Abd Al-Qadir Bada

Home , Barid, Khwaja Baqi Billah, Lodi dynasty, Yunus Khan

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03428-0 - Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards Edited by Richard M. Eaton, Munis D. Faruqui, David Gilmartin and Sunil Kumar Index More information

Index

‘Abd al-Qadir Bada’uni, 141, 143–46, Tughluq Nama, 45, 48, 53 155 Miftah al-Futuh,44 Muntakhab al-Tawarikh, 48, 141 Divalrani Khizr Khan, 218 ‘Abd al-Quddus Gangohi, 125–30, Amir Kulal, 131 152–54 Amir Timur, 131, 207 Rushd Nama, 130 Amuktamalyada. See under Abd al-Rahim Khan-i Khanan, 221 Krishnadevaraya ‘Abd al-Rahman Chishti, 131, 163 Anagondi, 263 Mir’at al-Asrar, 131 Anandanama Samvatsara, 272, 273 ‘Abdus Samad Khan, 14 Anderson, Benedict, 166, 322, 323 ‘Abid Khan, 3–4 ndhrabh sh bh shanamu. See under Abu al-Fazl (Abu’l Fazl), 131, 135, Ketana, 151–54, 201 ndhra Kamandaka. See ndhra Ain-i-Akbari, 82, 201, 216 Kamandakamu Akbarnama, 224 ndhra Kamandakamu. See under Abu’l Khair Khan, 18 Venkatakavi Afghanistan, 6, 40, 41, 48, 49 Anegondi, 260 Afonso de Albuquerque, 281, 283–84 Anglo-Bania partnership, 94 Afzal, 221 Arthashastra. See under Kautilya Bikat Kahani, 221 Atlantic migrations, 313. See also Ahmad ibn Jalal al-Din Khwajagi, 138 families; migration Ahmed Ibrahim al-Ghazi, 309 Aurangzeb, 2–10, 13, 17, 22, 33, 263, Ahrar. See Khwaja ‘Ubaid-Allah Ahrar 274. See also under Mughals Ain-i-Akbari. See under Abu al-Fazl Akbar, 126, 131, 143–48, 150–52, 155, 161, 212, 216, 218, 221, 224, See also Babur, 45, 49, 127, 128, 130, 135–40, Akbarnama; Chishti shaikhs; Mughals; 142, 143, 154, 216, 295. See also Zahir Naqshbandi shaikhs, See also under al-Din Muhammad Babur, Mughals Abu al-Fazl Bada’uni. See ‘Abd al-Qadir Bada’uni ‘Ala al-Daula Simnani, 158–59 Baha al-Din Naqshband, 142 ‘Ala al-Din ‘Attar. See Khwaja ‘Ala al-Din Bahadur Shah, 10, 11 ‘Atta Bahlul Lodi, 127, 205, 209, 212, 215, ‘Ala al-Din Khalaji, 45, 46, 56, 58, 59, 216 61, 227. See also Sultan Bahmani sultanate, 278–80 ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad, 145 Deccani–Westerner tensions, 280 Alaf Khan, 217, 218, 227 Bairam Khan, 142, 145 Alam, Muzaffar, 30 Baisunghar Mirza, 137 al-Qalqashandi, 65 Balban, 41, 44, 47, 50, 61 Ambedkar, B. R., 199 bandagan-i khass, 40, 42, 61 American Institute of Afghanistan Baqi-Billah. See Khwaja Baqi Billah Studies, xii Barani. See Ziya’ al-Din Barani amir-i hajj, 145 Barbados, 310–11 Amir Khusrau, 44, 45, 47–52, 56 barbarians, 239 Nuh Siphir, 50

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03428-0 - Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards Edited by Richard M. Eaton, Munis D. Faruqui, David Gilmartin and Sunil Kumar Index More information

