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The Turkish Diaspora in Europe Integration, Migration, and Politics
GETTY GEBERT IMAGES/ANDREAS The Turkish Diaspora in Europe Integration, Migration, and Politics By Max Hoffman, Alan Makovsky, and Michael Werz December 2020 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG Contents 1 Introduction and summary 4 Key findings 9 Detailed findings and country analyses 34 Conclusion 37 About the authors and acknowledgments 38 Appendix: Citizenship laws and migration history in brief 44 Endnotes Introduction and summary More than 5 million people of Turkish descent live in Europe outside Turkey itself, a human connection that has bound Turkey and the wider European community together since large-scale migration began in the 1960s.1 The questions of immigra- tion, citizenship, integration, assimilation, and social exchange sparked by this migra- tion and the establishment of permanent Turkish diaspora communities in Europe have long been politically sensitive. Conservative and far-right parties in Europe have seized upon issues of migration and cultural diversity, often engaging in fearmonger- ing about immigrant communities and playing upon some Europeans’ anxiety about rapid demographic change. Relations between the European Union—as well as many of its constituent member states—and Turkey have deteriorated dramatically in recent years. And since 2014, Turks abroad, in Europe and elsewhere around the world, have been able to vote in Turkish elections, leading to active campaigning by some Turkish leaders in European countries. For these and several other reasons, political and aca- demic interest in the Turkish diaspora and its interactions -
Updating the Debate on Turkey in France, Note Franco-Turque N° 4
NNoottee ffrraannccoo--ttuurrqquuee nn°° 44 ______________________________________________________________________ Updating the Debate on Turkey in France, on the 2009 European Elections’ Time ______________________________________________________________________ Alain Chenal January 2011 . Programme Turquie contemporaine The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non- governmental and a non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With offices in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of the European debate. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. Contemporary Turkey Program is supporter by : ISBN : 978-2-86592-814-9 © Ifri – 2011 – All rights reserved Ifri Ifri-Bruxelles 27 rue de la Procession Rue Marie-Thérèse, 21 75740 Paris Cedex 15 – FRANCE 1000 – Brussels – BELGIUM Tel : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 Tel : +32 (0)2 238 51 10 Fax : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Fax : +32 (0)2 238 51 15 Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Website: Ifri.org Notes franco-turques The IFRI program on contemporary Turkey seeks to encourage a regular interest in Franco-Turkish issues of common interest. From this perspective, and in connection with the Turkish Season in France, the IFRI has published a series of specific articles, entitled “Notes franco-turques” (Franco-Turkish Briefings). -
Redalyc.Turkey S Immigration and Emigration Dilemmas at the Gate Of
Migración y Desarrollo ISSN: 1870-7599 [email protected] Red Internacional de Migración y Desarrollo México Avci, Gamze; KIRI¿CI, Kemal Turkeys immigration and emigration dilemmas at the gate of the european union Migración y Desarrollo, núm. 7, segundo semestre, 2006, pp. 123-173 Red Internacional de Migración y Desarrollo Zacatecas, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=66000706 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative TURKEY’S IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION DILEMMAS TURKEY’S IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION DILEMMAS AT THE GATE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION GAMZE AVCI KEMAL KIRIŞCI* ABSTRACT. This paper examines the emigration and immigration system of Turkey and its cor- related visions of development. For that purpose, the paper will study the major characteristics and dynamics of emigration from Turkey into Europe (in particular Germany and the Nether- lands), and the major impact on host societies as well as on Turkey. The analysis gives particular attention to the extent to which Turkish emigration and the Turkish Diaspora have influenced economic, political and social development in Turkey. In a similar manner, we will examine the evolving nature of immigration into Turkey. Finally, we give attention to the place of these issues in EU–Turkish relations. The parallel development of Turkish migrants becoming per- manent residents in Europe and of Turkey receiving new – potentially permanent – migrants from its surrounding region are discussed with a close look at what kind of impact this has on Turkey itself. -
Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?
