Catalogue of the Type Specimens in the National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants

e-book ISBN: 978-81-952644-1-4

Catalogue of

the Type

Specimens in the National

Herbarium of Cultivated

Plants

Anjula Pandey

RK Pamarthi

K Pradheep

Rita Gupta

SP Ahlawat

Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection

ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Pusa Campus, New Delhi - 110 012, India

This document is an outcome of taxonomic studies undertaken and new taxa described by the scientists of ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR), New Delhi. All technical descriptions and contents on ‘type’ discussed in this publication are provided with minor modifications in the original description. Images of ‘type’ specimen have been captured and documented by the NHCP.

Citation: Pandey Anjula, RK Pamarthi, K Pradheep, Rita Gupta and SP Ahlawat (2021) Catalogue of the Type Specimens in the National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India, 67p + i-iii

Technical support: Shashi Kant Sharma

Cover page photo identity: Curcuma amada var. glabra (‘type’ specimen from Kerala)

Published by:

The Director ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources New Delhi 110012, India

Contact Dr. Kuldeep Singh Director ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India E-mail: [email protected]

e-book ISBN: 978-81-952644-1-4

Catalogue of the Type

Specimens in the National

Herbarium of Cultivated Plants

Anjula Pandey

RK Pamarthi

K Pradheep

Rita Gupta

SP Ahlawat

Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources

Pusa Campus, New Delhi - 110 012, India

About the book……….

The book entitled “Catalogue of the Type Specimens in the National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants” is a long-awaited publication from the National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP), dealing with systematics and taxonomic studies on plant genetic resources. The contents of the document include five chapters and two annexures. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP), New Delhi; chapters 2 and 3 details on ‘Type’ collections and the Status of ‘Type’ specimens, respectively. Chapter 4 mainly deals with taxa of ‘Type’ specimens and their description provided with scanned images. In all, ICAR-NBPGR has described 21 species/taxa during a period of four decades. Of these 18 taxa (belonging to 7 genera and 5 families) under 24 ‘type’ specimens deposited with the NHCP are discussed in this chapter. The scanned image of the herbarium is supported by a ‘taxon sheet’ including 15 fields. In the end, chapter 5 is an overall summary casted as ‘Overview’ to sum up with thrust areas.

While preparing this document, it has been kept in mind to keep it in a simple format for better understanding of the wide users and PGR workers. We express our gratitude and extend our sincere thanks to Dr. Kuldeep Singh, Director, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, for his visionary approach in bringing out this document. We are also thankful to Dr. E. Roshini Nayar, the former Curator, National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP) for her contribution towards enriching this herbarium to the present level. We greatly acknowledge the staff of various regional stations, especially Thrissur (Kerala) and Base Centre Cuttack for depositing the ‘type’ materials mainly of Curcuma, Momordica and Abelmoschus. Contribution of staff of the Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection (DPEGC) and other divisions of the bureau are greatly acknowledged for contributing in various ways, especially in procuring the herbarium specimens of different taxa from diverse sources. We hope, this document would serve a useful reference for the researchers, teachers and students working in the area of taxonomy and systematics with special reference to the crop taxa. Thanks are also due to the collectors who have surveyed across length and breadth of the nation, studied and submitted the ‘type’ specimens for preservation in NHCP and other herbaria.

New Delhi Authors

Contents

Sl. no Description Pg.no. About the book… i 1 National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP) - a brief account 1 2 Type collections 6 3 Status of ‘Type’ specimen(s) in the NHCP 10 4 ‘Types’ and their description 13 4.1 Abelmoschus angulosus Wight & Arn var. mahendragiriensis R.C.Misra & 17 D.Pani 4.2 Abelmoschus enbeepeegearense K.J.John, Scariah, Nissar, 19 K.V.Bhat & S.R.Yadav 4.3 Abelmoschus pungens (Roxb.) Wall. ex Voigt var. mizoramensis K.J.John, 22 Krishnaraj & K.Pradheep 4.4 Abelmoschus tuberculatus Pal & HarB.Singh 25 4.5 Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. alwarensis A.Pandey & S.Rajkumar 28 4.6 Curcuma amada Roxb. var. glabra Velay., Unnikr., Asha & Maya 31 4.7 Curcuma karnatakensis Amalraj, Velay. & Mural. 33 4.8 Curcuma kshonapatra Velay. 35 4.9 Curcuma kudagensis Velay., V.S. Pillai & Amalraj 37 4.10 Curcuma longa L. var. vanaharidra Velay., Pandrav., J.K. George & Varap. 39 4.11 Curcuma malabarica Velay., Amalraj & Mural. 41 4.12 Curcuma thalakaveriensis Velay., Amalraj & Mural. 43 4.13 Herpetospermum operculatum K.Pradheep, A.Pandey, K.C.Bhatt & E.R.Nayar 46 4.14 Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng 48 4.15 Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. andamanensis K.J. John., Roy & Krishnaraj 51 4.16 Momordica X subioica Bharathi 53 4.17 Piper pseudonigrum Velay. & Amalraj 55 4.18 Trichosanthes dunniana H. Lev. subsp. clarkei K. Pradheep 57 4.19 Vigna konkanensis Latha, K.V.Bhat, I.S.Bisht, Scariah, K.J.John & Krishnaraj 59 5 Overview 61 References 65 Annexure I ii Annexure II iii

1 National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP) - a brief account 1

The ‘National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants’ (acronym ‘NHCP’) at ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi (erstwhile the Herbarium of Plant Introduction Division at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi) occupies an important place among the 25 major Indian herbaria (Singh, 2010; Nayar et al., 2014). The NHCP is listed in the Index Herbariorum which is a global directory of public herbaria in different regions (Holmgren and Holmgren, 1998; Thiers, 2020; http://sciweb. nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp). The NHCP differs in its mandate from the general herbaria across the country, in representing variability in crop plants depicted as cultivars, primitive types/ landraces, semi-domesticated forms, wild /weedy relatives of both native and exotic origin, and also representation of minor economic and taxa of potential value identified through various plant genetic resources (PGR) management programmes. In addition, herbarium specimens of exotic germplasm introduced under various research programmes, local flora of Delhi, weed flora and vouchers of experimental material deposited by the researchers form a part of herbarium holdings. The herbarium holdings with supplementary material in the form of seed and carpological samples of selected taxa serve as a reference collection for identification, taxonomic study and for teaching. Collection of digitized images of herbarium specimens (virtual herbarium) is an important referral resource for various research activities at the institute. Since its inception at the Division of Plant Introduction at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, this herbarium has been directly or indirectly involved in contributing towards various research programmes and thereby strengthening the genetic resources activity in the country. Some of the major milestone activities are mentioned in Table 1.1. Table 1.1. Major milestone activities since the inception and establishment of the herbarium

Sl. No Year(s) Event(s) 1 1948 Herbarium of Plant Introduction Division set up at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 2 1948-1980 Systematic beginning of various genetic resource programmes viz. evaluation, breeding and plant introduction. Enrichment through- Project on Collection of Fodder Grasses and Forage Legumes from North-western region (1948-86); Grassland Survey Scheme of PL-480 (1960-70s); Flora of Karnataka Project (1980s), etc. 3 1976 Establishment of ICAR-NBPGR 4 1985 Herbarium of NBPGR rechristened as ‘National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants’ with its location at the ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi with base holdings of 5,000 herbarium specimens. 5 1985-2004 Build-up of facilities; human resource development 6 1999-2005 Programmes on taxonomy, systematic and teaching/trainings under- National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) on Plant Biodiversity 7 2004-2014 State-of–arts facility upgradation; Addition of five new-space saver compactors enhancing the capacity to 40,000 specimens 8 2009-2014 Digitization of herbarium (funding from Department of Science Technology) 9 2011-2014 Strengthening on taxonomy and biosystematics study- Vigna, Cucumis, and Abelmoschus under National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) 10 2017-2021 Development of virtual herbarium; digitization of herbarium data, data development, updation and cataloguing of the holdings, development and android mobile application 11 2018 Launching of web portal of NHCP and mobile application

Status of herbarium holdings

The National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP) has 24,533 herbarium specimens representative of 267 families, 1545 genera and 4,362 species (as on February 28, 2021) of important taxa of plant genetic resource (PGR) relevance including over 500 crop taxa and 550 species of crop wild relatives (CWR)/weedy relatives (Pandey et al., 2015; 2019). Additionally, 3,148 seed samples and 740 economic products/ carpological samples provide representative/referral collections as supplementary holdings. Build-up of material is through specimens/ seeds collected during explorations in different agro-ecological zones of India, growing of material introduced from abroad under various research/breeding/selection programmes and also vouchers deposited of the systematics studies on crop-groups. Presently there is thrust on herbarium collections of landraces, CWR and taxa of diverse eco-geography (as neglected regions, across ecogeographical regions, tribal/ north-eastern region).