Index 353

barid, 59 Baqi-Billah’s attitude towards, 158– Batavia, 109 60 Battle for Raichur, 285–91, 295 and Mughals, 126–31 Battle of Talikota, 276 Chishti tazkiras, 131, 152, 154, 155 Bengal opium, 105, 114–16 Chola kingdom, 79 Betala-pañca-vimshati, 194 Coen, J. P., 109 Bharata Itihasa Samshodhaka Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, 170 Mandala, 273 Confucian moral tradition, 238 Bhoja, 175 Cruz, Maria Augusta Lima, 297 Carucarya, 175 culturalism, 239–41 Bhosle dynasty, 258, 260 cultural transformation, 244 Bidar Bakht, 9 Bight of Benin, 309–10 Bight of Biafra, 308–09 Damao, 83, 84, 86–88, 90–93, 95–97, 101 Bijapur, 280–83 Damao merchants, 91 Bikat Kahani. See under Afzal Daodejing, 238 Braj Bhasa, 218–20 Dashakumaracaritramu. See under Ketana Buddhism, effect on Indo-Chinese dasht-i Qipchaq, 48, 49, 50, 51, 65 commerce, 76–78, 80 Dato Bentara Dalam, 339 Buddhist artefacts, 77–78 Datto Vamana Potdar, 266 Burhan-ul-Mulk, 14 Dattu Sarwani, 128 Daulat Khan II, 217, 218 dawa, 58 C rucarya. See Bhoja da‘wat-i-asma’-i hasana, 140 caturvidhapurushârthas, 176 Deccan, 2, 4–7, 10–23, 28, 30–32, 35, Cauhan, Guga, 225–26 59, 71, 174, 184–87, 218, 277–82, Cauhans, 223–25 290 Central Asia, 39–40 Cristovão de Figueiredo, 289 Chaghatai nobles, 148 dharma, 169, 172 Chandorkar, G. K., 269, 271 Dharmash stra. See under Manu Chantabun, 330, 331, 333–35 dharma text and n ti text, difference Chatrapati Shivaji, 259 between, 174–86 Cheang Hong Lim, 342 ‘drug frontier’, 97–98 Chen Ching Ho, 335 Dutch East India Company, 82, 104, China, 72–85, 89, 91, 95, 98, 100–02, See also Verenigde Oostindische 106, 108, 112, 114, 122, 123, 235–37, Compagnie (VOC) 250 Chinese revenue farmers, role of, in bordering of Southeast Asia, 330– Eaton, Richard M., 212 345. See also Southeast Asia ecclesiastical law, 199 Chinggis Khan, 45, 54, 58, 59, 247 Egypt, 49 Chishti shaikhs, 126, 150. See also Mu’in Emperor/Mughals. See under Mughals al-Din; Nizam al-Din Auliya; Shaikh English East India Company (EIC), 82, ‘Abd al-Quddus Gangohi; tasawwuf 105 Akbar and, 150–55 Bengal opium trade, 82 Malwa opium trade, 84–86, 88

354 Index

environment Din Tughluq) and cultural change, 246 Jalal al-Din, 42, 44, 71 (see and ethnic distinctions, 245–46 also Jalal al-Din Khalaji) inﬂuence on human character, 238

