Slippery Cabbage Flea Beetle in the Pacific Islands

PEST ADVISORY LEAFLET No. 48 Plant Protection Service Secretariat of the Paciﬁ c Community February 2012 SLIPPERY CABBAGE FLEA BEETLE IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS

The slippery cabbage, Abelmoschus manihot Medi- In Solomon Islands it is locally known as slippery cus (Malvaceae: Malvales) is a perennial shrub. It is cabbage, in PNG as aibika, in Vanuatu as island favourite spinach in many Pacific Island countries cabbage, in Fiji as bele, in Samoa as lau pele, in and territories, particularly in Papua New Guinea Tonga as pele, and in Cook Islands as raukau viti (PNG), Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and Tonga (Fa’anunu 2009). There are more varieties in PNG and, to a lesser extent in other island nations. and Solomon Islands than in other Pacific Island countries and territories.

A mixture of slippery cabbage varieties in a garden Typical severe damage caused by slippery cabbage beetles on a broad leaf variety.

Slippery cabbage varieties have differences in shapes, sizes and colours of leaves, leaf stalks and stems. The leaf shapes vary from pinnate to cordate Slippery cabbage varieties have differences in shapes, sizes and colours of leaves, leaf stalks and stems. The leaf shapes vary from pinnate to cordate Slippery cabbage has a record of a total of 57 insect The slippery cabbage flea beetle, Nisotra basselae pests, of which 23 are regarded as important pests (Bryant) (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) is a tiny flea and 34 as seasonal pests (Preston 1998). These pests beetle (4 mm long and 2 mm wide), with an orange include beetles, grasshoppers, caterpillars that are head and thorax and black elytra. It is the worst pest chewing leaf feeders and stem borers and sucking of A. manihot, with adults causing direct damage by bugs that are sap feeders.. chewing on leaves and larvae causing indirect damage by feeding on the roots. a) b)

Slippery cabbage flea beetle, a) dorsal view; b) ventral view. Scale = 1.0 mm

DISTRIBUTION BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

Slippery cabbage flea beetle is of PNG origin. It Female beetles usually lay eggs close to the base of was first found in PNG in 1937 but was incorrectly plants where roots are easily accessible to the ne- named Podagrica basselae Bryant (Bryant 1941). Its onate larvae after hatching. The gravid female either distribution in PNG is widespread on the Papuan drops off from the crown of the plant to the soil sur- mainland and on other islands as far as Bougain- face or walks down the stem of the plant to lay eggs ville in the southeast (Kimoto et al. 1984). The flea in the soil and debris at a depth of 2–5 cm below the beetle was first recorded in Solomon Islands in 1981 surface of the ground. The eggs are either laid singly (Macfarlane 1986; Henderson & Hancock 1988). To or in clusters of up to 13. date N. basselae is not recorded anywhere other An egg usually takes eight days to hatch into a larva; than PNG and Solomon Islands (Bryant 1941; Pres- there are three larval instars. The first instar larva ton 1998; Macfarlane 1986). In Solomon Islands it is has a pair of egg-bursters on the mesonotum and present in all provinces except those of Renbel and metanotum segments, but these are not present in Temotu, which are located in the south and south- later instars. east of the double chained archipelago. Initially, the colour of the first instar larva is bright yellow, but this coloration is lost after 24 hours DAMAGE SYMPTOMS when larvae turn pale yellowish brown. Immediately after hatching, the larva usually crawls about swiftly Adult slippery cabbage beetles feed on leaves creat- on the soil to look for roots to begin feeding. This ing many small (5 mm diameter) holes. The dam- rapid movement ceases as soon as the larva encoun- age can be very severe if no control measures are ters rootlets and starts to feed. The first larval instar applied. In several cases in Solomon Islands and lasts an average of 4 days, the second lasts 5 days PNG, farmers had to stop growing slippery cabbage and the third lasts 6 days; this is temperature de- because of severe outbreaks of the beetle. The larvae pendent. feed on small tender roots, especially the tiny root hairs. Whether or not such root damage affects the Pre-pupation starts when the larva ceases to feed, growth of the plant is still unknown. burrows into the soil and excavates a pupal chamber before moulting and developing into an exarate form pupa. The transition from pre-pupa to pupa is HOST RANGE AND PEST STATUS subtle and takes place within hours. Newly formed pupae are snowy and creamy white and exhibit a Like other species of the same genus, slippery cab- pair of spine projections from the posterior apex of bage flea beetle feeds primarily on the plant family the abdomen. The development of the pupal eyes Malvaceae (Jarvis 1919; Rawat & Singh 1971; Mac- is quite distinct in that at first they appear as faint farlane 1986; Preston 1998; Oke & Odebiyi 2008). black spots on the facial area, but they gradually The beetle seems to prefer slippery cabbage over become pronounced as the pupa ages. The colour other Malvaceae when the crops are grown together. of the pupa gradually turns light yellowish brown The beetle feeds on the same host plant as both before the adult emerges. Following adult eclosion, adult and larva. However, adults feed on the leaves the elytra turns greyish and creamy white, metallic of the plant while larvae feed on the roots of the silver bluish and then eventually black. Other parts same plant. appear light yellowish and fulvous.

