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THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS

November 21th, 2014, Ankara THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS

November 21th, 2014, Ankara CENTER FOR EURASIAN STUDIES (AVİM) CONFERENCE BOOKS No: 10

TRANSCRIPTION Hazel ÇAĞAN - Mehmet Oğuzhan TULUN Dilay BOZTEPE - Maryna SHEVTSOVA - Ali Murat TAŞKENT

EDITING Hazel ÇAĞAN Turgut Kerem TUNCEL

CONTRIBUTORS Hande APAKAN - Ali Kenan ERBULAN Hülya ÖNALP - Özge ÖĞÜTCÜ

PHOTOGRAPHS Hazel ÇAĞAN

DESIGN Ruhi ALAGÖZ

PUBLICATION DATE January 2015

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Introduction...... 5

OPENING SPEECHES Dr. Gulshan Pashayeva, Deputy Director of the Center for Strategic Studies (SAM) Under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan...... 7

Alev Kılıç, Director of the Center for Eurasian Studies (AVİM)...... 9

Faiq Bagirov, Ambassador of the Republic of Azerbaijan to Ankara...... 11

Glen Howard, President of Jamestown Foundation...... 13

PANEL I: The “Nagorno-Karabakh Issue” from 1828 to Present Demographic Processes and Administrative Changes

Nagorno-Karabakh in the Ottoman Archives...... 17 Prof. Dr. Yusuf Sarınay

Administrative Changes in the Territory of Nagorno-Karabakh After 1828...... 21 Dr. Araz Aslanlı

Demographic Processes in the Territory of Nagorno-Karabakh from 1828 to Present ...... 26 Prof. Dr. Musa Qasımlı

PANEL II: Armenia-Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute Within the Context of Geopolitical Interests

Azerbaijan’s Stance Towards the Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute...... 30 Dr. Gulshan Pashayeva

The Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute in International Law...... 36 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cavid Abdullahzade

Great Powers’ Stance Towards the Resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute ...... 40 Prof. Dr. Kamer Kasım

Turkey’s Stance Towards the Resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute...... 44 Aslan Yavuz Şir

[3] . Introduction

n November 21, 2014 Center for Eurasian Studies (AVIM) and Center for Strategic Studies Ounder the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan (SAM) held a meeting in Wyndham Ankara Hotel titled "The Armenian-Azerbaijani, Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Threat to Regional Peace, Security and Neighbourly Relations"

The introductory speeches of the meeting were made by the Deputy Director of SAM under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Gulshan Pashayeva, Director of AVIM Alev Kılıç, Ambassador of the Republic of Azerbaijan to Ankara His Excellency Faiq Bagirov and the President of Jamestown Foundation Glen Howard. The meeting consisted of two panels.

The first panel, with the title of "The 'Nagorno-Karabakh Issue' from 1828 to Present Demographic Processes and Administrative Changes", was moderated by Prof. Dr. Musa Qasımlı. The following presentations were made during the first panel: "Nagorno-Karabakh in the Ottoman Archives" by Prof. Dr. Yusuf Sarınay (Dean of the Faculty of Science and Letters of TOBB University of Economics and Technology, former manager of the state archives of the Prime Ministry of the Republic of Turkey, "Administrative Changes in the Territory of Nagorno- Karabakh after 1828" by Dr. Araz Aslanlı (Director of the Caucasian Center for International Relations and Strategic Studies - QAFSAM), "The Role of the Karabakh Clan in Armenia’s Domestic Politics" by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasan Ali Karasar (lecturer at the Department of International Relations, Atılım University), "Demographic Processes in the Territory of Nagorno-Karabakh from 1828 to Present" by Prof. Dr. Musa Qasımlı (MP of the Republic of Azerbaijan, historian).

The second panel, with the title “Armenia-Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute within the Context of Geopolitical Interests", was moderated by Prof. Dr. Kamer Kasım. The following presentations were made during the second panel: "Azerbaijan’s Stance towards the Nagorno- Karabakh Dispute" by Dr. Gulshan Pashayeva (Deputy Director of Azerbaijan SAM), "The Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute in International Law" by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cavid Abdullahzade (Lecturer at the Department of International Law, Ankara University), "Great Powers’ Stance towards the Resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute" by Prof. Dr. Kamer Kasım (Vice President of the International Strategic Research Organization – USAK), and "Turkey’s Stance towards the Resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute" by Aslan Yavuz Şir (Senior Specialist at AVIM).

In the meeting, the speakers as well as the audience at the Q&A session emphasized the strategic importance of the Caucasus and focused on the importance and need of ensuring security and stability. It was further underlined that the region has a key role to play not only for the immediate neighborhood but the global level. The cease-fire violations in the region recently have rendered the necessity of peace and stability even more actual.

With the latest development in mind, the meeting has come to the conclusion to prevent an escalation which could lead to further irreperable problems, a peaceful solution is needed within the principle of the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan.

[5] . gratitude to our partner,gratitude toour established in2007andheadquartered inBaku.I would like also to express my sincere government-fundedRepublicPresident(SAM), ofthe thinktank, under the Azerbaijan resolution of the conflictstillseems very elusive. ceasefire agreement (1994)andcontinuousmediation efforts of OSCE Minsk Group, the always beena top Azerbaijani foreign policypriority. But despite more than twenty-year Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakhconflict. The search for the conflict’s peacefulresolution has Almost three decades have already passedsince the re-emergence of the protracted Armenian- Alev Kılıçand dedicated staff who did their utmostbest to organize this first jointevent. Deput It is a great pleasure to welcome you today on behalf ofthe pleasureCenterwelcome yougreat to todayon for StrategicStudies a is It Good afternoon,ladiesandgentlemen,excellences, dear guests, The topic of today’s internationalconference isextremely importantand very timely. y Director, Center for Strategic Studies under the President of the R epublic of Azerbaijan the Center for Eurasian Studies Eurasian for Center the OPENING SPEECHES ( SA [ M) 7 ] , Dr . Gulshan PASHA Gulshan (AVIM) andits leadership, Ambassador Y E V A

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS attention. Karabakh conflict. future perspectives of the justandpeacefulresolution of Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno- which helpus to enhance our understanding on historicalbackground, current challengesand in October,2009. its conflict with Azerbaijan asaprecondition to the ratification of the Zurichprotocols, signed in April 2003.Itstillcontinues to pursue this policyandalsoinsists that Armenia has to settle the adjacentseven Azerbaijani districts located outside Nagorno-Karabakhby Armenian forces borderAzerbaijan, Kelbajar,with its Armenia duetotheoccupationof closed Turkey oneof position on Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Out of solidarity with contribution of the mediatorsandinternationalcommunity. the peaceprocess depends on asimilarcommitment on the part of Armenia as well asactive face any unpleasantconsequences. attacked the positions of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, butalsobelieved that they will not Armenian military forces. They not only illegally intrudedinto the airspace of Azerbaijan and escalate intoanew war. in the region andany incident that occurs along the Armenian-Azerbaijani frontline couldeasily Azerbaijani Army on November 12clearly demonstrates that there isaserioussecurity threat Azerbaijani armed forces with retaliatory fire, while it was attacking on positions of the frontlines. The latestincidentconcerning the downing of an Armenian militaryhelicopterby November 2014shouldbeconsidered asanextstepin the escalation of the situationin the about 47000military troops and over 3000combatequipmentandarmamentsinceearly involvementmilitary intheoccupiedterritoriesof forceswith the Azerbaijan of Armenian deaths of over 20soldiers.Furthermore, alarge-scale militaryexercises conductedby the of any peacekeeping force has beenrather tense sinceearly August 2014, which caused the killed along the Line of Contact since1994 due to sporadic frontline skirmishesandclashes. suffering will continue to grow. Incidentally, bothmilitarypersonnelandcivilianshave been displaced and30 thousand killedin the course of this armedconflict. vivid manifestation of the countlesshuman tragedies; around one millionpeople were development and trans-regional cooperationamong three South Caucasian states.Itisalsoa two nations- Armenians and Azerbaijanis -and destroys the very basis of the regional stability, I encourage you to fully engage in panel discussions and thank youand for yourpanel discussions time in encourage youengage to fullyI I hope we will beable to touch uponseveral importantissues during today’s discussions In this context, Azerbaijan deeply appreciate Turkey’s stanceinregard to Azerbaijan’s Azerbaijan iscommitted to apeacefulsettlement of Howeverthis conflict. the success of On the other hand, this incidentprovides a very goodexample of irresponsible behavior of It isimportant to emphasize that the situationin Armenian-Azerbaijani frontlines devoid human peace treatynot thetollof frozenwithout and is conflict same timethis At the Today the Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakhconflict draws dividing linesbetween [ 8 ] down of amilitaryhelicopter on November 12 line made this meeting issomeaningfulin terms of necessity and timeliness. times, asDr. Gulshan Pashayeva hasalready reminded, cease-fire violations on the contact been critical,prioritizedandactualin terms of Turkey-Azerbaijan relations. However, inrecent Karabakh or Upper Karabakh; anda way out of the 22 years of occupation.This issuehasalways Nagorno- issues originated fromsoil, theArmenianoccupationofthe Azerbaijan; Azerbaijani that hasaregional andeven globalimportanceand delicacy, as well as for Turkey and take concrete stepsin this matter. developments show that we should discuss this issueclosely all over and that itisessential to and serious warning that the conflictisnot a frozen one, butitisescalating. Thus, these Today, distinguished specialistsandacademiciansare going to discuss aninternationalissue Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Guests, Excellencies, Distinguished Deputy Chair of Strategic Research Center (SAM) Gulshan Pashayeva, Bağırov,Faiq to Ankara of Azerbaijan Distinguished Ambassador Director ofthe Eurasian Studies Center for [ 9 th ] on the contactlinenear Akhdam was anew ( A VİM) , Alev KILI , Alev The shooting Ç

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS well. I would like to thank allparticipants,andpaymy respects. the Jamestown Foundation who will give his opening speech.I would like to welcome himas the future. thatSAM and AVİM, as two think-tanks, will actually shedlight on which stepscanbe taken in of our speakers during discussions. We will not only understand the issuebetter, butIhope quo. post-cease-firestatus and the efforts toconflict freezepriority ofthe hold the Armenia triesto Furthermore, itisnotacceptable to beinaposition to serve Armenia’s aimsandinterests; in 1992 with Turkey as one of the founding members,have notsucceededupuntil today. established Minsk Group,was which co-chairs ofthe attempts ofthethree upsetting thatthe I would like to express my gratitude to all of our guestsand to Mr. Glen Howard, head of and theopinions knowledge light ofthe with the issue today able todiscussthis Webe will There isno dispute on finding apeacefulresolution to the issue thorugh negotiations.Itis [ 10 ] the demographic structure hadbeenchangedand the new managementsystem which was planned migration of the Armenian people from Ottoman to Iranand to Southern Caucasia, conflicts started to emerge in Caucasia. As you know, as of the start of 19 ethnical, regional andgeographicstructure for the interest of the one element. The security of the systematicandplannedstruggles of larger powersand with their efforts to change this unity of publicsandpeople. Unfortunately, as of the beginning of the lastcentury, asaresult changed the harmony between these multi-cultural structures andithasnever damaged the languages lived inharmony together. Unfortunately, these naturalmigration flows hasnever of attractionandithasalways been open to naturalmigration flows. continues to bea threat. Inallperiods of the history, the Caucasian region hasbeenacenter regional peaceandsecuritya threat to the neighborly relations for many years andstill The Ambassador ofthe Today, when we lookat the generalsituation,multiple,ethnicalelementsandmultiple Armenian, unfortunately,Azerbaijani, Nagorno-Karabakhconflict, hasbeena threat to the Distinguished Participants, Distinguished Ambassadors, Distinguished President, R epublic of Azerbaijan to Turke [ 11 ] y , F th ai century, with the q

