkgoaceae Myrtaceae Gnetaceae Najadaceae Goodeniaceae Nothofagaceae Grossulariaceae Nyctaginaceae Hamamelidaceae Nymphaeaceae Hippocastanaceae Nyssaceae Hydrangeaceae Ochnaceae Hydrocharitaceae Oleaceae Hymenophyllaceae Oleandraceae Hypericaceae Onagraceae Hypoxidaceae Onychiaceae Icacinaceae Ophioglossaceae Illecebraceae Orchidaceae Iridaceae Orobanchaceae Juglandaceae Osmundaceae Juncaceae Oxalidaceae Lamiaceae Paeoniaceae Lardizabalaceae Pandanaceae Lauraceae Papaveraceae Lecythidaceae Passifloraceae Leeaceae Pedaliaceae Lentibulariaceae Philadelphaceae Liliaceae Philydraceae Limnocharitaceae Phyllocladaceae Linaceae Phytolaccaceae Loranthaceae Pinaceae

Piperaceae Scrophulariaceae Pistaciaceae Selaginellaceae Pittosporaceae Simaroubaceae Plantaginaceae Simmondsiaceae Platanaceae Simplocaceae Plumbaginaceae Smilacaceae Poaceae Solanaceae Podocarpaceae Sonneratiaceae Podophyllaceae Sphenocleaceae Polemoniaceae Staphyleaceae Polygalaceae Stemonaceae Polygonaceae Sterculiaceae Polypodiaceae Strychnaceae Pontederiaceae Symphoremataceae Portulacaceae Symplocaceae Potamogetonaceae Taccaceae Primulaceae Tamaricaceae Proteaceae Taxaceae Pteridaceae Taxodiaceae Punicaceae Theaceae Ranunculaceae Thelypteridaceae Restionaceae Thunbergiaceae Rhamnaceae Thymelaeaceae Rhizophoraceae Tiliaceae Roccellaceae Trapaceae Rosaceae Trilliaceae Rubiaceae Tropaeolaceae Rutaceae Turneraceae Sabiaceae Ulmaceae Salicaceae Urticaccae Salvadoraceae Valerianaceae Samydaceae Verbenaceae Santalaceae Violaceae Sapindaceae Viscaceae Sapotaceae Vitaceae Saururaceae Zamiaceae Saxifragaceae Zingiberaceae Schizaeaceae Zygophyllaceae Schizandraceae

Annexure 2

Different Coloured Folders Used for Arranging Herbarium Specimens:

Red (Type specimens); Blue (wild); Green (Cultivated); Brown (Exotic), Mustard (Illustrations); Yellow (Delhi plants) Type Specimens Wild Cultivated

Exotic Illustrations/Photographs Delhi flora

Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in NHCP Annexure 3

Botanical name Andrographis paniculata (= Justicia paniculata) Crossandra infundibuliformis Actinidia arguta Allium fistulosum Allium roylei Allium schoenoprasum (= Allium sibiricum) Amaranthus blitum Amaranthus dubius Amaranthus graecizans Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthus polygonoides Amaranthus retroflexus Amaranthus viridis Mangifera indica Pistacia atlantica Pistacia integerrima Carissa carandas Carissa macrocarpa Carissa spinarum Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum Colocasia fallax Phoenix loureiroivar. pedunculata (= Phoenix humilis) Artemisia biennis Carthamus glaucus Carthamus nitidus Carthamus oxyacantha Carthamus palaestinus Carthamus tenuis Tanacetum cinerariifolium (= Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) Leucanthemum vulgare (= 'Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) Helianthus argophyllus Helianthus debilis 'subsp. cucumeriifolius Helianthus petiolaris Helianthus tuberosus Verbesina encelioides Verbesina helianthoides Corylus colurna Ceiba speciosa (= 'Chorisia speciosa) Brassica carinata Brassica fruticulosa Brassica tournefortii Camelina sativa

Diplotaxis assurgens Erucastrum abyssinicum Blitum bonus-henricus (= 'Chenopodium bonus-henricus) Chenopodium murale Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae (='Chenopodium nuttalliae) Chenopodium opulifolium Garcinia pedunculata Citrullus colocynthis Coccinia maderaspatanus (= Coccinia cordifolia) Cucumis africanum Cucumis anguria Cucumis melo subsp. melo (= 'Cucumis callosus) Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (= 'Cucumis hardwickii) Cucumis indicus Cucumis melo 'subsp agrestis var. agrestis Cucumis prophetarum Cucumis melo (= 'Cucumis pubescens) Cucurbita argyrosperma Cyclanthera brachystachya Luffa acutangula var. amara Luffa echinata Luffa graveolens Momordica balsamina Momordica charantia var.muricata Momordica cochinchinensis Momordica dioica Momordica sahyadrica Momordica subangulata subsp.renigera Momordica cymbalaria (= 'Momordica tuberosa) Trichosanthes cucumerina Cucumis muriculatus Cucumis hystrix Cucumis dipsaceus Momordica subangulata Cucurbita ficifolia Dioscorea fastigiata Diospyros lotus Hippophae rhamnoides Hippophae salicifolia Hippophae tibetana Jatropha gossypifolia Jatropha panduraefolia Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus urinaria Arachis cardenasii

