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Chapter 1. Origins of Mac OS X
1 Chapter 1. Origins of Mac OS X "Most ideas come from previous ideas." Alan Curtis Kay The Mac OS X operating system represents a rather successful coming together of paradigms, ideologies, and technologies that have often resisted each other in the past. A good example is the cordial relationship that exists between the command-line and graphical interfaces in Mac OS X. The system is a result of the trials and tribulations of Apple and NeXT, as well as their user and developer communities. Mac OS X exemplifies how a capable system can result from the direct or indirect efforts of corporations, academic and research communities, the Open Source and Free Software movements, and, of course, individuals. Apple has been around since 1976, and many accounts of its history have been told. If the story of Apple as a company is fascinating, so is the technical history of Apple's operating systems. In this chapter,[1] we will trace the history of Mac OS X, discussing several technologies whose confluence eventually led to the modern-day Apple operating system. [1] This book's accompanying web site (www.osxbook.com) provides a more detailed technical history of all of Apple's operating systems. 1 2 2 1 1.1. Apple's Quest for the[2] Operating System [2] Whereas the word "the" is used here to designate prominence and desirability, it is an interesting coincidence that "THE" was the name of a multiprogramming system described by Edsger W. Dijkstra in a 1968 paper. It was March 1988. The Macintosh had been around for four years. -
Automatic Graph Drawing Lecture 15 Early HCI @Apple/Xerox
Inf-GraphDraw: Automatic Graph Drawing Lecture 15 Early HCI @Apple/Xerox Reinhard von Hanxleden [email protected] 1 [Wikipedia] • One of the first highly successful mass- produced microcomputer products • 5–6 millions produced from 1977 to 1993 • Designed to look like a home appliance • It’s success caused IBM to build the PC • Influenced by Breakout • Visicalc, earliest spreadsheet, first ran on Apple IIe 1981: Xerox Star • Officially named Xerox 8010 Information System • First commercial system to incorporate various technologies that have since become standard in personal computers: • Bitmapped display, window-based graphical user interface • Icons, folders, mouse (two-button) • Ethernet networking, file servers, print servers, and e- mail. • Sold with software based on Lisp (early functional/AI language) and Smalltalk (early OO language) [Wikipedia, Fair Use] Xerox Star Evolution of “Document” Icon Shape [Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0] 1983: Apple Lisa [Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr] Apple Lisa • One of the first personal computers with a graphical user interface (GUI) • In 1982, Steve Jobs (Cofounder of Apple, with Steve Wozniak) was forced out of Lisa project, moved on into existing Macintosh project, and redefined Mac as cheaper, more usable version of Lisa • Lisa was challenged by relatively high price, insufficient SW library, unreliable floppy disks, and immediate release of Macintosh • Sold just about 10,000 units in two years • Introduced several advanced features that would not reappear on Mac or PC for many years Lisa Office -
David T. Craig 941 Calle Mejia # 509, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 Home (505) 820-0358 Compuserve 71533,606
------------------------------------------------------- David T. Craig 941 Calle Mejia # 509, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 Home (505) 820-0358 CompuServe 71533,606 ------------------------------------------------------- Mr. Jef Raskin 8 Gypsy Hill Pacifica CA 94044 Re: Canon Cat and SwyftCard information Dear Mr. Raskin: Enclosed is a photocopy of the Canon Cat article that I wrote for the Historical Computer Society. The printed article is much better than the draft that you saw. Thanks for your help. Unfortunately, I was unable to obtain copies of all of your various articles concerning the Cat and Information Appliance. I did finally receive your LEAP paper from my local public library via inter-library loan, but the library could not locate your Venture Vulture paper. I received the LEAP paper after I had sent the final Cat paper for publication so was not able to correctly document LEAP's technology. In an e-mail to me from at least a month ago you said that if I sent you an envelope large enough for a SwyftCard and return postage that you would send me one. Please use the envelope that I've sent this letter in for this purpose. You should also find here self-sticking stamps for the postage and a mailing label with my mailing address. I would also very much like, if possible, to obtain a user's manual for the SwyftCard. From your comments in Microsoft's book Programmers at Work this manual seems to be very well written. There is no rush in returning this envelope so please take your time. I am slowly updating my Cat paper to add a correct description of LEAP and more information about the people behind the Cat and its hardware and software. -
The Macintosh Design Team, February 1984, BYTE Magazine