B AGI R O V

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS command my respect to each oneofthem. respectmy to much. command Thank you very diagnosed and the solution recommendations will becreated. I wish success to allspeakers. I this issueand this conflict will beinvestigated in detail. The situation will beidentifiedand I amsure in that, many importantandesteemed expertsarethis importantmeeting, invited; to leave behind this occupation mentalityand to create aregional cooperationasastatepolicy. in order to create peaceandstability the mostimportantconditionis for Armenian Republic nothing more than a wish. In the Southern Caucasia, for the solution of securityproblems and Caucasia will bealways prioritizedandunfortunately goodneighborly relationships will remain pipeline project. gas pipeline,Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway lineand TANAP which is trans-Anatolian naturalgas also excluded from the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Crude oil Pipeline or Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum natural are Because oftheirpolicies, they foresightlessprojectspolicies. duetotheirdestructivethese international scaleenergy and transportation projects. However, Armenia isexcluded from result of their destructive policies. Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey mayhave similar event. contribute tothis this issue. Therefore, I would like to thank eachandevery member of those andeveryone to Center (SAM)affiliated to the Azerbaijan Republic have madeanimportantstep to investigate organizations and think tanks, Center for Eurasian Studies (AVİM) and Strategic Research politics, militaryandethnicissuesare stillnotsolved. Therefore, today a very elegantacademic region, the Southern Caucasia isstillnotstableand the securityproblems in the fields of international actors.However, for twenty five years, all the maininterest was given to the Caucasia. Itisnotjustconcerning the regional countriesbutalso the internationalsystem and disabled mentalityis the biggestreason of allproblems in our region. the leadership of Armenian church and then it was carried out asan open statepolicyand this Azerbaijan province, was given to Armenia asacapitalcity on May29,1918.First of all,under Nagorno-Karabakh and the other regions there. As a very sad fact, Yerevan was athistorical mentality was stronger anditunfortunately was carriedup till today with the occupation of governments in Yerevan andZengezur were officially given to Armenia. With this occupation and states there.century,pressuresbig beginning ofthetwentieth with the At ofthe the twentieth century. The samementalitycreates the biggest obstacles for the regional security made someimportantgainsin this regard. unfotunately powers, they support oftheother Unfortunately,with the passed within thetime lands. republicand ethnical” with theoccupationof Georgia Armenian Azerbaijan Big Armenia”. They are creating abigsecurityproblem. Their target is to create a“mono- the regional plans of some others, the Armenian nationalists who are day-dreaming about“the arecreated thetoolsof people was forthe which some the opportunity Armenians. Although created by the Tsarist Russia, the regional peaceandsecurityhasbeen threated seriously with As longas their policies and their attitudescontinue, the securityproblem in Southern For the regional peaceandregional security, Armenian republic creates a threat andasa Today, the security conflictsis the mostimportantandprioritizedissue for the Southern Lastly, the Nagorno-Karabakhconflict was created by the samementalityat the end of the [ 12 ] on the frozen conflictsand for that reason will have some majorimpact on what happensin Russian annexation of Crimea. Ibelieve that all these events are havingacataclysmic change permanently aloneby itselfin the South Caucasus. collapse and we will seeareturn of Karabakh to Azerbaijan andarump Armenian state Korea remains divided. We don’t knowhowKarabakh will end.Perhaps one day Russia will Korea. Well we knowhow that storyended with the collapse of the USSR andEast Germany. War asameans to anendaimedatkeeping Germany divided and weak and the same for South Frozen conflicts were ameans to anend for Russia that were designed at the end of the Cold were results of the Cold War and the permanent division of two states– Germany andKorea. Karabakh isachild of the end of the Cold War, justasa divided Germany anda divided Korea and Cooperation for Europe (OSCE) will, inmy opinion, greatly affect the future of Karabakh. settlements involving the European Union, the United States, and the Organization for Security in the South Caucasus. What happens inEastern Ukraine in terms of the fighting andpolitical Turkish and Azerbaijani interests inresolving the Karabakh dispute andalso the overall stability like to offer you ten observations andlessons of the war in Ukraine andhowitmayaffect (AVIM) for the opportunity to speakhere at this conference. For my presentation today I would under the President of Azerbaijan and Alev Kılıç,Director of the Center for Eurasian Studies We have all witnessed what hashappened inEastern Ukraine inrecent months and the Before Ibegin to talk aboutKarabakh, we need to define what Karabakhis? The division of likePashayeva, tothank would Gulshan deputydirectorI of Center for StrategicStudies President ofthe J amesto w n [ 13 F oundation, Glen E oundation, Glen ] . HOWA R D

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS between Slavic neighbors similar to Poland’s militarystruggle with Ukraine in the 16 and dismembermentof Ukraine. invasion is to break NATO andshow that the west isincapable of providing amilitaryresponse to the inter-state relations in the post Soviet Space for over two decades. Putin’s endgoalinall this annexation to shift to the nextstagebeyond the frozen conflictstage which has dominated Tsarist empire. That day hasnowarrived asMoscowhasused the annexation of Crimea and while MotherRussiarearmed andprepared for reformulating the Soviet Union, or the new Moldova, there was astrategicreason for this division. To keep these states weak and divided end ofthe Cold at the of frozenWarconflicts permanently divide and to Azerbaijan, Georgia it hasapopulation of 44millionunlike the 3millionin Georgia. When Russiacreated the idea state, Russiahas failed to realize and we in the West need to realize that Ukraine isnot Georgia, developed by Napoleon. As the Ukrainian nationprepares for total war and the survival of the This development hasmajorimplications for Karabakh. for intelligencegatheringandMoscowplaceslimitations on the activities of western monitors. the OSCE asamonitoring mission for frozen conflictsasRussian observers utilize their presence as apeacefulstabilizerandneutralarbiter of frozen conflictsin the post-Soviet space.End of has implications for Karabakh. The war inEastern Ukraine isgoing to mark the end of the OSCE and covertly moving to increase itspowerbasedin the Georgian government. Georgia where Russiais trying to dominate the shadowgovernment of Ivanishviliand quietly fighting to dominate andsubjugate the post-Soviet space. We have seen this inneighboring this I fear there couldbeamini world war within the Post Soviet space with Putin andRussia repercussions for Karabakhif the conflictbetweenKyiv andMoscowbecomesa total war. By of Slavic Titans – Ukraine andRussiaisacivil war among Slavs and this war will have NATO memberstatesin the Balticalign with Ukraine to deter Russianaggression. This struggle pro-Western states(UkraineandPoland) againstarevisionist Russiaisrapidly emerging as Eastern Ukraine is the battleground for this conflictand the emergence of a Slavic alliance of not knowhow to endit. The only pathheknows or hasplans for are to keep moving ahead. Slavs are killing Slavs inEastern Ukraine andPresident Putinhasstarted this war andhe does Azerbaijan, isbecominganationunderarms of “ is noteastern Ukraine butEastern Ukraine will notbecomeanotherKarabakh. Ukraine, unlike positioning for full conflictare nowappearingas the age of frozen conflictsis over. Karabakh permanent ceasefires. The age of peaceful dialogue I fear I over. The age of rearmament and mean conflictsare nolonger frozen butare shifting to daily fighting andhostilitiesno the SouthCaucasus. how the war ineastern Ukraine will affect Azerbaijan and for that matter Turkish interest in Karabakh over the next2 years. For this reason, I would like to make ten observations about Ukraine andRussiaare involved inaninter-state war that israpidly evolving intoastruggle The war inEastern Ukraine has shown the ineffectiveness andirrelevance of the OSCE. This The age of frozen conflictsisendingandshifting to the age of bleedingceasefires. By this I [ 14 ] levee enmasse levee ” to usea term for France th century. Caucasus, particularly with Azerbaijan. affect Karabakh.NATO hasalready reached out andby expandingitscontactsin the South directly affectRussianplansand strategicpresence in the South Caucasus, andby this it will military presence inRomania andBulgaria andincreased navalpresence in the Black Sea will domination of the Black Sea. NATO butmoving. slowmoving, An increased NATO airpower annexation of Crimea hascausedNATO to slowly reawaken to the Russiannavalandmilitary expanding navalpresence in the Black Sea. However, the goodnewsis that the Russian exercises. Turkey ismore focused on the Aegean and Greece andlessconcernedaboutRussia’s Russian lake. Turkey rarely deploys its warships to the Black Sea except for occasional naval instead of Russianhelicoptercarrier. purchase the Mistralsand we could one day see Canadian Mistrals operating in the Black Sea the Black Sea region. NATO isredefining itsnavalposture in the Black Sea. Canada may Atlantic Alliance isnowredetermining itsmilitaryandsecurityposture towards Ukraine and they perceive the conflictinKarabakh.If the war inKarabakhbecomes ahotconflict. a key relevance in the battle for the heartsandminds of Europe and the United States inhow Karabakh. How Azerbaijan and Turkey react to renewed fighting in the informationsphere has have a devastating impact on Azerbaijan in the event of another outbreak in fighting over against Ukraine usingallaspects of the mediaand this ability to weaponize informationcould Black Sea isbecomingaRussianlake. Whether we realize it or not the Black Sea isnow a Awakening of NATO. NATO hasbeenslow to react to the crisisineastern Ukraine as the Russian weaponization of information.Russian hasmobilizedpublic opinion in the west [ 15 ]

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS in World War. “Dikkaia Divisia” of Caucasian volunteers namedafter the Russian Caucasian division formed is now forming its first battalion of Crimean Tatars. Ukraine isslowly moving to create its own underway to create independent Crimean battalionsas well. Not only Chechens but Ukraine having fled with their parents from two bitter wars waged by Russiain Chechnya. Plansare in eastern Ukraine ledby General Munaiev. Over 100,000 Chechens nowlive in Western Europe consisting of north Caucasian volunteers. Ukraine hascreated two Chechen battalions to fight guarantor of security, not the Minskgroup. diplomatically beingreserved for great powers,nowitisjustRussiaplaying the role of the Azerbaijan’sBalkans. back doortothe only the first step to agradualenergy linkbetween Azerbaijan and Ukraine. Thrace isnow Azerbaijan’s bridgeheadinto the Balkans and the Slovak gasinter-connector with the EYis and Azerbaijan eventually as the two states will need other. The TANAP pipeline will become impact these drones playinRussianmilitary operations. strategic and the military operations in offensiveuse ofdrones Russian is the attention to the reforms beingundertaken in the Ukrainian army. One area that you need to payspecial and Turkey shouldsendmilitary observers –notadvisers–but observers to Kyiv to monitor against Ukraine will one day be waged against Azerbaijan inKarabakh. As aminimum Azerbaijan is nowbeing waged ineastern Ukraine and this new type of hybrid war created by Russia Ukraine. The newRussianMilitary transformations introduced by ten years of militaryreforms emerging asa testing ground for new weapons andstrategies of warfare betweenRussiaand Eastern Ukraine isemerging as the battlefield of the 21 War of nationalitiesas Ukraine becomesa testing ground for creating newmilitaryunits War inEastern Ukraine showed that whereas before the Karabakhconflict was The Southern Gas Corridor from Azerbaijan to Europe via Turkey isgoing to unite Ukraine [ 16 ] st century. Eastern Ukraine is 1590, anagreement signed with Iran,notjustKarabakhbut Tebriz, Karabakh, Gence, Revan Sultan Yavuz Selim until the Suleiman the Magnificentuntil the conquering of that region. In need to go through history, one by one. But Ottoman Empire’s started to go to Azerbaijan with Turkish peoplesettledin that region and that region was full of Turks back then. There isno oldiest settlementareas in the Southern Caucasia. And many years before, Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Archives as you knowitisa very general topic butI will try to draw a frame. including AVİM and SAM from Azerbaijan for organizing this event. My topic is,Karabakhin introduction. Butbefore Istartmy speechandI would like to thank all the contributors First of all,letmeunderlineeven before the Ottoman period,Karabakh was one of the First of all,I would like to thank the Prof. MusaKasımlı for hiskindnessand for his kind DE THE “NAGO Technolog Dean ofthe M NAGO OG R y APHIC P , F R F ormer acult R NO-KA NO R epublic of Turke y M of Science andLetters of TO - R KA anager oftheState ArchivesPrime ofthe OCESSES ANDAD R R A A B B AKH IN THE OTTO AKH ISSUE” PANEL I: y , Prof [ 17 ] . Dr .