Arachis chiquitana Arachis diogoi subsp. major Arachis duranensis Arachis hoehnei Arachis kretschmeri Arachis kuhlmannii Arachis montecola Arachis paraguariensis Arachis villosa Cajanus elongatus (= 'Atylosia elongata) Cajanus lineatus (= 'Atylosia lineata) Cajanus mollis (= Atylosia mollis) Cajanus platycarpus (= 'Atylosia platycarpa) Cajanus scarabaeoides (= Atylosia scarabaeoides) Cajanus trinervius var. major (= 'Atylosia trinervia) Cajanus albicans Cajanus lineatus Cajanus rugosus Cajanus sericeus Canavalia cathartica Cicer judaicum Cicer microphyllum Cicer pinnatifidum Crotalaria tetragona Cyamopsis senegalensis Dunbaria ferruginea Glycine canescens Pueraria montana var. montana (= Glycine javanica) Glycine latifolia Glycine soja Glycine tabacina Glycine tomentella Lathyrus cicera Lathyrus gorgoni Lathyrus marmoratus Lathyrus pseudocicera Lens ervoides Lens culinaris subsp. odemensis (= Lens odemensis) Macroptilium lathyroides Macrotyloma sar-garwalensis Medicago sativa subsp. falcata (= 'Medicago falcata) Medicago polymorpha 'var. brevispina (= ''Medicago hispida var. confinis) Medicago polymorpha var. brevispina (= 'Medicago hispida forma sardoa) Medicago polymorpha var. denticulata (= 'Medicago hispida var.

denticulata)

Medicago polymorpha var. denticulata (= 'Medicago hispida var. denticulata) Medicago polymorpha (= 'Medicago hispida) Medicago laciniata Medicago littoralis Medicago minima Medicago polymorpha Medicago rugosa Medicago scutellata Medicago turbinata Melilotus italicus Melilotus officinalis Melilotus sulcatus Mucuna pruriens var. pruriens (= 'Mucuna prurita) Phaseolus acutifolius Phaseolus coccineus Phaseolus lunatus Pisum abyssinicum Pisum fulvum Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania cannabina Sesbania javanica Stylosanthes fruticosa (= Stylosanthes mucronata) Trifolium hybridum Trifolium lappaceum Trifolium pratense Trifolium repens 'var. giganteum (= ''Trifolium repens var. latum) Trifolium resupinatum Trifolium subterraneum Trifolium subterraneum Trigonella emodi Vicia sativa subsp. amphicarpa (= 'Vicia amphicarpa) Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (= 'Vicia angustifolia) Vicia bithynica Vicia sativa subsp. cordata (= Vicia cordata) Vicia narbonensis Vigna aconitifolia Vigna ambacensis Vigna angularis Vigna bourneae Vigna dalzelliana Vigna reflexopilosa subsp. glabra (= 'Vigna glabrescence) Vigna hainiana Vigna khandalensis

Vigna luteola Vigna marina Vigna minima Vigna mungo var. silvestris Vigna oblongifolia Vigna oblongifolia var. parviflora Vigna radiata var.sublobata (Roxb.) Verdc. Vigna radiata var. sublobata (= 'Vigna radiata var.setulosa) Vigna reflexopilosa Vigna trilobata Vigna trinervia var. trinervia Vigna umbellata var.gracilis Canavalia mollis Dunbaria glandulosa Vigna subangulata Vigna indica Vigna subramaniana Vigna stipulacea Vigna sahyadriana Swerita alata Swerita chirayita Pelargonium crispum Pelargonium tomentosum Carya ovata Juglans regia Juglans sigillata Mentha arvensis Mentha aquatica var. citrata (= 'Mentha citrata) Mentha arvensis var. 'variegata (= ''Mentha gentilis) Mentha longifolia Mentha spicata subsp. condensata (= Mentha microphylla) Mentha X gracilis (= Mentha X muelleriana) Mentha piperita Mentha rotundifolia var. 'variegata Mentha smithiana Mentha spicata var. 'lacinata Mentha verticillata Ocimum americanum Ocimum basilicum var. majus Ocimum basilicum var. glabratum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Pogostemon heyneanus Ocimum citriodorum Cinnamomum bejalghota Cinnamomum goaense

Cinnamomum malabathrum Cinnamomum bejalghota (= 'Cinnamomum obtusifolium)

Cinnamomum pauciflorum Cinnamomum sulphuratum Cinnamomum travancoricum Cinnamomum wightii Chlorophytum arundinaceum Chlorophytum borivilianum Chlorophytum tuberosum Lilium nanum Lilium polyphyllum Tulipa clusiana (= Tulipa stellata) Linum bienne (= 'Linum angustifolium) Linum usitatissimum (= Linum crepitans) Linum pallescens Linum tennup Abelmoschus angulosus 'subsp. purpureus Abelmoschus angulosus var. grandiflora Abelmoschus angulosus Abelmoschus caillei Abelmoschus crinitus Abelmoschus ficulneus Abelmoschus manihot Abelmoschus manihot var. tetraphyllus Abelmoschus moschatus Abelmoschus moschatus Abelmoschus manihot subsp. tetraphyllus var. pungens (= Abelmoschus pungens) Abelmoschus tuberculatus Gossypium aridum Hibiscus radiatus Hibiscus surattensis Abelmoschus enbeepeegearense Abelmoschus palianus Ficus palmata Ficus racemosa Moringa oleifera Moringa concanensis Ensete superbum Acca sellowiana (= Feijoa sellowiana) Psidium guinense Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (= Olea cuspidata) Cymbidium aloifolium Dendrobium macrostachyum Paphiopedilum druryi