Some significant collections Besides herbarium specimens of crop plants, some neglected groups: less-known domesticated species, viz. Flemingia procumbens Roxb.(Soh-phlong), Digitaria compacta (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) Veldkamp (raishan), Coix lacryma-jobi L. from north-eastern hills; Malva verticillata L., Inula racemosa Hook.f, Hodgsonia heteroclita (Roxb.) Hook.f. & Thomson, Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf, Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J.Lam (cheura), Adansonia digitata L. (gorakh imli), Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd., Allium spp.,

Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi (rice bean), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. (winged bean), Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich. (tuber cowpea), and several taxa of potential/commercial value are well represented. Important taxa representing crop wild relatives (CWR) maintained in the NHCP include: Abelmoschus, Allium, Amaranthus, Cajanus, Cucumis, Curcuma, Luffa, Medicago, Melilotus, Oryza, Piper, Sesamum, Solanum, Sorghum, Trichosanthes, Trifolium and Vigna. Some significant collections include wild Vigna from north-western Himalaya and fodder grasses and forage legumes from north-western areas and peninsular India, and potential wild Allium from high altitude areas of western and eastern Himalaya; wild Triticeae from western Himalaya; and rare/endangered taxa, Cycas beddomei Dyer, Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S. Ying (anti-cancer plant).

Herbarium specimens of exotic origin include majorly those prepared under the Plant Introduction (PI) Scheme operational in the Botany Division of the IARI commenced functioning in 1946. Some important genera/crop-groups represented under this category included Oryza from the Philippines; Avena from Australia; Brassica from Canada; Medicago from Portugal, Australia; Trifolium from Australia, Portugal, UK; Vicia from Australia; Solanum from USA and Sri Lanka; Lycopersicon from South America; others such as Amaranths, chenopods from USA; dwarf peaches from Australia and Agathis, Calluna, Corynocarpus from New Zealand (Nayar et al., 2011).

Some of the archival records include Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Bor (HS no. 3007) collected from the Delhi ridge area (10.9.1939 by Dr. HB Singh), Indigofera colutea (Burm.f.) Merr. (HS no. 5390, the oldest herbarium specimen collected in 1933 from Quetta, Balochistan, now in Pakistan), Vicia hyaeniscyamus Mouterde (HS no. 8539, exotic material raised in Plant Quarantine Experimental Fields, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi). Besides, vouchers of ‘Flora of Karnataka Project (1980s) and ‘Dr YS Rao’s Collection on Aquatic Plants (1948-1986)’ were also represented. Herbarium specimens gathered during special programmes

Under special schemes/projects (period given in parenthesis) intensive germplasm collection missions were undertaken by ICAR-NBPGR that resulted in addition of herbarium specimens. Important among them were Grassland Survey Scheme of PL-480 (1960-70s); Project on Collection of Fodder Grasses and Forage Legumes from North-western region (1948-86); National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) on Plant Biodiversity (1999-2005); Sub-project on Biosystematics of the Genera- Vigna, Cucumis, and Abelmoschus under National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) (2011-14).

Seed collections and economic products

Seed collection (3,087) and economic products (694 samples) are maintained as bulky herbarium (wet preservation or dry form). They are classified under genus: Oryza, Vigna, Phaseolus, Pisum, Cicer, Solanum, Moringa, Cucurbita, Capsicum, Trichosanthes, Momordica, Allium, Luffa, Brassica, Sesamum, Ricinus, Gossypium, Crotalaria, etc. Some significant economic specimens/ carpological samples include - Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. (90 cm long fruit; dry fruits as decorative items); Luffa (dry fibrous fruits with seed collection), Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. (pod 60 cm; seed; stem); Moringa oleifera Lam. (fruit and seed collection of cultivated and wild types); Musa balbisiana Colla (inflorescence and fruits); Juglans regia L. and Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb (fruits), coconut (fruit, coir); arecanut (fruit, spathe); Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. (inflorescence); Trapa natans var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino (dry fruits); Diospyros (fruits); Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. (nuts); Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (roots), Flemingia procumbens Roxb. and Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. (edible tubers), sorghum and okra (landrace diversity as inflorescence and fruit respectively); Gossypium arboreum L. (bolls of different races); Triticum and related taxa (species diversity as spike); Curcuma, ginger (rhizome); Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze (male inflorescence); Sassurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. (rootstock); Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem.(bark), Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl. (gum crystals), Saraca indica L. (fruits); Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb. and G. indica (Thouars) Choisy [kokam; fruits] and Terminalia catappa L. (fruits). To maintain landrace collection of important types, variability in kernel/ spikes and seeds (pulses/legumes) is routinely being added through the multiplication programmes in the institute. Virtual herbarium

Digital images are present as virtual herbarium arranged in alphabetical order in family, genus and species folders. The images have been labeled with unique identity numbers (as of herbarium specimens) and linked to database (http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in:8080/nhcp/). Digital images for over 4,000 species (~ 9,500 images) of crop plants and their wild relatives and potentially useful plants are available for wide use. Digitization process involves scanning of taxonomically authenticated specimens/taxa, linking digital images of reference herbarium specimen to data and working out on key characters for identification of species (closer view, if needed). Digital scans (jpeg images) with good resolution (300 dpi for close up of parts-seed, trichomes, and 600 dpi for micro-characters) not only facilitate fast access of material for identification but drastically reduce chances of damage due to routine/mechanical handling. Virtual herbarium specimens of

298 taxa representing 482 exotic germplasm accessions bearing Exotic Collection (EC) numbers and over 500 of crop wild relatives (CWR) have been uploaded in website for wider use (http://192.168.5.92/NHCP/Advancesearch.aspx). While consulting this document, readers are requested to refer some additional information from Appendix I, II; and Annexure I, II.

‘Type’ collections 2

The ‘Type’ concept or typification is a method of describing ‘type’ which is an important aspect in nomenclature in the science of taxonomy and is one of the six principles of the Nomenclatural Code (Rao, 2017; Turland et al., 2018). Name of a taxon is permanently attached with the specimen. The ‘types’ of the specimen can be located or traced with the help of respective protologue (original description by the author) and ‘Taxonomic Literature, Vol. 1-7’ of Stafleu and Cowan (1976-1988) and its eight supplements (Stafleu and Minnega, 1992-2009). Firstly, the ‘Type’ concept was initiated in America when difficulties arose in concluding the taxon status. Later, ‘Type’ species was mentioned as ‘standard species’ which describes the naming of species with the origin of type concept in the Rochester Code of 1892. It fetched more importance and further acceptance in the American Code of 1907 which leads to the formation of type-based code (Hitchcock, 1921). Further, it gained more importance with a strong recommendation in the Third International Botanical Congress 1910 at Brussels (Belgium). Later, this recommendation got registered and was published in ICBN, 1935 based on International Botanical Congress (IBC), 1930 which was supported by American botanists. The concept of nomenclature types was supported by mentioning the principles of names of taxonomic groups at the VI IBC at Amsterdam (the Netherlands) and VII IBC held at Stockholm, Sweden, in 1950. ‘Holotype’ of a name of a species or infraspecific taxon is one specimen or illustration either (a) indicated by the author(s) as the nomenclatural type or (b) used by the author(s) when no type was indicated (Article 9.1). It should be singular and single specimen. ‘Isotype’ is any duplicate specimen of the holotype, that is from a single gathering (made at one time) of the ‘holotype’ (Article 9.5). Any specimen(s) other than holotype or isotype included in the protologue is paratype(s) (Article 9.7). ‘Syntype’ is any specimen(s) cited when no ‘holotype’ was designated (Article 9.6). If ‘holotype’ was not indicated by the author(s) during publication process or if it is missed, the specimen of original material was designated as ‘lectotype’ on the support of protologue (Article 9.3). A ‘neotype’ is selected to serve as a nomenclatural type when original material is extant or missing (Article 9.8). This will lose its importance once the original material is found. ‘Epitype’ is a designated specimen or illustration selected to serve as interpretative type when type material (holo-, lecto or neo-) is ambiguous or insufficient or inadequate for precise application or identification of the name (Article 9.9; Brickell et al. 2016). For details of each type refer to Fig. 2.1. and Appendix 2.I .

Fig. 2.1 Nomenclature types used for plant description ‘Type’ herbarium material must be kept safe from rest of the general collections, preferably in separate storage section. As a standard procedure they are generally stored in red coloured folders. They are only made available to researchers after special permission, especially to the taxonomists. Since they are highly precious, herbarium curator keeps a special attention on its preservation. To keep them safe, virtual images are made available on request to the researchers prior to consultation of ‘type’ material. Users are requested to observe ‘Must follow’ points (Box 2.1).

