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In Selected Works by Herman Melville and Joseph Conrad

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In Selected Works by Herman Melville and Joseph Conrad The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Mouloud MAMMERI University of Tizi-Ouzou Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of The Requirements For the Degree of Doctorate in English Option: Literature Title Cross-Cultural and Ideological Representations of The “Other” in Selected Works By Herman Melville and Joseph Conrad Submitted by:Fadhila Sidi-Said Supervised by: Professor Bouteldja RICHE Panel of Examiners Déramchia Yamina, Professor, University of Algiers II, Chair, Riche Bouteldja, Professor, Mouloud Mammeri University, Supervisor, Guendouzi Amar, MCA, University of Tizi-Ouzou, Examiner, Maoui Hocine, Professor University of Annaba Examiner, Bouregbi Salah, MCA, University of Annaba, Examiner. December 2012 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My greatest intellectual debt is to my advisor Professor RICHE Bouteldja, a remarkable scholar who accompanied both my Magister dissertation and my doctorate thesis. Through his irrepressible curiosity, his tireless enthusiasm, and his resolute devotion to the continuous intellectual development of both his students and himself, he has shown me how to be a professional. I learned so much from him and I am both proud and thankful to have worked with him. I address my thanks to the English Department at Mouloud Mammeri University, which has contributed to this project with various grants supporting my travel to libraries and conferences; and to the staff of the Department Library, for their cooperation and patience. I am also grateful to my family, my friends and my colleagues who have encouraged me to complete this work. I thank them all with all my love. i Abstract This thesis discusses the representation of the “Other” in selected works of Herman Melville and Joseph Conrad. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate by an accurate scrutiny of the text based on Mikhael Bakhtin’s view of the novel as a ‘polyphonical genre’ and postcolonial concept of “Otherness” that the representation of the Other is not strictly ‘monological’, but it is the result of a mix of different discourses which clash with each other and are unable to create a unitary, coherent picture. The working hypothesis at the basis of the research is that the quest for social recognition of the two authors and the ‘authorial ideology’ in terms of the dialectic of Self during their times have provoked a dialogue over the notion of the “Other” in their literary texts. For Bakhtin, “Even meanings born in dialogues of the remotest past will never be finally grasped once and for all, for they will always be renewed in later dialogue” (Bakhtin, 2002:39). We argue that Melville’s and Conrad’s literary texts are not only social practices and political productions but inspire endless dialogues that can be renewed because of the profound and ambivalent meanings of their texts. Different as they are stylistically, both texts offer a valuable lens that allows us to examine the dynamics of race, and gender; and to critique authorial responses to race, gender, social and political issues. To reach this aim, the work is divided into two parts. Each part is composed of three chapters. The first part underscores the ideology of Otherness as it was worked out in the nineteenth century and contrasts it with modern theories, with stress on the differences in the theorizing about the “Other” in the two periods. It also attempts to highlight the context and the facets of life that might have shaped Melville’s and Conrad’s perception of the “Other”. One of the arguments is that both writers are restless subjects who are always on the move both in terms of concrete experience as voyagers across the seas and in terms of imagination in quest of the truth about self-other dialectic. Their works are dramatized perceptions of the self as an “Other” under various shapes. ii The second part will explore the crucial/unstable place that the Other holds in their selected works with an emphasis on the African, the Oriental