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Middle East Journal of Agriculture Volume : 07 | Issue : 04 | Oct.-Dec. | 2018 Research Pages:1688-1701 ISSN 2077-4605

Taxonomic revision of Piuus L. in Egypt Fatema S. Mohamed

Flora and Phytotaxonomy Researches Department, Horticulture Research Institute, ARC., Giza, Egypt. Received: 20 Oct. 2018 / Accepted 10 Dec. 2018 / Publication date: 24 Dec. 2018

ABSTRACT This study includes taxonomic revision, documentation, description and distribution of Pinus species cultivated in Egypt. Fresh specimens were collected from three gardens; The Agricultural Museum, El-Orman and the Zoo Gardens. Seven species and one variety were collected, identified, described and compared with the specimens in the herbarium of Flora and Phytotaxonomy Researches Department (CAIM). Three new species and one variety were deposited in the herbarium namely; P. brutia Ten., P. brutia Ten. var. eldarica (Medw.) Silba., P. canariensis C. Smith and P. sylvestris L. Herbarium specimens were examined and photographed to help in establishing database information and to be available for the taxonomic researchers to further study of this genus. This study showed the importance of morphological traits for taxonomic evaluation among the studied taxa of Pinus in Egypt. Moreover a constructed key to Pinus species is provided.

Keywords: Pinaceae, Pinus, Resinous trees, Coniferous

Introduction

The family Pinaceae is trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance contains 11 genera and 220 species (Farjon 1998). According to the characters of cone and seed, Pinaceae are divided into four subfamilies; Pinoideae, Piceoideae, Laricoideae and Abietoideae (Frankis 1989 and Farjon 1990). Among Coniferous the pines constitute by far the most important group regarding either from the point of view of number of species or that of economic value (Bean 1922). The true pines are evergreen resin- yielding trees belonging to the tribe Abietineae. Pines widely distributed in the northern hemisphere from the limit of tree growth on the plains of North America to the subtropical region of North Africa. Many pines yield timber of economic importance which is used for innumerable purposes. Several species yield an oleo- resin which by distillation produce turpentine and resin (Dallimore and Jackson1931). Pinus L. is the largest genus of gymnosperms including more than 110 species (Little & Critchfield, 1969; Farjon & Styles, 1997; Debreczy & Rácz, 2011). Pinus L. is composed of two subgenera, Strobus (D.Don) Lemmon and Pinus (Little & Critchfield, 1969; Gernandt et al., 2005), both of which have limited distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, except for one species of subgenus Pinus (Little & Critchfield, 1969; Farjon & Styles, 1997; Price et al., 1998; Debreczy & Rácz, 2011). Pinus L. appeared no later than the early Cretaceous, as indicated by the occurrences of P. belgica (Alvin 1960) and P. yorkshirensis (Ryberg et al., 2012) in deposits of this period. Fossil ovulate cones of Pinus are found abundantly in deposits younger than the early Cretaceous (Miki 1957, A xelrod 1986, Mai 1986 and Yamada et al., 2014). There have been many attempts to reconstruct the phylogeny of Pinaceae, including fossil Pinus spp., defined by their ovulate cone features (Smith & Stockey 2002,Gernandt et al., 2011, Ryberg et al., 2012 and Smith et al., 2017). Based on molecular phylogenetic analysis (Gernandt et al., 2005). Subgenus Strobus is subdivided into three sections Parrya Mayr, Quinquefoliae Duhamel and Trifoliae Duhamel. Section Mayr is composed of subsections Nelsoniae van den Burgh, Balfourianae Engelm. and Cembroides Engelm. Section Quinquefoliae Duhamel is composed of subsections Gerardianae Loud., Krempfianae Little & Critchfield and Strobus Loud. Subgenus Pinus is subdivided into section Pinus which is composed of subsections Pinaster Loud. and Pinus. Section Trifoliae Duhamel is composed of subsections Australes Loud., Ponderosae Loud. and Contortae Little & Critchfield. Corresponding Author: Fatema S. Mohamed, Flora and Phytotaxonomy Researches Department, Horticulture Research Institute, ARC., Giza, Egypt. E-mail: 1688 Middle East J. Agric. Res., 7(4): 1688-1701, 2018 ISSN: 2077-4605

The aim of this study was to carry out a taxonomic revision of genus Pinus L. in Egypt and construct a more recent identification key for the studied taxa.