CYPRUS CENTRE 2/2007 REPORT 2/2007 Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking? Shrinking? Cypriot Population Turkish Is the The demography of north Cyprus is one of the most contested issues related to the island’s division. In particular, the number of indigenous Turkish Cypriots and Turkish immigrants living in the north has long been a source of dispute, not only among the island’s diplomats and politicians but also among researchers and activists. Until recently, the political use of demog- raphy has hindered comprehensive study of the ethno-demographic make-up of the north, while at the same time making a thorough demographic study all the more imperative. The present report addresses this situation by providing an analysis of the results of the 2006 census of north Cyprus, comparing these fi gures with the results of the previous census. The report focuses mainly on identifying the percentage of the population of north Cyprus who are of Turkish-mainland origin and also possess Turkish Cypriot citizenship – an important factor given claims that such citizens play an signifi cant role in elections in the north. In addi- tion, the report examines the arrival dates of Turkish nationals in order to analyze patterns of migration. This, in turn, is indicative of the numbers of naturalized Turkish Cypriot citizens who have arrived in Cyprus as part of an offi cial policy. The report also presents estimates for Turkish Cypriot emigration to third countries, based on immigration and census fi gures from the two main host countries: the United Kingdom and Australia. Following analysis of these latter fi gures and the results of the 2006 census, it is argued that claims of massive emigration by Turkish Cypriots to third countries are largely misleading. -
Official General Report on Northern Iraq (April 2000) Contents Page
Official general report on Northern Iraq (April 2000) Contents Page 1. Introduction 4 2. Information on the country 6 2.1. Basic facts 6 2.1.1. Country and people 6 2.1.2. History 8 2.2. System of government 17 2.3. Political developments 20 2.3.1. Internal relations 20 2.3.2. External forces 31 2.4. Security situation 36 2.5. Social and economic situation 48 2.6. Conclusions 53 3. Human rights 55 3.1. Safeguards 55 3.1.1. Constitution 55 3.1.2. Other national legislation 55 3.1.3. Conventions 56 3.2. Monitoring 56 3.3. Respect and violations 58 3.3.1. Freedom of opinion 58 3.3.2. Freedom of association and of assembly 59 3.3.3. Freedom of religion 60 3.3.4. Freedom of movement 73 3.3.5. Judicial process 83 3.3.6. Arrest and detention 84 3.3.7. Maltreatment and torture 87 3.3.8. Extra-judicial executions and murders 87 10804/00 dre/LG/mc 2 DG H I EN 3.3.9. Death penalty 87 3.4. Position of specific groups 88 3.4.1. Turkmens 88 3.4.2. Staff of international organisations 91 3.4.3. Conscripts, deserters and servicemen 96 3.4.4. Independent intellectuals and journalists 98 3.4.5. Prominent political activists 99 3.4.6. Fayli Kurds 99 3.4.7. Women 101 3.4.8. Orphaned minors 104 3.5. Summary 104 4. Refugees and displaced persons 106 4.1. Motives 106 4.2. -
Turkmen of Iraq
Turkmen of Iraq By Mofak Salman Kerkuklu 1 Mofak Salman Kerkuklu Turkmen of Iraq Dublin –Ireland- 2007 2 The Author Mofak Salman Kerkuklu graduated in England with a BSc Honours in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Oxford Brookes University and completed MSc’s in both Medical Electronic and Physics at London University and a MSc in Computing Science and Information Technology at South Bank University. He is also a qualified Charter Engineer from the Institution of Engineers of Ireland. Mr. Mofak Salman is an author of a book “ Brief History of Iraqi Turkmen”. He is the Turkmeneli Party representative for both Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. He has written a large number of articles that were published in various newspapers. 3 Purpose and Scope This book was written with two clear objectives. Firstly, to make an assessment of the current position of Turkmen in Iraq, and secondly, to draw the world’s attention to the situation of the Turkmen. This book would not have been written without the support of Turkmen all over the world. I wish to reveal to the world the political situation and suffering of the Iraqi Turkmen under the Iraqi regime, and to expose Iraqi Kurdish bandits and reveal their premeditated plan to change the demography of the Turkmen-populated area. I would like to dedicate this book to every Turkmen who has been detained in Iraqi prisons; to Turkmen who died under torture in Iraqi prisons; to all Turkmen whose sons and daughters were executed by the Iraqi regime; to all Turkmen who fought and died without seeing a free Turkmen homeland; and to the Turkmen City of Kerkuk, which is a bastion of cultural and political life for the Turkmen resisting the Kurdish occupation. -