Box 2.1. Points to be followed

1. Preserve ‘type’ with utmost care, in a separate place in a herbarium. 2. Pay special attention and regular inspection in the herbarium compacters/storage space 3. First examine virtual images of ‘type’ before referring to the original material. 4. Seek special permission and intended use of ‘type’.

Appendix 2.1

Important terminology of ‘Types’

 Clonotype: is a specimen taken from a vegetatively propagated part of the individual plant from which the type specimen was obtained (Fernald, 1939)

 Epitype: "a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type when the holotype, lectotype, or previously designated neotype, or all original material associated with a validly published name, is demonstrably ambiguous and cannot be critically identified for purpose of the precise application of the name of a taxon." (ICBN Ch. 2, Sec. 2, Art. 9.7). The holotype, lectotype, or neotype that the epitype supports must be explicitly cited when the ‘epitype’ is designated (see Art. 9.18).

 Holotype: one specimen or illustration used by the author, or designated by the author as the nomenclatural type.

 Isoepitype: a duplicate specimen of an epitype.

 Isolectotype: any duplicate specimen of the lectotype.

 Isoneotype: any duplicate specimen of the neotype.

 Isosyntype: a duplicate specimen of a syntype.

 Isotype: any duplicate specimen of the holotype.

 Lectotype: a specimen or illustration designated as the type when no holotype was indicated at the time of publication. If possible, the lectotype should be selected from the syntypes or original material.

 Neotype: a specimen or illustration selected as the type when all of the material on which the name of the taxon was based is missing.

 Non-type: specimens which are erroneously labelled as types should be annotated as, "Not a Type."

 Paratype: a specimen cited in the protologue that is neither the holotype, isotype, nor one of the syntypes. These are often listed as representative specimens in the original description.

 Photo of a Type: a photograph of a type specimen.

 Syntype: any one of two or more specimens cited in the protologue when no holotype was designated, or any one of two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types in the original description. Monographers are urged to select a lectotype from among the syntypes whenever possible.

 Topotype: a specimen collected from the same location where the original holotype material was collected.

 Type: a specimen selected to serve as a reference point when a plant species is first named. As a result, these specimens are extremely important to botanists who are attempting to determine the correct application of a name.

Status of ‘Type’ specimen(s) in the NHCP 3 ICAR-NBPGR has described a total of 21 taxa belonging to 8 genera and 5 families. This includes 47 ‘type’ specimens (24 specimens of new taxa deposited with NHCP; and 23 in other Indian and foreign herbaria) (Table 3.1). The holdings in eight genera viz. Abelmoschus, Cucumis, Curcuma, Herpetospermum, Momordica, Piper, Trichosanthes and Vigna are represented and preserved at NHCP. List of new taxa as ‘type’ with herbarium number, plant family, ‘type’ category are provided in Table 3.2. Besides, 23 type specimens of different species described by the ICAR-NBPGR were deposited in herbaria located in India and abroad (Table 3.3).

Table 3.1 Holdings of NHCP-family-genus wise specimen list Sl. No. Family Genus Taxa No. of specimens 1 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis 1 2 Herpetospermum 1 1 Momordica 3 4 Trichosanthes 1 1 2 Leguminosae Vigna 1 1 3 Malvaceae Abelmoschus 4 6 4 Piperaceae Piper 1 1 5 Zingiberaceae Curcuma 7 8

Table below lists the new ‘types’ describing 19 taxa deposited in the NHCP represented by holotypes (10 in no.), isotype (9), paratype (4) and epitype (1).

Table 3.2 List of new taxa described by ICAR-NBPGR and deposited with NHCP Sl. No. HS No. Taxa Family Type 1 22810 Abelmoschus angulosus Wight & Malvaceae Holotype Arn.var. mahendragiriensis R.C. Misra & D.Pani 2 21417 Abelmoschus enbeepeegearense K.J.John, Scariah, Malvaceae Holotype Nissar, K.V.Bhat & S.R.Yadav 3 24043 Abelmoschus pungens (Roxb.) Wall. ex Voigt var. Malvaceae Holotype mizoramensis K.J. John, Krishnaraj & K.Pradheep 24044 Abelmoschus pungens (Roxb.) Wall. ex Voigt var. Malvaceae Paratype mizoramensis K.J. John, Krishnaraj & K.Pradheep 4 5280 Abelmoschus tuberculatus Pal & HarB.Singh Malvaceae Holotype 5277 Abelmoschus tuberculatus Pal & HarB.Singh Malvaceae Isotype 5 24385 Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. alwarensis A. Cucurbitaceae Holotype Pandey & S. Rajkumar 24583 Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. alwarensis A. Cucurbitaceae Paratype Pandey & S. Rajkumar 6 17868 Curcuma amada Rox. var. glabra Velay., Unnikr., Zingiberaceae Holotype Asha & Maya 17445 Curcuma amada Rox. var. glabra Velay., Unnikr., Zingiberaceae Paratype Asha & Maya

7 8286 Curcuma karnatakensis Amalraj, Velay. & Mural. Zingiberaceae Isotype 8 15288 Curcuma kshnopatra Velay. Zingiberaceae Holotype 9 15291 Curcuma kudagensis Velay., V.S. Pillai & Amalraj Zingiberaceae Isotype 10 18852 Curcuma longa L. var. vanaharidra Velay., Pandrav., Zingiberaceae Holotype J.K. George & Varap. 11 7616 Curcuma malabarica Velay., Amalraj & Mural. Zingiberaceae Isotype 12 8228 Curcuma thalakaveriensis Velay., Amalraj & Mural. Zingiberaceae Isotype 13 21356 Herpetospermum operculatum K.Pradheep, Cucurbitaceae Isotype A.Pandey, K.C.Bhatt & E.R.Nayar 14 22675 Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. cochinchinensis Cucurbitaceae Epitype (Lour.) Spreng 15 22672 Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. andamanensis Cucurbitaceae Isotype Kattuk., Roy & Krishnaraj 22673 Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. andamanensis Paratype Kattuk., Roy & Krishnaraj 16 20927 Momordica x subioica Bharathi Cucurbitaceae Holotype 17 12772 Piper pseudonigrum Velay. & Amalraj Piperaceae Isotype 18 24213 Trichosanthes dunniana H. Lev. subsp. clarkei Cucurbitaceae Isotype K.Pradheep 19 21377 Vigna konkanensis Latha, K.V.Bhat, I.S.Bisht, Fabaceae/Leguminosae Holotype Scariah, K.J.John & Krishnaraj

Table 3.3 lists the new ‘types’ described and deposited in various herbaria other than NHCP. The ‘type’ material represented were classified under three categories- holotypes (9 in no.), isotypes (13) and paratype (1). Details of the collector number and herbarium where deposited (code details) are listed below.

Table 3.3 List of types described by ICAR-NBPGR deposited in other Indian and foreign herbaria

Sl. No. Taxa Type Collector Herbaria category@ no. deposited* 1 Piper pseudonigrum Velay. & Amalraj Holotype AV202 MH 2 Abelmoschus enbeepeegearensis K.J.John, Scariah, Isotype JRN/09-25 CAL Nissar, K.V.Bhat & S.R.Yadav Abelmoschus enbeepeegearensis K.J.John, Scariah, Isotype JRN/09-25 CALI Nissar, K.V.Bhat & S.R.Yadav Abelmoschus enbeepeegearensis K.J.John, Scariah, Isotype JRN/09-25 MH Nissar, K.V.Bhat & S.R.Yadav 3 Abelmoschus pungens (Roxb.) Wall. ex Voigt var. Isotype JJK/11-1 CAL mizoramensis K.J John, Krishnaraj & K.Pradheep 4 Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. alwarensis Paratype AP/PM- CAL A. Pandey & S.Rajkumar 2018 5 Curcuma karnatakensis Amalraj, Velay. & Mural. Holotype Amalraj MH 807 6 Curcuma kudagensis Velay., V.S.Pillai & Amalraj Holotype V E 7 Curcuma malabarica Velay., Amalraj & Mural. Holotype AV 158 MH Curcuma malabarica Velay., Amalraj & Mural. Isotype AV 158 E

8 Curcuma thalakaveriensis Velay., Amalraj & Mural. Holotype V 3561 MH 9 Herpetospermum operculatum K.Pradheep, Holotype K. CAL A. Pandey, K.C. Bhatt & E.R. Nayar Pradheep 1449 Herpetospermum operculatum K.Pradheep, A. Isotype K. DD Pandey, K.C.Bhatt & E.R.Nayar Pradheep 1449 10 Momordica sahyadrica K.J.John & V.T.Antony Holotype JJ 133 CAL Momordica sahyadrica K.J.John & V.T.Antony Isotype JJ 133 MH 11 Momordica X suboica Bharathi Isotype JJ 2012 CAL 12 Piper pseudonigrum Velay. & Amalraj Holotype AV202 MH 13 Trichosanthes dunniana H.Lev. subsp. clarkei Holotype 2741 CAL K.Pradheep Trichosanthes dunniana H.Lev. subsp. clarkei Isotype 2741 DD K.Pradheep 14 Vigna konkanensis Latha, K.V.Bhat, I.S.Bisht, Isotype BB 64-2000 CAL Scariah, K.J.John & Krishnaraj Vigna konkanensis Latha, K.V.Bhat, I.S.Bisht, Isotype BB 64-2000 CALI Scariah, K.J.John & Krishnaraj Vigna konkanensis Latha, K.V.Bhat, I.S.Bisht, Isotype BB 64-2000 MH Scariah, K.J.John & Krishnaraj Vigna konkanensis Latha, K.V.Bhat, I.S.Bisht, Isotype BB 64-2000 TBGT Scariah, K.J.John & Krishnaraj