Vanda tesselata Vanda testacea Vanilla wightiana Passiflora caerulea Sesamum alatum Sesamum angolense Sesamum laciniatum Sesamum malabaricum Sesamum indicum (= Sesamum mulayanum) Sesamum radiatum (= Sesamum occidentale) Sesamum prostratum Piper attenuatum Piper bababudhani Piper barberi Piper collubrinum Piper galeatum Piper hapnium Piper longum Piper nigrum Piper pseudonigrum Piper ribesiodes Piper sarmentosum Piper sugandhi Piper sylvaticum Piper trichostachyon Piper trioicum Piper wightii Plantago arenaria Aegilops crassa Aegilops geniculata Aegilops kotschyi Aegilops biuncialis (= Aegilops lorantii) Aegilops neglecta (= Aegilops ovata) Aegilops peregrina Aegilops speltoides Aegilops neglecta (= Aegilops triaristata) Aegilops triuncialis Aegilops umbellata Aegilops uniaristata Aegilops vavilovii Aegilops ventricosa Thinopyrum pungens (= Agropyron campestre) Elymus canaliculatus (= Agropyron canaliculatum) Agropyron cristatum Agropyron desertorum

Thinopyrum intermedium subsp. intermedium (= Agropyron intermedium) Elymus longe-aristatus (= Agropyron longe-aristatum) Elytrigia X obtusiuscula (= Agropyron X obtusiusculum) Elymus trachycaulus subsp. trachycaulus (= Agropyron pauciflorum) Elymus scabrifolius (= Agropyron scabrifolium) Anthosachne scabra (= Agropyron scabrum) Elymus semicostatus (= Agropyron semicostatum) Agropyron fragile (= Agropyron sibiricum) Avena abyssinica Avena barbata Avena brevis Avena fatua Avena nuda Avena sterilis Avena strigosa Cenchrus biflorus Pennisetum ciliare (= Cenchrus ciliaris) Pennisetum pennisetiforme (= Cenchrus pennisetiformis)

Cenchrus prieuri Pennisetum setigerum (= Cenchrus setigerus) Chionachne gigantea (= Coix gigantea) Coix lacryma-jobi Cymbopogon distans Cymbopogon flexuosus Cymbopogon gidarba Cymbopogon jawarancusa Cymbopogon khasianus Cymbopogon martini Cymbopogon nardus Cymbopogon commutatus (= Cymbopogon parkeri) Cymbopogon pendulus Cymbopogon schoenanthus Cymbopogon stracheyi Echinochloa colona Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea Eleusine coracana subsp. africana (= Eleusine africana)

Eleusine indica Elymus dahuricus Elymus sibiricus Elymus virginicus Saccharum filifolium (= Erianthus filifolius) Festuca arundinacea

Festuca gigantea Festuca kashmiriana Festuca modesta Festuca ovina Festuca rubra 'var. clarkei Festuca scabrescens Festuca valesiaca Hordeum bulbosum Hordeum jubatum Hordeum murinum Hordeum spontaneum Hordeum stenostachys Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. turkestanicum (= Hordeum turkestanicum) Lolium multiflorum Lolium perenne Lolium persicum Lolium remotum Lolium rigidum var. maritimum Lolium temulentum forma arvense Lolium temulentum Miscanthus nepalensis Saccharum narenga (= Narenga porphyrocoma) Oryza australiensis Oryza barthii Oryza brachyantha Oryza coarctata Oryza eichingeri Oryza glaberrima Oryza glumipatula Oryza meyeriana var. granulata (= Oryza granulata) Oryza latifolia Oryza longistaminata Oryza malampuzhaensis Oryza meridionalis Oryza meyeriana Oryza minuta Oryza nivara Oryza officinalis Oryza punctata Oryza rhizomatis Oryza ridleyi Oryza rufipogon Oryza nivara var. spontanea (= Oryza sativa var.spontanea)

Panicum coloratum

Panicum paludosum Panicum psilopodium Panicum repens Panicum curviflorum (= Panicum trypheron Schult.) Paspalum longifolium Pennisetum mezianum Pennisetum nervosum Pennisetum orientale Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum violaceum Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum procerum Saccharum rufipilum Saccharum spontaneum Secale vavilovii Setaria verticillata Setaria italica var. viridis (= Setaria viridis) Sorghum bicolor subsp. verticilliflorum (=Sorghum arundinaceum)

Sorghum halepense Sorghum nitidum Sorghum propinquum Sorghum purpureosiriceum Sorghum bicolor Nothosubsp. drumondii (= Sorghum sudanense)