Looking Into Iraq
Chaillot Paper July 2005 n°79 Looking into Iraq Martin van Bruinessen, Jean-François Daguzan, Andrzej Kapiszewski, Walter Posch and Álvaro de Vasconcelos Edited by Walter Posch cc79-cover.qxp 28/07/2005 15:27 Page 2 Chaillot Paper Chaillot n° 79 In January 2002 the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) beca- Looking into Iraq me an autonomous Paris-based agency of the European Union. Following an EU Council Joint Action of 20 July 2001, it is now an integral part of the new structures that will support the further development of the CFSP/ESDP. The Institute’s core mission is to provide analyses and recommendations that can be of use and relevance to the formulation of the European security and defence policy. In carrying out that mission, it also acts as an interface between European experts and decision-makers at all levels. Chaillot Papers are monographs on topical questions written either by a member of the ISS research team or by outside authors chosen and commissioned by the Institute. Early drafts are normally discussed at a semi- nar or study group of experts convened by the Institute and publication indicates that the paper is considered Edited by Walter Posch Edited by Walter by the ISS as a useful and authoritative contribution to the debate on CFSP/ESDP. Responsibility for the views expressed in them lies exclusively with authors. Chaillot Papers are also accessible via the Institute’s Website: www.iss-eu.org cc79-Text.qxp 28/07/2005 15:36 Page 1 Chaillot Paper July 2005 n°79 Looking into Iraq Martin van Bruinessen, Jean-François Daguzan, Andrzej Kapiszewski, Walter Posch and Álvaro de Vasconcelos Edited by Walter Posch Institute for Security Studies European Union Paris cc79-Text.qxp 28/07/2005 15:36 Page 2 Institute for Security Studies European Union 43 avenue du Président Wilson 75775 Paris cedex 16 tel.: +33 (0)1 56 89 19 30 fax: +33 (0)1 56 89 19 31 e-mail: [email protected] www.iss-eu.org Director: Nicole Gnesotto © EU Institute for Security Studies 2005. -
38. ICANAS (Uluslararası Asya Ve Kuzey Afrika Çalışmaları Kongresi) (International38
ATATÜRK KÜLTÜR, DİL VE TARİH YÜKSEK KURUMU ATATÜRK SUPREMEATATÜRK KÜLTÜR,COUNCIL DİL FOR VE CULTURE, TARİH YÜKSEK LANGUAGE KURUMU AND HISTORY ВЫСШЕЕATATÜRK ОБЩЕСТВО SUPREME ПО ТУРЕЦКОЙ COUNCIL КУЛЬТУРЕ,FOR CULTURE, ЯЗЫКУ LANGUAGE И ИСТОРИИ AND имени HISTORY АТАТЮРКА ВЫСШЕЕ ОБЩЕСТВО ПО ТУРЕЦКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ, ЯЗЫКУ И ИСТОРИИ имени АТАТЮРКА 38. ICANAS (Uluslararası Asya ve Kuzey Afrika Çalışmaları Kongresi) (International38. Congress ICANAS of Asian and North African Studies) (Международный(Uluslararası конгрессAsya ve Kuzey по изучению Afrika ÇalışmalarıАзии и Северной Kongresi) Африки) (International10-15.09.2007 Congress of ANKARA Asian and / NorthTÜRKİYE African Studies) (Международный конгресс по изучению Азии и Северной Африки) BİLDİRİLER/10-15.09.2007 PAPERS ANKARA/TÜRKİYE / СБОРНИК СТАТЕЙ DİLBİLDİRİLER/ BİLİMİ, DİL PAPERS/СБОРНИК BİLGİSİ VE DİL EĞİTİMİ СТАТЕЙ LINGUISTICS, GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE TEACHING ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ, ГРАММАТИКА И ОБУЧЕНИЕ ЯЗЫКУ TARİH VE MEDENİYETLER TARİHİ HISTORY AND HISTORY OF CIVILIZATIONS ОБЩАЯ ИСТОРИЯI. CİLT И / VOLUME ИСТОРИЯ I / TOM ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЙ I III. CİLT/VOLUME III/TOM III ANKARA-2011 ANKARA-2012 II ATATÜRK KÜLTÜR, DİL VE TARİH YÜKSEK KURUMU YAYINLARI: 14/3 5846 Sayılı Kanuna göre bu eserin bütün yayın, tercüme ve iktibas hakları Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumuna aittir. Bildiri ve panel metinleri içinde geçen görüş, bilgi ve görsel malzemelerden bildiri sahipleri ve panel konuşmacıları sorumludur. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publisher, except in the case of brief quotations, in critical articles or reviews. Papers reflect the viewpoints of individual writers and panelists. -
'A Reign of Terror'
‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam, Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ June 2005 ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ Supervisors: Prof. Johannes Houwink ten Cate, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Dr. Karel Berkhoff, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies June 2005 2 Contents Preface 4 Introduction 6 1 ‘Turkey for the Turks’, 1913-1914 10 1.1 Crises in the Ottoman Empire 10 1.2 ‘Nationalization’ of the population 17 1.3 Diyarbekir province before World War I 21 1.4 Social relations between the groups 26 2 Persecution of Christian communities, 1915 33 2.1 Mobilization and war 33 2.2 The ‘reign of terror’ begins 39 2.3 ‘Burn, destroy, kill’ 48 2.4 Center and periphery 63 2.5 Widening and narrowing scopes of persecution 73 3 Deportations of Kurds and settlement of Muslims, 1916-1917 78 3.1 Deportations of Kurds, 1916 81 3.2 Settlement of Muslims, 1917 92 3.3 The aftermath of the war, 1918 95 3.4 The Kemalists take control, 1919-1923 101 4 Conclusion 110 Bibliography 116 Appendix 1: DH.