Y usuf SA M FR BB INIST O Universit M M R 1828 TO P INA AN A R ATI Y y V of Economicsand R M CHI E CHANGES inistr R V ESENT: y ES ofthe

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS And for the town of Gence, fourteen mosques or the incomes of the gardens and the gardensfields incomes ofthe And mosques orthe for thetownof Gence, fourteen system and the Ottoman Empire make an order and the compositioniscompletedin1828. composition againin1726. All the incomes of the villages in Gence are collectedin the classical Karabakh, afterKarabakhhas taken back from Iran the order isestablishedand they do there isKachar Turkmens or Karamanlıisanothername of those compositions. nations and the artistsare quite important of course. There isno time to talk about them but together with the first order in1593, the first composition was created. The names of the region by the Ottoman Empire, so they are tax free. are notsubjected to taxation in order to increase andspike the economicactivitiesin that the region but Ottoman Empire gave that territories back to those people. region, somehowitsays,some fields are notcultivated due to the fact that Turkish peopleleft in that happened war that homelands. Because, duetothe Whyto their dotheythat? give an order to HasanPasha in Şirvan and that say that encouragepeoplenot to comeback Turkic tribe leaderin that region. And after in that, order to encourage the immigrations, they “nopropertythat, or nopeople will be damaged.” This is the order of Ottoman Empire to the states back then announcement settlements, and the Ottoman power Turkish tribes,tothe all those affiliate regionsTurkish theytryto all these war,in in timesof and Şirvan, Georgia first step?First of all, they tried to establishasystem which was deteriorated. And of course, regions.people for the assigned tothose PashawereWhat didthose which Mustafa and then together with Gence mostly evaluated together with Azerbaijan. Of course, first Mr. Davud Empire. Therefore, especially in the Turkish archives, the document related to Karabakh,mostly with the Edirneagreement the region was given to Russia. 1801 or 1804and1813 Treaty of Gulistan after that 1827, Turkmencay agreement andin1829 Ottoman Empire, that region was more andmore under the influence of Russia. Of course, countries. weakeningWith the with theouter alignment ofthe making weresometimes they Ottoman Empire andIran. Sometimes they were incooperation with each other and khanates were butstill independent, they were under the influence of the politicalpower of groups. Baku,andNakhchivan KarahanKhanet, were the khanates of the period. And these Iran and Ottoman Empire. back to the history of that region. We frequently see that the region switchedhandsbetween Therefore, those were very importantpowersbackin the time of Ottoman Empire, butlooking Erevan region. The other sideisKarabakhregion. They were under two different feudalism. was a traditional, administrationmodel of Ottoman, on one hand, there isRevan, which is the settled in Georgia, Azerbaijan and that entire region andcreated a traditional system, which and Tbilisi were under the management of the Ottoman Empire. After 1590, Ottoman Empire, The region is famous for horticulture. cultivatedgardensThey’ve and fields. In1714,in Just like inmany areas, Ottoman Empire alsomadesome writings, essays,compositions products agricultural livestockand drought orother all, duetothe famish Second of Looking from the historical frame, in1590Karabakh was under the auspices of Ottoman But as of 1747, there have been feudalities in that region establishedby strong Turkish [ 18 ] Turkey. After that, there isaprepare for attacksand opposing are getting prepared also for an region. of the but it’s notin the name of being Armenian anditisnot very muchimportant for the destiny Armenian conflict we face in1726 for the first time. Some Kurdish tribes actually provoke Iran activity very frequently. InKarabakhandRevan regions, the Armenian activitiesand the numerous documents which show the Armenian activitiesin that region and we see Armenian call it“Hatt-ı Humayun” which isa fund, which isin the Ottoman archives and they find many Eastern Caucasia. In the Eastern Anatolia, they followed asystematicapproach. Especially, we BitlisandEastern Bayburt, Anatolia ahundreds of thousands of Armenians migrated to the details of those migrations.From Iran to Caucasia but we have thousands of people.But, from internal have the not we do course immigrations tothe Caucasia, of addition tothe In people. Nakhchivan regions which received the Armenian migrationsand their attitude towards Turkish which is the Ottoman Empire, a document reflected the policy of RussiainRevan and come to anhaltandRussiasettlesin that region. In that period, the mostimportant topic documentation or after the Agreement of Edirne, the Caucasia and Ottoman relations, are help increased later on İbrahimHalilHanin1826,asks for intensive helprightafter the regions asapart of his own Empire. There isno weapon, nonothingatall. The demands for asked for help.But they never asked for weapons. The Sultan announces hesees that, those Empire.” That’s how they mention.For example,againstMehmet HaninIran,Revan Khanet they said that “Now, they are independent from us.But, they are stillaproperty of Ottoman of Ottoman Empire, they underline the fact Karabakh that, tribe, Revan tribe, needshelpand military aidsandsome other aids.But during the period of khanates,insomecorrespondents with the Ottoman Empire. That is what the Karabakh tribe says. Of course, there are some loyalty to the Ottoman Empire. In the event of anattack, they stated that we will act together As of 1774, Ottoman Empire isactually told that Karabakhisnowaffiliated they declare their Empire. help fromthe Ottoman the classicalpolicy of the Ottoman Empire, we see that these khanatesare always asking for the administratorsare appointed from the center. During the period of khanates,lookingat which means that, Ottoman Empire sees those regions asapart of their own land,because But Revan, Gence, andKarabakhleadersare appointed from the center of Ottoman Empire The approach to the Anatolian side of Balkansand the others hascreated acertainsystem. Europe, Iraq,Romania, Eflak-Boğdan, so the administration of the regions is different. Why? Turkish province still today. For example, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the Balkans or the Mid- Empire never saw the Karabakhregion or Gence region different from Erzurum which isa Ottoman Empire. All the registries, I would like to underline one more time that, Ottoman some statelands of that region are created into foundations. These are the orders of the in that region by the Ottoman Empire. When the income of those mosques was notenough, Gence, (since Gence town is the administrationcenter) foundations or mosquesare established taxations are gathered andcollectedsystematically. For example,especially for the town of were collectedas well. Due to the fact that, there was the manorialsystemand the annual As of 1890s,Nakhchivan Armenians hadbeenpreparing for anattackagainstIranregion in The closestrelationship that the Ottoman Empire established was the KarabakhKhanate. [ 19 ]

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS they were inacloserrelationship. Therefore, as of the 10 a very closerelationship. Especially, İbrahimHalilHanback then compared to Ottoman Khans, course, itchangedits owner but, Ottoman andIran, therefore Ottoman Empire andIranhad land. on the has thetitleof see land people fromwe thedocumentsofthat Turkish still, study.But further funds and documents and of course when evaluated with other politicalaspects.Itstillneeds migrants to Turkey. InKarabakh, Ottoman archive documents, we totally collecteleven are settled.In1901,1903,1904,1905,1908… those years, we see the coming of those Malatya, inElazig, Adana, Diyarbakır, Bitlis,Fethiye these provinces of Turkey, somemigrants powers of Russianregions. These are notmass migrationssuchas the others. But today, The other side of the medal, of course there isamigration towards Anatolia, from under the Abdülhamit isinpower or upuntil the massacres, there isaseries of documents until1918. to make arebellion. And of coursein other documents we alsoseesomereports when provokingare riot, people otherstooccupyshowing the to Armenian 1897some documents attack andnow they see they provoke tribes andgroups for conflictand we find for example you very much for your attentionandpatience. Yerevanlikein the Capital of tothank would today I Armenia. We underline this fact. need to today they say that, Armenian peoplein Van, Bitlisetc.But there are no Turkish peoplein systematically massacred. Ithaschangedinto the capitalcity of Armenia as Yerevan. We still played the mostimportantrole in the history. Inaddition to Karabakh,Revan Khanate was of suchanalignment. they canuseagainst Ottoman Empire and Turkish people. And they actually had the foundation destiny of the region ischanged.Iranand Ottoman Empire, and Armenia gainedanally that date, due to the policies of Russia,Karabakhregion systematically became Armenian. The like this. continued As ofthe Russians, this hands ofthe in the regionwas until the agreement, was influencedby Turkish tribes. All the khanates/tribesare Turkish andin1829Edirne In 1590, that region was seenasapart of the Ottoman Empire andit was managed. Of As aresult, upuntil today, the Armenian conflictcontinuedand this landand Armenia [ 20 ] th century,region thedestiny ofthat Karabakh issue. to the present. However there are several matters of particular concernin discussions on the Dear audience, Dear professors, Dear DeputyDirector of the SAM, Ambassadors, Dear Turkish RepublicDear of Ambassador ofthe Azerbaijan, Dear President, I salute you. My topic is the administrative changesinKarabakhregion from the 19 AD Director ofthe Caucasian CenterInternational for M INIST Strategic Studies Strategic Studies NAGO R ATI R V NO-KA ECHANGES IN THETE ECHANGES ( QA R [ A 21 F SA B ] AKH A M) , Dr . Araz ASLANLI Araz F TE R 1828 RR R ITO elations and RY O F