Tripsacum dactyloides Triticum monococcum subsp. aegilipoides (= Triticum aegilopoides)

Triticum turgidum subsp. carthlicum (= Triticum carthlicum) Triticum aestivum var. compactum (= Triticum compactum) Triticum aestivum subsp.macha (= Triticum macha) Triticum monococcum Triticum turgidum ssp. polonicum (= Triticum polonicum)

Triticum aestivum ssp. Spelta (= Triticum spelta) Triticum aestivum ssp. sphaerococcum (= Triticum sphaerococcum) Triticum turgidum Zea diploperennis Zea luxuriens Zea mays subsp. mexicana (= Zea mexicana) Zea parviflorus Fagopyrum dibotrys (= Fagopyrum cymosum) Ziziphus mauritiana var. fruticosa Ziziphus nummularia

Ziziphus oenoplia Ziziphus rugosa Ziziphus xylopyrus Ziziphus spina-christi Docynia hookeriana Potentilla indica (= Duchesnea indica) Fragaria daltoniana Fragaria nubicola Fragaria vesca Malus baccata 'var. himalaica Malus baccata var. 'baccata Malus floribunda Malus coronaria (= Malus glaucescens) Malus halliana Malus hupehensis Malus prunifolia var. xanthocarpa Malus pumila Malus sargentii Dasiphora fruticosa subsp. fruticosa (= Potentilla fruticosa) Prunus armeniaca var. ansu (= 'Prunus ansu) Prunus cerasus Prunus mira Prunus prostrata Pyrus calleryana dimorphophylla (Makino) Koidz. Pyrus pashia Pyrus pyrifolia Rosa dumalis (= Rosa afzeliana) Rosa agrestis Rosa banksiae Rosa beggeriana Rosa brunonii Rosa canina Rosa chinensis Rosa majalis (= Rosa cinnamomea) Rosa foetida Rosa X fortuniana Rosa giraldii Rosa pulverulenta (= Rosa glutinosa) Rosa laevigata Rosa macrophylla Rosa maximowicziana Rosa multiflora Rosa oxydon Rosa rubiginosa Rosa glauca (= Rosa rubrifolia)

Rosa rugosa Rosa sericea Rosa slancensis Rosa stylosa Rosa tomentosa Rosa virginiana Rosa webbiana Rosa lucieae (= Rosa wichurana) Rosa x alba Rosa x borboniana Rosa x centifolia Rosa x damascena Coffea bengalensis Coffea congensis Coffea eugenoides Coffea liberica var. drewevrei (= Coffea excelsa) Coffea liberica Coffea stenophylla Morinda coreia Citrus indica Citrus medica Dimocarpus longan (= Nephelium longana) Manilkara hexandra Capsicum frutescens Solanum cheesmaniae (= Lycopersicon cheesmaniae) Solanum chilense (= Lycopersicon chilense) Solanum lycopersicum 'var. cerasiforme (= 'Lycopersicon esculentum) Solanum corneliomulleri (= 'Lycopersicon glandulosum) Solanum habrochaites (= Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum) Lycopersicon hirsutum var. agrimoniifolium Solanum peruvianum (= Lycopersicon peruvianum) Solanum pimpinellifolium (= Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium)

Solanum aculeatissimum Solanum anguivi Solanum chacoense Solanum asperolanatum (= Solanum hispidum) Solanum incanum Solanum insanum Solanum aethiopicum (= Solanum integrifolium) Solanum violaceimarmoratum (= Solanum multiflorum)

Solanum brevicaule (= Solanum oplocense) Solanum sisymbriifolium

Solanum virginianum (= Solanum surattense) Solanum torvum Solanum viarum Solanum violaceum Withania somnifera Solanum lasiocarpum Capsicum baccatum Camellia kissii var. confusa Corchorus aestuans Corchorus capsularis Corchorus olitorius Corchorus trilocularis Grewia asiatica Grewia sapida Grewia tiliifolia Vitis acerifolia Vitis aestivalis Vitis amurensis Vitis arizonica (= Vitis arizonica var. glabra) Vitis cinerea var. helleri (= Vitis berlandieri) Vitis cinerea Vitis ficifolia Vitis girdiana Vitis heyneana (= Vitis lanata) Vitis riparia Curcuma amada 'var. glabra Curcuma aromatica Curcuma zedoaria Zingiber chrysanthum Zingiber montanum Zingiber neesanum Zingiber nimmonii Zingiber zerumbet

Annexure 4

Herbarium Record, NHCP, NBPGR, New Delhi

Botanical Name

Family

Local Name

Loc. (Place, Town, Dist. State)

Date of Collection

Collector’s Name and No.

Field Collection/Grown in experimental Conditions:

Identified by

Nature of Specimen (Adult Plant /Seedling, Vegetative/Flowering/Fruiting etc.)

No. of Specimens

Additional material supplied (Seed, fruit, Economic Product) users, if any, in locality of collection

Notes

Herb. specimen No.: 1 2 3 4

(copy enclosed)

Index Card

Guidelines for consulting the NHCP Annexure 5

Contact herbarium curator through request letter for visit to NHCP and intended taxa of study. This communication can be made through letter or e-mail ([email protected]; [email protected]). Tentative date for consultation should be indicated and visit be made only after approval.