ŞFR 64/39 130 Appendix 2: DH.ŞFR 87/40 132 Appendix 3: DH.ŞFR 86/45 134 Appendix 4: Family tree of Y.A. 136 Maps 138 3 Preface A little less than two decades ago, in my childhood, I became fascinated with violence, whether it was children bullying each other in school, fathers beating up their daughters for sneaking out on a date, or the omnipresent racism that I did not understand at the time. -
Soft Power Or Illusion of Hegemony: the Case of the Turkish Soap Opera “Colonialism”
International Journal of Communication 7 (2013), 2361-2385 1932–8036/20130005 Soft Power or Illusion of Hegemony: The Case of the Turkish Soap Opera “Colonialism” ZAFER YÖRÜK PANTELIS VATIKIOTIS Izmir University of Economics The article develops two simultaneous arguments; one is theoretical, and the other is analytic. The theoretical argument is based on an assessment of the utility of the concept of “soft power” in comparison to the Gramscian concept of hegemony in understanding the developments in the recent regional power games in the geographical area consisting of Eastern Europe and the near and Middle East. The analytic argument examines the popularity of Turkish soap operas, both among a cross-cultural audience and within the wider context of cultural, economic, and political influences, and in so doing, it points out challenges and limits for Turkey’s regional power. Introduction This article notes the recent boom in the popularity of Turkish soap operas in the Middle East, the Balkans, and some (predominantly “Turkic”) former Soviet Republics in Asia, and examines the discourse of Turkish “soft power” that has developed upon this cultural development. The research focuses here on the analysis of two case studies—of the Middle East and Greece— where the Turkish series are very popular. Both cases are able to contribute different perspectives and explanations of this “cultural penetration” across both sides of a geographical area containing Eastern Europe and the near and Middle East, evaluating Turkey’s “influence” accordingly.1 1 In this regard, the limits of the analysis of the present study are set. Although a general framework of the perception of the Turkish series is provided along both case studies (popularity; aspirations and identifications), further research is needed in order to provide a detailed account of the impact of Turkish series on the related societies. -
Hungarian Turan Association, İmam Abdullatif Efendi and a Hungarian Pamphlet on the Armenian Question.” Review of Armenian Studies, No
TRANSLATION / ÇEVİRİ To cite this article: Çolak, Melek. “Hungarian Turan Association, İmam Abdullatif Efendi And A Hungarian Pamphlet On The Armenian Question.” Review of Armenian Studies, no. 41 (2020): 107-123. Received: 23.06.2020 Accepted: 25.06.2020 HUNGARIAN TURAN ASSOCIATION, İMAM ABDULLATİF EFENDİ AND A HUNGARIAN PAMPHLET ON THE ARMENIAN QUESTION* (MACAR TURAN DERNEĞİ, İMAM ABDÜLLATİF EFENDİ VE ERMENİ MESELESİNE DAİR MACARCA BİR BROŞÜR) Melek ÇOLAK** Abstract: Pan-Turanism, which gained intellectual relevance due to Turcology research and emerged for the first time in Hungary as an alternative movement against the Pan-Slavism and Pan-Germanism movements, became a basis for the Hungarians to communicate effectively with the Turkish world from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. In 1910, the Hungarian Turanists founded the Turan Association (Magyar Turani Társaság) and began publishing a journal titled Turán. This intellectual movement served as a cultural bridge that brought the two communities closer on the path from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey. Hungarian Turanists supported the war of liberation against imperialism in Anatolia. They founded the Turan News Agency and carried out intensive propaganda regarding the rightfulness of the Turkish National Struggle. During and after the National Struggle period, during which discussions * This is the English translation of a research article in Turkish that was originally published in the Ermeni Araştırmaları journal. For the original Turkish article, please see: Çolak, Melek. “Macar Turan Derneği, İmam Abdüllatif Efendi ve Ermeni Meselesine Dair Macarca Bir Broşür.” Ermeni Araştırmaları, Sayı 64 (2019): 43-59. ** ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6037-1039 Prof. -
1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co
THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe.