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Medicinal Ethnobotany of the Kamiesberg, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa

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Medicinal Ethnobotany of the Kamiesberg, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa Medicinal ethnobotany of the Kamiesberg, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa by JANNEKE MARGARETHA NORTJE DISSERTATION submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER SCIENTIAE in BOTANY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG SUPERVISOR: PROF B.-E. VAN WYK NOVEMBER 2011 UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG FACULTY OF SCIENCE DECLARATION ON SUBMISSION OF COPIES FOR EXAMINATION DECLARATION BY STUDENT STUDENT NUMBER: 201048933 ID NUMBER: 8710140052081 I, Mrs Janneke Margaretha Nortje hereby declare that this thesis submitted for the MSc degree in the department Botany and Plant biotechnology, for the ethnobotanical field of study at the University of Johannesburg, apart from the help recognised, is my own work and has not been formerly submitted to another university for a degree. APPROVED TITLE: Medicinal ethnobotany of the Kamiesberg, Namaqualand, South Africa POSTAL ADDRESS: TELEPHONE NUMBER: Breyerlaan 1399 HOME: 0129931921 Waverley CELL: 0827612925 Pretoria E-MAIL: [email protected] POSTAL CODE: 0186 SIGNATURE DATE 2 DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR Approval for submission of examination copies is hereby granted to the abovementioned student. The title is as officially approved. An article ready for publishing has been submitted / has not been submitted. Satisfactory arrangements have been made. SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR DATE FOR OFFICE USE Registration and title are in order: FACULTY OFFICER DATE 3 ABSTRACT Scientific relevance: Qualitative and quantitative data is presented that give a new perspective on the traditional medicinal plants of the Khoisan (Khoe-San), one of the most ancient of human cultures. The data is not only of considerable historical and cultural value, but allows for fascinating comparative studies relating to new species records, novel use records and the spatial distribution of traditional medicinal plant use knowledge within the Cape Floristic Region. Aim of the study: A detailed documentation and quantitative analysis of medicinal plants of the Kamiesberg area (an important Khoisan and Nama cultural centre) and their medicinal traditional uses, which have hitherto remained unrecorded. Materials and methods: During four study visits to the Kamiesberg, semi-structured and structured interviews were conducted with 23 local inhabitants of the Kamiesberg, mostly of Khoisan decent. In addition to standard methodology, a newly developed Matrix Method was used to quantity medicinal plant knowledge. Results: The Kamiesberg is an important center of extant Nama ethnomedicinal information but the knowledge is rapidly disappearing. Of a total of 101 medicinal plants and 1375 anecdotes, 21 species were recorded for the first time as having traditional medicinal uses and at least 284 medicinal use records were new. The relative importance, popularity and uses of the plants were quantified. The 97 newly documented vernacular names include 23 Nama (Khoekhoegowab) names and an additional 55 new variations of known names. The calculated Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI) and other indices accurately quantify the level of knowledge and will allow for future comparisons, not only within the Kamiesberg area but also with other southern African communities of Khoisan decent. Conclusion: The results showed that the Kamiesberg is an important focal point of Khoisan (Nama) traditional knowledge but that the medicinal plants have not yet been systematically recorded in the scientific literature. There are numerous new use records and new species records that are in need of scientific study. Comparative data is now available for broader comparisons of the pattern of Khoisan plants use in southern Africa and the study represents another step towards a complete synthesis of Cape Herbal Medicine. 4 Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................. 10 1.1 History of ethnobotany ................................................................................ 10 1.2 Medicinal ethnobotany of the Kamiesberg .................................................. 11 Chapter 2: Study area .............................................................................................. 29 2.1 Namaqualand ................................................................................................. 29 2.2.1 The Richtersveld ...................................................................................... 32 2.2.2 Namaqualand Hardeveld / Klipkoppe ....................................................... 33 2.2.3 Namaqualand Sandveld / Kusvlakte ........................................................ 34 2.2.4 The Knersvlakte ....................................................................................... 35 2.3 Vegetation of the Kamiesberg ........................................................................ 36 2.3.1 Mountain Fynbos ...................................................................................... 37 2.3.2 Renosterveld ............................................................................................ 38 2.3.3 Upland Succulent Karoo........................................................................... 39 2.4 History of the people of Namaqualand ............................................................ 39 2.4.1 Geographical origin of the Nama people .................................................. 39 2.4.2 Khoikhoi and Europeans .......................................................................... 41 2.4.3 Khoikhoi and Dutch settlement ................................................................. 42 2.4.4 The Khoikhoi in the eighteenth century .................................................... 44 2.4.5 The Khoikhoi in the nineteenth century .................................................... 45 2.4.6 The Khoikhoi in the twentieth century ...................................................... 46 2.5 Nama identity .................................................................................................. 47 2.6 Language of the Khoikhoi ............................................................................... 49 2.7 Towns and participants in the Kamiesberg ..................................................... 50 2.7.1 Kamieskroon ............................................................................................ 52 2.7.2 Leliefontein ............................................................................................... 53 5 2.7.3 Nourivier ................................................................................................... 53 2.7.4 Paulshoek ................................................................................................ 54 Chapter 3: Methodology ........................................................................................... 56 3.1 Data collection ................................................................................................ 56 3.2 Field work ....................................................................................................... 57 3.2.1 Phase 1 - Exploration ............................................................................... 57 3.2.2 Phase 2 - Structured interviews ............................................................... 58 3.2.3 Phase 3 - Confirmation ............................................................................ 59 3.2.4 Phase 4 - Quantification and feedback .................................................... 60 3.2.4.1 Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI) ............................................. 62 3.2.4.2 Species Popularity Index (SPI) .......................................................... 63 3.2.4.3 Additional plant species ..................................................................... 63 3.2.4.4 Feedback ........................................................................................... 63 3.3 Quantitative comparisons ............................................................................... 64 3.3.1 Importance of the medicinal plants ........................................................... 64 3.3.2 Ailment categories .................................................................................... 66 3.3.3 Kamiesberg versus the Agter-Hantam ..................................................... 67 3.4 Literature study ............................................................................................... 67 3.5 The Inventory .................................................................................................. 67 3.5.1 Taxonomic data ........................................................................................ 68 3.5.2 Vernacular names .................................................................................... 68 3.5.3 Herbarium voucher specimens ................................................................. 69 3.5.4 Recorded medicinal uses ......................................................................... 69 Chapter 4: Results and discussions ......................................................................... 70 4.1 Ethnobotanical overview of Namaqualand ...................................................... 70 4.2 Medicinal plants species of the Kamiesberg ................................................... 76 4.3 Ailments treated with medicinal plants in the Kamiesberg .............................. 97 6 4.4 Quantifying medicinal plant knowledge in the Kamiesberg ........................... 111 4.5 Comparing
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