The newly emerged adult usually remains inside the individual pupal chamber in the soil for between one and two days before coming up onto the soil surface. After emerging on the soil surface, the beetle usually spends some time crawling, resting and jumping around before making its first flight. The newly emerged adult gets its first taste of food within an hour of emergence on the soil surface. Virgin female beetles reach sexual maturity three days after emerging, while virgin males mature three days later. Both adult male and female beetles can live for up to 65 days. Adult females only lay eggs within the first 42 days after emergence from pupae and can lay an average of 266 eggs within that period. A single generation of slippery cabbage flea beetle takes an average of 38 days to complete, which means that eight overlapping generations can occur in a single year. However, the beetle favours dryer seasons over wetter periods as the juvenile stages in the soil are vulnerable to prolonged water-logging, erosion and flooding during harsh wet seasons.

Life Cycle of Nisotra basselae (Bryant)

Male – 6.0 days 3.0 days Female – 3.0 days

Sexual Maturity

Adult Egg 6.0 days 8.0 days 1 Generation = 38.0 days

Larva Pupa

3.0 days 15.0 days

Pre-pupa

CONTROL MEASURES

QUARANTINE CONTROL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

The pest is currently only present in PNG and Solo- The search for predators and parasites of slippery mon Islands. Therefore, it is an important quaran- cabbage has not yet been done properly. However, tine pest for other countries, particularly Pacific Is- there is speculation resulting from observations of land countries and territories that regard slippery deaths of eggs, larvae and pupae in soil exposed to cabbage as an important vegetable crop for domestic a range of soil pathogens, spiders, insects, lizards consumption or a potential export. In Solomon Is- and birds. The invasive ant Wasmannia auropunc- lands, it is of internal quarantine importance as two tata, usually common in slippery cabbage gardens provinces (Renbel & Temotu) are still free of the pest. in Solomon Islands, may have some impact as a bio- The potential market for export of slippery cabbage logical control agent but which may require further to Australia and New Zealand looks promising, so investigations. it is important that this notorious pest is control- led and contained as much as possible in infested CULTURAL CONTROL islands and countries (Fa’anunu 2009). The beetle is a poor flyer, like its sibling genera (Matthews Slippery cabbage plants grow very well in open sun- & Reid 2002). This means that it is dependent on light but they can also tolerate a certain level of other carrier organisms to spread, particularly hu- shade. However, plants grown under shade usually man beings, who may inadvertently move it while have fewer beetles than those grown in open sun- transporting planting materials or soil that harbours light; thus, it may be advisable to grow slippery cab- immature stages of the beetle. It is advisable that bage in moderately shady environments to mitigate members of the public do not take planting materi- damage on the crop. It may be advisable to use thick als from PNG and Solomon Islands to other Pacific mulches of straw, grass or other organic materials Island countries and territories without proper quar- (several centimetres thick), as they prevent female antine compliance. beetles from laying eggs at the base of the stems. Natural mulches from ground cover plants such as REFERENCES clover (Trifolium repens L.) may also help impede ovi- Bryant, G.E. 1941. New Species of Chrysomelidae position, reducing beetle infestation. (Coleoptera) from New Guinea, Solomon Islands, To take advantage of the fact that slippery cabbage and Fiji. Annals Magazine of Natural History. 8 (11): flea beetle is a poor flyer, farmers are advised to p. 102 plant beetle-free planting materials about a kilome- Fa’anunu, O. 2009. Report on the application for tre away from infested areas. This has been proven marketing access for cabbage (Abelmoschus mani- to work in Solomon Islands. hot) from Fiji, Vanuatu, Samoa, Cook Islands and Tonga to New Zealand. As research has shown that slippery cabbage flea Henderson, C.P. and Hancock, I.R. 1988. A guide beetle populations favour dry seasons over wetter to the useful plants of Solomon Islands. Ministry of times of the year, it is recommended that farmers Agriculture and Lands, Honiara, the Solomon Is- grow more slippery cabbage during the wet season lands. p. 481. to avoid great infestation. However, occurrences of Jarvis, E. 1919. Insect Pests of Rosella - The rosella other pests and the agronomical and market aspects flea beetle. Queensland Agricultural Journal. pp 69– of the crop must also be considered when deciding 74. whether to apply this recommendation. Kimoto, S., Ismay, J.W and Samuelson, G.A. Research has also shown evidence that beetles, es- 1984. Distribution of Chrysomelidae Pests associ- pecially females, usually walk along the plant stem ated with certain Agricultural plants in Papua New before and after oviposition. By putting sticky paste Guinea (Coleoptera) ESAKIA, 21: 49–57. such as tangle-foot around the circumference of the Macfarlane, R. 1986. Important insect pests of stem, it is possible to trap and kill beetles in great smallholder crops in Solomon Islands and their con- numbers. trol. Dodo Creek Research Station Technical Bulle- tin 4A, p. 10. Regularly hand picking adult beetles off the leaves is Matthews, E. G. and Reid, C.A.M. 2002. A guide another effective way of reducing population num- to the Genera of Beetles of South Australia Part. 8. bers to reduce the damage caused by the pest. How- Adelaide, Eureca Corporate Group. ever, this method is time intensive. Eggs, larvae and Oke, O. A. and Odebiyi, J.A. 2008. Rearing pro- pupae are confined within the root system of each cedure for the pre-imaginal stages of the flea bee- plant; thus, it is expected that farmers could reduce tle (Podagrica sjostedti) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), beetle populations by regularly turning over the soil and its developmental biology on okra (Abelmoschus at the base of the plants to expose juvenile beetles to esculentus). International Journal of Tropical Insect the sun, dry air and natural enemies. Science, Volume 28: 03, pp 151–157. Slippery cabbage flea beetle has proven to prefer Preston, R.S. 1998. Aibika - bele : Abelmoschus certain cultivars over others, so farmers can reduce manihot (L.) Medik. Rome: IPGRI. damage on the crop by growing resistant varieties. Rawat, R. R. and Singh, R. K. 1971. Some aspects This information also means that trap cropping of Bio-Ecology of Podagrica orbiculata (Motsch.) (Co- technology could be designed to achieve effective leoptera: Chrysomelidae) as a pest of Abelmoschus control and efficient use of insecticides on resistant esculentus at Sehore (M.P). Department of Entomol- varieties. ogy, India.

