Answer Keys for Daily Work Lessons 1–20

06COREAKA0615-0615

Contents

History Lesson Manual...... 3 Art History ...... 5 Science Activities...... 6 Science Textbook...... 7 Science Lesson Manual...... 14 Reading Lesson Manual...... 15 Reading Activities ...... 19

Answer History Keys Lesson Manual Answer Key Lessons 1–20 History Lessons 1–20 Lesson Manual

Lesson 1 4 Learning from the mistakes of or artificial. 8 Boundaries that are previous cultures helps us to make man-made can cause disputes because 1 Answers vary. How someone is more informed decisions about the they may shift. Answers vary for part 2. treated or treats others may influence future. 9 Answers vary. Possible answers: 2 their perception. Many items we climate, topography, population use today can be found in ancient civilizations. As our tools were Lesson 6 perfected, so were the inventions. 1 Climates conducive to farming and Lesson 10 3 Answers vary, but it seems that rivers promoting travel and 1 People wanted to trade. family structures have remained transportation promote high 2 Hippalus sailed directly across the somewhat consistent throughout time population and growth. 2 Early Arabic Sea to India using monsoon according to the criteria set on p. 8. settlements always sprouted up and dry winds to power his boat. 4 the study of the past around rivers for this very reason. 3 Records were important in order to 3 Early empires hugged the shores of maintain travel routes or explore new Lesson 3 the Mediterranean Sea and major lands conquered. 4 Alexander took rivers (Indus, Ganges, Huang He). historians, astronomers, and 1 Answers vary. Possible answer: 4 People living in the Sichuan Basin “steppers” to accurately calculate 2 rubber balls Culture is reflected in have created terraces or flat lands in where they were going or where they artwork, literature, language, order to farm more efficiently. had been. 5 loadstones, astrolabe, inventions, and traditions of people. 5 On the plateau of Tibet, herders gnomon 3 Because culture is reflected in the have adapted their lifestyle to the language, knowing the language bi-products of the yak, an animal 4 Lesson 11 would be helpful. Learning to make that has learned to adapt to the cold, 1 basic tools was the first important rough climate. 6 Answers vary. Prehistory is history before writing 2 accomplishment. The second 7 Answers vary. was developed. Non-written accomplishment was learning how to sources include: fossils, artifacts, oral farm. Once people were able to feed tradition, and tombs or monuments. themselves, other useful trades and Lesson 8 3 A fossil is the remains or imprint skills could be developed. As larger 1 People move because they are unable of a living thing while humans make cities formed, government was created to modify or adapt to their present artifacts. 4 Ruins give us a picture to maintain order. 5 Cultures change environment. 2 There are three types of how life was in the past. 5 Oral with new ideas and inventions, of movement. Cyclical movement tradition is a non-written source of changes in climate, natural disasters, occurs on a regular basis between the history; legends, beliefs, and myths extended contact with people, both same places. Periodic movement passed on by word of mouth for inside and outside existing cities. entails moving to a different place for a generations. 6 Answers vary. period of time, but never staying in Previous knowledge and background Lesson 5 one place permanently. Migration is will affect the point of view. movement from one place never to 7 Historians must evaluate how 1 Trees are cut down for lumber, to return. 3 Diffusion is the spread of accurate the source may be. clear land, for grazing, growing crops, ideas, values, and inventions of one 8 Primary sources are produced 2 or building settlements. Answers culture to another. The yo-yo and the during the same time period as the vary. Possible answers: growth and alphabet are examples of diffusion. event. Secondary sources are 3 industry Deforestation causes 4 Answers vary. 5 Regions are areas produced later. Primary sources are flooding or an actual lack of water having similar characteristics. Regions more accurate because the when forests no longer cover streams can be defined in terms of climate, information about the event was fresh which supply water for living and language, topographic elements, in the recorder’s mind. 9 primary; It farming to towns or cities below. religions, and sports. 6 The world is was created by Ptolemy based on what Deforestation also destroys the divided into regions so geographers was known or believed about the habitat of native animals and plants. can better understand how people world at the time. interact. 7 Boundaries can be natural

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 3 History Lesson Manual Answer Key Lessons 1–20