1. On getting the approval for consultation visit the herbarium, on arrival make entry in the visitors register; fill a mandatory form (visitor’s information) and deposit the same with curator.

2. Check for the species available in herbarium using computerized catalogue and /or index cards.

3. Consult species catalogue/databases and also digital herbarium of taxa. Later herbarium folder may be requested as desired.

4. Locate the block where family is placed (map); family folders have species arranged alphabetic order; genus folders (in six colours) have been used to categorise the specimens (Blue for wild and weedy specimens: Green for Cultivated types; Yellow for local Delhi collections; Brown for Exotic materials; Red for Type specimens; and Mustard brown for illustrations, photographs and photocopies); ask for specific folder of your interest.

5. After the consultation, ensure that the material is handed over to curator. Determinavet slips are available in the herbarium for notes or confirmation of identity of specimens checked or studied by the users. Put determinavet slip or notes if you are sure of any discrepancy in identification. Any additional input on the taxa may also be recorded on the space available with specimen.

6. If interested in any photograph or material of interest put a requisition slip in provided format (with presigned letter of undertaking). Information on the species, or photographs can be supplied on request on a case-by-case basis after due approval by the authorities.

7. Suggestions on any aspects are most welcomed and remarks can be written in visitors register or sent by mail.

Annexure 6

Guidelines for identification/ authentication/ issue of authentication certificate:

This is regarding the plant specimen brought by visitor for identification/authentication or/ and issue of authentication certificate. The indentor has to consider following points:

1. Send/submit the letter of request from authority with proposed study (thrust area) and detailed information on collector name, date of collection, source locality/ habitat, part used for study etc. (through letter or e-mail ([email protected]).

2. Deposit completely dry/ processed plant material in the form of herbarium specimen (refer Jain and Rao 1977; compulsorily with flowers/fruit and other identifiable parts (product etc.)

3. Do not deposit any raw material/ or part of the material like leaf, bark, stem sample for issue of authentication certificate.

4. Provide hard copy of field view of plant population (if wild), accompanied by close up photo (hard or soft copy) with specimen.

5. Sign a copy of undertaking before leaving. After issual of certificate the material is not maintained for future. Processing time 15-30 days in general (may extend in special case).

6. Provide at least two email addresses, for dispatch of the Authentication Certificate and for future correspondence.

Annexure 7a

Guidelines for deposition of standard herbarium samples NHCP:

Collection of plant material for preparation of herbarium specimens

 Herbarium specimens should be representative of diversity observed. Therefore, unique and distinctive material from farmer’s field or of wild species (representing features noted in the field) may be made into herbarium specimens.  Twenty-twenty five cm long specimens are recommended for drying, especially immediately after collection. Representation of all parts especially flowers, or fruits or both is recommended.  Collection of at least three specimens from a locality is recommended. In the situation where only one or two plants are available in the wild, only a twig need be collected but with flowers or fruits represented, (in highly variable material, e.g. introgressed material mass collection. i.e. collection of twigs from large no. of plants may be done for better representation of the population variability).  The plant must be labelled immediately after collection. Price tags are readily available and easy to use for this purpose.  Locality, date of collection and field notes should be clearly recorded for each herbarium specimen. Plant material can vary depending on season, climate, and habitat conditions. The reference no. of the seed sample collection from the same area should also be clearly recorded for each. Economic products such as fruits, dried flowers fibres, gums etc. may also be collected and represented.  Characters of the plant which are lost on drying, or which may not be represented in the herbarium specimen (height of plant for trees or shrubs), flower colour, leaflets (which may be shed on drying) should be noted on the herbarium record sheet.

Drying of plant material

 When drying, overlap of plant parts should be avoided (pieces of blotting paper may be placed between these parts). One of two nodes with branches, 2-3 leaves (showing upper or lower surface), inflorescence, buds and flowers, and developing fruits should be available on a specimen. Excess parts may be trimmed off.  Sheets should be changed every day in wet conditions or every alternate day in dry conditions (in the shade) for a week or 10 days till completely dry.  The drying process may be hastened by placing specimen bundles under 100 watt bulb or near a heater (not more than 45oC) for a few minutes (less than 5-10 minutes).

Dispatch of dried specimens

 Dried specimens may be made into bundles (of 30-35 specimens/bundle) within a herbarium press in between thick sheets of cardboard, tied tightly once they are ready for transportation. In the event of specimens not being completely dry (even after 3-4 changes), extra sheets may be placed between specimens till they are brought to the destination.  Fruits, seed samples and economic products, which may often be large and bulky, could be dried or preserved separately and sent.  Specimens should be thoroughly dry, free of infection and infestation, well-labelled with complete collection details, and notes on plant, locality and habitat features.

The material should preferably be brought personally (and not despatched through post/courier) to ensure proper handing.  List of specimens along with all details should be provided along with the material.  Only specimens fulfilling all these criteria would be included in the herbarium. These will be given a herbarium specimen number, which shall be communicated to the collector after processing, indexing and inclusion at the NHCP.