CHEMICAL CONTROL This leaflet was prepared by Maclean Vaqalo, Entomologist, Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Further information can be obtained from Farmers have used a range of insecticides available the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji. on the market to try and control slippery cabbage Photographs of slippery cabbage plants by Suzanne Neave, AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, Solomon Islands. flea beetle. For example, in Solomon Islands, they have used orthene (acephate) and synthetic pyre- © Copyright Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2012. All rights for throids such as lambda cyhalothrin and permethrin, reproduction or translation, in any form, are reserved. Permission to to name just a few. Anecdotal evidence suggests that reproduce the document and/or translate in any form must be requested in writing. Original text: English. a plant variety of Derris species, which contains ro- tenone and is present in PNG and Solomon Islands, Published by Plant Protection Service, Secretariat of the Pacific Com- has been effectively used as a spray. Although farm- munity. Further copies of this leaflet may be obtained from the Plant ers have used these insecticides to control slippery Protection Service, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji Islands. cabbage flea beetle, there have not been any proper insecticide screening trials yet carried out to verify Secretariat of the Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data insecticide efficacy tests and recommendations. Vaqalo Maclean. The slippery cabbage flea beetle,Nisotra basselae (Bryant) (Chrys- The conventional practice when using insecticides is omelidae: Coleoptera) in the Pacific. Photographs of slippery cabbage to spray them on foliage, targeting adults, which are plants provided by Suzzane Neave, AVRDC, – The World Vegetable tough to kill. In the future, when using chemicals to Center Solomon Islands. control slippery cabbage flea beetle, farmers should (Pest Advisory Leaflet /Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Plant target the juvenile stages of the beetle, which may be Protection Service;) more vulnerable and therefore may controllable with 1. Slippery cabbage — Pests and diseases — Oceania. 2. Nistora basselae (Bryant). smaller amounts of insecticide. I. Title II. Secretariat of the Pacific Community III. Series.