*Acronym mentioned below; @: source: protologues of respective taxon

CAL-Central National Herbarium, BSI, Kolkata, West Bengal, India CALI- Herbarium, University of Calicut, Kerala, India DD-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India E- Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK MH- Herbarium, Southern Regional Centre, BSI, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India TBGT- Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Trivandrum, Kerala, India

‘Types’ and their description 4

In this chapter, each taxon is described in detail in the ‘Taxon sheet’ following a set of 12-16 fields (Appendix 4.1). ‘Taxon sheet’ is the complete set of information of the herbarium specimen which represents the original data. In addition, key characters, and notes on relatedness, taxonomic observations on each taxa are provided. Also notes included their genetic resource value as reported in the type locality. Figure 4.0 is a consolidated map depicting ‘type’ locality of herbarium collection and deposition in NHCP.

Fig. 4.0 Type localities of herbarium ‘type’ collections described by the ICAR-NBPGR (shown by red dots) The types described under genus Abelmoschus included Abelmoschus angulosus var. mahendragiriensis collected from Mahendragiri Hill, Gajapathi district, Odisha; A. enbeepeegearense from Mangalam dam, Palakkad, Kerala; A. tuberculatus Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Majority of ‘type’ taxa were represented from wild habitats collected through explorations undertaken in diversity rich areas. Abelmoschus angulosus var. mahendragiriensis reportedly occurring in restricted habitats was a wild gathered species used for tender fruits and leaves locally consumed by the Saura tribe of the Mahendragiri hills in Odisha. Another taxon, A. enbeepeegearense was a distant wild relative of cultivated okra, more closer to ambrette (A. moschatus). It is also used for tender edible fruits.

Abelmoschus tuberculatus, a wild relative of cultivated okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), and the first taxon described from the NHCP/ ICAR-NBPGR (then IARI) was collected from Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh. The seeds were originally grown and the species was studied in the Plant Introduction Plots, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The taxon is well known for its potential as progenitor for transforming genes to other related species, resistance to spiny bollworm, and Yellow vein mosaic virus.

The ‘type’ specimens included under Cucurbitaceae include Herpetospermum operculatum collected from wild habitat from South Sikkim, Sikkim; and Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. andamanica from Adazig, Middle Andaman, A & N Islands. However, Cucumis melo var. alwarensis was a cultigen studied in the farmer’s field, Alwar, Rajasthan. Momordica x suboica was a synthetic hybrid developed at ICAR-NBPGR regional station Thrissur, Kerala by crossing natural 4 X M. subangulata subsp. renigera with induced 4 X M. dioica.

Herpetospermum operculatum locally called chi-patta was recorded for use of tender leaf twigs as leafy vegetable; it was also sold in the markets of Nagaland. Cucumis melo var. alwarensis , a species allied to the snake melon [Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. flexuosus] was under restricted cultivation for edible fruits as salad, vegetable and dessert (semi-mature). Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. andamanica and Momordica x suboica were used as fruit or as vegetable in respective areas of their type locality. Trichosanthes dunniana subsp. clarkei is a distant wild relative of snake gourd and was distributed in North- eastern Hill region.

Family Zingiberaceae was predominantly represented among the ‘type’ collections in the NHCP. Over seven taxa collected during various collection missions represented the genus Curcuma. ‘Type’ collection details are- Curcuma amada var. glabra from Nemom, Trivandrum (now Tiruvanthapuram), Kerala; C. malabarica from Pavaratty, Thrissur, Kerala; C. nilamburensis from Punnampavambu, Thrissur, Kerala; C. karnatakensis from West Hirahalli, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka; C. thalakaveriensis and C.

14 kudagensis from Kudagu (Coorg) district, Karnataka; and C. longa var. vanaharidra from Araku Valley, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

Curcuma amada var. glabra is wild relative of mango ginger (C. amada) with high starch contents in tubers. C. malabarica resembles C. caesia, had tubers eaten as substitute for arrow root. Curcuma karnatakensis closely related to C. albiflora; C. longa var. vanaharidra now synonym of Curcuma longa L. was rare in occurrence in type locality. C. kudagensis was allied to C. neilgherrensis, C. nilamburensis closely resembling C. cannanorensis. C. thalakaveriensis is closely related taxa to C. coriacea (synonymised under C. kudagensis).

In family Piperaceae, ‘type’ material of Piper pseudonigrum was collected from the Silent valley, Palakkad, Kerala. This taxon is now rechristened as Piper velayudhani.

Vigna konkanensis (family Leguminosae) was reported from Ratnagiri, Maharashtra is a wild relative of Vigna radiata (green gram). The taxon has affinity to wild taxon, V. hainiana and V. sublobata.

Botanical names have been checked from the databases of PlantList, IPNI and other authentic sources for nomenclature authentication. The ‘key’ characters and other details have been casted as per available protologue (original description by the author). Citation is provided of the original publication source where the author has published its first record. Respective ‘types’ with collector number are included in NHCP after assigning the herbarium number (HS). Images are scanned in 300 dpi for normal image and 600 dpi for special cases. The ‘taxon’ sheets are arranged in alphabetical order and scanned images of each ‘type’ is given in following section.

Fig. 4.1 Herbarium specimen (HS. no. 22810; Holotype) image of Abelmoschus angulosus var. mahendragiriensis 16

4.1 Abelmoschus angulosus Wight & Arn. var. mahendragiriensis R.C. Misra & D.R. Pani

Botanical Name : Abelmoschus angulosus Wight & Arn. var. mahendragiriensis R.C. Misra & D.R. Pani Family : Malvaceae Authors : RC Misra and DR Pani Herbarium specimen no. : 22810 Date of collection : 10-12-2015 Place of collection : Mahendragiri Hill, Gajapathi district, Odisha Collector : RC Misra Nature of type : Holotype (Fig.4.1) Collection ID : RCM-1224 Key characters : Leaf blades 11-32 x 12-35 cm, 5-9 angular lobed, 5-9 nerved at base; involucres 25-35 x 15-20 mm; capsules narrowly conical to oblong, acuminate and beaked at maturity, 6-7.8 cm long; seeds sub-reniform, 4 mm diameter with brown trichomes. Flowering : November Fruiting : December Citation : Misra RC, DR Pani, LK Bharathi and SP Ahlawat (2018) Abelmoschus angulosus var. mahendragiriensis, a new taxonomic variety of wild okra from Eastern Ghats of India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 65:993-1002 Notes : Restricted to the ‘type’ locality in distribution. Occurs wild, tender fruits gathered from wild and leaves are locally consumed by the Saura tribe of the Mahendragiri hills in Odisha. Seeds conserved in National Genebank (NGB) (IC0619151), ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi.

Fig. 4.2 Herbarium specimen (HS no. 21417; Holotype) image of Abelmoschus enbeepeagearense

4.2 Abelmoschus enbeepeegearense K.J.John, Scariah, Nissar, K.V.Bhat & S.R.Yadav

Botanical name : Abelmoschus enbeepeegearense K.J. John, Scariah, Nissar, K.V. Bhat & S.R. Yadav Family : Malvaceae Authors : KJ John, S Scariah, VA M Nissar, KV Bhat and SR Yadav Herbarium specimen no. : 21417 Date of collection : 19-11-2009 Place of collection : Mangalam dam, Palakkad, Kerala Collector : KJ John Nature of type : Holotype (Fig.4.2) Collection ID : JRN/09-25 Key characters : Plant parts glandular hairy with orthotropic branching, leaves 3-5 angled with waxy secretions, glandular non-setose epi-calyx segments and ovate hirsute fruits

Flowering : August-September Fruiting : October-November

Citation : Joseph K John, S Scariah, VAM Nissar, KV Bhat and SR Yadav (2013) Abelmoschus enbeepeegearense sp.nov. (Malvaceae) an endemic species of okra from Western Ghats, India. Nordic Journal of Botany 30:001-006

Notes : Distant wild relative of cultivated okra; closer to ambrette (A. moschatus). Tender fruits edible. Seeds conserved (IC582757) in NGB, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi.