Materials and Methods

The present study includes eight taxa of Pinus L. collected fresh from three gardens in Egypt as shown in (Table 1). The taxa were identified by means of comparison with authentic specimens kept in the herbarium of the Flora and Phytotaxonomy Research Department (CAIM) In addition to botanical keys of Bailey (1949), Zohary (1966), Davis (1975), Humphries (1981) and Thompson (1992).

Table 1: The occurrence of studied taxa in the major gardens of Giza. Taxa El-Orman Garden Museum Garden Zoo Garden P. brutia Ten. + - - P. brutia Ten. var. eldarica (Medw.) Silba. + - - P. canariensis C. Smith + + + P. densiflora Sieb. & Zuce. - - - P. halepensis Miller + + - P. pinea L. + + + P. roxburghii Sarg. + + - P. sylvestris L. - + - + = Present, - = Absent

The herbarium specimens were examined, photographed and kept in the herbarium of the Flora and Phytotaxonomy Research Department (CAIM). The morphological characters of collected specimens of studied taxa were studied. The relationship between the studied taxa has been analyzed using Average Linkage (Between Groups) of SPSS programme.

Results

I- Systematic position of Pinus L. in the system of A. Engler according to Melchior and Werdermann (1954).

Kingdom: Plantae (Plants) Division: Gymnospermae Class: Coniferopsida Order: Coniferae Family: Pinaceae SubFamily: Pinoideae Genus: Pinus L.

II- Systematic position of studied taxa in Pinus L. according to Farjon (1998). The studied taxa are belonging to two subsections as shown in Table (2).

Table 2: Infrageneric classification of studied taxa in Pinus L. according to Farjon (1998). Subgenus Section Subsection Species Pinus P. sylvestris and P. densiflora Pinus Pinus Pinaster Mayr ex P. brutia, P. halepensis, P. canariensis, P. pinea and P. Koehne roxburghii

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III- Description of the genus

Pinus L. Sp. Pl 2:1000 (1753); Gen Pl. ed. 5. (1753); Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 434, (1754). Bailey 1949, p. 92; Zohary 1966, p. 54; Davis 1975, p. 71; Humphries 1981, p.74 ; Thompson 1992, p. 54.. Ever green tree. Winter buds covered with imbricate scales. Leaves of two kinds, the primary fascicles of 2- 5 surrounded at base by sheaths of bud scales. Staminate flowers axillary, clustered at base of young shoots, catkin- like yellow enlarged and scale- like at apex. Pistillate flower lateral or subterminal, greenish or purplish of numerous spirally arranged scales in the axils of small bracts, each bearing 2 ovules inside. Cones sub globose to cylindrical with woody imprecated persistent scales. The exposed part of scales called apophysis. The Plant List compiled by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accepts 126 species names of pines as current, together with 35 unresolved species and many more synonyms.

IV- Key to the studied Pinus species:

A- Leaves in fascicles of 3. B- Leaves 20- 30 cm long, seed 2 mm long, wing 15 x 4- 5 mm .2 P. canariensis BB- Leaves more than 30 cm long, seed 7- 8 mm long, 17-18 x 7-8 mm…… …….…………………………………………………………6.P. roxburghii AA- Leaves in fascicles of 2. C- Seed 2 cm, wing 4- 6 mm long…………………….………………………5 P. pinea CC- Seed shorter than 2 cm, wing longer than 6 mm D- Cones 3- 5 cm long, seed 3- 5 mm long. E- Leaves 2.5- 5 cm long……………………….………..7 P. sylvestris EE- Leaves 8- 12 cm long………….………………… 3 P. densiflora DD- Cones 6- 12 cm long, seed 7- 8 mm long. F- Branches twisted, bark smooth, silvery gray, leaves 6-12cm long……………………………………...…………...4 P. halepensis FF- Branch straight, bark deeply fissured, orange- red, leaves 10-16cm long……………………………………………….………1 P. brutia

V- Description of the studied taxa: 1- P. brutia Ten., Prodr. Fl. Nap., 1:57 (1811);. Davis 1975, p. 74; Humphries 1981, p.84. Syn: P. pityusa Stev., In Bull. Soc. Nat. Masc. 1:49 (1838). Common name: Calabrian Pine or Turkish pine.