th century

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS khanates were abolished andnewadministrations were formed. Russia,certainly, planned to and 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay, arrangements were made regarding the khanates. The 1813 riverwith the north ofthe annexation of Aras TreatyAzerbaijani territories of Gulistan population. Azeri Turkish However they found the appointment of a Turk necessarybecause there was apredominant appointed ashissuccessorby the Tsar. They couldhave appointedaloyal Armenian ruler. Russia. One year later the Khan of Karabakh was killedandhissonMehdiguluKhan was Armenian ruler? A treaty was signed with a Turkish Muslimrulerand the region was ceded to administration, why would the Russianssign this treaty with an Azeri Turk andnot with an If the region hadapredominant Armenian ethnicalstructure or hadan Armenian Karabakh apart of Russia with an Azeri-Turkish ruler. This document isin the Russianarchives. important document on becauseRussiasigned this. Itisimportant, this treaty that will make mention the Treaty of Kurakchay signedbetweenRussia andKarabakhin1805as the first century, certainly the first importantstageisKarabakh’s annexationprocess to Russia. We can this issue. terms of lawputtingasidehistoricaland demographic processes couldbeenough to evaluate – one of our professors will make apresentation on this – which, inmy opinion, discussions in law international in termsof process evaluation ofthe and the war beginning ofthe after the by professional scholarsin Turkey. However, certainly the mostimportant thing is the process problems? escalating autonomy dueto suspend because ofthisordid Azerbaijan Azerbaijan was Azerbaijan’s suspension of the autonomy of Nagorno-Karabakh.Did Armenia attack What really happenedin Sumgait? These shouldbeenlightened. Another important dimension or were there massacres first in the old Nagorno-Karabakh autonomousregion in Armenia? Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region in Soviet period? This issueshouldbeenlightened. important issuesisif Azerbaijan madeeconomic,educationalandcultural discrimination in these claimsbased on? This holdsgreat importance on the Karabakhissue. One of the the Armenian thesis. Karabakh was given to Azerbaijan by Stalin in the Soviet period. What are Karabakh belongs to Armenia, madeby several Armenian authorsandresearchers supporting will make apresentation on this. By the way, the region’s demographic andethnicstructure isalsoimportantandMr. Kasımlı region’s nameand the ethnicity of the administrationsup to the present shouldbestudied. the main factors regarding this discussion. owns the history of Karabakh. The administrative structure and the region’s nameare one of After the region cameunder the control of Tsarist Russia,in other words, after the If we lookat the administrative changesinKarabakhregion from the beginning of 19th We, unfortunately, seemisevaluations made on this issueby not only in the West butalso Secondly, did Azerbaijan commitmassacres in Sumgait first and then the problems escalate One of the importantissuesin the discussions about the Karabakhissueis the claim that region’sTowho ownsthe assessment on history,an makeand definitionofthe theorigins I will mention them briefly andmove on the nextsubject. One of the discussions is on who [ 22 ] center of the region; however, establishinganautonomous region was artificial. was aproper decision butgranting autonomy was not. After all, Shusha was the historical Azerbaijan and to make Shusha itsadministrative center. Shusha as the administrative center Azerbaijan. It was decided to establish the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region within 2 Azeri Turks among the voters. July 5meetingisalsoimportantbecauseitputpressure on change anything. In the meetingheldin July 5, the decision was taken by 7and there were only Karabakh to Azerbaijan, or leavingitin Armenia. Stalin’s attendancein the meeting does not taken from Armenia andgiven to Azerbaijan was true, they would have talked aboutjoining was Karabakh claim that, If the in Azerbaijan. it next day,leave and then,the theydecide to it was decided to leave Nagorno-Karabakhin Azerbaijan. from Azerbaijan to next day,and however,Armenia. 5 the cancelled On July was thisdecision of the Russian Communist Party heldin July 4,it was decided to transfer Nagorno-Karabakh baseless claim of ‘Stalingave Karabakh to Azerbaijan’. In the meeting of the Caucasian Bureau held in4-5 July, 1921are very importantsince these are the reason why Armenians make the Karabakh issue: its claims despite taking Zangezur. In itis fact, one of the mainprocesses that resulted in today’s directly concerning the Karabakhissueis the meetingsheldin1921 due to Armenia maintaining region andbecause of this, Nakhichevan was separated from mainland Azerbaijan. The part given to Armenia. In this context, Azerbaijan lostanimportantpart of itshistoricalZangezur closer the Soviet system, the communistleadership of Azerbaijan stated that landscouldbe However, aftermeetings with the communistleadershipinMoscow, in order to bring Armenia September 30,1920andasked them to abandon their claims on ZangezurandKarabakh. administration in Azerbaijan protested this. They sentaletter of protest to Armenia on territorial claimsalso on Azebaijan’s Zangezurregion. At first, the newly-established socialist this stage,also the discussions do not only concernKarabakh. At that point Armenia made Russia, the establishment of socialiststatesand the formation process of the Soviet Union. At Karabakh belonged to Azerbaijan. representing Armenians inKarabakh and Azerbaijani centralgovernment acknowledged that However in that period,both Armenia and the agreements signedbetweenseveral structures pressures.givenexternal were to Khanate Armenia dueto Erivan as theterritoriesof such and the emergence of newstatesin Caucasus. We know that, Azerbaijan’s historicalregions had beenpredominant inKarabakh, there would have notbeensuchaprocess. foundation oftoday’s Armenia duringthe population If the TsaristArmenian period. Russian were made,Karabakhregion was notincluded to the administrative structure which laid the When the KarabakhKhanate was abolishedin1822andnewadministrative arrangements in the newadministrationestablishedin territories predominantly populatedby Armeninans. establish anadministration that canbe trusted in South Caucasus. Karabakh was notincluded According to Russian original documents, they first discuss joining Karabakh to Armenia joining AccordingRussian originaldocuments,they first discuss to Region,meetings Nagorno-Karabakh processAutonomous the During theof formation The nextprocess is the invasion of Azerbaijan and the Caucasus ingeneralby the Bolshevist The nextstageregarding the administration andborders is the collapse of Tsarist Russia [ 23 ]

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS resolution against Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan madeadministrative arrangementsafterwards. September, 1991, Azerbaijan abolished the autonomy 2-3 years after Armenia’s parliamentary Region26 Nagorno-Karabakh autonomyAutonomous on ofthe abolish the decided to the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. Then, ethnicconflictstarted and Azerbaijan There isaresolution by the Armenian Parliament on December1,1889 to unify Armenia with were 5rayons till the escalation of the Karabakhproblem. were established. These rayons were Mardakert, Martuni, Askeran, Hadrutand Shushi. There Karabakh region, the automouscity of Khankendi underBakuadministrationand5rayons Along with this structure, in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region part of the historical Rayon was formed, Khankendi becameacity with aspecialstatusunder Bakuadministration. later. In this process, several Armenian groups were notallowed to reach their objectives. Shusha Rayon couldhave beenaseriousgain for the Armenians butit was restored 2 years mentioned earlier, it was the center of the historicalKarabakhregion and the abolition of the administrative structures. The caserelated to Shusha ispsychological andsymbolic. As I Rayon was abolishedunder the pretext of reforms regarding the abolition of several Azerbaijani names were replaced by Armenian names.In1963in the Krushchevera, the Shusha regulations regarding Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region in1930and1939.Historical based on their population.During the Soviet era, we see that 4cities were renamed with new is predominant within itsborders before the dissolution of the Soviet Union sinceit was created any region created based on anethnicgroup. it is only natural that ithada predominant Armenian population. This would be the casein It isaregion formed by consideringsettlementsheavily populatedby Armenians. Therefore, populated by Armenians if itbelonged to Azerbaijan?” This region isnot the historicalKarabakh. Sometimes peopleask“why was the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region heavily artificial border was drawn by only taking into accountplacesheavily populatedby Armenians. taken intoaccount when the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was established. An establishment of the autonomousregion. Features of the historicalKarabakhregion was not Armenians. renamed Stepanakert ifit was historically an Armenian city? This isnamestillusedby was renamed Stepanakert inNovember. Why was itcalledKhankendi till 1923 and then and immigration. Considering the wishes of the Armenian populationin the region, Khankendi populated by Azeri Turks, Khankendi was chosenbecauseit was more suitable for restructuring rather than Shusha. Instead of Shusha, which was the historicalcenter of the region andheavily established on July 7, 1923.However, Khankendi was declared as the administrative center to externalpressures andinternal demands, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was Autonomous Region. There were different opinions even amongRussians.Nevertheless, due The Karabakhproblem escalatedand Armenians made territorial claimsagainst Azerbaijan. establishment ofthe Rayon.Askerannext developmentwas the The When the Askeran Today, Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region does notexistbut the Armenian population It alsohasanother dimension that is of particularconcern today regarding the There wasn’t aconsensusin Azerbaijan on the establishment of Nagorno-Karabakh [ 24 ] Karabakh region. arrangements up to the present in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region and,ingeneral, Karabakh Autonomous Regiona and7rayons outside of it. These are the administrative administrative arrangements of Azerbaijan, there are 10rayons: 3 within the former Nagorno- Region and7rayons around it during Armenian invasion. According to the current we sometimessay12rayons. There were 5rayons within Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region; in other words, there are 10rayons of Azerbaijan under Armenian occupation. However In the current situation, there are 3rayons within the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous However, in1992, Azerbaijan was fully independent. Aghdara Rayon was alsoagainabolished. settlements was alsoamong them. Mardakert was renamed to itshistoricalname Aghdara. Among these arrangements was the establishment of KhojaliRayon. Renaming certain [ 25 ]

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS a war with İranin1804.InMay 14, 1805 the Treaty of Kurekchay was signedbetweenIbrahim Kong and weaken their strategicregions. In order to achieve this strategicaim, Russia started within theterritories fromHong countries’ trade theStraitof Gibraltar to western and other between the Ottoman Empire andIran, to capture the Turkish Straits, to prevent the Britain’s Russian Emperor afterPeter I. The generalpurpose of this policy was to placeloyal subjects Saint-Petersburg and the 1724 Treaty of Istanbul. This policy was alsomaintained by every European countries. Armenians were brought to South Caucasus following the 1723 Treaty of to capture strategicregions, to attaincheaprawmaterialsand to prevent trade between they were brought? Bringing Armenians was a tactic by Peter I to gainaccess to warm waters, aim when itbrought Armenians to South Caucasus, to Nagorno-Karabakhandin which stages information from Russianand Georgian officials, and Armenian sources. What did Tsarist Russia is notasingle Azerbaijani or Turkish documents among them. These are prepared based on Russian and Georgian archives. I will bring these archive documents to your attentionand there and 1994.I will notshare my commentssinceI worked on highly credible documents in the My topic is the demographic situationin the Nagorno-Karabakh territory between1805 Dear friends, M NAGO P ofthe DE M OG R R epublic of Azerbaijan, Historian,Prof NO-KA R APHIC P R A B R AKH OCESS IN THETE OCESS [ 26 FR ] O M 1828 TO P . Dr RR .

M ITO usa QASI R ESENT RY O M F

LI more than 2000pages,about Azerbaijan and Turkey. After Iread those documents Irealized artificial autonomy? Imaderesearches inarchives inMoscow. Ihave copies of documents, are pretty interesting. Mr. Aslanlı mentionedearlier. Why was Nagorno-Karabakh given an Iraq to various parts of South Caucasus andKarabakh. The resolutions of the Soviet government Lausanne Conference was taking place,8 thousand Armenians were resettled from Mosulin Karabakh. Again, I would like to bring documents to your attention.In1822-1823, while the whereperiod the resettledwereanother Nagorno- Armenians to Azerbaijani territories,to 20 thousand Armenians were resettled to the Elizabethpol Governorate. The Soviet erais Russian DumaDeputy, Armenian origin, Papacanov senta question to Caucasus region, where documents of the Armenian Apostolic Church are written in their councilsandcongresses. First came toSouth World250 thousand Caucasus duringthe Church,Armenian War. The documents. According to Tsaristand documentsofthe Armenian Russian documents Apostolic Armenians came to South Caucasus andsettledin Azerbaijan. I want to talk briefly aboutsome Armenians came to South Caucasus. The First World War years were alsoa time where 292 thousand Armenians livingin the Elizabethpol Governorate. In1904,45 thousand documents. They were mainly resettled to Karabakh. As aresult of immigration, there were Armenians in the Elizabethpol Governorate which includedKarabakhandparts of Armenia. made in Tsarist Russia. According to the census, there were 377.949 Azerbaijanis and257.324 Zangezur, Kazakh, Dzhebrail,Nukha, Shusha) within the governorate. In1886,acensus was 4 cities(Goris,Elisabethpol,Nukha, Shusha) and8uyezds (Aresh, Jevanshir, Elisabethpol, of Aresh, Dzhebrailand Jevanshir were formed within the Elizabethpol Governorate. There were Elizabethpol byGovernoratewas thedecree1867 the formed ofthe Tsar.1873, the Uyezds In around 18 thousand in1828-1929, this numberbecame34.606in1843. On September 9, Karabakh changed dramatically inashortperiod of time. While the number of Armenians was 84 thousand broughtwords,wereArmenians fromEmpire. the Ottoman The demography of Armenians were moved to South Caucasus. Also, in1829and1930,14.044 families or in other According to a Soviet document on the DashnaktsutyunParty, 1million200 thousand to Northern Azerbaijan. They were resettled especially to KarabakhandNakhichevan. In 1828-1829,6.976 families or in other words, 35.056 Armenians were transferred from Iran According to areport dated May28,1828,279 Armenian families were resettled to Karabakh. Turkmenchay.responsibleresettlement Karabakh. of Abkhazovwas forthe Armenians to Khanates were annexed by Russia with the Treaty of Turkmenchay signed on Februray 10,1828. In 1822 the KarabakhKhanate was abolishedandmadeaprovince. NakhichevanandErivan Nakhichevan andErivan following the Treaty of Gulistan signed with Iran on October 13,1813. Karabakh Khanateand only 2500 of them were Armenians. Russiaannexed allKhanatesexcept families. According to aRussian document from 1811, there were 12 thousand families in 10 thousand families that lived in the KarabakhKhanate. This means that these were Muslim According to the Russianarchives, before the Kurekchay Treaty was signedin1805, there were Khalil Khan of KarabakhandRussians. As aresult the KarabakhKhanate was annexed by Russia. In 1915,injust one year, howmany Armenians came to the Elizabethpol Governorate? 90 thousand Armenians cameafter the events in Anatolia in1894. This isalso written in 15 of broughtarticle wereaccordingArmenians to to TreatyAzerbaijani territories of [ 27 ]