Fig. 4.3a Herbarium specimen (HS no. 24043; Holotype) image of Abelmoschus pungens var. mizoramensis 20

Fig. 4.3b Herbarium specimen (HS no. 24044; Paratype) image of Abelmoschus pungens var. mizoramensis

4.3 Abelmoschus pungens (Roxb.) Wall. ex Voigt var. mizoramensis K.J. John,Krishnaraj & K. Pradheep

Botanical name : Abelmoschus pungens (Roxb.) Wall. ex Voigt var. mizoramensis K.J. John, Krishnaraj & K.Pradheep Family : Malvaceae Authors : KJ John, MV Krishnaraj and K Pradheep Herbarium specimen no. : 24043 (Holotype); 24044 (Paratype) Date of collection : 14-10-2011 Place of collection : Bhairavi, Kolasib, Mizoram (Holotype); Tuitha Veng, Kolasib, Mizoram (Paratype) Collector : KJ John Nature of type : Holotype (Fig.4.3a)10 Paratype (Fig. 4.3b) Collection ID : JJk-2011/3; JJk-2011/1

Key characters : Flowers in rosette appearance at the top; Epicalyces 6(7), ovate or elliptical-lanceolate, not keeled, less than half the length of mature fruit

Flowering : September-October

Fruiting : September-December

Citation : John JK, MV Krishnaraj, K Pradheep, P Patil, GD Harish and KV Bhat (2020) A new variety of Abelmoschus pungens (Malvaceae) from Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. Rheedea 30:4:456-462

Notes : This taxon was found to be free of Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) symptoms under experimental condition at RS Thrissur, Kerala.

Fig. 4.4a Herbarium specimen (HS no. 5280; Holotype) image of Abelmoschus tuberculatus

Fig. 4. 4b Herbarium specimen (HS no. 5277; Isotype) image of Abelmoschus tuberculatus

4.4 Abelmoschus tuberculatus Pal & Har B.Singh

Botanical name : Abelmoschus tuberculatus Pal & HarB.Singh Family : Malvaceae Authors : BP Pal and HB Singh Herbarium specimen no. : 5280 (Holotype); 5277 (Isotype) Date of collection : 10-10-1946 Place of collection : Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh Collector : HBSingh Nature of type : Holotype(Fig.4.4a), Isotype (Fig. 4.4b) Collection ID : IW130 Key characters : Plants with short internodes, smaller flowers, profusely fruiting, fruits with tuberculate base, spots at base of petal which is not uniformly purpleasin A. esculentus, stigma bright scarlet; seed round 3.4mm diameter, hilum glabrous Flowering : September-October Fruiting : November Citation : Pal BP, HB Singh and V Swarup (1952) Taxonomic relationships and breeding possibilities of species of Abelmoschus related to okra (A. esculentus). Botanical Gazette 113: 455-464 Notes : Type material originally collected from Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh (herbarium specimen collected from seeds raised at Plant Introduction Plots, IARI, New Delhi. Wild relative of okra, resistant to spiny boll worm (Narkhede et al., 2015) and Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus. Taxon is a progenitor for transforming genes to other related species. The taxon was described by the Division of Plant Introduction, IARI, New Delhi (now established and rechristened as ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi).

Fig. 4. 5a Herbarium specimen (HS no. 24385; Holotype) image of Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. alwarensis

Fig. 4. 5b Herbarium specimen (HS no. 24583; Paratype) image of Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. alwarensis

4.5 Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. alwarensis A.Pandey & S.Rajkumar

Botanical name : Cucumis melo L. var. alwarensis A. Pandey & S. Rajkumar Family : Cucurbitaceae Authors : Anjula Pandey and S Rajkumar Herbarium specimen no. : 24385 (Holotype); 24583 (Paratype) Date of collection : 15-09-2018 Place of collection : Farmer’s field, Alwar, Rajasthan Collectors : Anjula Pandey and Pavan Kumar Malav Nature of type : Holotype (Fig.4.5a); Paratype (Fig.4.5b) Collection ID : AP/PM-2018 (both in holo and paratype specimen)

Key characters : Fruits ob-cylindric, elongated to variously curved, soft villous hairy at young stage, mature fruits with musky aromatic flesh

Flowering : June-July

Fruiting : July-August

Citation : Pandey A and S Rajkumar (2021) A new potential variety of cultivated melon (Cucumis melo L.) from north western India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 68: 785-794

Notes : Closer to snake melon (Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. flexuosus (L.) Naudin Fruits edible as salad, vegetable and dessert. Phenotypically plants resemble snapmelon than snake melon but for fruit.

Fig. 4.6a Herbarium specimen (HS no. 17446; Holotype) image of Curcuma amada var. glabra

Fig.4.6b Herbarium specimen (HS no. 17868; Paratype) image of Curcuma amada var. glabra

4.6 Curcuma amada Roxb.var. glabra Velay., Unnikr., Asha & Maya

Botanical name : Curcuma amada Roxb. var. glabra Velay., Unnikr., Asha & Maya Family : Zingeberaceae Authors : KC Velayudhan, M Unnikrishnan, KI Asha and Maya Herbarium specimen no. : 17446 (Holotype);17868 (Paratype) Date of collection : 15-10-2005 Place of collection : Nemom, Trivandrum Collector : KC Velayudhan Nature of type and location : Holotype (Fig. 4.6a); Paratype (Fig. 4.6b) Collection ID : Holotype-V/91-Ca-1; Paratype-TCR-101NL Key characters : Aerial shoots erect, leaves linear, semi-erect with closely arranged veins, purple-tinted; exerted coma bracts; rhizomes flesh light yellow and slightly acrid and biting in taste

Flowering : September-October

Citation Velayudhan KC, M Unnikrishnan, KI Asha and MC Nair (2009) A note on the finger bearing species of the genus Curcuma L. of Western Ghats and report of a new taxon Curcuma amada Roxb. var. glabra from Kerala. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33(1): 162- 171

Notes : Wild relative of mango ginger (C. amada) but higher starch contents.Germplasm conserved in the Field Genebank (FGB) (Holotype-IC266596; Isotype- IC313101).

Fig. 4.7 Herbarium specimen (HS. no. 8286; Isotype) image of Curcuma karnatakensis

4.7 Curcuma karnatakensis Amalraj, Velay. & Mural.

Botanical name : Curcuma karnatakensis Amalraj, Velay. & Mural. Family : Zingiberaceae Authors : VA Amalraj, KC Velayudhan and VK Muralidharan Herbarium specimen no. : 8286 (Isotype) Date of collection : 11-09-1990 Place of collection : West Hirahalli, Sirsi (Uttara Kannada dist.), Karnataka Collector : VA Amalraj Nature of type : Isotype (Fig.4.7) Collection ID : Amalraj 807

Key characters : Plant short, root stock small, leaves reclinate broadly ovate, closely veined; bracts green; coma absent; flowers white to rosy- white; lip 3-coloured (yellow, rose, white) more

Flowering : September-October

Citation : Amalraj VA, KC Velayudhan and VK Muralidharan (1991) Curcuma karnatakensis sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae) - a new species from Uttar Kannad district of Karnataka state. Journal Economic Taxonomic Botany 15: 490-492

Notes : The species abundant under the shade of teak trees, on heavy dark clayed soil. Closely related to C. albiflora Thw. It is an endemic species (Sasikumar, 2005)

Fig. 4.8. Herbarium specimen (HS no. 15288; Holotype) image of Curcuma kshonapatra

4.8 Curcuma kshonapatra Vel.

Botanical Name : Curcuma kshonapatra Vel.

Family : Zingiberaceae

Authors : KC Velayudhan Herbarium specimen no. : 15288

Date of collection : 18-05-2003

Place of collection : Udipi district, Karnataka

Collector : KC Velayudhan

Nature of type : Holotype (Fig.4.8)

Collection ID : V03/48

Key characters : Plant erect, thin tall, root stock conical-cylindrical; leaf lamina with purple mid-rib, closely arranged prominent veins, violet tint below in juvenile leaves; rhizome cortex whitish cream, core pale yellow; flesh odourless and tasteless; spike central or lateral.

Flowering : August-September

Citation : Velayudhan KC (2012) The report of Curcuma kshonapatra (Zingiberaceae) from Karnataka, India. Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 29(2):184-186

Notes : Rare in occurrence; plants associated with C. albiflora Thwaites

Fig. 4.9 Herbarium specimen (HS no. 15291, Isotype) image of Curcuma kudagensis

4.9 Curcuma kudagensis Velay., V.S.Pillai & Amalraj

Botanical name : Curcuma kudagensis Velay., V.S.Pillai & Amalraj Family : Zingiberaceae Authors : KC Velayudhan, VS Pillai and VA Amalraj Herbarium specimen no. : 15291 Date of collection : 09-05-1988 Place of collection : Thalakkaveri, Kodagu (Coorg) district, Karnataka Collector : KC Velayudhan Nature of type : Isotype (Fig.4.9) Collection ID : V3561 Key characters : Very long fusiform root tubers, inflorescence laxy, smaller and fewer coma bracts, fertile bracts pale yellow-green with purple tip, highly exerted flower with bright yellow corolla, deeply lobbed labellum, anthers deep yellow. Flowering time : April-May Citation : Velayudhan KC, VK Muralidharan, VA Amalraj, PL Gautam, S Mandal and D Kumar (1999) Curcuma genetic resources. NBPGR Regional Station, Thrissur, India, pp41.

