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EPIDERMAL MORPHOLOGY of WEST AFRICAN OKRA Abelmoschus Caillei (A

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Science World Journal Vol 6 (No 3) 2011 www.scienceworldjournal.org ISSN 1597-6343 EPIDERMAL MORPHOLOGY OF WEST AFRICAN OKRA Abelmoschus caillei (A. Chev.) Stevels FROM SOUTH Full Length Research Article Research Full Length WESTERN NIGERIA. *OSAWARU, M. E.; DANIA-OGBE, F. M.; CHIME, A. O. Abelmoschus section particularly the group known as West African & OGWU, M. C. Okra. The group is quite diverse and shows a wide range of morpho-agronomic characters displayed in same and different Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life ecogeographical, adaptive, and environmental conditions Sciences, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria. (Osawaru, 2008). The group also shares a wide range of similar *[email protected] traits with the cultivated common Okra (A. esculentus). Consequently, there appears to be confusion about their ABSTRACT classification, which often leads to mis-identification and A study of the micro-morphology of 53 accessions of West African uncertainty among taxonomists and hinders breeders selection Okra was undertaken using light microscopy techniques. Results effort. However, this taxon was first described by Chavalier (1940) showed that epidermal cells are polygonal, isodiametric and as a taxon resembling A. esculentus and later elevated to a district irregularly shaped with different anticlinal cell wall patterns. Stomata type is 100% paracytic and 100% amphistomatic in distribution species by Stevels (1988) on the basis of gross morphology. among the accessions studied. Stomatal indices ranged from 12.23 to 24.34 with 43.40% accessions ranging between 18.00 to 21.00. This present study seek to clarify the complexity expressed by the Stomatal were more frequently on the abaxial surface. Similarly, diverse range of morpho-agronomic characters of the species stomata on the abaxial surface are relatively larger than those of the among the accessions collected from South Western Nigeria adaxial surface and stomatal pore sizes also showed similar trend. through the epidermal characteristics and establish uniformity Trichomes were widely distributed, eglandular, solitary and among accessions on the basis of epidermal morphology. unicellular types are recorded. These occur in three forms namely, unicellular filiform, unicellular conical and stellate hairs. Variations MATERIALS AND METHODS observed in the structure and distributions of the trichomes were Fresh plant materials were collected from 53 accessions of West discussed. These micro-morphological features are regarded African Okra on field trial (Osawaru, 2008) by 9.00am from the diagnostic in this species-caillei rather for circumscription among experimental ground, University of Benin, Benin City (6.200N, accessions studied. 0 5.47 E). Keywords: Epidermal cell, Stomata, Trichomes, West Africa Okra, Epidermal peels were obtained from fresh leaves, petioles, stems Light microscopy. and fruits of the plant as outlined by Nyawaume & Gill (1991). The INTRODUCTION leaves and petioles were abscised at the seventh node while the West African Okra [Abelmoschus caillei (A. Chev.) Stevels] stem peels were obtained from a slight cut on the tenth internodes. synonyms Hibiscus manihot L. var. caillei A. Chev., H. manihot L, Peels from fruit were taken from the third fruit. Foliar peels were Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik, H. esculentus L., A. esculentus obtained at the right side of the adaxial surface and left side of the (L.) Moench. belongs to the family malvaceae. It is a vegetable abaxial surface of the leaves. Temporary slides were prepared. commonly distributed in humid West and Central Africa, where it Stomata types and epidermal cells were studied with the light highly grown in traditional agriculture. In the production