Lesson 13 determine that there are monuments in Western Europe that are older. 1 Artifacts, ruins, bones, and fossils 5 potassium-argon dating, tree-ring make up an archaeological record. dating, written records 6 Answers 2 An archaeologist can learn how vary. 7 Archaeologists used people lived, what they ate, diseases radiocarbon dating and written they had, and even how they died records to learn about Tollund Man. from archaeological records. 3 Archaeological records are formed as time passes and soil covers the site, Lesson 16 eventually sealing beneath layers 1 The tomb was hidden under the of earth. 4 Remains are revealed ancient foundations of worker’s huts. through excavation. 5 Excavation 2 Classic archaeology searches for is the process of digging up remains spectacular (expensive) artifacts from of the past. 6 Stratisgraphy is the the past. 3 Modern archaeologists are study of the remains found in layers interested in “kitchen midden” or of rock. Answers vary. 7 When the more commonplace artifacts or ground is disturbed, older layers may rubbish. 4 Kitchen midden provides be brought closer to the surface. insight into diet, daily activity, 8 Cultural dating is comparing and contact with other cultures. artifacts to others found at that time 5 Detailed notes assure scientist or related to materials of that time. that each object and its placement Examples: coins, pottery 9 Absolute are noted. 6 Answers vary. and relative dating are two types of cultural dating. Absolute dating gives Lesson 18 the piece an age. Relative dating 1 determines only if something is older Cultures make contact to trade 2 or newer than a particular object. goods. Artifacts or written accounts 10 Pottery was very common and are found in lands far from their point 3 changed a great deal over time. The of origin. We think it took over ten 4 age of styles determines its relative age. years to build Stonehenge. Similar problems in different cultures, far from each other, can result in similar Lesson 15 solutions. Cultures adapted each 1 Dendrochronology is tree-ring other’s needs to meet their own needs. counting. Wooden artifacts can be 5 Radiocarbon dating proves that dated with this method as wooden Stonehenge is older by hundreds of patterns or tree ring patterns have years. been pieced together. 2 Pottery is not a living thing and therefore can’t be dated with radiocarbon dating. 3 Living things absorb carbon. When it dies, the radioactive carbon within begins to decay at its own rate. Scientists can determine an age based on the amount of radiocarbon remaining within. Its accuracy can be affected by smoke and pollution. 4 Radiocarbon dating has caused archaeologists to rethink some of their ideas about the past. They used to believe that the pyramids were the oldest stone monuments in the world, but from radiocarbon dating, we can

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 4 Answer Keys Art History Answer Key Lessons Art 1–20 History Lessons 1–20

LESSON 3 LESSON 13 1 In a high relief, the figures are cut 1 It is called a cherub. 2 The halfway out of the background, but Assyrian cherub had five legs so that when a statue in-the-round is made, from the front it appeared that he was the sculptor cuts away the background standing still. From the side it entirely so that the figure stands out appeared that he was running. all by itself. 2 Answers will vary but 3 They used alabaster, a soft white may include: the feet are stepping stone. 4 Most of the reliefs show the directly sideways and the faces are all things they liked to do best—their two turned sideways, but the shoulders are chief sports, which were hunting front view; the eye is the shape of an animals and killing people in battle. eye as seen from the front although 5 It shows the front view of an eye on the relief shows the side view of the the side view of a face. 6 They were figure. 3 Yes, the goddess Isis is a spools with tiny reliefs carved on their relief called low relief, or bas-relief. surfaces. An axle was inserted through 4 The Temple at Abu Simbel is a high a hole in the center of each so it relief and the figures, all of Rameses became a sort of rolling pin that left II, are almost entirely cut away from an imprint when rolled on a flat the background. surface. 7 Most are in the British Museum in London and the Louvre LESSON 8 in Paris. 1 These statues were usually gigantic in size, as tall as a house—colossal. LESSON 18 2 It is the Great Sphinx in Egypt. 1 The statue is Apollo of Tenea. 3 It is a statue of an Egyptian king 2 Athena looks more like a man than named Amenhotep. 4 Answers will a girl. Although she is facing front, vary but may include: Although it is Athena’s foot is twisted sideways so it one of the oldest pieces of sculpture in falls inside the picture. Medusa’s right the world, the Schoolmaster of Boulac leg is longer than the left. Pegasus is is made of wood. It is a statue of a shown as a tiny toy horse and his hind schoolteacher. It is smaller than the legs are like those of a kangaroo—they size of a real man. It is the figure of a are much longer than his front legs. rather small, fat bald-headed man 3 They used marble. 4 Answers will carrying a tall walking stick. It can be vary but may include: If you can’t found in a museum in Cairo. It is sculpt well, it doesn’t matter how more natural and lifelike than later good the material that you use is. Egyptian sculpture. The Egyptians Great sculpture is the result of a great thought it so natural that they chained artist, not great material. its feet to keep it from walking off. 5 The Seated Scribe, a figure of a man seated and holding a writing tablet on his lap, was made of stone and painted red. 6 The statuettes were tiny—many only a few inches high— and were of kings and queens, their gods and goddesses, and sacred animals. They were made of the hardest stone.