Notes : An endemic species (Sasikumar, 2005); species resembles C. neilgherrensis Wight in having lateral inflorescence, pubescent leaves, pinkish leaf sheath/ petiole.

Fig. 4.10 Herbarium specimen (HS no. 18852, Holotype) image of Curcuma longa var. vanaharidra

4.10 Curcuma longa L. var. vanaharidra Velay., S.R. Pandravada, J.K. George and K.S. Varaprasad

Botanical name : Curcuma longa var. vanaharidra Velay., S.R.Pandravada, J.K.George and K.S.Varaprasad Family : Zingiberaceae Authors : KC Velayudhan, SR Pandravada, JK George and KS Varaprasad Herbarium specimen no. : 18852 Date of collection : 20-08-2006 Place of collection : Araku Valley, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh Collector : KC Velayudhan Nature of type : Holotype (Fig. 4.10) Collection ID : SJ-4055; NBPGR/TCR no. 1306 Key characters : Rhizome palmately branched with light orange cortex and darker core, flesh mildly scented, slightly acrid, spike central, floral bracts whitish-green, coma bracts whitish with light pinkish tint towards top; flower shorter than bract or equal, calyx and corolla whitish- cream, anther horizontally placed, white, stigma white, highly protruding Flowering time : July-August Citation : Velayudhan KC, SR Pandravada, JK George and KS Varaprasad (2009) Report on occurrence of a new taxon Curcuma longa var. vanaharidra from Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33: 172-176 Notes : Species of rare in occurrence; morphologically distinct from cultivated ‘Kasturi’ cultivar of Eastern Ghats part of Odisha. Very distinct from Curcuma longa L. though considered a synonym. Germplasm (IC360212) conserved in the FGB at regional station Thrissur, Kerala.

Fig. 4.11 Herbarium specimen (HS no. 7616; Isotype) image of Curcuma malabarica

4.11 Curcuma malabarica Velay., Amalraj & Mural.

Botanical name : Curcuma malabarica Velay., Amalraj & Mural. Family : Zingiberaceae Authors : KC Velayudhan, VA Amalraj and VK Muralidharan Herbarium specimen no. : 7616 Date of collection : 01-05-1988 Place of collection : Pavaratty, Thrissur district, Kerala Collector : KC Velayudhan Nature of type and location : Isotype (Fig.4.11) Collection ID : AV 158 Key characters : Rhizome ovate-spherical, whitish grey flesh, tubers sessile, grey- light blue; strongly aromatic and bitter; leaves elliptical ovate, glabrous, purple streaked upto half portion, fading at maturity; inflorescence appearing before or along with leaves, purple, flowers equal to bracts and petals being light pinkish white-pale reddish white; anther basal spur curved and pointed.

Flowering time : May-June

Citation : Velayudhan KC, VS Pillai and VA Amalraj (1990) Curcuma malabarica (Zingiberaceae) - a new species from West Coast of South India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 14: 189-191.

Notes : Allied to Curcuma caesia Roxb. and synonym of Curcuma zedoaria (Christ.) Roscoe. Frequently growing in sandy coastal belt of Kerala, more often in the transitional zone between sandy coastal belt and midland along the streams in paddy lands. Tubers eaten as substitute for arrowroot by locals.

Fig. 4.12 Herbarium specimen (HS no. 8228; Isotype) image of Curcuma thalakaveriensis

4.12 Curcuma thalakaveriensis Velay., Amalraj & Mural.

Botanical name : Curcuma thalakaveriensis Velay., Amalraj & Mural.

Family : Zingiberaceae Authors : KC Velayudhan, VA Amalraj and VK Muralidharan Herbarium specimen no. : 8228 Date of collection : 25-01-1991 Place of collection : Kodagu (Coorg) district, Thalakavery, Karnataka Collector : KC Velayudhan Nature of type : Isotype (Fig.4.12) Collection ID : V-3561 Key characters : Herb with purple pseudostem, rhizome ovoid, tubers fusiform, lateral tubers absent; leaves lanceolate softly pubescent on both sides, inflorescence lateral and central; coma few, pale greenish white with pink tip; fertile bract triangular; flower longer than bracts, calyx translucent, pink streaked, minutely hairy outside; petal purple dotted, pale yellow and purple tip, lateral lobes cream; staminodes bright yellow.

Flowering time : January-February

Cited literature : Velayudhan KC, VA Amalraj and VK Muralidharan (1991) Curcuma thalakaveriensis sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae) - a new species from Karnataka state, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 15: 479-481

Notes : Elegant taxon, closely related to C. coriacea Mangaly & Sabu (1989); synonymised under Curcuma kudagensis. Species occurs on rocky crevices on grass-land fringes.

Fig. 4.13a Herbarium specimen (HS no. 21356; Isotype) image of Herpetospermum operculatum (twig with female flower) 44

Fig. 4.13b Herbarium specimen (HS no 21356; Isotype) image of Herpetospermum operculatum (twig with male flower) 45

4.13 Herpetospermum operculatum K.Pradheep, A.Pandey, K.C.Bhatt & E.R.Nayar

Botanical name : Herpetospermum operculatum K.Pradheep, A.Pandey, K.C.Bhatt & E.R.Nayar Family : Cucurbitaceae Authors : K Pradheep, A Pandey, KC Bhatt and ER Nayar Herbarium specimen no. : 21356 (Isotype) (Fig.4.13a,b) Date of collection : 20-10-2012

Place of collection : Sadam, district South Sikkim, Sikkim Collection ID : K Pradheep1449 Collector : K Pradheep Key characters : Dioecious climber, smooth yellow striped fruit, prominent probracts and bracts, ascendant seed arrangement in fruit; distinctive operculate lid at stylar end not in other species.

Flowering time : September-October Fruiting time : October-November

Cited literature : Pradheep K, A Pandey, KC Bhatt and ER Nayar (2014) Herpetospermum operculatum (Shizopeponeae, Cucurbitaceae), a new species from India, Myanmar and China. Blumea 59:1-5

Notes : Locally called as chi-patta sold in markets of Nagaland. The tender and leaves used as leafy vegetable. Taxon expected to occur in West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh and adjoining parts (Nepal and Bhutan).

Fig. 4.14 Herbarium specimen (HS no. 22675; Epitype) image of Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. cochinchinensis (twig with female flower) 47

4.14 Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng.

Botanical name : Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. Family : Cucurbitaceae Herbarium specimen no. : 22675 (Epitype) (Fig.4.14) Date of collection : 27-11-2011 Place of collection : Baisupara, Udaipur, Tripura

Collector : KJ John

Nature of type : Epitype (Fig.4.14)

Collection ID : JB/11-225

Key characters : Flowers orange yellow, smaller; male flower calyx has two yellow marks on the base outside; stigma greenish yellow; fruit prolate

Flowering time : August-September

Fruiting time : November-December

Citation : John JK, YC Roy, MV Krishnaraj, RA Nair, M Deepu, M Latha, KV Bhatt and LK Bharathi (2018) A new subspecies of Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) from Andaman Islands, India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 65: 103-112.

Notes : The current specimen was designated as ‘epitype’ due to poor representation of identifying characters in ‘type’ specimen (John et al., 2018).

Fig. 4.15a Herbarium specimen (HS no. 22673; Isotype) image of Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. andamanica (twig with male flower) 49

Fig. 4.15b Herbarium specimen (HS no. 22672; Paratype) image of Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. andamanica (twig with female flower) 50

4.15 Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. andamanica K.J. John, Y.C. Roy & Krishnaraj

Botanical name : Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. andamanica K.J.John, Y.C Roy & Krishnaraj Family : Cucurbitaceae Authors : K Joseph John, YC Roy and MV Krishnaraj Herbarium specimen no. : 22673 (Isotype ) (Fig.4.15a) 22672 (Paratype) (Fig.4.15b) Date of collection : 18-11-2008 Place of collection : Adazig, Middle Andaman (female); Mohanpur, Mayabhandar, Middle Andaman (male), A&N Islands Collector : KJ John Nature of type : Isotype (Fig.4.15) Paratype (Fig.4.15) Collection ID : JAS/08-28; JAS/08-02 Key characters : Flowers orange yellow, smaller; male flower calyx has two yellow marks on the base outside; stigma greenish yellow; fruit prolate

Flowering time : August-September Fruiting time : November-December

Citation : John JK, YC Roy, MV Krishnaraj, RA Nair, M Deepu, M Latha, KV Bhatt and LK Bharathi (2018) A new subspeciesof Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) fromAndaman Islands, India. Genetic Resources and Crops Evolution 65: 103-112.