Tree with straight trunk and branches up to 25 m. high. Comus diffuse. Bark orange-red. Twigs glabrous, usually reddish in the first year becoming grayish brown. Buds non- resinous, the scales recurved and fimbriate. Leaves 10- 16 cm long and 1- 1.5 mm wide, light green. Cones erect or ascending, 6–11 cm x 4–5 cm, oblong- conical, usually more than 2 borne together, scales with depression containing the umbo- peduncles very short whorled ascending oblong- conical. Seed 7–8 mm long, with a 15–20 mm wing mainly wind-dispersed.

Distribution: Native to the eastern Mediterranean region. The bulk of its range is in Turkey, but it also extends to southeastern-most Bulgaria, the East Aegean Islands of Aegean Sea, Crete, the Crimea, Iran, Georgia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, western Syria, north-west Jordan, Lebanon, and Cyprus. Introduced from Syria to Egypt and cultivated in El- Orman garden.

Specimens examined:

El- Orman Garden, 29-12- 2016, Fatema Sami 301(CAIM).

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P. brutia Ten. var. eldarica (Medw.) Silba., Phytologia 58: 267 (1985). .- Syn: P. eldarica Medw., Vestn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 6 (2): 21 (1903). The leaves slender, mostly 20-29 cm long, bright green to slightly yellowish green. The cones are stout, pendulous, heavy and hard.

Distribution: Native to southern Russia, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Endemic to Azerbaijan, the Caucasus Biodiversity Hotspot, occurring in Azerbaijan and Georgia. Introduced from Syria to Egypt and cultivated in El- Orman garden.

Specimens examined:

El- Orman Garden, 29-12- 2016, Fatema Sami 302 (CAIM).

2- P. canariensis C. Smith, Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. 159 (1828). Bailey 1949, p. 93; Humphries 1981, p.84. Common name: Canary Pine.

Tree up to 80 feet. The trunk and branches with scattered short leafy branchlets. Bark reddish slightly fissured. Winter buds with reflexed white fringed scales. Leaves in fascicles of 3, slender and drooping 20- 30 cm long, minutely serrulate light green and lustrous. The persistence sheath about 2 cm. long. Cone cylindrical- ovoid, 10- 22 cm long brown and glossy, short stalked, scales broad pyramidal with dorsal obtuse umbo. The seeds are shiny blackish brown above, matt-grey below, 11- 15 × 6-7 mm with a wing 15-25 × 10 mm, buff to reddish with numerous wavy dark brown streaks.

Distribution: Native and endemic to Canary Islands of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma, Hierro and Gomera. The species is locally naturalized in USA: California and other many countries. Cultivated in El-Orman, the Zoo and the Museum gardens in Giza, Egypt.

Specimens examined: El- Orman Garden, 29-12- 2016, Fatema Sami303(CAIM); Agricultural Museum Garden, 11- 1- 2017, Fatema Sami 320(CAIM); Zoo Garden, 27- 9- 2018, Fatema Sami 399(CAIM) .

3- P. densiflora Sieb. & Zuce., Fl. Jap. 2(3): 22 (1842); Bailey 1949, p. 93. Syns.: Pinus densiflora var. aurea Mayr, Monogr. Abietin. Japan. Reich. 91 ((1890). Pinus densiflora var. funebris (Kom.) Liou & Q.L. Wang, Fl. Lign. Pl. N. E. China 548 (1958). Common name: Red pine.

Tree up to 35 m with horizontal branches forming an irregular rather broad head. Bark scaly, orange- red. The young branches orange-yellow and bloomy. Buds cylindrical. Leaves in fascicles of 2, slender and bright bluish green, 8-12 cm long, minutely serrulate, the persistence sheath 1 cm. long ending in 2 long points. Cones conical about 3-5 cm long, short stalked, deciduous, dehiscent. Scales thin with small dorsal umbo sometimes with a prickle. Seed grayish- yellow, about 0.5 cm. long with wing 1.2- 2 cm. long.

Distribution: Japan, the Korean Peninsula, northeastern China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong) and the extreme southeast of Russia (southern Primorsky Krai). Introduced by Siebold from Japan to Europe in 1854. Found in Burg el- Arab, Egypt.

Specimens examined: Burg el- Arab, 20.5.1935, M. Drar (CAIM).

4- P. halepensis Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8- 8 (1768); Boiss., Fl. 5: 695 (1884); Bailey 1949, p. 93; Zohary 1966, p. 18; Davis 1975, p. 75; Humphries 1981, p. 84. Syns: P. halepensis var. abasica (Carrière) Carrière, Traité Gén. Conif. ed. 2, 1: 507 (1867).

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Pinus halepensis subsp. brutia (Ten.) Holmboe, Bergens Mus. Skr. II, 1(2): 29 (1914). Pinus halepesis var. brutia (Ten.) A. Henry, Trees Great Britain 5: 1100 (1910). Common name: Aleppo pine.

A stout tree, rarely exceeding 20 m high with twisted branches. Bark smooth, silvery grey and shining at first becoming reddish- brown, fissured and scaly on old boles. Shoots grey-glucose remaining grey for many years but eventually becoming green. Winter buds conical 8 mm long with fringed scales and often reflexed at the tips. Leaves 6- 15 cm long and 0.7 mm wide, in pairs, slender on thick peduncles , clear, green, curved, twisted above with minutely toothed margins and a short horny apex, 3- 8 sub marginal or central resin canals. Cones 5- 12 x 4 cm. ovate conical solitary or in groups of 2-3 spreading or deflexed, reddish on thick scaly peduncles up to 2 cm long, the scales are shiny 2.5 cm long, the exposed part is convex. Seed oblong 7mm long. Wing up to 2 cm long.

Distribution: Native to the Mediterranean region. Its range extends from Morocco, Algeria and Spain, north to southern France, Italy, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, and east to Greece, all over Malta and northern Tunisia, with an outlying population in Syria (from which it was first described), Lebanon, southern Turkey, Jordan, and Palestin. Cultivated in El-Orman and the Museum gardens in Giza, Egypt.

Specimens examined:

Kafr Hakim, 21.5.1927, Simpson 4927(CAIM); Giza, 20.10.1927, Simpson 4950 (CAIM); Burg el- Arab, 20. 5. 1935, M. Abdalla 018748 (CAIM); Agricultural Museum Garden, 15.3.1953, M. Abdalla (CAIM); Agricultural Museum Garden, 29.1.1970, F. Saad (CAIM); El- Orman, 30.3.2015, Fatema Sami, 230 (CAIM); El- Orman, 29- 12- 2016, Fatema Sami, 304 (CAIM).

5- P. pinea L. Sp. Pl. 1000 (1753); Bailey 1949, p. 93; Davis 1975, p.75; Humphries 1981, p.84. Syn: P. pinea var. maderiensis (Ten.) Carrière, Traité Gén. Conif. ed. 2, 1: 457 (1867). Common name: Stone pine.

A stout tree up to 30 m high. Comus hemispherical, lower branches horizontal. Bark reddish grey with deep longitudinal fissures. Twigs glabrous, grayish- green becoming brown at maturity. Winter bud 0.5- 1.2 cm long with reflexed scales. Leaves 10- 20 cm long and 1.2- 2 mm wide, in pairs, slightly twisted, acute with 12 stomatic lines on the outer surface and 6 stomatic lines on the inner surface. Resin canals marginal. Cones 8- 14 x 10 cm, the exposed part of the scale weakly pyramidal, solitary or twin nearly sessile, horizontal or angled. Seed 1.5- 2 x 0.7- 1.1 cm, with a powdery black coating that rubs off easily, wing 2- 4 mm.

Distribution: Native to the Mediterranean region, occurring in Southern Europe, Lebanon and Syria. It is also naturalized in North Africa, the Canary Islands, South Africa and New South Wales. The species was introduced into North Africa millennia ago, such a long time that it is essentially indistinguishable from being native. Cultivated in El-Orman, The Zoo and the Museum gardens in Giza, Egypt.

Specimens examined: Agricultural Museum Garden, 23.3.1953, M. Abdalla (CAIM); El- Orman Garden, 29. 12. 2016, Fatema Sami 305 (CAIM); Agricultural Museum Garden, 11. 1. 2017, Fatema Sami 321 (CAIM); Zoo Garden, 27. 9. 2018, Fatema Sami 392 (CAIM).

6- Pinus roxburghii Sarg., Silva N. Amer. 11: 9 (1897). Syn: Pinus longifolia Roxb. ex Lamb. Descr. Pinus 1: 29 (1803). Trees up to 55 m high. Bark dark red-brown, thick, deeply and longitudinally fissured, scaly. Winter buds brown, small, ovoid, not resinous. Leaves 3 per bundle, yellowish- green, slender, flabellate-triangular in cross section, 25-35 cm long and 1.5 mm wide, resin canals 2, median, base with persistent sheath of 2 cm long. Cones shortly pedunculate, ovoid, 10-20 × 5-8 cm Seed oblong,

1692 Middle East J. Agric. Res., 7(4): 1688-1701, 2018 ISSN: 2077-4605 thick, stiff; apophyses strongly swollen, conspicuously transversely ridged; umbo triangular, protruding. Seeds 8-9 mm long; wing 3 cm long.