It may not always be possible to collect material suitable for the herbarium during a seed or germplasm collection trip, as by the time, the plants may already be dry. In such cases, it is recommended that herbarium specimens be prepared from plants raised in the experimental area/ net house, during preliminary evaluation.

Annexure 7b

Guidelines for preparation and deposition of herbarium samples of difficult-to-process:

Diversity in cultivars: Since the cultivated plants represent the spectrum of diversity in the form of landraces, cultivars, etc. efforts should be made to represent the ideal specimens. Complementary material of cultivars, elite types, breeding lines should be represented in form of diversity charts, folders etc. and cross-referred to the representative material (with number). For example specimens of cultivars of cereals may be represented by few ideal specimens with variability in panicle depicted in form of display material, mounted on herbarium boards. In maize since the plants are tall, cobs are bulky, representative specimens with portions of stilt roots with underground roots and other aerial parts could be included; material representing shanks, silk colour and kernel colour are to be displayed together, besides variability photographs to complement to main herbarium collection.

Large specimens: pruning to be done to the required size; give turn to form V or N shape where folding is possible (e.g. grasses). Specimens with big leaves/ parts like Musa, papaya, leafy brassicas, Araceae and Arecaceae are accommodated in standard herbarium sheet after mounting. Selected specimen may be split into two or three parts and pressed separately but with the same number. Plants with large leaves can be represented by cutting the portion of leaf tip, base and striped from middle. Spathe of banana and ligule of bamboos, bark of trees are significant for identification and can be dried and put on full sheet with hand drawn outline on label.

Rhizomatous/tuberous/bulbous types: vegetatively propagated material/ bulky underground parts like Dioscorea, Amorphophallus, taros, etc. and those 3-diamensional parts that lose their identity on drying may be depicted by photographs/outlines. Small sections of the peels, transverse section of succulent tuber/root can accompany the herbarium. In bulbous plants, Allium bulb with coat, portion of bulb cut open in longitudinal section, also the leaf if hollow/ flat can be noted, as on drying this character is difficult to note. In rhizomatous taxa, Curcuma, Zingiber, Canna and Xanthosoma, leaf with petiole, rhizome cut in section and inflorescence (if available) can be represented. Root material like carrot, radish, sugar beet, turnip, etc. can be represented as sections giving outline of the root shape and peel mount of the surface.

Aquatic plants: Need to be collected along with water, transferred in muslin cloth and sheets (many fold) replace quickly to avoid any infection. Trapa, Euryale ferox, others need special drying with heavy blotters put. If the plants are very large, specimens can be cut into parts and dried in the same way but extra care has to be taken to avoid any fungal infection.

Fleshy material: Mature fruit with longitudinal slit, horizontal slit opening the cavity to expose seeds are helpful in identification as well as easy drying. A peel section with fruit

38 surface showing texture of fruit wall, any ornamentation, etc. can be included in the mature stage and dried separately with same number and mounted with original material. Citrus fruits where the rind characters are very important for identification can be additionally photographed or drawn outline of fruit be included.

Flower as identification markers: Cucumis species can be identified at the flowering or early fruiting with characters of ovary that can be represented with just open flower, and peel of fruit etc. can also be represented. Gamopetalous flowers to be opened wide by giving a slit mid way. Different cultivars of Abelmoschus esculentus are distinct in fruit morphology; representation of dried/ mature fruits viz. photographs could be the best option. Delicate, small flowers like those of Sesamum spp. can be pressed using tissue paper and handled carefully till they dry.

Problem taxa: processing of certain taxa is difficult due to the problem of leaf fall during drying (e.g.) Citrus, many legumes, Moringa, etc. Specimens can be treated using microwave heat in the beginning of processing to avoid formation of abscission layer and improve the quality of processed specimen (Fuller and Barber, 1981).

Annexure 8

Guidelines for visit to NHCP:

Request for visit to herbarium by individual/ or a group from an institution (s) is entertained. Based on purpose and need of the visitor (s) the arrangements are made to put demonstrations/ display of material etc. The following points are discussed for this purpose:

 Contact the herbarium curator through request letter for visit to NHCP and intended purpose of visit. This communication can be made through letter or e-mail with tentative date and time with persons visiting. (e-mail: [email protected]).

 Date of arrival should be fixed only after the approval date of intended visit; can contact for the enquiry through mail/ fax/ phone.

 To facilitate the contents of address during visit, level of visitors (college, school, farmer, etc.) and number of team members should be clearly spelled out.

 On arrival first of all the group leader (associates) is (are) advised to make entry in the Visitors Register.

 Fill the Feedback Performa for any suggestion on usefulness of the facility.

Annexure 9

Guidelines for participation in training/technical knowhow on herbarium procedures:

The arrangements for providing training/technical know-how on herbarium procedures are arranged for different indentors only need based. Therefore the NHCP does not provided any certificate for training attended or participation by the indentor. The detailed points are given below:

 Contact the herbarium curator through request letter or personal request for getting training on herbarium procedures with intended interest in the subject (through letter or e-mail- [email protected]).

 Tentative date/ time should be fixed before arrival so that approval is accorded for the purpose. On getting the approval for consultation visit the herbarium.

 On arrival first of all make entry in the Visitors Register.