Notes : Taxon was frequent in the type locality; unripe fruit as vegetable. Conserved in NGB (IC567226, 567265).

Fig. 4.16 Herbarium specimen (HS no. 20927; Holotype) image of Momordica X suboica

4.16 Momordica X suboica L.K.Bharathi

Botanical name : Momordica X suboica Bharathi

(Momordica dioica X Momordica subangulata subsp. renigera)

Family : Cucurbitaceae Authors : LK Bharathi Herbarium specimen no. : 20927 Date of collection : 12-09-2012 Place of collection : CHES, RS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha Collector : KJ John Nature of type : Holotype (Fig.4.16) Collection ID : JJ-2012 Key characters : Root tubers fusiform-loboid-subgloboid, leaf longitudinally channelled; male and female flowers solitary, greenish yellow, opening in the midnight, axillary, bracts light green, shining, calyx cup saucer shaped, sepals greenish crimson; petals fleshy, greenish yellow, inner petals with blackish purple blotch; nectary orange yellow, enclosed in calyx cup, ovary dark green; fruits densely softly echinate, spines bright orange on ripening, dehiscence by basal splitting of fruit, flesh aril deep red; seeds flat, sculptured on faces with grooves. Flowering time : June-July Fruiting time : August-September Citation : Bharathi LK, HS Singh and KJ John (2014) A novel synthetic species of Momordica (M. X suboica Bharathi) with potential as a new vegetable crop. Genetic Resources and Crops Evolution 61(5): 875- 878 PGR value : A synthetic hybrid developed by crossing natural tetraploid X M. subangulata subsp. renigera (2n=56) with induced 4 x M. dioica. prominent adventitious root tubers and propagated like female parent. Young fruits used as vegetable.

Fig. 4.17 Herbarium specimen (HS no. 12772; Isotype) image of Piper pseudonigrum

4.17 Piper pseudonigrum Velay. & Amalraj

Botanical name : Piper pseudonigrum Velay. & Amalraj syn. Piper pseudonigrum E.S.S. Kumar and S.P. Mathew Family : Piperaceae Authors : KC Velayudhan and VA Amalraj Herbarium specimen no. : 12772 Date of collection : 06-04-1988 Place of collection : Silent valley, Palghat district, Kerala Collector : KC Velayudhan and VA Amalraj Nature of type : Isotype (Fig. 4.17) Collection ID : AV202 Key characters : Robust shrubby climber, leaf base equal, sparsely distributed male flowers on long light purple to purple colour spikes

Flowering time : February-April

Fruiting time : December

Citation : Velayudhan KC and Amalraj VA (1992)Piper pseudonigrum-a new species from Western Ghats. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 16:247-250

Notes : Taxon closely resembles Piper nigrum in habit and leaf morphology, fruit less pungent and flowering earlier to P. nigrum; rechristened as Piper velayudhani (Kumar et al. 2013) as it is an illegitimate later homonym (of P. pseudonigrum C.DC., 1898)

4.1 8 Herbarium specimen (HS no. 24213; Isotype) image of Trichosanthes dunniana subsp. clarkei (male inflorescence and leaf) 56

4.18 Trichosanthes dunniana H. Lev. subsp. clarkei K.Pradheep

Botanical name : Trichosanthes dunniana H. Lev. subsp. clarkei K. Pradheep Family : Cucurbitaceae Authors : K Pradheep Herbarium specimen no. : 24213 Date of collection : 12-08-2018 Place of collection : Radong, Near Ranipool, East Sikkim, Sikkim Collector : K Pradheep Nature of type : Isotype (Fig. 4.18) Collection ID : 2741

Flowering time : July-September

Fruiting time : October-November

Key characters : Young stem purple colour; greenish bract, flower calyx lobe green colour often purple tinged; corolla white

Citation : Pradheep K, KJ John, PK Singh, RS Rathi and A Pandey (2021) A new subspecies and new records of Trichosanthes (Cucurbitaceae) for India and notes on T. khasiana. Blumea 65: 233-243

Notes : Endemic to Northeastern Hill region especially Sikkim and foot hills of West Bengal. Species is common in Sikkim (300-1500m). Staminate plants dominating in natural population with approximate sex ratio male: female (10-15:1).

Fig. 4.19 Herbarium specimen (HS no. 21377; Holotype) image of Vigna konkanensis

4.19 Vigna konkanensis Latha, K.V.Bhat, I.S.Bisht, S. Scariah, K.J.John & Krishnaraj

Botanical name : Vigna konkanensis Latha, K.V.Bhat, I.S.Bisht, S. Scariah, K.J.John & Krishnaraj Family : Leguminosae Authors : MLatha, KV Bhat, IS Bisht, SScariah, KJ John and MV Krishnaraj Herbarium specimen no. : 21377 Date of collection : 10-08-2000 Place of collection : Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra Collector : KV Bhat and IS Bisht Nature of type : Holotype (Fig. 4.19) Collection ID : 64-2000 Key characters : Stem with profused branching from the base, leaflets dark green-purple, stipule and inflorescence glabrous; stipule ovate-elliptic; young pods without pinkish spot at apex; mature pods sparsely setose hairy; seeds with appressed reticulations on testa Flowering time : August-September Fruiting time : October-November

Citation : Latha M, S Scariah, MV Krishnaraj, KT Presannakumari, KV Bhat, IS Bisht and KJ John (2014) Vigna konkanensis (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) a new species from the west coast of India. Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Geography (Webbia) 69(1): 49-52

Notes : Crop wild relative of Vigna radiata (mung bean). Allied to V. hainiana and V. sublobata. Seeds conserved in NGB (IC277045), ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi.

Appendix 4.1

Details of taxon sheet

Sl. no. Taxon details Details 1 Botanical name 2 Family 3 Author(s) 4 Herbarium specimen no. 5 Date of collection 6 Place of collection 7 Collector(s) 8 Nature of type 9 Collection ID 10 Key characters 11 Flowering time 12 Fruiting time 13 Citation 14 Notes

Overview 5

This publication entitles “Catalogue of the Type Specimens in the National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants” inventorises information on ‘type’ taxa deposited in the NHCP from different sources and is an outcome of research work undertaken by taxonomists, scientists and other workers mostly of ICAR-NBPGR. It aims to provide first-hand information on the ‘type’ material that are otherwise difficult to access through consultation visit to the herbaria. The National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP) has 24,230 herbarium specimens representative of 265 families, 1500 genera and 4,156 species of important taxa of plant genetic resource (PGR) relevance including over 500 crop taxa and 550 species of crop wild relatives (CWR)/weedy relatives (Pandey et al., 2015; 2019). Presently there is thrust on herbarium collections of landraces, CWR and taxa of unrepresented eco-geography (as neglected regions, across ecogeographical regions, tribal/ north-eastern region). Floristically and ethnically richer and geographically distinct sites are the seats of concentration and evolution of new diversity among the taxa of native importance. While undertaking explorations and germplasm collections activity, a large percentage of the plant taxa remain un-noticed in their natural habitats. When encountered and critically studied, they are realized to deviate from the existing diversity and thus are potential candidate for ‘new’ taxa. The foregoing chapters in document highlight on the ‘type’ taxa representing diversity in the Indian gene centre with their plant genetic resource potential. This chapter summarizes the contents of earlier chapters, besides laying emphasis on how importance of ‘types’ and methodology to study them. The ‘types’ were described from varied geographic regions of the country during survey and explorations mainly the diversity rich pockets of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Odisha, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Mizoram, Sikkim, Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Chapter 1 is the introductory chapter that deals with the salient features of National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants (NHCP), New Delhi. The significant status of NHCP holding along with collections, their maintenance and user guidelines are provided to sensitize users about its uniqueness. Chapter 2 is an introduction on ‘Type’ collections with definitions of different ‘types’ classified. As a standard procedure they are generally stored in red coloured folders and kept safe from rest of the general collections, preferably in separate storage sections. They are only made available to for use by the indentors only after special permission, especially to taxonomists. Since they are highly precious herbarium curator keeps a special attention on its preservation. To keep them safe, virtual images are made available on request by

61 the researchers. To support the users’ guidelines extra information on ‘Point must be followed’ and ‘Important terminology’ is provided in Appendix I.