Left to right: Andy Hertzfeld, Chris Espinosa, Joanna Hoffman , Geo rge Crowe, Bill Atkinson, Jern) Manock . An Interview: The Macintosh Design Team The making of Macintosh On October 14, 1983, the design team for Apple Computer Inc .'s new Macintosh computer met with BYTE Managing Editor Phil Lemmons at the company's Cupertino, California, headquarters. In the dialogue that followed , Bill Atkinson, Steve Jobs, Andy Hertzfeld, Larry Kenyon, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, Dave Egner, Chris Espinosa, Steve Capps, Jerry Manock, Bruce Horn , and George Crowe discussed the evolution of their brainchild. BYTE: How did the Macintosh pro everyone can afford it. It's not very Quickdraw and have a mouse on it ject begin? many years ago that most of us in this in essence, build a really cheap im Jobs: What turns on Andy and room couldn't have afforded a $5000 plementation of Lisa's technology Burrell and Chris and Bill and Larry computer. We realized that we could that would use some of that software and everyone else here is building build a supercheap computer that technology. That's when the Macin something really inexpensive so that would run Bill Atkinson's amazing tosh as we know it was started. 58 February 1984 © BYrE Publications Inc. Hertzfeld: That was around January of 1981. Smith: We fooled around with some other ideas for computer design, but we realized that the 68000 was a chip that had a future and had . .. Jobs: Some decent software! Smith: And had some horsepower and enough growth potential so we could build a machine that would live and that Apple could rally around for years to come. -
Apple's Mac Team Gathers for Insanely Great Twiggy Mac Reunion
Apple's Mac team gathers for insanely great Twiggy Mac reunion SILICON BEAT By Mike Cassidy Mercury News Columnist ([email protected] / 408-920-5536 / Twitter.com/mikecassidy) POSTED: 09/12/2013 11:57:40 AM PDT MOUNTAIN VIEW -- In Silicon Valley, it's not a question of "What have you done for me lately?" -- the question is, "So, what are you going to do for me next?" And so, you have to wonder what it's like to be best known for something you did 30 years ago. Randy Wigginton, one of the freewheeling pirates who worked under Steve Jobs on Apple's (AAPL) dent-in-the-world, 1984 Macintosh, has an easy answer. "It's awesome," says Wigginton, who led the effort on the MacWrite word processor. "People don't get to change the world very often. How much luckier can a guy be? I've had a very blessed life." The blessings were very much on Wigginton's mind the other day as he and a long list of early Apple employees got together to check out the resurrection of a rare machine known as the Twiggy Mac. The prototype was a key chapter in the development of the original Mac, which of course was a key chapter in the development of the personal computer and by extension the personal music player, the smartphone, the smart tablet and a nearly ubiquitous digital lifestyle that has turned the world on its head. Some of the key players in that story, first immortalized in Steven Levy's "Insanely Great" and again in Walter Isaacson's "Steve Jobs" and most recently, docudrama fashion, in the movie "Jobs," gathered at the Computer History Museum to get a look at the Mac and at old friends who'd done so much together. -
August 24, 2002 Jaguar Hits the Stores Stuff to Buy
August 24, 2002 Jaguar hits the stores Stuff to buy Mac OS X 10.2 is officially released. Late ursday Product Showcase has a Saturday Top 20, includ- and Friday, Apple released a few dozen Knowledge- ing all the latest updates for Mac OS X 10.2 com- Base articles on the new operating system that patibility and feature exploitation. We have the full we’ve analyzed for opening day. We’ve much to say story on the Security Update 2002-08-23 for Jaguar about changes in printing support (including some (something we couldn’t have provided Friday morn- information you won’t find elsewhere), as well as ing), as well as QuickTime Streaming Server 4.1.1, Professionals new Classic information and some licensing text Apple Remote Desktop 1.1, FruitMenu 2.5, Script ™ you can probably ignore. For opening day, we start Debugger 3.0.4, TinkerTool 2.3, WebObjects 5.1.4, with what the press is saying, include early bug no- and much more. Number one, though, is the big up- tices, and wrap up with our own early assessment. date that’s not Jaguar-dependent: Adobe Photoshop Late-night issues on Mac OS release dates are a tra- 7.0.1.Revision mania, page 2. dition for MDJ that continues today. The complete early status report, page 1. Coming up next Top five Finder tips Today’s News would have had only a promise of MSN for Macintosh and news that Steve Jobs will We said we’d tell you more about the Mac OS X 10.2 keynote Apple Expo 2002 in Paris next month. -
November Issue