Galdan, 248 Fadan Khan, 212 Ganga Appa, 90 Fakhr al-Nisa, 142 Gangohi. See Shaikh ‘Abd al-Quddus familial mixing, 302, 305–06 Gangohi families, 299, 317. See also migration George Frederickson, 239 biological, 301 ghashiya ritual, 63–66 data on, 303 Ghazan Khan, 59 deﬁnition of, 301 Ghazi-ud-Din Khan, 3–4 formal, 301 and Aurangzeb, relations frontier of, 301 between, 4–5 impact of migration on, 299–300, death of, 11 304–06 Ghaznavid regime, 40 global patterns, 312–17 Ghiyas al-Din Tughluq, 48, 49, 52, 53, zones of high in- 56, 58, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66. See also migration, 310–11 under Sultan zones of moderate in- as frontier commander, 43–46 migration, 306–07 Ghulam Ali Azad Bilgrami, 32 zones of moderate out- Ghurid regime, 40 migration, 309–10 global society, creation of, 232 zones of moderate out- Gramopadhye, G. B., 271–72 migration and in- Green, Nile, 31 migration, 311–12 Gujarat, 311 zones with little migration, gunpowder technology, 282, 296, 297 308–09 informal, 301 structure, 304 habitat, 301–302 Farooqi, Amar, 81, 93, 101, 102 Han dynasty, 73, 75, 240, 244, 246 Farrukh Siyar, 11 Han traitors, 252 farzand-i arjomand, 4 hazrat-i Dehli,54 Fateh Khan, 201, 212, 215 The History of the Liang Dynasty,75 Fernão Nunes, 285, 287–90, 293 Hong Taiji, 247 Firishta. See Muhammad Qasim Firishta Hotchand, Naomal, 100 Firuz Shah Tughluq, 205, 209, 210, 211, Hsüan-tsang, 74 213, 214, 223. See also Sultan Humayun, 128–31, 140, 141–42, 154. frontier commanders, 41–43 See also under Mughals and Delhi’s Persian literati, 46–53 Husain Quli Khan, 143 Khalajis and Tughluqs as, 43–46 Hyderabad, 1–3, 14, 37–38 as Sultans accommodation of ethnic groups Bahlul Lodi, 42, 71 (see also in, 24–28 Bahlul Lodi) building blocks in, 17–20 Ghiyas al-Din Tughluq, 42, challenges faced by Nizam, 15–17 45, 71 (see also Ghiyas al- and Hindus, 35–37

Index 355

Marathas and, 20–24 Jos Gommans, 282, 283 and Mughal Empire, relationship Juwaini, 58 between, 28–32 Kabul, 10, 49, 73, 140, 142, 150, 156 relationship to Muslims, 32–35 Kakatiya dynasty, 278 kala panni, 78–79 Ibn al-‘Arabi, 158 Kalila wa Dimna, 185 Ibn Battuta, 45, 58, 63–64, 66 Kamanda, 173–74 Ibn Taghribirdi, 65 Nitisara, 174 Ibrahim bin Munshi Abdullah, 339 Kamandaka, 173 Ibrahim Lodi, 127, 128, 138. See also Kamandakiya, 190 under Sultan Kangle R.P., 199 Ikhtiyar al-Din Begtars, 47 Kangxi emperor, 248 Indian Ocean migrations, 313. See also karanams, 191–96 families; migration kauseya,74 Indian scientists, in China, 78 Kautilya, 170–74 Indo-Chinese trade, 72–73, 78–80, 82 Arthash stra, 169–74 199 Indonesian Archipelago, 82, 107, 108, Ketana, 176–182 109, 114, 115, 122, 123 Andhrabh shabh shanamu, 176 Indo-Portuguese tradition of Dashakum racaritramu, 176 matchlocks, 284 Vijñ neshvaramu, 176–182 Indo-Roman trade, 77 Khaﬁ Khan 4, 11, 32 Indrani Chatterjee, 258 Muntakhab al-Lubab, 4, 11, 32 intermediate-distance migrations, 300, Khalaji regime, 42. See also ‘Ala’ al-Din 302 Khalaji Iqtidar Alam Khan, 282 khalifas, 126, 138, 142, 145, 149, 152, Iran, 39–41 156, 157, 158 Islam, conversion to, 212–14. See also Khizr Khan, 207, 209, 210 Kyam Khan Khurasan, 49 Isma‘il ‘Adil Khan, 285–90, 292, 296 Khusrau Khan Barwari, 45, 53, 66 ‘Iwaz Khan, 22 Khwaja ‘Abd al-Bari 142, 144 Khwaja ‘Abd al-Khaliq Ghijduwani, 137 Khwaja ‘Abd-Allah, 136 Jacobs, Els, 106 Khwaja ‘Abd al-Shahid, 139, 143–46 Jahandar Shah, 11 Khwaja Afaq, 149 Jahangir, 217, 230. See also under Khwaja ‘Ala al-Din ‘Attar, 142, 145 Mughals Khwaja Baha al-Din Naqshband, 142 Jalal al-Din Khalaji, 56, 63. See also Khwaja Baqi-Billah, 137, 156–62 Sultan Khwaja Hasan ‘Attar, 145 as frontier commander, 43–46 Khwaja Hasan Naqshbandi, 142, 143 Jalal al-Din Thanesari, 159 Khwaja Ju’ibari, 148 Jan Kavi, 201, 205, 207–09, 212, 213, Khwaja Kalan, 139 215–228, 231. See also Nyamat Khan Khwaja Khawand, 141 Jeejeebhoy, Sir Jamsetjee, 102 Khwaja Khawand Mahmud, 139–42, 144 Jenks, Robert, 253 Khwaja Khawand Mahmud ‘Alavi John Pope Hennessey, 343 Husaini, 156 Johor kangchus, 336–39 Khwaja Muhammad Baqi-Billah. See Jones, William, 170, 224 Khwaja Baqi-Billah

