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The: •Anti-Communist Foreign Policy Theory and Strategy The anti-communist foreign policy theory and strategy of Robert Strausz-Hupe Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Peterson, Roy Eugene, 1943- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 05:59:09 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347664 THE: • ANTI-COMMUNIST FOREIGN POLICY ■ THEORY AND STRATEGY OF ROBERT STRAUSZ-HUPE •_ . Roy Eugene Peterson A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty' of the DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College' THE UNIVERSITY OF: ARIZONA • 1 9 6 9 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is•deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the.Library* - Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission/ provided that accurate acknow­ ledgment of source is. madeV Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the inter­ ests of scholarship. In all. other instances, however, permission must be obtained .from the author. - - y APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: 'RobertW UtissLyiijUii Wi, • Lawrence Professor of Government ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful for the original inspiration and continued support in this study to Professor Robert M. Lawrence. Special thanks are due to Professors Clifton Wilson and Paul Kelso for their understanding and encouragement. Finally, I am especially indebted to my perservering wife, Janie., TABLE OF CONTENTS . Page LIST OF TABLES « , .. , « . • . «, » , c « « „ , 0 „ vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . .. A. „ . '/ vii ABSTRACT eeeoceoee-oooeoeeo eoee "V"H iL 1. ■ INTRODUCTION . , ... .• . .. o . 1 purpose. and Scope ’ . 3 Methods of. Research v . „ „ . « . 3 Definitions , . 5 2. SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT ................. 10 Herzog's Scheme . .. • 10 Levine's Scheme ............... 21 Van Cleave's Scheme '..... i .......' 32 3. ENVIRONMENTAL BASES FOR POLICY FORMATION: STRAUSZ-HUPE1S BACKGROUND . ...... i ..... 35 .4c STRAUSZ-HUPE1S ANALYSIS OF COMMUNIST THEORY AND STRATEGY: THE POLICY PROBLEM ......... 50 Historical Analysis of Revolutions ...... 50 Analysis of Communist Theory ......... 56 Analysis of Communist Strategy ........ 60 5.; POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS . .. 71 Strategic Alternatives ............ 72 Elements of a Forward Strategy ........ 79 6. PROBABLE EFFECTS OF STRAUSZ-HUPE1S POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS . .^ . .' . - . , . 109 United States/Soviet Union Confrontation . 109 Background . ............. 110 Recommendations and Effects.. ...... 128 United States/Vietnamese Conflict ...... 143 United States/Chinese Relations ....... 147 iv V TABLE OF'CONTENTS— Continued 'Page 7e POLICY GOALS. 159 The Atlantic .Integration .. .. .. 160 ■ .The' Federative Principle' v . .. 178 ■. The.Rule of Law and World Order . 186 8. .CONCLUSIONS ....... ............. 197 APPENDIX A: SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES AND FIGURES ..... 212 ■ APPENDIX B: CORRESPONDENCE WITH ROBERT STRAUSZ-HUPE ......... 217 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ............... 221 LIST OP TABLES Table ' Page lo Symbols and Belief System of Strausz-Hupe . 49 2. My Evaluation of Strausz-Hupe= . « , . 156 .3« Categories'of Concern National Security (Tabulated) ....... ' . 215 ■ 4. Strategies for War, 3.960-1970 = .. = 216 . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Figure.. Page ' 1. Value Preferences . „ . » . « . 213 2, Categories of Concern National Security (G-raphic) „ . , . » . 214 • vii ABSTRACT: The subject of this thesis is Robert Strausz-Hupe, a primary exponent of the "'anti-communist forward strategists," who strives to influence American-foreign policy decision­ makers to integrate technological, military, economic, .diplomatic, and psychological elements into a policy designed to unite Atlantic allies in. a regional system, to "win" the cold war, and to promote a federated world government. Using Strausz-Hupe as the focus of inquiry, a positive .correlation was found to exist between his cultural background and his threat perceptions and policy recommendations. Strausz-Hupe1s assumptions, in turn, were found to be rooted in irrelevant analysis. If one admits to his assumptions, however, then one finds rationality in his proposals.. It was . established that application of specific elements of his plan would pose sometimes salutary effects and sometimes an unac­ ceptable range of uncertainties. Thus I conclude that if foreign policy-makers apply