Distribution: Native to the Himalayas, and was named after William Roxburgh. Native range extends from Tibet and Afghanistan through Pakistan, across northern India in Jammu and Kashmir, Nepal and Bhutan. It generally occurs at lower altitudes than other pines in the Himalaya. Cultivated in El- Orman and the Museum gardens in Giza, Egypt.

Specimens examined: Agricultural Museum Garden, 8.3.1953, M. Abdalla (CAIM); Agricultural Museum Garden, 23.3.1953, M. Abdalla (CAIM); Agricultural Museum Garden, 29.3.1953, M. Abdalla (CAIM); Manial Palace, 12.2.1954, Mahdy (CAIM); El- Orman Garden, 30.3.2015, Fatma Sami 231 (CAIM); El- Orman Garden, 29. 12. 2016, Fatema Sami 306 (CAIM); Agricultural Museum Garden, 11. 1. 2017, Fatma Sami 322 (CAIM). 7- Pinus sylvestris L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1000. (1753); Bailey 1949, p. 94; Humphries 1981, p. 80; Thompson 1992. Common name: Scot pine. A moderate sized tree 25-35 m high. The bark is fissured into irregular longitudinal plats, reddish-brown. The shoots are initially green, smooth and shining becoming grayish- brown in the second year somewhat marked by the bases of the scale- leaves. Winter buds 1 cm long, oblong- ovate with lanceolate fringed scales. Leaves 2.5-5 cm long, in pairs, grey-green, glucose, short-pointed with finely toothed margins and well- define lines of stomata on the flat inner surface but with interrupted lines on the outer surface. The resin canals are marginal. The basal sheath is initially white later becoming grey. Cones solitary or in groups of 2-3 on short peduncles, usually ovoid- conical, 3-6 cm long, grey or dull brown. The scales are narrowly oblong. Seed blackish, 3–5 mm long. Wing pale brown, 12–20 mm long.

Distribution: Native to Eurasia, ranging from Western Europe to Eastern Siberia, south to the Caucasus Mountains and Anatolia, and north to well inside the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia. Cultivated in the Museum garden in Giza, Egypt.

Specimens examined: Agricultural Museum Garden, 11. 1. 2017, Fatema Sami 323 (CAIM). VI- Numerical analysis of morphological characters: The herbarium specimens were examined and photographed (Plate 1). Morphological characters of collected fresh specimens of studied taxa were examined (Plates 2, 3, 4 and 5). The relationship between the studied taxa has been analyzed using 21 morphological characters (Table 3) by Average Linkage (Between Groups) of SPSS programme (Fig. 1).

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Fig. 1: UPGMA dendrogram showing the degree of similarity among the studied taxa in Pinus L. in Egypt

Discussion

Survey, taxonomic revision, documentation and description of Pinus L. species in Egypt were carried out. Fresh specimens were collected from three major gardens; The Agricultural Museum Garden, the Orman Garden and the Zoo Garden. Seven species and one variety were collected, identified, described and compared with the specimens in the herbarium of Flora and Phytotaxonomy Researches Department. Three new species and one variety were added to the herbarium; P. brutia Ten., P. brutia Ten. var. eldarica (Medw.) Silba, P. canariensis C. Smith and P. sylvestris L. Herbarium specimens were examined and photographed to help in establishing database information and to be available for the taxonomic researchers to further study of Pinus L. 21 morphological characters were used by Average Linkage (Between Groups) of SPSS programme to investigate the taxonomic relationship between the studied taxa. The results showed that the studied taxa were grouped into two major clusters. The first one consisted of three taxa; P. sylvestris, P. halepensis and P. densiflora while the other taxa were found in the other cluster. These results were agreed with the infrageneric classification of Pinus L. according to (Farjon 1998) in except that P. halepensis was added to the first subsection in addition to P. sylvestris and P. densiflora. the three taxa were similar in 9 characters from the 21 characters.

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Acknowledgment

I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Abd el- Halim A. Mohamed and Prof. Dr. Nail M. Fawzy (Flora and Phytotaxonomy Researches Department, HRI, ARC.) for their support and co- operation.

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Pinus brutia Pinus brutia Ten. var. eldaric Pinus canariensis