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS bringing Armenians abroad. There isa Soviet decree numbered 2947signedby Stalin in Turkey. byrejectedwereThese Soviet demands Turkey. a thirdresorted option: to Then they the subject was closed. Armenians, instructedby the Soviets, made territorial demands from and Nagorno-Karabakh to it Armenia. Party,join Azerbaijan objectedto appealed toStalin stage. After theSecond World War, Arutyunov, first Secretary ofthe Armenian Communist emigrated from there. The years following theSecond World important Waranother were because Azerbaijanis decreasing was werepopulation Azerbaijani. 12.600 The Azerbaijani there were 125.159 peopleinNagorno-Karabakh. Approximately, 111.700 were Armenian and only 209 Armenians. Censuses were madein1926, 1939,1959,1970, 1979 and1989. In 1926, Azerbaijan, 2 Germans, 3Mountain Jews and5people from other nationalities. There were In 1923, there were 6.682 Azerbaijanis, 209 Armenians, 45Russians,19people from Southern approximately 14 thousand was Azerbaijani. Now there isnotasingle Azerbaijani in Shusha. What was the population when it was created? The population was 158 thousand and of them to Caucasus. Later, the artificialNagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was created. 15 thousand move and to 4 years200 thousand within Armenians toSovietbring territories Caucasus. Politburo10 thousand 1923, the Istanbul toSouth Armenians decidedthetransferof fromIn resettlementpolitburo of todiscussthe Armenians. resultswereWhat ofthediscussions? the A second Armenian homeissomethingagainst the West. There are letters ordering the using nationalminorities.He wrote that they should try to establishasecond Armenian home. very briefly. Chicherin wrote that western countriescouldintervene to Soviet internalaffairs letters by Chicherin sent to his deputy MikhailLitvinov. ItisalongsubjectbutI will mention region. autonomous resettlementand the of formation ofthe on the areArmenians There could begiven to Armenia. giving Karabakhautonomy assoonpossiblebecause otherwise, he thought that Karabakh September 28,1921, the Nagorno-Karabakhissue was discussed andNarimanov insisted on Commissar of Azerbaijan participatedin the meeting.Pressures were put on Azerbaijan. In there was aconsultationmeetingheldinBaku.5 Armenian officials andForeign Affairs don’t take precautions, badsurprisecouldhappen. What were those precautions? InMay1921, could getclose with Turkey and that this cancauseproblems for them. Hesays that if they Stalin andmembers of the politburo. He wrote that nothinggoes their way inKars. Azerbaijan eve of the Kars Conference, there isasecret letter written by Chicherin in July 1921 to Lenin, precautions. suggest taking there are 2 ways for this: Turkey couldcomeeither through Nakhichevan or Karabakh. They Europe and the Entente Alliance, andcome to South Caucasus. In the letter, they inform that what will the Turkish foreign policybein the future and that Turkey couldbecomecloser to wrote that Turkey gainedadvantagesin the Treaty of Moscow. They wrote that itisunknown secret letter written by Russiansafter the Treaty of MoscowsignedinMarch 16,1921. They that Iknewlittleabout the Karabakhissue. Why was Karabakhgiven autonomy? There isa After the Lausanne Conference, according to a document dated 1923, it was decidedto it 1923, Lausanne Conference,a documentdated accordingAfter the to The nextimportantstage was the Conference of Lausanne. The conference hadsignificance An importantstageregarding precautions was on the eve of the Kars Conference. On the [ 28 ] result ofoccupations. Thank you. natives. They are not the ones who the culture of the region. They are peopleresettled asa Soviet era. Therefore %90 of the Armenians in South Caucasus are resettled andare not thousand peoplecame during the First World War and230 thousand peoplecame during the I will take my words back. 1millionpeoplecame Think aboutit; till the First World War, 250 increase in10 years? Ifan Armenian historiancanprove that Armenians in Armenia are natives, into detail on the populationchanges of other ethnicities.Howmuchcan the population to Armenian 2013 official statistics, the populationis3million140 thousand. I’mnotgoing Demirciyan. What is the total? 1480.000.Howmany peoplelive in Armenia now? According First World War. 230 thousand Armenians were brought in Soviet era,as written by Karen resettlednumber of Armenian duringthe Armenians was the Apostolic 250 thousand Church, written inRussian documents. Let’s make acalculation. According to documents of the among them. According to exaggerated figures, there are 144.700 Armenians currently. kicked out. There were 126.004peopleliving there in1995and there were no Azerbaijani Armenians were resettled to the region in1989-1992 while the Azerbaijanis were completely and 40.632 were Azerbaijani. After start the conflictand Armenian aggression, 40.450 189.029 peoplelivinginNagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. 145.459 of it were Armenian census, there1986. were According1989 1920 to broughtperiod, from duringtheSoviet tothe the politburo. Ihave acopy He of it. wrote that more than 123 thousand Armenians were letter sentby Karen Demirchyan, First Secretary of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, to Armenians were notbornin Armenia and they never sawitbefore. used in official documents, this hasnothing to do with repatriation. This isbecause the resettled historical landsin Armenia and were relocated to Azerbaijan. Even if the term repatriation was Armenians abroad were resettled to Armenia and Azerbaijanis were deported from their in the autonomousregion. There were 49ethnicgroups. %76 of the population was Armenian. werethousand Azerbaijani. According1979census, there161were tothe thousand Armenians Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was 153.000.137 thousand were Armenian and16 anniversary of the establishment of Soviet Power in Armenia. In1945, the population of the November 21,1945.It was aboutbringing Armenians abroad on the occasion of the 25 During the Tsarist era till the First World War in1914,1million Armenians were brought, as Another resolution regarding the resettlement of Armenians was signedin1985. There isa [ 29 ] th

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS comprising the Karabakh Armenians as well asconscripts,regular army andInteriorMinistry Kelbajar, Fizuli, Jebrail, Zangelan, Aghdam and Gubadli — were seizedby Armenian forces, territory, includingNagorno-Karabakhandseven other adjacent Azerbaijani districts —Lachin, secession from Azerbaijan when Azerbaijan and Armenia becameindependentin1991. Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) started to demand the rights of self-determinationand typically irredentist. place in the territory of former Soviet Union; by itsnature this conflictcanbe described as As aresult of this armedconflict one-fifth of Azerbaijan’s internationally recognized Originally havingsoughtunification with Armenia, the Armenian minority of Nagorno- The Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakhconflictis the first armedconflict that took A THE A Z E RB WITHIN THE CONTE WITHIN THE Deput RM AI J AN ENIA y R Director, CenterPresident ofthe for StrategicStudies Under the epublic of Azerbaijan ’ S STANCE TOWA - A Z E RB AI J AN, NAGO X CON T O PANEL II: ( SA [ R F 30 M) GEOPOLITICAL INTE GEOPOLITICAL F DS THE NAGO DS THE LICT , Dr ] . Gulshan PASHA Gulshan R NO - KA R R A NO-KA B Y AKH DISPUTE E V A R ESTS R A B AKH 1 Republictroops ofthe Armenia and the safereturn of IDPsand refugees to the permanentplaces of residence. However, such avoidwithdrawal from hostilities, occupiedterritories non-resumption of guarantees onthe aroundworld. the authorities economically andpolitically heavily depend on Armenia and Armenian Diaspora irredentist claimsandethnicsolidarity to itsethnicbrethren. Today socalled de facto NKR instrumental role in the annexation of the territory of aneighboringcountry for the sake of political solution to this conflicthadstillremained elusive. external actors,including the mediator of this conflict which is the OSCE Minsk Group, buta conflict. weremillion around displacedduringthis one same time process. Some estimatesput the number of deaths on bothsidesatmore than 30,000. At the transformed intoabufferzoneconsidered by Armenians asabargaining chipin the negotiation expelled from their homes during the undeclared war in1992-1993and these territories were Press, NewHaven andLondon,1995,p.150. Slaughter Among Neighbors the Political Origin of Communal Violence Communal of Origin Political the Neighbors Among Slaughter Armenia tries to preserve the current status quo andachieve international security Suffice it to say that Armenia’s involvement asakin-statein this conflictplayed an Since 1994 when acease-fire was reached, many attemptshave beenmadeby numerous 1 . The Azerbaijani population of this entire region was forcibly [ 31 ] , HumanRights Watch. Yale University