Chapter 3 deals with the Status of ‘Type’ specimens in the NHCP and a list of deposited taxa. It includes a total of 21 taxa belonging to 8 genera and 5 families described by ICAR-NBPGR that includes 47 ‘type’ specimens (24 specimens of new taxa deposited with NHCP; and 23 in other Indian and foreign herbaria). The holdings in eight genera viz. Abelmoschus, Cucumis, Curcuma, Herpetospermum, Momordica, Piper, Trichosanthes and Vigna are represented and preserved at NHCP. The chapter provides the list of new taxa as ‘type’ with herbarium number, plant family, ‘type’ category.

Chapter 4 provides details of taxa of ‘Type’ specimens in the NHCP. In this chapter, ‘type’ taxa are arranged alphabetically starting from Abelmoschus to Vigna. ‘Type’ collections of newly described taxa by ICAR- NBPGR and 47 ‘type’ specimens (24specimens of new taxa deposited in NHCP; and 23 in other Indian and foreign herbaria) under 18 taxa which belong to 8 genera and 5 families (listed below). The eight genera viz. Abelmoschus, Cucumis, Curcuma, Herpetospermum, Momordica, Piper, Trichosanthes and Vigna are some valuable collections preserved at NHCP. Besides, a list ‘type’ specimens described by ICAR-NBPGR and deposited in other Indian and foreign herbaria is provided to help users to study the material in physical form. Detailed description of individual ‘type’ (virtual herbarium) available with the NHCP in a format including 15 fields and virtual herbarium of each as ‘taxon sheet’ is represented with visible characters. Table.5.1 List of new taxa described by ICAR-NBPGR and deposited with NHCP

Sl. No Taxa 1 Abelmoschus angulosus Wight & Arn. var. mahendragiriensis R.C. Misra & D.Pani 2 Abelmoschus enbeepeegearensis K.J.John, Scariah, Nissar, K.V.Bhat & S.R.Yadav 3 Abelmoschus pungens var. mizoramensis K.J. John, Krishnaraj & K.Pradeep 4 Abelmoschus tuberculatus Pal & HarB.Singh 5 Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. alwarensis A. Pandey & S. Rajkumar 6 Curcuma amada Roxb. var. glabra Velay., Unnikr., Asha & Maya 7 Curcuma karnatakensis Amalraj, Velay. & Mural. 8 Curcuma kshnopatra Velay. 9 Curcuma kudagensis Velay., V.S. Pillai & Amalraj 10 Curcuma longa L. var. vanaharidra Velay., Pandrav., J.K. George & Varap. 11 Curcuma malabarica Velay., Amalraj & Mural. 12 Curcuma thalakaveriensis Velay., Amalraj & Mural. 13 Herpetospermum operculatum K.Pradheep, A.Pandey, K.C.Bhatt & E.R.Nayar 14 Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. 15 Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. andamanensis Kattuk., Roy & Krishnaraj 16 Momordica subioica Bharathi

17 Piper pseudonigrum Velay. & Amalraj 18 Trichosanthes dunniana subsp. clarkei K.Pradheep 19 Vigna konkanensis Latha, K.V.Bhat, I.S.Bisht, Scariah, K.J.John & Krishnaraj

Considering that each ‘type’ is significant, discussions on the key characters are provided. The ‘notes’ mainly emphasize on the PGR value; additionally include some remarks by other authors working on taxonomy and systematics. Conservation modeif available is provided in notes section of the taxon sheet. Majority of ‘type’ taxa were represented from wild habitats collected through the explorations to diversity rich areas. Abelmoschus angulosus var. mahendragiriensis reportedly occurring in restricted habitats was a wild gathered species used for tender fruits and leaves locally consumed by the Saura tribe of the Mahendragiri hills in Odisha. Another taxon, A. enbeepeegearensis was a distant wild relative of cultivated okra that was found closer to ambrette (A. moschatus) was also used for tender edible fruits. Abelmoschus tuberculatus a wild relative of okra, can be used as progenitor for transforming genes to other related species; it had proven potential resistance to spiny bull worm and yellow vein mosaic virus. Herpetospermum operculatum locally used as leafy vegetable, also sold in the markets of Nagaland. Cucumis melo L. var. alwarensis, a species allied to the snake melon (Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. flexuosus (L.) Naudin was under restricted cultivation for edible fruits as salad, vegetable and dessert. Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. andamanica and Momordica X suboica were used as fruit as vegetable in respective areas of their type locality. Trichosanthes dunniana subsp. clarkei is a wild relative of Trichosanthes and distributed in North-eastern region. Curcuma amada var. glabra is wild relative of mango ginger (C. amada) but its tubers were reported to have high starch contents. C. malabarica resembles C. caesia, had tubers eaten as substitute for arrow root. Curcuma karnatakensis closely related to C. albiflora;C. longa var. vanaharidra. In the end, highlights on the overall summary of the document are casted as ‘Overview’ in chapter 5. It sums up the contents of the document; annexure I and II provide some important global and national herbaria and important taxonomic databases that can be used to study ‘type’ available elsewhere. Future thrusts Keeping in view the foregoing account, and the overall treatment presented in this book which is an outcome of efforts made by ICAR-NBPGR, the following suggestions for future work are presented below:  Strengthening holdings of ‘new taxa’ based on priorities of collecting and gaps identified in areas.  Ecogeographic surveys and identification of areas rich in representation of diversity as ‘types’.  Inventorizing data to better understand aspects of systematics of the taxa of Indian origin.

 Study on population biology of new genotypes in the sites likely to be identified as ‘type’.  Maintenance and conservation of ‘type’ taxa in NGB/FGB; updation of name changes in the database. While compiling this information the protologue of each ‘type’ were critically studied, consulted and taxon sheets were prepared. While checking on types, the specimens deposited by the authors in other herbaria were consulted online (where available). The NHCP intends to preserve the ‘type’ deposited ‘as it is’ by the authors. The document on the one hand will focus attention on diverse surveys, exploration and research towards collection of diversity of the ‘types’. On the other hand it would serve as a source book for reference on ‘type’ in India available with the NBPGR-NHCP. Equally important is the need for basic studies on taxonomic and evolutionary relationships among the ‘type’ taxa of native origin. It would be desirable to maintain and conserve diversity of ‘type’ material in the experimental plots and monitoring in natural habitats. It may possibly be conserved/ protected through direct use. A directed approach to such studies on biosystematics has been undertaken in the ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, through different research programmes. To conclude, study on systematic, taxonomy and phylogeny of various groups can be further enhanced. This demands close networking with other national nodal organizations such as the Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Kolkata, West Bengal, the National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, the Department of Environment & Forests, and organizations like Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi.

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Annexure I Important herbaria of the world

Sl. Herbarium Acronym Country Number of No. Specimens 1 Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K- includes c. 1.5 million K United 8,125,000 mycological specimens which are housed separately) Kingdom 2 William and Lynda Steere Herbarium, New York Botanical NY USA 7,921,000 Garden, New York 3 Herbarium, V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Saint Petersburg LE Russia 7,160,000

4 Herbarium, Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, Missouri MO USA 6,500,000 5 Herbier, Laboratorie de Phanerogamie & Cryptogamie, Museum P & PC France 6,000,000 National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris 6 Natural History Museum, London BM United 5,200,000 Kingdom 7 Natural History Museum, Florence FI Italy 5,000,000 8 Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh E United 3,000,000 Kingdom 9 University of Copenhagen C Denmark 2,900,000 10 Singapore Botanic Garden SING Singapore 750,000 Source: Index Herbariorum (2021)

Important herbaria in India

Sl. No. Herbarium Acronym Place Number of Specimens 1 Central National Herbarium CAL Howrah 2,086,650 2 Forest Research Institute DD Dehradun 3,40,000 3 Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre ASSAM Shillong 2,90,650 4 Botanical Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre MH Coimbatore 2,66,000 5 National Botanical Research Institute LWG Lucknow 2, 65, 572

6 Rapinat Herbarium, St. Joseph’s College RHT Tiruchirapp 2,25,686 alli 7 Blatter Herbarium, St. Xavier’s College BLAT Mumbai 1,81,186 8 Botanical Survey of India, Western Regional Centre BSI Pune 1,76,600 9 Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre BSD Dehra Dun 1,24,392 10 Madras Presidency College Herbarium, Presidency College PCM Chennai 1,00,000 Source: Index Herbariorum (2021)

Annexure II Important taxonomic databases Sl. No. Database Web link*

1 The PlantList http://www.theplantlist.org/ 2 IPNI https://www.ipni.org/ 3 POWO http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ 4 USDA https://plants.usda.gov/about_adv_search.html 5 Kew herbarium database http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/navigator.do 6 GRIN https://www.ars-grin.gov/ 7 NCBI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy 8 Global Compositae database https://www.compositae.org/ 9 International Legume database and http://www.ildis.org/ information service 10 BHL database https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ 11 GBIF https://www.gbif.org/ 12 Genome Taxonomy Database https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/ Source:* from respective websites

iii

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