NOVEMBER 2001 MICROSOFT OFFICE X FIRST LOOK AT NEW FEATURES MAC OS X 10.1 • OFFICE X • DIGITAL CAMERAS • FILM SCANNERS • ILLUSTRATOR 10 • COLOUR MANAGEMENT 10 • COLOUR CAMERAS • FILM SCANNERS ILLUSTRATOR MAC OS X 10.1 • OFFICE DIGITAL MORE NEWS, MORE REVIEWS OS X 10.1 The real deal World’s best operating system • Digital cameras on test • Adobe Illustrator 10 preview • Expert Dreamweaver tips • Film scanners reviewed • Maya • Adobe InDesign 2 • Macworld Gamers’ Club read me first Simon Jary Hooray! A workable version editor-in-chief of Mac OS X is finally with us. But it’s been a long time coming… The wait of the world uch has been written about Apple’s almost getting the ultra-modern operating system to run laughably exhaustive and ultimately abortive Photoshop, XPress and Duke Nukem. We, the users, attempts to update its Mac operating system demanded it – and so must take some of the blame for the M during the 1990s. After several expensive long delay between Apple buying NeXT and actually shipping failures, Apple poured all its efforts into a do-or-die project X 10.1. Another massive hurdle for Tevanian’s team was called Copland. It died, and Apple had to buy a company making the Intel-based NeXT technologies run on PowerPC. called NeXT that had something at least approaching a We didn’t want to ditch our Macs for Pentium PCs, did we? usable and modern operating system. The delay hurt many of the early (high) hopes for the As you’ll read all over this issue, Apple now has a capable rejuvenated, modernized Apple. -
Apple Inc. This Article Is About the Technology Company
Apple Inc. This article is about the technology company. For other companies named "Apple", see Apple (disambiguation). Apple Inc. Type Public Traded as NASDAQ: AAPL NASDAQ-100 Component S&P 500 Component Industry Computer hardware Computer software Consumer electronics Digital distribution Founded April 1, 1976 (incorporated January 3, 1977 as Apple Computer, Inc.) Founder(s) Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne[1] Headquarters Apple Campus, 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California, U.S. Number of 357 retail stores(as of October 2011) locations Area served Worldwide Key people Tim Cook (CEO) Arthur Levinson (Chairman)[2] Sir Jonathan Ive (SVP, Industrial Design) Steve Jobs (Chairman, 1976-1985/2011; CEO, 1997– 2011) Products Products list[show] Services Services list[show] [3] Revenue US$ 108.249 billion (FY 2011) [3] Operating income US$ 33.790 billion (FY 2011) [3] Profit US$ 25.922 billion (FY 2011) [3] Total assets US$ 116.371 billion (FY 2011) [3] Total equity US$ 76.615 billion (FY 2011) Employees 60,400 (2011)[4] Subsidiaries Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc. Anobit Website Apple.com Apple Inc. (NASDAQ: AAPL ; formerly Apple Computer, Inc.) is an American multinational corporation that designs and sellsconsumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products are the Macintoshline of computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. Its software includes the Mac OS X operating system; the iTunes media browser; the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software; the iWork suite of productivity software; Aperture, a professional photography package; Final Cut Studio, a suite of professional audio and film-industry software products; Logic Studio, a suite of music production tools; the Safari web browser; and iOS, a mobile operating system. -
Apple Computer, Inc. Records M1007
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf4t1nb0n3 No online items Guide to the Apple Computer, Inc. Records M1007 Department of Special Collections and University Archives 1998 Green Library 557 Escondido Mall Stanford 94305-6064 [email protected] URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc Guide to the Apple Computer, Inc. M1007 1 Records M1007 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: Department of Special Collections and University Archives Title: Apple Computer, Inc. Records creator: Apple Computer, Inc. Identifier/Call Number: M1007 Physical Description: 600 Linear Feet Date (inclusive): 1977-1998 Abstract: Collection contains organizational charts, annual reports, company directories, internal communications, engineering reports, design materials, press releases, manuals, public relations materials, human resource information, videotapes, audiotapes, software, hardware, and corporate memorabilia. Also includes information regarding the Board of Directors and their decisions. Physical Description: ca. 600 linear ft. Access Open for research; material must be requested at least 36 hours in advance of intended use. As per legal agreement, copies of audio-visual material are only available in the Special Collections reading room unless explicit written permission from the copyright holder is obtained. The Hardware Series is unavailable until processed. For further details please contact Stanford Special Collections ([email protected]). Conditions Governing Use While Special Collections is the owner of the physical and digital items, permission to examine collection materials is not an authorization to publish. These materials are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study. Any transmission or reproduction beyond that allowed by fair use requires permission from the owners of rights, heir(s) or assigns. -
The Original Macintosh Page 1 Sur 2