system, it microscope. Stomatal counts were taken from 10 plants of the constitutes towards a major economic activity for women, as a same accession at x400. To evaluate stomatal index, this was cash crop in the local economy and important in the population calculated using the method outlined by Mbaye et al., (2001). that include it in their diet. When prepared into sauce, West African Okra facilitates the consumption of starchy foods which are the ai main diet of Africans (Schippers, 2000). IS 100 ai bi WAO has been reported to have medicinal and industrial potentials IS = stomata index (Osawaru, 2008). The extracted mucilage has been reported as plasma replacement or blood volume expander and the leaves ai = number of stomatal at that surface used as a basis for poultice, as an emollient, sudorific, bi = number of epidermal cell at that surface antiscorbulic and to treat dysuria. Alcohol extract from leaves can eliminate oxygen free radicals, alleviate renal tabular-interstitial Stomatal index for amphistomatous accessions is obtained from diseases, improve renal function and reduce proteinuria the mean of values from both surfaces, while for hypostomatous (Siesmonsma & Hamon, 2002). It has been reported to prevent accessions, it is obtained from values on either of the surface cancer and heart disease (Idu, 2009), mucilage in midwifery and in where stomata are present. Terminology of mature stomata trado-medicinal practices to ward off evil spirit (Obire, 2002). adopted is after Dilcher (1974). Trichomes were studied with the light microscope using The industrial applications are numerous, the mucilage is been terminology and the method outlined by Rao & Rao (1992). added as size to gaze certain paper used in confectionary. The Types, position or occurrence, dimensions and abundance were fibres from stem are suitable for spinning in rope and for made from 10 views from 10 plants of the same accession at manufacturing paper and cardboards (Chevalier, 1940). Charrier X400. Line drawings for stomata, epidermal cells and trichomes (1984) and Obire, (2002) reported the local use of the fibres for were made at a magnification of X400 from at least 10 views. making fishing lines for game traps and sponges. RESULTS The current interest in okra has arisen because of a perceived The accessions studied using light microscopy together with their ambiguity in the status of the cultivated and wild species of the foliar epidermal structures and stomatal features are shown in 15 Epidermal Morphology of West African Okra Abelmoschus caillei (A. Chev.) Stevels Science World Journal Vol 6 (No 3) 2011 www.scienceworldjournal.org ISSN 1597-6343 Tables 1 and 2. Epidermal cells structures and stomatal Foliar epidermal trichomes, types and distribution is presented in complexes are presented in figures 1-3 at a magnification of X400. Table 3 and Figs 4-6. TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF EPIDERMAL STUDIES OF 53 ACCESSIONS OF WEST AFRICAN OKRA. Stomatal Stomatal Cell shape Nature of cell wall pattern measurement measurement Adaxial surface Abaxial surface (µm) (µm) xial surface Accessions/taxa Ada Abaxial surface Adaxial surface Abaxial surface Length (µm) Breadth Pore size (µm) Length (µm) Breadth Pore size (µm) 1 Isodiametric Isodiametric Slightly straight Slightly straight 26.7 17.3 13.6 31.2 22.2 13.9 2 Polygonal Isodiametric Straight Slightly straight 20.3 18.4 9.3 33.4 21.3 10.7 3 Isodiametric Isodiametric Slightly straight Slightly straight 24.0 12.4 10.9 25.0 12.5 11.9 4 Polygonal Polygonal Slightly straight Slightly straight 27.8 13.4 9.6 26.0 13.5 9.9 5 Isodiametric Isodiametric Slightly straight Slightly straight 25.1 16.2 9.4 29.7 16.3 10.9 6 Isodiametric Isodiametric Slightly straight Slightly straight 29.7 16.5 10.9 30.1 16.8 13.6 7 Polygonal Isodiametric Straight Slightly straight 26.3 17.2 11.2 28.3 18.2 12.1 8 Isodiametric Isodiametric Slightly straight Slightly straight 27.2 19.8 7.2 