356 Index

Khwaja Muhammad Muqtada Mansaram Amkinagi, 156 Mackenzie, Colin, 269 Khwaja Muhammad Yahya, 136–37, 145 Mac TienTu, 334–35 Khwaja Muhammad Zakariya, 137 Madan, T. N., 199 Khwaja Mu‘in, 142, 144–45 Madiki Singana, 174–75 Khwaja Mushtari, 148–49 N ti, 175–76 Khwaja ‘Ubaid-Allah Ahrar, 132–34, 138, Mahabharata. See under Tikkana 142, 147, 148. See also Mawarannahri Mahmud Ghaznavi, 55. See also Sultan Naqshbandis Mahmud Kashgari, 60 relations with rulers, 134–36 Ma Huan, Ying-yai, 74, 77, 79, 80 wealth of, 134 Makhdum-i A‘zam, 149 Khwajazada Chaghanian, 145 Malamoud, Charles, 172 Khyat, 204–06 Mallu Khan, 207, 214 Kondkar, Satipa, 262 Malwa Gomasthas, 89, 91 Koselleck, Reinhart, 198 Malwa opium trade, 81, 82 Krishnadevaraya, 186–89. See also British restrictions on, 83 Vijayanagara Company strategies to stop, 84–88 muktam lyada, 186–89 illegal, 82–89 Kuciraju Errana, 194 operators of, 89, 93–95 Kulkarni, Venkaji Narayana, 272 capitalists and Kyam Khan, 201, 207–08, 211, 213–15, speculators, 92 222–23, 225 in Malwa, 89–90 background, narratives on, 202–05 in ports of shipment of conversion to Islam, 202–04 drug, 91–92 Qawam Khan identiﬁcation in transit areas, 90 with, 209–10 Portuguese authorities and, 83–84 Kyamkhani Alif Khan, 219 revenue to Government of India Kyamkhanis, 201–02, 205–06, 208, from, 88 212–18, 220, 223, 226–29 route through Sindh, 85–86, Kyamkhan Rasa (KKR), 200–02, 205–09, 96–103 213, 214, 217, 219, 224, 226–28 smuggling into China, 82–88 source of capital accumulation, 95–96, 102 Lala Mansaram, 2–27 Malwa sowcars, 89, 96 Ma’asir-i Nizami, 2–27 M nasoll sa. See under Someshvara Lan Dingyuan, 250, 251 Manchus, 242–43, 253–54 Lata’if-i Quddusi. See under Shaikh Rukn in seventeenth century, 247–49 al-Din mandala theory of interstate Lieberman, Victor, 234, 235 relations, 322–23 Lipman, Jonathan, 240 Manu, 168-70 local mobility, 302 Dharmash stra, 168-70, 177–83 Lodi dynasty, 127. See also Bahlul Lodi; Marathas, 15, 27, 32–33, 94, 220. See Ibrahim Lodi; Sultan Sikandar Lodi; also Bhosle dynasty Sultan historical memory, 259–74 and Nizam, 15–16, 20–24 Marx, Karl, 81 Ma’asir-i Nizami. See under Lala Mascarene Islands, 310

Index 357

Maulana Ahmad Khwajagi, 138 Babur, 45, 49, 127, 128, 130, 135– Maulana Muhammad Parghari, 141 40, 142, 143, 154, 216, 295 Maulana Muhammad Qazi, 149 Humayun, 128–31, 140, 141–42, Maulana Munir Marghinani, 135 154 Maulana Zain al-Din, 142 Jahangir, 217, 230 Maurixce Halbwachs, 257 Jahandar Shah, 11 Mawarannahri Naqshbandis, 131–32, Muhammad Shah, 12, 28, 30, 32 146, 154, 159. See also Khwaja ‘Ubaid- Shah Jahan, 4, 13 Allah Ahrar; Naqshbandi shaikhs Mughal Mirza(s), 5–6 merchant families, 299 ‘Abd-Allah, 149 Metcalf, Tom, x Akbar, 5, 7 Miao, in southwest China, 251–53 Amursana, 248 Miftah al-Futuh. See under Amir Khusrau Aurangzeb, 4 migration, 299–300 A‘zam, 10 deﬁnition of, 301 ‘Aziz Koka, 161 and family, 304–06, 313–17 Bughra Khan, 44 intermediate-distance, 302 Dughlat, 141 long-distance, 302 Haidar Dughlat, 140 Ming dynasty, 242, 247 Hakim, 150 Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani, 44, 47, 50–54, 61 Hindal, 141 Tabaqat-i Nasiri, 44, 47, 50–54 Kam Bakhsh, 10 Miran Sadr-i Jahan Pihani, 161 Kamran, 141 Mir’at al-Asrar. See under ‘Abd al-Rahman Mu‘azzam, 5, 7, 10 (see also Chishti Bahadur Shah) Mirat-i Sikandari 208, 209, 211, 214 Muhammad Hakim, 142 Mir Qamar-ud-Din. See Nizam-ul-Mulk Mughal Princes. See under Mughal Asaf Jah Mirza(s) Mirror for Princes, 184, 185 Mughal relationship with Mirza. See Mughal Mirza(s) Chishti shaikhs, 126–31(see also Mirza Khan, 221 under Chishti shaikhs) Tuhfatu’l Hind 221 Hyderabad, 28–32 (see also under Mongols, 40, 45, 48, 49 Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah) amirs alliances with, 41 Kyamkhanis, 215–21(see also in north India, 41 under Kyamkhanis) in seventeenth century, 247–49 Naqshbandi shaikhs, 136–46, 155 Mosaic ethnology, 224 (see also under Naqshbandi Mozambique, 308 shaikhs) Mubarak Shah Khalaji, 53. See also Nizam-ul-Mulk (see Nizam-ul- Sultan Mulk Asaf Jah) Mubariz Khan, 16, 18, 20, 30 Mughal successor states, 14 Mudr r kshasa, 173 Mughal–Suﬁ tazkira, 154 Mughal Emperor(s) Mughals, 3, 5–6, 124, 147, 207–08 Akbar, 126, 131, 143–48, 150–52, Muhammad Afzal, 221 155, 161, 212, 216, 218, 221, Muhammad Amin Khan, 8, 10–12 224 Muhammad Qasim Firishta,127, 282–89 Aurangzeb, 2–10, 13, 17, 22, 33, Tarikh-i Firishta, 127, 282–89 263, 274 Muhammad Sadiq, 138

358 Index

Muhammad Shah, 12, 28, 30, 32. See Telugus and, 24–26 also Mughals as wazir, 12–14 Muhammad Shah Tughluq (Sultan Noor Muhammad Khan, 98 Muhammad bin Tughluq), 63, 65–66, n ti, 168, 169, 171, 196 68–70, 211 N ti. See Madiki Singana Mulla Fakhr al-Din ibn Husain Wa‘iz al- N tisara, 173, 183–86, 190 Kashiﬁ, 132 N tisaramu, 175 Rashhat ‘Ain al-Hayat, 132, 149 n ti text, 174–76, 182–86, 197 Mumhato Nainsi, 204–06 Nuh Siphir. See under Amir Khusrau Murshid Quli Khan, 14 Nur al-Din Muhammad, 142, 145 musalmani, 160, 161 Nurhaci, 247 Nyamat Khan, 201, 205