Strausz-Hupe's theories and strategies, then it behooves them to be eclectic. This thesis contributes to American foreign policy literature by suggesting a framework for analyzing other foreign policy theorists, by further exploration of the "for­ ward strategist” school of thought, by explicating possible viii effects of Strausz-Hupc1s theories and strategies, and by projecting the relevance of.cultural effect on theorists and- their theories. '■ CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A problem of increasing concern is the utility of. the'maintenance of overwhelming nuclear■arms and conven­ tional military devices as an adjunct, or extension of American foreign policy. Two groups of foreign policy theorists approach this problem from divergent premises. Far on the one side are those who consider the existence of the nuclear weapon as the most destabilizing device in con­ temporary international relations. Consequently, this group recommends some form of disarmament or arms control. Far on the other side of a hypothetical spectrum are those who would not only rearm and retool American defenses, but would seek to prepara a preventive war against Communism in general. Between these hypothetical extremes of individual and group behavior, lie a variety of possible alternatives. This thesis is a study of one of the major positions that is logically divisible from other positions on the spectrum of -American foreign relations in conjunction with the con­ sideration of weapons systems and their ’’power" potential. In particular, this thesis is a study.of the anti-communist . 1 • . 2 foreign policy theory and strategy of Robert Strausz-Hupe, .Director of the Foreign Policy Research Institute at the " University of Pennsylvania. This man has established himself as the spokesman of the "marginal, anti“Communist . ■ 1 school of thought." In association with William Kintner, Stefan T® Possony, James E. Dougherty, Alvin J. Cottrell and others, Robert Strausz-Hupe has written several works that represent anti-communist theory and strategy while proposing solutions for American foreign policy-makers’. Basically, he would attempt to orient these policy-makers to long-range goals rather than to rely on a policy of 2 ' "muddling through®" His influence extends to many of the more military oriented defense intellectuals and included the advisement of presidential candidate Barry G-oldwater in 3 the 1964 campaign. 1. For a more comprehensive definition of this term, see, Robert A. Levine, The. Arms Debate (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2l2‘~215. 2. For a discussion of the policy of "muddling through,11 which seems applicable to current foreign policy decision-making as well as to bureaucracy in general, see,. Charles E. lindblom, "The Science of 'Muddling Through,'" Public Administration Review, 19 (Spring, 1959), 79-88. 3. Arthur Herzog, The W ar/Peace Establishment (New York; Harper and Row,*~T9^T)"7™T7~r*i^" Purpose and Scope ' ’ The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the anti-communist theories and strategies of Robert Strausz- Hupe in terms of relevance for contemporary policy-makers« • , . - Questions that will enable me to focus on this purpose include: What are the bases for Robert Strausz-Hupe*s policy proposals? What is Robert Strausz-Hupe!s analysis of the problem of Communism and what solutions does he offer to resolve this problem? What are the long-range goals he would have American foreign poliey-makers envision? finally, what relevance do his policies have for contemporary decision-making? The scope of this thesis as defined by the stated purpose is limited to the ..anti^communist theory and strategy of Robert Strausz-Hupe.„ This limitation is essential because of other theories and strategies he proposed prior to 1956. Since that date, Robert Strausz— Hupe has been consistently concerned with the Communist ■ "challenge," • • • Methods of Research The conceptual scheme utilized in this thesis is an adaptation of the policy approach to the study of the viability of the foreign policy theories and strategies 4 of Robert Str.ausz~Hupe. It consists of policy alternatives., environmental bases of the policy formulator, policy pro­ blems, policy recommendations, probable effects of policy recommendations, and policy goals. This method of conceptualization is suggestive; of specific chapter headings for the analysis of the views of Robert Strausz-Hupe, Chapter 2 provides a referent for the policy concepts of a "forward strategy" by a presentation of various schools of thought. The comparative method,
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