 A formal training is imparted for trainees of basic/ core course, school students, college students through visual media or demonstrations.

 After the training, offer fruitful suggestions or general improvement through filling the Feedback Proforma (available with NHCP)..

Annexure 10

Proforma to be filled for taking photographs of herbarium specimens for study

NHCP ICAR-NBPGR © Copyright Declaration

Name and designation: ------Complete postal address: ------BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF HERBARIUM SPECIMENS TO BE PHOTOGRAPHED

------1. In consideration of the NHCP, NBPGR granting me the right to take photographs of the herbarium specimens, I assign with full title guarantee to NHCP copyright © and publication right in all photographic and electronic images that I make of the herbarium specimens.

2. Notwithstanding that I have assigned the copyright to National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi agrees that I may use the images but only for non-commercial, scientific and educational purposes.

3. I understand that should I wish to reproduce the images in any publication, I must obtain permission from Director, NBPGR prior to the publication of any image. I will also acknowledge the source of the images with the words “by permission of the Director, ICAR-NBPGR.

4. I understand that I shall duly acknowledge the Director, ICAR-NBPGR in all published works resulting from images data.

5. I undertake to provide the NHCP, NBPGR with copies of all photographs or electronic images in soft copy that I take off items belonging to the NHCP.

6. I agree to provide information of intended use of this/ these images and a copy of the eventual published work, if required to the NHCP-NBPGR

Signature------(Indentor)

Place------

Date:------

TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE OF HERBARIUM IMAGES

 The use of herbarium specimen images supplied by the NBPGR-NHCP are subject to the following terms and conditions.  All images are the copyright of the Director, NBPGR.  Images are supplied for non-commercial, scientific and educational use only.  Permission from the Director, NBPGR is required for using these images in any publication brought out by the indenter.

Users must acknowledge the Director, ICAR-NBPGR in all published works resulting from images/data supplied by NBPGR

Appendix 1

Additional links, source of information base and literature for identification and use of herbarium resources

Web links • Grin Taxonomy: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx includes accepted names, distribution, economic importance and bibliography for each plant. Searchable by scientific and common name. (synonyms, distribution and infrageneric classification)

• International Plant Names Index: A searchable database of names included in the Index Kewensis (IK), the Gray Card Index (GCI) and the Australian Plant Names Index (APNI). Includes names that have been published to date, but is not a source for verifying current accepted names.

• The Plant List: http://www.theplantlist.org ; The Plant List provides the Accepted Latin name for most plant species, with links to all Synonyms by which that species has been known.

• http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/prepareChecklist.do?checklist = selected_families%40%40204220720081409914 (for synonyms, distribution)

• http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-syn.html (for grass synonymy)

• http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (for threatened plants)

• http://www.efloras.org/ (Pakistan, China, Nepal, North America)

• http://www.ildis.org (for legumes)

• http://envfor.nic.in/bsi/research.html (for threatened plants of India)

• http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/ipcn.html (for chromosome numbers)

• http://www.unep-wcmc.org/ (for threatened plants)

• Flora of India (recent initiative) http://efloraindia.nic.in/efloraindia/homePage.action

Other useful books on plant taxonomy and related works

 Useful Plants of India (CSIR)

 Dictionary of Flowering Plants of India (BSI)

 Chakraverty, R.K. et al. 2003. Directory of Plants in the Botanical Gardens of India (for introduced species occurring in botanical gardens)

 Federov, A. 1974. Chromosome Numbers of Flowering Plants (for chromosome numbers of introduced species)

 Karthikeyan, S. et al. 1989. Florae Indicae Enumeratio Monocotyledonae (for monocots)

 Kumar, V. and Subramaniam, B. 1987. Chromosome Atlas of Flowering Plants of Indian Subcontinent (for chromosome numbers of Indian plant species)

 Naithani, H.B. 1990. Flowering Plants of India, Nepal and Bhutan: Not Recorded in Sir JD Hooker’s Flora of British India.

 Nayar, M.P. and Sastry, A.R.K. (Eds). 1987-1990. Red Data Book of Indian Plants (for threatened species).

 Randhawa, G.S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. 1986. Floriculture in India (for ornamentals).

 Rao, C.K., Geetha, B.L. and Suresh, G 2003. Red List of Threatened Vascular Plant Species in India: Compiled from the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (for threatened species)

 CSIR 1948-2006. Wealth of India (for introduced and cultivated species)

 Rehder A. 1947. Manual of Cultivated Trees & Shrubs, Macmillan, USA

 Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops, IPK

 Bailey, LH 1976. Hortus Third, Macmillan, USA

 Graf AB - Hortica & Exotica

Databases

• Solanaceae Source

• Gymnosperm Database

• Dipterocarpaceae Database

• Gesneriaceae Database

• Convolvulaceae Unlimited

• BrassiBase

• PALMweb

• Grassbase-Kew

• Index Herbariorum (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/)

• PGR Abstracts

• ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY WEBSITE, version 13.