Nandy, Ashis, 166–67, 199 Naqshbandi shaikhs, 131, 155–56 oceanic migrations, 300 Akbar and, 143–46 opium. See also Malwa opium trade; Akbari dispensation of power Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie and, 146–55 (VOC) decline of, from favour of centres of cultivation and Emperor, 144–46 production 107 in Mawarannahr, 131–36 European colonialism in Southeast and Mughals, 136–43 Asia, 339–45 political activity, 149 global commodity, 108 return of, 155–62 trade, 81 Naurangi Darwaza, 291 transformational commodity, 107– Negüder, 45 08 Netherlands, 311–12 use of, 107 Nilakanta Shastri, 256 Osman Ali Khan Asaf Jah VII, 38 Nimbalkar, Rao Rambha, 23–24 Nitis ra. See under Kamanda Niyogi Brahmins, 191 pai-tieh, 74 Nizam al-Din Auliya, 58, 151, 159–60. Pañcatantra, 185, 196 See also Shaykh Nizam al-Din Auliya Panipat, 295 Nizam al-Mulk, 59 Patna opium, in China, 82–83, 85 Siyasat Nama, 59 Pâdda Bala Siksha. See under Puduri Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, 1, 59 Sitarama Sastri Afghans and, 24–25 Persian literati, 53–54 and Aurangzeb, relationship mid-fourteenth century between, 7–9 authors, 55–56 Berads and, 25–26 thirteenth-century authors, 54–55 creation of Hyderabad (see Turko-Mongol traditions and, 57–67 Hyderabad) Persian secretaries, 62–63 familial background, 3–4 Perso-Arabic titles, 61 and Marathas, links between, 15– Pindye, Jayaram, 259, 260 16, 20–24 pir-i suhbat, 157 in post-Aurangzeb era, 9–12 pir-i ta‘lim, 157

Index 359

Pollock, Sheldon, 256 Sa’dullah Khan, 3 port of Hatien, 332 Safavid Shah, 138 Portuguese, in India, 281–82 Saﬁya Khanum, 3 post-migratory mixing, 302–03 Saharan, 208–09 Pottinger, Henry, 98 Saiyid Nasir, 204, 205, 211, 215 Prince. See Mughal Mirza(s) Sakala-n ti-sammatamu(SNS), 174, 176, Puduri Sitarama Sastri, 197 183, 184 Pêdda Bala Siksha, 197 Salabat Khan, 292 Punjab, 14, 16, 18, 31, 41, 49, 127, 143, Salima Begam, 142, 145 150, 151 Sangama, Harihara, 278 Purushârthas ramu. See Sivadevayya Sardar Khan, 217 Sastri, Puduri Sitarama, 197 Sastri, Ravipati Gurumurti, 196 Qara’una, 48 Sastri, R. Shama, 171 Qawam Khan, 209, 210 Sawai Jai Singh II, 33 Qianlong emperor, 248–49, 252 sea-borne raiders, 320 Qing dynasty, 237 secular law, 199 Qipchaqs, 49, 51 Sewell Robert, 169 Qutb al-Din Ai-Beg, 61, 62. See also Shahaji Bhosle, 259, 260 under Sultan Shah Isma‘il Safavi, 137 Shah Jahan, 4, 13. See also under Mughal Emperors racialism, 239–41 Shah Sharif, 264 Raichur Doab, 276, 278 Shah Tahmasp, 141 Bahmani sultanate control Shahu, 20–22, 23 of, 279–80 Shaibani Khan, 137, 138 Bijapur control of, 280 Shaikh ‘Abd al-Haqq Dehlavi, 154 Rajpurohit, N. S., 270 Shaikh ‘Abd al-Quddus Gangohi. Ramaraja, Yadava, 261 See ‘Abd al-Quddus Gangohi Ramarayana bakhairu, 270 Shaikh ‘Abd al-Rahman Jami, 159 Ramrajana Bakhairu, 269 Shaikh Ahmad ‘Abd al-Haqq of Rashhat ‘Ain al-Hayat. See Mulla Fakhr Rudauli, 127 al-Din ibn Husain Wa’iz al-Kashiﬁ Shaikh Ahmad Khattu, 128 Raya, Krishna, 281, 282, 285–94 Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, 125, 157, 161, Rayani Bhaskarudu, 192 162 Raya, Rama, 294 shaikh al-Islam, 137 Rayavacakamu, 171, 258, 271, 272 Shaikh Baha al-Din Naqshband, 131, Reid, Anthony, 72, 319–21 133, 137, 147 Richards, John F., x–xiii, xiv–xvi 81, 200, Shaikh Farid Bukhari, 161 232, 235 Shaikh Ghaus, 141 Risala-i Walidiya, 139 Shaikh Hamid, 128 Rungsawadisab, Puangthong, 335 Shaikh Husam al-Din, 156 Rushd Nama. See Gangohi Shaikh Ilahdad, 156 Shaikh Jalal al-Din, 151–52, 155 Shaikh Muhammad, 127 Sadr ‘adalat, 196 Shaikh Muhammad Ishaq Dehbidi, 156 sadr-us-sudur,8 Shaikh Nizam al-Din Thanesari, 158