and the Woman presence, and demonstrate that the human knowledge on the ‘ideology of the Other’ is not as controllable or as rational as Western thought would have it since language, in Melville’s and Conrad’s narratives, operates in subtle and often contradictory ways. iii Résumé : Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objectif d’analyser la représentation de « l’Autre » dans certaines œuvres sélectionnées de l’auteur américain Herman Melville et de l’auteur anglais, - d’origine polonaise - Joseph Conrad. Notre analyse se base sur l’hypothèse visant à démontrer l’existence d’un dialogue idéologique de l’ « Autre » dans les textes littéraires de ces deux auteurs. Partant du concept établi par Mikhael Bakhtine sur le roman comme « un genre polyphonique » appuyé par la théorie postcoloniale d’ «Altérité » initiée par Edward Said, cette étude vise donc à mettre en relief l’idée que la représentation de l’« Autre » à travers des romans, entre autres, Moby-Dick, Les Encantadas, Pierre, Cœur des ténèbres et Lord Jim, n’est pas strictement ‘monologique’ mais qu’elle est aussi le résultat d’un mélange de différents discours qui se heurtent les uns aux autres. Par conséquent, ces derniers sont incapables de créer une image cohérente et unifiée de l’ « Autre ». Nous considérons que ces œuvres littéraires ne sont pas seulement des pratiques sociales et des productions politiques mais qu’elles inspirent et provoquent des dialogues ‘interminables’ pouvant être repris grâce au sens ambigu - des textes de Melville et ambivalent pour ceux de Conrad. Pour sa part, Bakhtine considère que “Even meanings born in dialogues of the remotest past will always be renewed in later dialogue” (Bakhtin, M. 2002:39). Ce qui pourrait être traduit ainsi : Même les sens nés de dialogues du passé le plus lointain seront toujours repris dans des dialogues ultérieurs. Les textes littéraires imaginaires et non- imaginaires de ces auteurs offrent de précieuses informations lors de leurs critiques concernant des questions sociales, politiques et surtout d’ordre racial et de genre. Bien que leur style soit différent, leurs textes traitent néanmoins, de façon similaire, du dynamisme des races et des genres et invitent le lecteur à réfléchir davantage sur la nature et les conséquences d’un tel dynamisme. iv La première partie de cette étude tente de mettre en évidence le contexte et les réalités qui auraient pu façonner la perception de Melville et de Conrad relative à « l’Autre ». Les deux auteurs sont des sujets actifs toujours en mouvement, les deux, en termes d’expérience concrète, sont des voyageurs à travers les mers et, en termes d’imagination, sont en quête de la « vérité » sur la dialectique du ‘Moi – Autre’ (Self-Other) ; leurs travaux donnent des perceptions dramatisées du Moi comme étant un « Autre » sous différentes formes. La deuxième partie de notre étude explorera, à partir des œuvres sélectionnés de Melville et Conrad, la place à la fois cruciale et instable que l’Autre occupe dans leurs écrits. Un intérêt particulier sera accordé à la présence : de l’Africain, l’Oriental et la Femme. Elle démontrera que le savoir humain sur « l’idéologie de l’Autre » n’est pas aussi contrôlable ni même aussi rationnel que les pensées philosophiques occidentales le prônent, puisqu’il s’avère que le langage opère de façon subtile et souvent contradictoire chez les auteurs abordés dans le cadre de cette recherche. v ﻣﻠﺧـص: ﺗدرس أطروﺣﺔ اﻟدﻛﺗورة ﺗﻣﺛﯾل (اﻵﺧر) ﺿﻣن اﻷﺷﻐﺎل اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺎرة ﻟﻬﯾرﻣﺎن ﻣﯾﻠﻔﯾل و ﺟوزﯾف ﻛوﻧراد، ﺣﯾث ﺗﻛﺷف ﻋن ﺣوار ﻣﻣﻛن ﻗد ﺗﻌرﺿﻪ ﻧﺻوﺻﻬﻣﺎ اﻷدﺑﯾﺔ. و ﻫدف ﻫذا اﻟﻌﻣل ﻫو ﺗوﺿﯾﺢ ﺑﺻﻔﺔ دﻗﯾﻘﺔ و اﻟﻧص اﻟﻣؤﺳس ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧظر ﺑﺎﺧﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺧص اﻟرواﯾﺔ ﻛﻧوع ﻣﺗﻌدد اﻷﺻوات وﺗﺻور ﻟﻠﻐﯾرﯾﺔ ﺟﺎء ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻛﻠوﻧﯾﺎﻟﯾﺔ و ﯾﻛون ﺗﻣﺛﯾل (اﻵﺧر) ﻏﯾر ، ﻓرديوﻫذا ﻣﺎ رﻛز ّ ﻋﻠﯾﻪ إدوارد ﺳﻌﯾد و ﯾﻌﺗﺑر ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻣزج اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻷﺣﺎدﯾث اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺻﺎدم ﺑﯾﻧﻬﺎ، و اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻬﺎ أن ﺗﻧﺷﺄ ﺻورة ﻣﺗﺳﻘﺔ وﻣوﺣدة. ﺣﯾث ﻗﺎل ﺑﺎﺧﺗﯾن: " Even meanings born in dialogues of the remotest past will always be renewed in later dialogue". أي « ﺣﺗﻰ اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ اﻟﻧﺎﺷﺊ ﻋن ﺣوارات اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻷﺑﻌد ﯾﻣﻛن إﻋﺎدة اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣوارات اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﺔ » (ﺑﺎﺧﺗﯾن 2002:39). وﻧﺳﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻣن اﻹﺑداﻋﺎت اﻟﻔﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﯾﻠﻔﯾل وﻛوﻧراد ﻋﺑﺎر ات إﺟراﺋﯾﺔ اﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻋن ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت ﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ، ﺑل إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗوﺣﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺣوارات ﻻ ﺗﻧﺗﻬﻲ و ﯾﻣﻛن إﻋﺎدة اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻔﺿل اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ اﻟﻣزدوج ﻟﻧﺻوﺻﻬﺎ. و ﺗﻘدم ﻟﻧﺎ اﻟﻧﺻوص اﻟوﻫﻣﯾﺔ وﻏﯾر اﻟوﻫﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻬذﯾن اﻟﻣؤﻟﻔﯾن رؤى ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﺗﻧﻘد ﻋﺑرﻫﺎ أﻗوال ﻣؤﻟﻔﯾن آﺧرﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺧص اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺋل اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ واﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ واﻟﻌرﻗﯾﺔ واﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺔ. وﯾدرس اﻟﻧﺻﺎن ﻧﺷﺎط اﻷﺟﻧﺎس، رﻏم اﺧﺗﻼف أﺳﻠوﺑﻬﻣﺎ، ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾدﻋوان اﻟﻘﺎرئ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر أﻛﺛر ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺧص طﺑﯾﻌﺔ وﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺛل ﻫذﻩ اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ. وﯾﺣﺎول اﻟﺟزء اﻷول ﻟﻬذا اﻟﻣﺑﺣث إظﻬﺎر اﻟﺳﯾﺎق واﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋق اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗد ﺷﻛﻠت رؤﯾﺔ ﻣﯾﻠﻔﯾل وﻛوﻧراد ﻟﻶﺧر. ﻓﺎﻟﻣؤﻟﻔﺎن ﺷﺧﺻﺎن ﻧﺷﯾطﺎن، و ﯾﺗﺣﻛﻣﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺣرﻛﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻣرة ﻣن ﺣﯾث اﻟﺧﺑرة اﻟواﻗﻌﯾﺔ ﻛﻣﺳﺎﻓرﯾن ﻋﺑر اﻟﺑﺣﺎر، وﻣن ﺣﯾث اﻟﺧﯾﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﺣث ﻋن ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ ﺟدﻟﯾﺔ اﻟذات اﻷﺧرى، ﻛﻣﺎ أن أﻋﻣﺎﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﻧظرة دراﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻠذات اﻵﺧر ﺗﺣت أﺷﻛﺎل ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ، أﻣﺎ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺳوف ﯾﻛﺷف اﻟﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﺣﺎﺳم/ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘر اﻟذي ﯾﺷﻐﻠﻪ اﻵﺧر ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻐﺎل اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺎرة ﻟﻣﯾﻠﻔﯾل وﻛوﻧراد ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﺄﺷﯾر ﺑوﺟود اﻹﻓرﯾﻘﻲ واﻟﺷرﻗﻲ، وﻛذا وﺟود اﻟﻣرأة، ﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﯾوﺿﺢ ﻫذا اﻟﺟزء اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺧص (إﯾدﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻵﺧر) ﻟﯾﺳت ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻛم وﻟﯾﺳت ﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻷﻓﻛﺎر اﻟﻐرﺑﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺎ أن اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﻣل ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺎرﺿﺔ. vi List of Abbreviations A. The following abbreviations refer the Works of Herman Melville: M-D: Moby-Dick; or, The Whale BB: Billy Budd, Sailor (An Inside Narrative) BC: “Benito Cereno” E: “The Encantadas” M: Mardi O: Omoo P: Pierre; or, The Ambiguities R: Redburn T: Typee W-J: White-Jacket B. The following abbreviations refer to the Works of Joseph Conrad: CL JC VIII: The Collected Letters Of Joseph Conrad, V III HD: Heart of Darkness L: “The Lagoon” LJ: Lord Jim NLL: Notes on Life and Letters NN: The Nigger of The “Narcissus” P R: A Personal Record R: The Rescue SA: The Secret Agent vii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................
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