• IAPT-APG

Virtual herbarium

• JSTOR Global Plants

• Kew herbarium catalogue (K)

• Edinburgh herbarium catalogue (E)

• Paris herbarium (P)

• Chinese Virtual Herbarium (PE)

• Harvard Herbarium (GH)

• Linnean specimens typification project

• IPK Gatersleben (GAT)- also botanical images

List of Indian Herbarium Online

 JCB, Bengaluru  IIIM, Jammu  RPRC, Bhubaneswar  KFRI, Thrissur  NBRI, Lucknow  HIFT, Puducherry

Protologue/ Old literature

• Biodiversity Heritage library (its prototype was originally developed at the MOBOT as Botanicus) – 2005- ten major institutes have collaborated in bringing this to present form

• Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum (worldwide bibliography of periodicals published between 1665 and 1966 that included any botanical content and covered more than 12,000 titles published in more than 45 languages)

• JSTOR by Ithaka Harbors, Inc.

Important Journals relating to plant taxonomy and systematics (with NAAS rating)

• Bangladesh Journal of Botany 6.00

• Blumea 6.27

• Botanical Journal of The Linnean Society 8.59

• Botanical Review 7.53

• Botanical Studies (Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica) 6.86

• Brittonia 6.65

• Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 7.59

• Journal of Threatened Taxa 4.72

• Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 6.75

• Nordic Journal of Botany 6.60

• Novon 6.30

• Pakistan Journal of Botany 6.87

• Silvae Genetica 6.44

• Taxon 8.1

• The Indian Forester 4.2

• Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden

• Rheedea

• Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India (Nelumbo)

• Phytomorphology

• Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany

• NEBios

• Kew Bulletin

• Garden’s Bulletin (Singapore)

Appendix 2

List of Important Museum/ Herbaria, Code, Specialty and Date of foundation

Name of Museum (Code) No. of Specialty Date specimen founded Museum of Natural History, 8,000,000 Vascular plants worldwide, 1635 Paris (P) especially Africa (northern, western, and equatorial), southeastern Asia, Royal Botanic Gardens, 7,000, 000 Rich in types and collections from 1852 Kew (K) Africa, tropical Asia, and Australasia

Komarov Botanical Institute, Leningrad

Conservatory and Botanical 6,000,000 Mediterranean, Middle East, South 1824 Garden, Geneva (G) America, Africa, Madagascar, and regional flora Combined Herbaria, 5,005,000 Worldwide collection of vascular Harvard University, plants with emphasis on New World Cambridge (GH)

New York Botanical 7,300,000 Tropical America and North 1891 Garden, Bronx (NY) America. U. S. National Herbarium, 125,000 Seed plant families worldwide 1908 Washington (BARC) British Museum of Natural 5,200,000 Europe, Africa, North America, West 1753 History, London (BM) Indies, and Himalaya University of Lyon, Lyon Natural History Museum, Vienna Missouri Botanical Garden, 5 870 000 Central America 1859 Saint Louis (MO) Field Museum of Natural 2 700 000 Tropical and North America 1893 History, Chicago (F) University of Uppsala, 3,100,000 All groups worldwide. 1785 Uppsala (UPS) National Botanical Garden of Belgium Botanical Garden and 3,500,000 All groups worldwide, especially 1815 Botanical Museum, Berlin central Europe, Mediterranean area, (B) southwestern Asia, Africa Academy of Natural 245,000 Diatoms worldwide 1860 Science, Philadelphia (ANSP) Royal Botanic Garden, 2,000,000 Southwestern and southeastern Asia, 1839. Edinburg E Arabia, Turkey, Bhutan, Brazil, Britain, China, Himalayas,

Mediterranean, Chile, Argentina, and southern Africa University of California, 96,000 Vascular plants of California. 1950 Berkeley (JEPS) University of Michigan, 1,700,000 Worldwide, especially temperate North 1837 Ann Arbor (MICH) America and the Great Lakes region Botanical Survey of India, 1,000,000 Economically important angiosperms; 1897 Calcutta (CAL) marine algae of coastal India.

Some Important Herbaria of India* S. no. Indian herbarium (code) 1. The Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta (CAL) (i) Eastern Circle Herbarium, Shillong (ASSAM) (ii) Southern Circle Herbarium, Coimbatore (MH) (iii) Arid Zone Circle, Jodhpur (BSJO) (iv)Western Circle Herbarium, Pune (BSI) (v) Northern Circle Herbarium, Dehradun (BSD) (vi) Andaman and Nicobar Circle, Port Blair, A&N (PBL) (vii) Central Circle Herbarium, Allahabad (BSA) 2. Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (DD) 4. Blatter Herbarium, Botany Department, St. Xavier’s Collage, Mumbai, Maharashtra (BLAT) 5. National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (LWG) 6. Herbarium of Industrial Section, Indian Museum, Calcutta, West Bengal (BSIS) 7. Medicinal Plant Herbarium, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (CDRI) 8. Herbarium of State Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 9. Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (BSIP) 10. Herbarium of the Agharkar Research Institute, Department of Botany, Pune, Maharashtra (AHMA) 11. Herbarium of the Department of Ecology, French Institute of Pondicherry, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu (HIFP) 12. National Herbarium of Crop Plants, National Bureau Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi (NHCP) *Source: Singh (2010) with modification

Appendix 3