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS Armenia continues to experience problems precisely due to that conflict. Azerbaijan, which hasbeen developing dynamically despite the conflictinNagorno-Karabakh, demographic situation.Inrecent years there hasgrown anawareness that incontrast to chronic socialandeconomicproblems. They, in turn, have hadadverse effects on the Azerbaijan, and the lack of aground transportation link with Russiahascaused Armenia’s “military-political realities.” new balance of powerin the region, which haslargely neutralized the notorious factor of budget hasgrown from $163millionin2003 to $3.8billionin2014)have brought abouta energy securityandasteadygrowth of itsmilitarybudget(Azerbaijan’s substantial defence regain control of part of the occupied areas incompensation. settlement of the conflictunder the “territories-in-exchange-for-independence” formula, and of pressure on Azerbaijan. Yerevan believed that Baku would eventually have to agree to a final territories asitsmainargument in determining the status of Nagorno-Karabakhandameans “victory”. After the conclusion of the ceasefire agreement in1994, Armenia startedusing these all from the fact that the results of the 1992-1993militarycampaignare asitsunconditional states. between thethree South Caucasus cooperation a policyinits turn polarized the region andreduced to naughtany meaningfulregional Yerevan’s non-participationinmajorinfrastructuralprojects due to itsstandoff with However, today, Azerbaijan’s growing economicpotential,key role inmaintaining the Armenia’s rigidstanceisalsomainreason of a failure of negotiations. Armenia stemsabove [ 32 ] Azerbaijan. strongly urges Armenia to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of from all occupied Azerbaijani territories including the Nagorno-Karabakhregion as well as 874 and884, the immediate,unconditionalandcomplete withdrawal of Armenian forces strongly demands the strictimplementation of the US Security Council resolutions 822,853, crimes againsthumanity; demands to ceaseandreversed immediately the transfer of settlers perpetrated againstcivilian Azerbaijani populationin the occupied Azerbaijani territories as actions percentconsiders the oftheterritories of 20 Azerbaijan; about in theoccupationof resultedRepublicRepublichas aggressionagainst theof ofthe which Azerbaijan, Armenia ( Azerbaijan; withdrawal ofoccupyingunconditional Republic regionsforces ofthe of all occupied from immediate cessation of militaryactivitiesandhostileacts,immediate,complete directly related to the Nagorno-Karabakhconflict. The resolutions stressed the need for resolutions remain unfulfilledby Armenia so far. Inparticular, armed of forcesArmenian fromHowever, theoccupiedterritoriesof Azerbaijan. these integrity of Azerbaijan and demand the immediate, completeandunconditional withdrawal European Parliament over the years, which reaffirm respect for the sovereignty and territorial Islamic Parliamentarythe Cooperation,Organization of the Assembly of Europe,Council of the UNSecurity Council,as UNGeneral Assembly,such organizations international various use any sanction. and inviolability of Azerbaijan’s borders; butat the same time they oppose any attempts of organizations to this conflictisalso quite ambiguous. They recognize the territorial integrity that are critical for Baku. on preventing anescalation of rather the conflict, than on a search for solutions to problems efforts unacceptable, they focused their morewas Groupstatus quo thanoncedeclared the change in the approaches of internationalmediators. Although the co-chairs of the Minsk OIC/CFM-38/2011/ECO/RES/FINAL ( OIC/CFM-38/2011/ECO/RES/FINAL 10/37-POL 3/35-C 2/33-C (1997); C C ( 2012); 12/ 21-P 12/ (2003), • InDecember2005, the Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe (PACE) adopted • There are alsonumerous resolutions adoptedby the Organization of Islamic Cooperation In 1993, the UN Security Council adopted four resolutions (822,853,874, 884) that were There are several resolutions devoted to this particularconflict, which were adoptedby On the one hand, the attitude of the leading world andregional powersandinternational Regrettably, the emergence of anewbalance of power was not followed by asignificant 39/26-C 39/26-C (2006); 20)and (2008) 10/40-POL 10/40-POL (1993); 12/10-P(IS) (2010), 10/11-P(IS) 10/11-P(IS) (1999); 16/22-E 2/37-C 2/37-C (2013), 3/35-E (2003) and 21/9-P(IS) 21/9-P(IS) (1994) and (2008); (2010), 3/40-C (2008), 21/10-E(IS) (2000), (2013) 6/37-E 9/36-POL 9/36-POL 2/11-E(IS) 2/11-E(IS) 2011); 11/7-P(IS [ and 6/40-E ( 6/40-E and 21/9-E(IS) (2010); 33 9/39-POL 9/39-POL (2003); (2009), ] (2008), ) (1994); 10/38-POL 10/38-POL (2000) and 9/33-P 9/33-P 2013)), that strongly condemns the 2/36-C 2/36-C (2012), 2/11-C(IS) 2/11-C(IS) 12/8-P(IS) (2006); 20)and (2009) 3/39-C 3/39-C (2011), 25/9-C(IS) (2008), (1997) and 10/33-E 3/38-C 3/38-C (2012) 6/35-P 6/35-P 3/36-E (2000); and 8/39-E and (2006) and 21)and (2011) 18/8-E(IS) (2008), (2009); 10/30-

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS statement of 10 July 2009” Cooperation inEurope (OSCE)Minsk Group BasicPrinciples,enshrinedin the L’Aquila joint Security Council resolutions 822,853,874 and 884 the Organization for Security and Partnership and that the resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakhconflictshouldcomply with UN Eastern and objectives ofthe principles another violatethe fundamental territory of Partnership ofthe Eastern country ofthe by one position thattheoccupation “its recalls on the European Neighborhoodpolicy: towards astrengthening of the partnership where it region. for peacefulcoexistenceandcooperation of Armenian and Azerbaijani populationsin the solution until the final statusis determined and that itcouldcreate a transitional framework of transition. This resolution notes that aninterimstatus forNagorno-Karabakhcould offer a with respect of the UN Charter in order to provide the necessarysecurityguaranteesina period bybe organizedinternational deploymentforcesaccompanied territories of to of Azerbaijan, withdrawal of strategy for theSCdemanding Armenian forcesEU all occupied froman for region; equal livingconditions for Armenian and Azerbaijani communitiesin the Nagorno-Karabakh and providesecure need to recognizes the and population oftheoccupiedterritories, of the Azerbaijan and demanding withdrawal of all Armenian forces. The resolution calls for the return Republicintegrity ofthe reaffirmingin theoccupiedterritoriesof theterritorial Azerbaijan” Security Council, inparticularby withdrawing military forces from any occupied territories; Europe andurged the partiesconcerned to comply with the relevant resolutions of the UN state constitutesagrave violation of that state’s obligations asamember of the Council of Republic of Azerbaijan. PACE madeitclear that the occupation of foreign territory by amember part oftheterritory considerable a Minsk reaffirmingGroup” theoccupationof OSCE resolution conflict 1416entitled“The over the Nagorno-Karabakhregion dealt with by the of sanctionsagainstRussiahave beenimposedby the EUand U.S inrecent months. to Russia’s annexation of Crimea anditscontinued destabilization of eastern Ukraine anumber hand, due conflict overNagorno-Karabakh. On theother comes tothe Armenian-Azerbaijani Nowcommonly referred to as the “BasicPrinciples” the sixparametersarticulatedstipulate the following: 2 • At the same time on October 23,2013 the European Parliament adoptedanewresolution • May2010, the European Parliament adoptedaresolution (2009/2216(INI)) on the need • InMarch 2008, the UN General Assembly adoptedaresolution situation concerning “the Thus, there isaperception that double standards have beenappliedby the West when it • andinternationalsecurityguarantees that would includeapeacekeeping operation. • the right of allinternally displaced personsandrefugees to return to their former place of residence will; • future determination of the final legalstatus of Nagorno-Karabakh through alegally bindingexpression of • acorridorlinking Armenia to Nagorno-Karabakh; • aninterimstatus for Nagorno-Karabakhproviding guarantees for securityandself-governance; control;Nagorno-Karabakh to surroundingreturnAzerbaijani oftheterritories • the 2 . [ 34 ] play apositive role out of vicious cycle that prevents peacein the South Caucasus. Karabakh. Nagorno- and thestatusof residencefuture places oftheir permanent refugees tothe and IDPs return of safe as the conflict conducive for tacklingthetoughestquestionsofthis effects of years of negative propaganda. Italsocreate anenvironment which couldbemore and Azerbaijan and thus increase economic opportunities for landlocked Armenia. security measures is the singlemost feasible andeffective step on the horizon. Karabakh inexchange for opening transportation andcommunicationlinks andcorresponding withdrawal of its territorial claimsagainst Azerbaijan. mobilized. Itcanalsocontribute to certainchangein Armenia’s externalminoritypolicyand which both the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs andbilateral diplomatic pressure canbe Thus, sincere andcoordinated efforts of the conflictingpartiesas well asmediatorscan It will enable Armenians and Azerbaijanis to establish dialogue andstart to overcome the This step will alsolead to opening of the borders between Armenia and Turkey and Armenia Nagorno- returnadjacent to to unconditional Azerbaijan oftheoccupiedterritories The Perhaps itis time to pursue the similarpolicyinregard to Armenia. This isan option around [ 35 ]

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS of anethnicalgroup in that region isnotalegitimateelement for the validity of states. but from perspective of internationallaw, the historical data of aregion or the historicalroots I will justuseperspective of internationallaw. And why? Of course,I will exclude historians esteemed historiansalsomentionedhow wrong actually,this is.But, I will not talk about that. historical data and they are making these internationalproblems. In the previous session the topic alittlebitbluranduncertain. Of course, there are sociological, demographic or there isagapininternationallawandI will gointo details on this later. They are trying to make Actually, the conflictissettled on asalways,Armenian attitude.But, since Armenia knows that touch upon fundamental aspects. that it’s a very comprehensive topic but we will try to squeezeitin fifteen minutesand we will bore you with the articlesand the itemsand I will try to speakgenerally. Of course, we know in iure iure in The classicalcomprehension of the internationallawis this: inLatin, What I would like to tell here today is the role of Armenia in the Nagorno-Karabakhconflict. I knowit’s usually boring when alawexpertspeaksbutasmuchpossibleI will try not to Distinguished participants, THE NAGO which means,“first comerhas the first right.” We used to live here so first, this landis R Ankara Universit NO-KA Assoc R A . Prof B AKH DISPUTEININTE y . Dr , Lecturer to Department of La . Cavid A Cavid [ 36 ] B DULLAH Z ADE R NATIONAL LAW w Prior in tempore, potior tempore, in Prior , the attitudes of Armenia. Karabakh. Self-determination itself was notrecognized and itcanbeinvalidatedaccording to without understanding the role of Armenia you cannotunderstand the conflict of Nagorno- what isNagorno-Karabakhconflict? Actually, Armenians know what this conflictis. Of course, similar to Karabakh,it’s suchaseparate topic, inanother session we canevaluateKosovo. So, republics in the 60-sit did notaccept. Today, itstill does notaccept, the rulehasnever changed. examples that we see that internationallaw does notrecognize the separationsin the national they cannever accept the separation of Nagorno-Karabakh or Ossetia, or Chechnya. All these fundamental principal of the contemporarylawis of thedata. ours. This isnotlegitimate; this isnot valid for the contemporarylaw. Iamnotgoinginto detail autonomous Nagorno-Karabakh separation. But, was notaseparateautonomousrepublic; it was justan Crimea. Although Crimea isan Autonomous Republic, internationallaw does notaccept their to do so. Those countrieshave several separateethnicgroups. This problem is discussed in right have the which countries separate countryonlyfrom tothose right tothe give the they self-determination rightand we mustknow fact as well. So according to internationallaw, group lives there and they want internationallawmakesto beindependent, itpossible. This is their destiny by themselves. Although Karabakhisin your borders, let’s saya different ethnic is trying to make uncertainis the self determination which makes people inpublic determine we mustunderstand this in order to understand Azerbaijan. And second topic which Armenia Union disintegrated Nagorno-Karabakh was apart of Azerbaijan. This isalegal because fact, discussed by historiansbut there isnothing to discuss according to law. When in1991 Soviet conflict.” No,itisnot! There isnoborder conflictinNagorno-Karabakh, of course, this canbe Armenia to make the topic blur anduncertain. according to historical data of courseitcanbe discussed, this isapart of the intention of resolutions of the European Union andEuropean Council andallInternationalLaw. Therefore, of Soviet Union according to the internationallaw. This isreflected in the decisions and the Karabakh was apart of Azerbaijan andcontinued to beapart of Azerbaijan after disintegration Azerbaijan, which means that there’s asettledandcontinuousrule for seventy years Nagorno- declared andrecognized Nagorno-Karabakhisinevitableandinseparablepart that; of constitutions seventy1921 yearsareCaucasian decisions, those disputes therefor onthe of the current law. or the Yugoslavian Commission isactually based on this andis the most fundamental principle the newemerging countries. This was appliedin60-70-s Africa with the end of colonization, keep havingit.” Itmeans that, the administrative units of statesare actually the borders of There is only one exception, I do not want to gointo details, but the Kosovo example isno This isjustageneralintroduction to make itclear, let’s goupon the historical data. The According to the latestarticle written in the Yale University, “Nagorno-Karabakh isaborder As mentionedby Dr. Aslanlı clearly in the previous session,regarding nomatterhowmany oblast . If the separation of Crimea isnotacceptedby internationalcommunity [ 37 ] uti possidetis uti in Latin,“whatever you have,