Folklore.org: The Original Macintosh Page 1 sur 2 Home | About Folklore Topics The Original Macintosh Login • Software Account Name: Design (44) Anecdotes about the development of Apple's original Macintosh, and the people who made it (120 stories) • Personality (33) Password: • Management (30) • Technical (20) Log in • Lisa (17) • Hardware Create new account Design (15) • Apple Spirit (14) • Marketing (12) Search • Origins (10) “Expose yourself to the best things humans have done and then try to bring those things • Prototypes (10) into what you are doing. ” -- Steve Jobs Search • Personality Image Gallery ( 14 images ) Back to the stories . Clashes (8) • The Launch (8) Page 1 2 3 4 5 Recently Added • Buildings (6) • Eulogy for Brian • Inspiration (6) • First day with the • QuickDraw (6) This was taken at a birthday party for Larry Tesler at Caroline Rose's house in April 1983. Steve Capps is up top; left to right Macintosh team • Recruiting (5) it's Burrell Smith, Caroline Rose, Marge Boots (Capps' wife, in • Revolution in the • 3rd party Valley developers (5) the middle), Andy Hertzfeld and Larry Tesler. • Reality Distortion (5) • Celebrities (5) Overall Favorites • Lisa Rivalry (5) • Switcher • The Times They Are A-Changin' Authors • Can We Keep The • Andy Hertzfeld (93) Skies Safe? • Bruce Horn (6) • Busy Being Born • Tom Zito (3) • MacPaint Evolution • Caroline Rose (3) • David Ramsey (2) External Links • William Donelson (1) • Stanford Library's Early Mac Site • Brian Robertson (1) • Early Apple • Alexander Business Sarosi (1) Documents • Steve Capps (1) • Online Exhibit of • steve blank (1) Rare Mac Artifacts • David Craig (1) • Slashdotted! • Susan Kare (1) • Daniel Kottke (1) • Dan Cochran (1) • Paul Tavenier (1) • Eric Barnes (1) • Donn Denman (1) • Jerry Manock (1) • Scott Knaster (1) Another photograph of some of the design team, taken by • Kenny Tjahjadi (1) Norman Seiff, the Rolling Stone photographer. -
Apple Confidential 2.0 the Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful
vi Reviewers love Apple Confidential “The Apple story itself is here in all its drama.” New York Times Book Review “An excellent textbook for Apple historians.” San Francisco Chronicle “Written with humor, respect, and care, it absolutely is a must-read for every Apple fan.” InfoWorld “Pretty much irresistible is the only way to describe this quirky, highly detailed and illustrated look at the computer maker’s history.” The Business Reader Review “The book is full of basic facts anyone will appreciate. But it’s also full of interesting extras that Apple fanatics should love.” Arizona Republic “I must warn you. This 268-page book is hard to put down for a MacHead like me, and probably you too.” MacNEWS “You’ll love this book. It’s a wealth of information.” AppleInsider “Rife with gems that will appeal to Apple fanatics and followers of the computer industry.” Amazon.com “Mr. Linzmayer has managed to deliver, within the confines of a single book, just about every juicy little tidbit that was ever leaked from the company.” MacTimes “The most entertaining book about Apple yet to be published.” Booklist i …and readers love it too! “Congratulations! You should be very proud. I picked up Apple Confidential and had a hard time putting it down. Obviously, you invested a ton of time in this. I hope it zooms off the shelves.” David Lubar, Nazareth, PA “I just read Apple Confidentialfrom cover to cover…you have written a great book!” Jason Whong, Rochester, NY “There are few books out there that reveal so much about Apple and in such a fun and entertaining manner. -
Apple Computer, Inc. Records, 1977-1998
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf4t1nb0n3 No online items Guide to the Apple Computer, Inc. Records, 1977-1998 Finding Aid prepared 1998 The Board of Trustees of Stanford University. All rights reserved. Guide to the Apple Computer, Inc. Special Collections M1007 1 Records, 1977-1998 Guide to the Apple Computer, Inc. Records, 1977-1998 Collection number: M1007 Department of Special Collections and University Archives Stanford University Libraries Stanford, California Processed by: Pennington P. Ahlstrand and Anna Mancini with assistance from John Ruehlen and Richard Ruehlen Date Completed: 1999 Aug. Encoded by: Steven Mandeville-Gamble 1998 The Board of Trustees of Stanford University. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Apple Computer, Inc. Records, Date (inclusive): 1977-1998 Collection number: Special Collections M1007 Creator: Apple Computer, Inc. Extent: ca. 600 linear ft. Repository: Stanford University. Libraries. Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives. Abstract: Collection contains organizational charts, annual reports, company directories, internal communications, engineering reports, design materials, press releases, manuals, public relations materials, human resource information, videotapes, audiotapes, software, hardware, and corporate memorabilia. Also includes information regarding the Board of Directors and their decisions. Language: English. Access The hardware series of this collection is closed until it can be fully arranged and described. Publication Rights Property rights reside with the repository. Literary rights reside with the creators of the documents or their heirs. To obtain permission to publish or reproduce, please contact the Public Services Librarian of the Dept. of Special Collections. Preferred Citation [Identification of item] Apple Computer, Inc. Records, M1007, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.