360 Index

Shaikh Phul, 140, 141 Southeast Asia, 72, 73, 76, 79, 107, 318, Shaikh Rukn al-Din, 128 319 Lata’if-i Quddusi, 128, 129 border-making process in, 327–28 Shaikhs. See also under specific name, borders and populations, 319–22 tasawwuf Chinese settlers on Siamese Chishti (see Chishti shaikhs) border, 330–36 Naqshbandi (see Naqshbandi kangchus and border, 336–39 shaikhs) mandalas and maps, 322–30 Shaikh Salim Chishti, 151. See also opium farms and farmers role Chishti shaikhs in, 339–45 Shaikh Taj al-Din, 156, 158 role of Chinese in, 327–30 Shambhaji, 20, 21 Spiegel, Gabrielle, 256 Shams al-Din Iltutmish, 41, 62. See also Subbarao, Vennelakanti, 196 Sultan Sufi Shaikhs, 126, 146, 155. See also Shams Khan, 208, 211, 215 Shaikhs Sharaf al-Din Husain, 144, 146 Sultan, 62 shari‘a, 130, 133, 160, 161 Abu Sa’id, 133 Shattari saints, 140–41 Abu Sa‘id Mirza, 145 Shaykh Nizam al-Din Auliya. See Nizam Ahmad, 133 al-Din Auliya. See also Chishti shaikhs Ahmad Nizam Shah, 283 Shejwalkar, T. S., 274 ‘Ala’ al-Din Khalaji, 45, 46, 58, 59, Sher Khan, 141 68 (see also ‘Ala’ al-Din Khalaji) Sher Shah, 129 ‘Ali Mirza, 137 Shivadigvijaya, 262 Balban, 47, 50, 61 (see also Ulugh Shivaji, 20. See also Chatrapati Shivaji Khan) Siddhartha, Gautama, 78 Delhi, 41–45, 60, 67, 209, 215. Sikandar bin Muhammad, 209 (see also specific name) silk Ghiyas al-Din Tughluq, 48, 49, 52, Chinese, 73–74 53, 56, 58, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66 Indian, 74 Husain Nizam Shah, 294 Silk Road, 73, 74, 75 Ibrahim ‘Adil Shah II, 285 silsila, 131–32, 147. See also tasawwuf Jalal al-Din Khalaji, 60 Sindh, as smuggling route for Malwa Kaiqubad, 44 opium trade, 85–86, 96–103 Khwaja, 145 Singana, Madiki, 174–76 Qutb al-Din Ai-Beg, 61, 62 Singapore, 336–37, 339–45 Mahmud, 145, 280 Singaraju, Kanthamaraju, 297 Mahmud Ghaznavi, 43 Singh, Raja Jasvant, 219 Mahmud Mirza, 136 Sirhindi, Yahya, 67 Muhammad bin Tughluq, 278 (see Sivadevayya, 175–76 also Muhammad Shah Tughluq) Purushârthasaramu, 175 Mu’izz al-Din Ghuri, 49 Siyasat Nama. See under Nizam al-Mulk Sikandar Lodi, 127 smuggling and states, relationship Shams al-Din Iltutmish, 41, 62 between, 101 Sumatishatakamu, 176, 194–96, 197 Sogdian merchants, 79 Sundardas, 220 Someshvara, 184 suratsungai, 337 M nasoll sa, 184