30.2 23.0 10.2 9 Isodiametric Isodiametric Slightly straight Slightly straight 21.2 20.1 11.2 28.1 21.4 12.4 10 Polygonal Irregular Straight Sinous 25.1 16.4 9.7 30.1 17.5 10.7 11 Polygonal Irregular Slightly straight Sinous 30.3 13.7 9.2 31.2 15.7 10/2 12 Irregular Irregular Sinous Sinous 26.6 15.0 11.0 28.6 18.2 11.4 13 Isodiametric Isodiametric Slightly straight Slightly straight 27.7 16.2 10.4 30.7 16.5 13.9 14 Polygonal Isodiametric Straight Straight 26.4 13.8 10.2 30.3 15.8 12.3 15 Polygonal Irregular Straight Sinous 27.3 16.7 11.4 30.3 17.2 12.1 16 Polygonal Polygonal Straight Straight 30.1 15.2 9.8 33.1 16.7 11.2 17 Irregular Irregular Sinous Sinous 28.3 17.2 11.1 33.2 18.2 13.1 18 Polygonal Isodiametric Straight Straight 27.8 16.2 10.2 30.4 18.7 11.3 19 Polygonal Irregular Straight Sinous 25.9 18.3 11.2 31.8 16.7 11.4 20 Irregular Irregular Sinous Sinous 26.7 16.3 9.9 30.2 18.5 10.7 21 Polygonal Irregular Straight Sinous 27.1 18.2 10.1 30.5 18.3 11.2 22 Polygonal irregular Straight Sinous 26.9 18.1 9.7 30.1 20.3 13.0 23 Iso diametric Isodiametric Slightly straight Slightly straight 29.3 18.7 10.5 30.2 19.7 11.3 24 Iso diametric Isodiametric Slightly straight Slightly straight 27.8 17.3 10.3 30.5 19.3 12.5 25 Iso diametric Isodiametric Slightly straight Slightly straight 29.8 16.7 11.2 33.2 20.4 12.8 26 Polygonal Polygonal Straight Slightly straight 28.3 19.4 10.1 31.7 20.5 11.3 27 Polygonal Polygonal Slightly straight Slightly S 28.3 19.4 12.3 302 18.7 12.2 28 Polygonal Polygonal Straight Straight 25.7 16.7 11.2 28.9 18.2 11.7 29 Polygonal polygonal Straight Straight 27.8 17.5 11.5 33.2 19.7 11.3 30 Irregular Irregular Sinous Sinous 23.8 16.7 10.1 29.5 18.8 11.5 31 Irregular Irregular Sinous Sinous 29.7 17.7 11.0 33.2 18.5 11.1 32 Polygonal Polygonal Straight Straight 28.4 18.3 12.6 30.7 18.8 13.7 33 Polygonal Polygonal Straight Straight 27.4
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  • Ethnobotanical Studies of West African Okra

    Ethnobotanical Studies of West African Okra

    Science World Journal Vol 5 (No 1) 2010 www.scienceworldjournal.org ISSN 1597-6343 ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES OF WEST AFRICAN ength Research Article Research ength OKRA [Abelmoschus caillei (A. chev) Stevels] FROM L SOME TRIBES OF SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA Full *OSAWARU, M. E. & DANIA-OGBE, F. M. problems and challenges in a local community. Warren (1992) also emphasized that indigenous knowledge represents an immense Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life valuable database that provides mankind with an insight on how Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. numerous communities have interacted with the changing *[email protected] environment, providing local solutions for local problems and suitable ways for coping with challenges posed by specific ABSTRACT conditions. West African Okra [Abelmoschus caillei (A. Chev) Stevels] is a multipurpose annual, biennal herb sometime perennial woody crop plant In Nigeria, Igbokwe (1999) found how local small farmers common in the humid West African subcontinent. It is produced in selectively adopted their local knowledge for increasing rice traditional agriculture especially when other vegetables are not in season production in a community in Igbo land. Pressure on land and and an important cash crop in the local economy. This study is aimed at other attendance problems of agricultural land is on the increase generating information and documenting the ethnobotany of A. caillei via the indigenous knowledge among tribes of Delta, Edo and Ondo States of as a result of increasing population and urbanization. Instead of Nigeria). Primary information was collected from randomly selected longer fallow periods, cultivation techniques of clearing, gathering respondents through survey using structured questionnaires and guided in heaps left to decay or thinly spread and buried was adopted.