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS situation with agreements in the 4 that from the perspective of internationallaw. Since 1945, United Nationsaccepted the general applied inKarabakh. in the Cyprus issueand they implemented this on Turkeywhich means that this rulecannotbe this isnotacceptedby the internationallawin1982,1983 we were enforced to accept this is self-determination,if the units or elementsare created by the hands of anothercountry, and on the field. The International Crisis Group states after that, Sarkisyan became the Minister not true, because there isa very intense relationship with those who are fighting on the street of Defense. So, you cannotjustsay that the militantsare fighting against Azerbaijan, no, that’s head of the state Sargisyan fought inKarabakhandafter that in1993hebecame the Minister resolutions is Armenia. Of course,I will notgointo detail but what you call“Armenia” is the international law will immediately understand that what they trying to meanin those do notuse“Armenia” asa direct term, because of this, everyone who is dealing with UN they say that the occupied land must beevacuatedby the people of Armenia. Maybe they is nota term which isuse for self-independencestruggles. So, alsoin the resolutions of the “occupy”. “Occupy” isa term which isused when acountry, when astate occupies another. It struggle. Buteven for nationalindependencestruggles United Nations do notuse the term Ihavepart, norole in the Nagorno-Karabakhconflict. They say that they have anindependent they are right. Of course, Armenian policies today are different, they nowsay that Ihave no mention occupation. And the actions of states are notregarded or recognized as occupying if United Nationmentionedby Dr. Pashayeva has four resolutions, andall four of them they this issomethingbased on international documents, UN international reports. Why? Because the role, or the Kelbecer occupation was alsoincluding Armenian people. This isnot what Isay, since 1991. Of course,I will skip the details butin the Hocalimassacre Armenian soldiersplayed attack. Here, in the Nagorno-Karabakhconflict the role of Armenia was a direct armedattack that countryarmed or supplying them with militaryequipmentisalsoacrime of military that we divide itinto two: direct attack or indirect attack. So making the terrorist groups in another country or stateare forbidden. In the Nicaraguacase, the resolution when we lookat states that, threatening by armedassaultandattacks using, order of attacksagainst paragraph of article2binds Armenia. Therefore, the independentstatesand the statesare boundby international law. So the 4 two different conflictshere: Azerbaijan and Armenia are two different independentstates. that butatleastafter1991,since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, internationallawhas 1991 was disputable. Butit was aninternalproblem of the Soviet Union, therefore I will skip against the country for your nationalsecurity. use forceNational Council,can with thedecisionofyouand countries right ofthe defense of anothercountry which isagainst the law or legality. The only exception to this is the self knows that acountry, astatecannotuse the act of force againstindependenceand the rights What isgoing to beappliedandimplementedinKarabakhis quiet clear?Letme talk about There are someseparatesituationsaccording to the internationallaw. Even though there How can we interpret or understand the fourth paragraph of the Article 2?Itsays that Let’s lookatNagorno-Karabakhexample,if this was apart of Azerbaijan in1991. Up until th paragraph of article2everyone knows that, Armenia also [ 38 ] th a federation of Armenia today.what’s So situation? the of Defense,betweenKarabakhand Armenia there isnomore borders left. So, Karabakhislike can discuss itlater. Thank you very much. to self-defense,buthow–Icannotgointo details about that becauseIam out of time, so we we need to discuss that Azerbaijan mustimplement or Azerbaijan canimplement their right they cannot do that again. So from this point further from the perspective of internationallaw, the UN cannot take measures to secure peacein the Southern Caucasian and they seemlike to secure the internationalsecurityandstability UN was founded. Despite the four resolutions talk about today. Of course, we prefer peacefulmethods to solve this problem. in But, order So that’ssituation of Armenia. the every time you beat that person that means you keep repeating your crimeagain andagain. crime every time. Let’s say you lockpersoninaroom and you keep beating that person,so that aslong you continue your action which constitutesacrime you actually repeat this continues. there isanarmedattack of Armenia and the attacks of Armenia did notendin1994,itstill against helicopter? Well, Nagorno-Karabakhconflictisnota frozen in conflict, this conflict, here. Can Azebaijan use force by themselves considering the latestexamples suchasattacking method was notusedconsidering the veto right. state, which is Armenia, the strugglemustbeconductedbut the resolution of the UN, the paragraph 4 of the article2 of the UN Agreement. What shouldbe done? Iguess the armed knows that this isnot valid. So, they justleft this argument. There isan open violation of the personal rights of those peopleand Armenia used to use this argument,but Armenia also never Azerbaijan. There are of coursehumanitarianinterventions in order to protect the your right to self-defense only insituations, when you are attacked by anotherstate. it? No,because Azerbaijan hasnever conductedanarmedattackagainst Armenia. You canuse violation of this agreement. Armenia cansay “Iamusingmythat, right to self-defense.” Can According4 tothe This can we talk about the self-defenseright of Azerbaijan? Yes, this is what we need to Those who are expertsinlaw, they know that that iscalledacontinuouscrime which means So what’s left?I will justsay one lastsentence.But there is one more thing to mention in favorresolution of always oftheSecurity Armenia, all, the Council,was this Second of th paragraph of the article twoof an open UN paragraph ofthe Agreement,is there [ 39 ]

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS Nagorno-Karabakh is a direct threat to the national interestHowever,a direct ofthe section national US. threatis with tothe Nagorno-Karabakh surroundingcase, theoccupation of Azerbaijani territories stability.In this and integrity an east-west energy corridor, anditscompletionsuccessrequires Azerbaijan’s territorial between the policies of the administration and the Congress inevery stage. US’s defense of terms of the energy andeconomy. However, we cansay that there was aseriousconflict Policy’ which prioritizedRussia. This required US to approach the issuesin Caucasus mainly in Caucasus. This is the same for the US. Until 1997, the US adoptedapolicycalled‘RussiaFirst policies of the EU,its view on the Karabakhissuecan’tbeseparated from itspolicy towards post-cold war period. This couldbealsosaid for Russia,as well as for other countries. Regarding aspect. and Russiabriefly mention Turkey’s stanceas the nextspeaker will talk about the Turkish issue. proposalssolutions ofthe have policies ofthe forthe ToUS will focus onthe I save time, Karabakh issueand took astanceaboutit. US, Russia,EU, Turkey andIranare countries that In my speech,I will speak of the policies of countries which are involved in the Nagorno- The US, asanon-regional superpower, started to bemore interested with the region in the G R V EAT POWE ice President of the International Strategic President ofthe ice R NAGO S ’ STANCE TOWA R Prof NO-KA . Dr . KamerKASI [ 40 R A R ] B DS THE AKH DISPUTE R esearch Organization M R ESOLUTION O ( USAK F THE ) , Armenia. Russiaisaregional powerandisin fact aparty of the conflictsince the beginning. when there isaninfringement of the ceasefire line or when there isaprovocative actby gravitation toward the Asia-Pacific and Karabakhis the MiddleEast. occasionally remembered such as the energy corridor, itseems that itlostits interest in Caucasus because there is process of the Karabakhissueand isacountry that offered solutionsin the pre-ceasefire period though the US -asan OSCE Minsk Group co-chaircountry- isinvolved in the resolution they will abandon their previous demands from Turkey. Nevertheless, lastly Icansay this: even Union let down US’s andEU’s hopes of integrating Armenia into the West. Therefore Ibelieve and I will mention them. However, itseems that Armenia’s accession to the EurasianEconomic relations andby reintegrating Armenia into the West. Many seriouschangeshappenedrecently Turkey andapolicy that assumedaresult couldbe obtained through Turkish-Armenian energy corridorproject of the US. However, untilnow, the US adoptedapolicy that prioritized cooperation developing between Turkey and Azerbaijan did, in accelerate fact, the east-west Armenia’s policy will notchange,nomatter what Turkey does. More importantly, the energy more radicalized with the increasing influence of the Karabakhclan. Therefore, itisclear that especially in the post-Ter-Petrosyan period, Armenian foreign policyisbecomingmore and Even if you open the borders, it will notreach asignificantlevel in terms of trade. Secondly, an economy of 20billion dollars, according to 2013 figures. Ithasnothingbeneficial for Turkey. a stepby Turkey. There isnoeconomicpotential that Armenia could offer. We are talking about to endits occupation inKarabakh or changeitspolicy toward Turkey or Azerbaijan aftersuch first suggested. The ones who proposed this strategycouldn’texplainhow Armenia was going of Armenia into the West. It was actually clear that this approach will notsucceed when it was the improvement of Turkish-Armenian relation, the opening of borders by Turkey, integration territories by force. They hadastrategy that assumedKarabakhissue would beresolved with resolution of the Karabakh issue. They never defended Azerbaijan taking backits occupied completed in2006,it was importantin terms of the changein US’s view. US wanted apeaceful that itsconstructionacceleratedafter2001. Although it was opened partially in2005and Tblisi-Ceyhan pipeline within the east-west energy corridorisespecially important. We know rapid improvements inmany fields suchasenergy. For example, the completion of the Baku- approach. This changed US’s view on Azerbaijan and the Karabakhissue. After 2001, we see Caucasus after September 11,2001.Itadded the securityaspect to itsenergy-oriented applicable andrationalsuggestion,it didn’t happenanyway. The US changedits views on energy resources to internationalmarkets through the occupying country. This was notan main its country tooffer ask theoccupied and you country another occupies theterritoriesof Armenia; needless to say Azerbaijan would never accept this. Just think aboutit. One country the east-west energy corridor. It was suggested to deliver Azerbaijani oil to Turkey through Karabakh issue.For instance, one of the suggestions was to buildapeacepipelineaspart of the Nagorno-Karabakhissue. The US tried to associateitsenergy-oriented approach to the of the US couldn’tbeimplementedbecause of insidelobbies,asit was in US’s policy toward efforts andpolicies of the US administrations, decisions directly serving the nationalinterests Challenges of America’s isavailablein NationalIdentity” Turkish. Thus, we cansay that despite ErosionHis article“The of American NationalInterests” are andhisbook“Who we? The were banned.I think Samuel Huntingtonmadeagoodanalysis of this issuein US foreign policy. Freedompressures907 of Support passed dueto fromAct the Congress,aids to Azerbaijan [ 41 ]