Index 361

Tabaqat-i Nasiri. See under Minhaj-i Siraj Ubaid-Allah Khan, 137 Juzjani ulagh/ulaq, 58–60 Tagliacozzo Eric, 345 Ulugh Khan, 45, 59. See also Sultan; Tahar Khan, 217 Balban Taiwan, 249–51 ‘Umar Shaikh Mirza, 135 Taj Khan, 216 Ungku Abdul Rahman, 339 Taksin, Phrya, 334–35 Tambiah, Stanley, 323–25 Tan Chukang, 337 Van Dyke, Paul, 333 Tang dynasty, 241 Varthema, Ludovico di, 283 Tan Kye Soon, 337 Venkatakavi, Jakkaraju, 189, 190 Tan Seng Poh, 342 ndhra K mandakamu, 174, Tardi Beg, 130 189–90 Tarikh-i Firishta. See under Muhammad Venkataraju, Kondraju, 189 Qasim Firishta Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi. See under Yahya (VOC), 104–05, 109, 122–23 ibn Ahmad Sirhindi Asian and European merchants at Tarling, Nicholas, 318 Batavia and, 110–12 tasawwuf, 126, 130, 150, 157, 160, Batavia as activity centre of, 109–18 161. See also Shaikhs under speciﬁc Batavia comptoir accounts, 118–21 name Baqi-Billah; Chishti shaikhs; dealings in opium, 114–18 Naqshbandi shaikhs; silsilas goods and commodities purchased Tata, J. N. 102 by, 112 Taylor, James, 93 goods and commodities sold tazkiras, 131, 152, 154, 157. See also by, 111–12 Chishti tazkiras maritime trading activities Tazkirat al-Auliya, 131 of, 109–14 Teochew agriculturalists, 332 Vijayanagara, 169, 186, 258–64, 266–74, textiles, Indo-Chinese commerce in, 72, 281, 285, 291, 292, 297. See also 73 Krishnadevaraya Tikkana 176 Vijñ neshvaramu. See under Ketana Mah bh rata, 176 VOC. See Verenigde Oostindische Transoxiana, 40, 41, 49 Compagnie (VOC) Trautmann, Thomas R., 224 Tughluq Nama. See Amir Khusrau Tuhfatu’l Hind. See Mirza Khan Wagoner, Phillip, 259, 266 Turanis, 17–18 wahdat al-wujud, 150. See also tasawwuf Turkish language, 50–51 Wang Fuzhi, 241–42 Turkish military commanders, 54 wasiyyatnama, 1 Turkish slaves, 40, 47, 54 White, Hayden, 255 Turkish titles, 60–62 Winichakul, Thongchai, 325 Turks, 48, 49 and Hindus, difference between, 212 Xinjiang, 249 Turner, Frederick J., 233

362 Index

Ya takht, ya tabut, 5 Zafar Khan, 208, 211 Yahya ibn Ahmad Sirhindi, 44, 65–67 Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, 126, Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi, 44, 128, 130, 136–40. See also Babur; 66–67, 209 Mughals Yimak/Kimaks, 51 Zeng Jing, 242 Yongzheng emperor, 252 Zerubavel, Eviatar, 256, 257 Yuan dynasty, 76 Zhu Yigui, 250 Yughrush, 44 Ziegler, Norman P., 207 Yumio Sakurai, 335 Ziya’ al-Din Barani, 44, 52–58, 60, 66–69 Yunus Khan, 135 Tarikh-i Firuz Shahi, 44, 53, 58– Yusuf ‘Adil Khan, 280–83 60, 65, 66