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS will bemaintained for along time. Karabakh will be one of the most dangerous hotspots doesn’t seemso. We are going towards an internationalenvironment where the status quo in Cold War era. Will this situationhelp the resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakhissue?It pipelines andrelations between Azerbaijan and Georgia require this, or they canbelike Finland Bloc. Georgia’s positioniscriticalhere. They caneither bein the Western Bloc,becauseenergy with Russia. On the other side, there is Azerbaijan and Turkey which are apart of the Western Eurasian economicunion,iseconomically dependent to Russiaandhasclosemilitaryrelations where this division will become apparent. On one side there is Armenia which joined the places be oneofthe seems thatthe will similar totheCaucasus Coldit world the and Warera after the annexation of Crimea andclashesinEastern Ukraine, there isa division currently in Iran, Russia, US andEUcannotbeseparated from the internationalconjuncture. Especially within the EU for newinitiatives, these didn’t have any results. Certainly, the effortsby Turkey, turmoil and other conflictsin the internationalconjuncture. Although there were proposals Azerbaijani territories. Itseems that the EUlargely lostitsinterest in Caucasus due to economic on Turkey to open itsborders butnever gave Armenia aclearmessage to withdraw from Turkey was imposingablockade on Armenia. In these reports, we see that the EUputpressure For instance,in these reports on South Caucasus, it was frequently and wrongfully stated that Parliament resolutions andreports on South Caucasus didn’t help the resolution of the issue. by means of aset of economicinstruments.However especially somestatementsinEuropean 94-95 andin the process rightafter the ceasefire. EU thought itcouldbring the parties together Ialso part. want to saya few things about the EU. doesn’t want itget out of itscontrol. I will make anevaluationabout this in the conclusion Russia wanted the problem to continuelike this, or atleastinacontrolled manner. Russia any of this. This certainly raisedserious question marks over Russia’s sincerity. Itseemedlike see Howeverwe didn’t pressures Nagorno-Karabakh. on withdraw parts of fromArmenia to Armenia. They shoulduse them and force Armenia to take astep. This couldbein the form of occupying forces andstate.Russiaalready has the necessarymeans to putpressure on sponsored it. So what shouldbe done in the first stage? There shouldbepressure on the be implementedbecause there isanactual occupation. Itis obvious who occupied and who the declaration includeselementssimilar to the MadridPrinciples,itisunknownhow they will together inMoscow on November 2008and the MoscowDeclaration was signed. Although change itsnegative imagein the West. Thus, Russiabrought the Armenian and Azeri Presidents 1968. The first repercussion of this was the electoral defeat inNovember. Russia wanted to Condoleezza Riceeven compared it to the Soviet militaryintervention in Czechoslovakia in in relations betweenRussiaand the West and the view on Russiachanged dramatically. the problem stillcontinues.Russia’s militaryintervention in Georgia causeda180 degree shift issue to continuein order to maintaincontrol on bothcountries. This is one of the reasons why Armenia for the resolution of the Karabakhissue.Moreover itseems that Russia the Karabakh military, itnever put forth astrategy that iscomprehensive, meaningfulandpressurizing the OSCE Minsk Group. However due to itsspecialrelations with Armenia, botheconomicand the ceasefire in1994.Naturally, they are involved in the peaceprocess andare amember of We know the role of the 366 Werole ofthe know the EU was actively interested with the Karabakhissuein the beginning of the 1990s,in1993- th regiment inKhojaly. However itisalso the county that brokered [ 42 ] encountered duringthe Cold War. Thank you. to withdraw from Karabakh.Nagorno-Karabakh will continue to be one of those hot spots there will beany majorpressures on the parties to resolve especiallythe conflict, on Armenia similar tothe Coldsituation I don’tthink Warinternational change, If this doesn’t say this. highest level about this issuebothbefore andafterprotocols and during visits. Lastly letme and mutualinvestments. There are alsoclear promises madeby Turkey to Azerbaijan on the against Turkey’s realpolitik consideringitsincreasing economiccooperation with Azerbaijan so that Turkey can take astep. Otherwise there isno other way this canhappen. This isalso Karabakh issue. Armenia shouldendits occupation and the sidesshouldcome to anagreement Nagorno- resolutionstep toward ofthe the havea relations, totake they Turkish-Armenian occupation of Azerbaijani territory.normalization of want the EU and Therefore,if the US close itslandborder due to other reasons. Itclosedbecause of the Nagorno-Karabakissueand Armenian relations are independent from the Karabakhissue.No, it’s notbecause Turkey didn’t with thinktanks frommeetings and the in our West:America up say that They Turkish- brought up within Turkey-EU and Turkey-US relations. There is this wrong assumption brought excluding Armenia from bigenergy projects. The Karabakhissueisasubject occasionally There are several instruments to do this ininternationalpolitics. The biggestsanction was pressures because Armenia isan occupying countryandsanctionsshouldbeimposed on it. its landborder with Armenia in1993 with the occupation of Kalbajarandkept itclosed despite of the mostinfluentialcountriesin the passing of UN resolutions on Karabakh. Turkey closed speaker with talk about Turkey, I will briefly touch on Turkey’s position. a project that transports large amounts of Azerbaijani naturalgas to Europe. Since the next TANAP ishighly importantin this respect. The crisisbetweenRussiaand the West necessitates blocs. Azerbaijan iscoming to anadvantageouspositionespecially with itsenergy projects. because ithas the potential to turn intoahotconflict. This couldalsolead to aconflictbetween Turkey, asaregional power, was always on Azerbaijan’s side diplomatically. Turkey was one [ 43 ]

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS legal importance,so the first question that comes to isgoing the mind is “Who to solve it?”. conflict in the international field isbecause this isaninternationalconflict of politicaland moreNagorno-Karabakh arepower. orthodoxof the discussing reasonwe definitionsof So,the least one bidding. persuade/influence otherstodoyourWell,at is to is power thisdefinition How do you make sure itisimplemented? There is one fundamental definition; itsays that relations there is the definition of power. What ispower?How do you implementsomething? These kind of disputes are the subjects of our field of studies. And as you know, ininternational international community or specificactorssuchas United Nations or the Security Council? to make sure these legalregulations will beimplementedandwill this beconductedby international lawandin terms of international relations. I think our field of studymustbehow but possessing it, we alsoknow that there is the implementationphasebothin terms of understand itcorrectly, this means, whatever you have, whatever you possess you mustremain principles, well, letmemention one again“whatever you have, remain havingit”. As far asI hypothesis. As mentionedby professor earlier, with regard to all these internationallaw for this reason I will try to underlinesomeimportantpointsandI will do itas part of a And afterall what was already mentionedby seniorexperts, there’s notmuchleft to talk. But As a doctoral candidateanda young Ihave expert, a disadvantage of being the lastspeaker. TU Senior Specialist at the Center for Eurasian Studies R O KE F THE NAGO THE Y’ S STANCE TOWA Aslan R NO-KA [ Y 44 avuz Ş R ] DS THE R A İR B AKH DISPUTE R ESOLUTION ( A VİM) , chair of the Minsk Group insist that if the border is opened with Armenia without any up anew dimension in its foreign policychoices. Approach by James Warlick, the American co- did notgetinvolved inapolitical dispute with those leaders,but was indeedseeking to open eye, negotiate andcomeinto terms with them. This was madepossibleby the fact that Turkey passports to the leaders of non-Turkish politicalmovements abroad so that hecankeep an occupation and Armenia’s breach of internationallaw. main reason behind why they were closedin the first place, thus highlighting the ongoing borderswith community the Armenia ontheopeningof international remindTurkey the will is open they say that Armenia and Turkey will benefit from it very much.Increasing focus by opening the border as the most important thing atall,also for the Western world. If the border Armenia, i.e.closedborders, isaresult of Armenia’s doing. Today Armenia isstillconsidering of a UN member. Not only butalso, that, one of the core issuesin Turkey’s relations with 1/5 oftheterritories namely theongoingoccupationof conflict, Karabakh Nagorno in problem corebe over.internationalization ofthe will pavedway occupation Protocolsfor the the Turkey emphasized that there isan occupation and will only further relations when the Nagorno Karabakhconflict to the fore in the internationalagendamore than ever before. Thus, brought the has and thedevelopmentsProtocols following them is that personal opinion Turkey-Armenia relationships andNagorno-Karabakhconflictbelinked to each other. My without uttering them. Itisbotharealist andpragmaticpolicy on the side of Turkey that harshly criticized,butininternationallaw there are someprinciplesand they mustbeknown Turkey’s policy to linkNagorno-Karabakhproblem with the Turkish-Armenian relations was bordersside. efforts towardswith theopeningof concessions ontheir its any Turkeywithout reaction in the Diasporaandmostly elsewhere was alsonegative. Armenian sideis focusing while it Armenian signed reactionwe us duetothe towardsfact that an opposing showed discussed very frequently before andafter the signing of the protocols. Azerbaijan actually Turkey and Armeniacannot beseparated from the Nagorno-Karabakhconflict. This was between relationsis the conflict thefactthat fundamental driver Nagorno-Karabakh professor statedbefore me from the perspective of international law when Turkey acts on balances: how to keep the peace, who will keep the peaceandallin this regard. And as the The policy of Turkey concerningNagorno-Karabakh was always conducted on those fragile we needsomekind of penalty, clearpenalty for these fragile balancesinNagorno-Karabakh. parker. If you say that it will beindeterminateand the person will notcommit that crime. So the penalcodes,let’s say, if you park your carhere, the penalty to that isexecution of that happens if Armenians occupy Nagorno-Karabakh. According to the penaltycode,according to the internationallegallawisright there, obvious, there is noclearpenalty. Imean, what want the course of events evolve this way. fighting to getacquainted or to solve things. Still, itgoes without saying that Turkey do not without talking or makinga dialogue and then things are solved. This ispeculiarly Eastern, problem is to First fight. you sucker punch, then you receive anotherpunch,so you fight alittle conflict solve this situation?If we were in the pastI would say that the best way to solve the The middleman, the intermediaries, or will the sidescome together andsolve it? Will anew I always remember policy of Mr. Ozal, the former President of Turkey, to allocate Turkish If Igoback to the internationallaw, again from the perspective of these principles,although [ 45 ]

THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: A THREAT TO REGIONAL PEACE, SECURITY AND NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS as aco-chair would bringbalanceinto the system. Thank you. to expectany benefit from suchasystem.Ibelieve that Turkey’s involvement in the system relations with Armenians and they have large diasporas in them. In this caseitisnotcorrect law will disappear. There isnobalance within the Minsk Group. RussiaandFrance have close because if there isanimbalance within amediatinginstitute, the enforcement of international today RussiaisaMinsk Group Co-Chair. Turkey’s co-chairshipcouldbringsomebalance ties with Armenia andsiding with Armenia on the Karabakhissue, we comeacross Russiaand Turkey’s Co-Chairship. If we change the actorsand talk aboutproblems with Azerbaijan, close ties with Azerbaijan anditssiding with Azerbaijan on the Karabakhissueare said to be obstacles eliminate the neutrality of the Minsk Group. Turkey’s ongoing issues with Armenia, itsclose believe that Turkey shouldbeaMinsk Group Co-Chair. There are several opinions that this will do? Howshould Turkey beinvolved with this issueandhowmuchitcanaffect the process? I with the coming2015and the concessions toward Armenia. What is the best thing Turkey can being of just one isolated,satellitestatein the region. We couldalsoassociate these pressures with Azerbaijan and Georgia, this partnershipin the region ismore important than the well- sole responsibility to pressurize Armenia, not Turkey to open the borders. Turkey’s relations negotiations without any concessionsisnotacceptable,andinternationalcommunityhas the wrong reasons. Indeeditis obvious that Armenia anditspolicy of ongoing occupation, the conflict; that system does not function. Secondly, Turkey isunderpressure and for the made the problem even deeper andbigger. So at this point there isno viable approach to solve as the mediationsuggests. So upuntil today everything that Minskgroup couldnotachieve their land,soitisactually something further than justcivil dialogue or economicengagement Azerbaijanis 1.5mln of which were rippedaway from their landsandcurrently live away from there, were raised there, never meeting of knowing the missingautochthonKarabakh Group’s policyresulted in the creation of ageneration of Armenians livinginNK, were born Armenia’s dependency on Russia,andend to Armenia’s isolation to the fore. However, Minsk borders, closed issue of bring the evenwhen theydo,triedto and condition; peace” the conflictresolution process inKarabakhproblem, butinstead they pursueda“no war, no Armenia will bestormedby Turkish goods.Mediationby the Minskgroup never focused on historically or strategically. Armenia hasnoexportcapability; once the borders are opened, replace or substitute the relationship that Turkey has with Azerbaijan –economically, between Turkey and Armenia those things that canbeachieved economically, cannever preconditions, then America alsosays the progress will bemadeinaneasiermanner. However, [ 46 ] . .