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 5 Answer Keys Science Activities Answer Key Lessons 1–20 Science Lessons 1–20 Activities

ACTIVITY 1 ACTIVITY 4 Hard Candy Experiment Colliding Water Drops (Science Lesson 2) (Science Lesson 12) Hypothesis Answers will vary. Conclusions Answers will vary; sample: the water droplets Samples Candies dissolve, colors dispense into water; move together and become a larger droplet. Why? Answers Materials: listed in lesson; Results: answers will vary. will vary; sample: due to surface tension the molecules of water are pulled together. Sample Candies dissolve, concentric layers of colors disperse into water, adjoining colors do not readily mix, colored water forms wedge shaped areas in the dish. ACTIVITY 5 Conclusion Answers will vary. (Enrichment)

ACTIVITY 2 Which State? (Science Lesson 14) Observing Oobleck Conclusions Answers will vary; (Science Lesson 4) Sample Shaving cream is a combination of a liquid and Observations a gas. When it is exposed to air for a few days, the liquid Qualitative Answers will vary. evaporates, and the gas escapes. A very light solid soap Quantitative Answers will vary. material is left behind. 1 Answers will vary. 2 Answers will vary. 3 Scientists rely on quantitative observations because they are more ACTIVITY 6 precise. 4 Answers will vary: samples: She is five feet tall. The flower has seven petals. 5 If I were repeating an Organizing the Elements experiment, the observation would be quantitative. I would (Science Lesson 19) repeat the experiment over and over to make sure the 1 2 3 results are consistent. atomic number chemical symbol element name 4 atomic mass 5 Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. 6 Elements in a column ACTIVITY 3 have similar properties. 7 You can predict an element’s Experimenting with Oobleck properties. (Science Lesson 5) 1 A scientific investigation is different from just trying something out because it includes the exact steps performed and results. It can be easily repeated. 2 You need to record all your steps and materials so that another scientist can repeat your experiment exactly.

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 6 Answer Keys Science Textbook Answer Key Lessons 1–20 Science Lessons 1–20 Textbook © Pearson Prentice Hall

Chemical Building Blocks Page 9 Section 2 Reading Checkpoint Try to change Measuring Matter Careers in Science the substance to another substance. Page 16 Page 11 Page 3 Discover Activity Reading Checkpoint A molecule is Think It Over The student may Writing in Science made up of two or more atoms held predict that the larger objects are Scoring Rubric: 4 Exceeds criteria; together by chemical bonds heavier, but should conclude that includes a concise, grammatically small objects can be heavier than large correct paragraph with precise details Page 12 objects, depending on their density that completely describe the steps a Reading Checkpoint A chemical (although the student might not yet researcher might follow to get an formula shows the elements in the know the term). invention manufactured and sold compound and the ratio of atoms. Page 17 3 Meets criteria 2 Includes sketchy details and/or minor errors Page 15 Reading Checkpoint The kilogram is 1 Paragraph is incomplete and/or Section 1 Assessment the SI unit of mass. has serious errors Reviewing Key Concepts Page 18 1 a Physical properties can be CHAPTER 1 Reading Checkpoint One milliliter observed without changing pure and one cubic centimeter are exactly substances into other substances. the same volume. Section 1 Chemical properties can be observed Describing Matter only by changing pure substances into Page 19 other substances. b Melting point is a Math Practice Page 6 physical property because the metal is 1 1.5 g/mL 2 2.9 g/cm3 Discover Activity still the same substance, it is only c changing. No. The fact that helium Page 20 Expected Outcome Student will does not react with any other likely group objects of the same type substance is a chemical property Reading Checkpoint The oil in salad together. For example, he may put because it describes helium’s ability to dressing is less dense than other kinds checkers in one group and paper clips change (or not change) into different of liquids in the bottle. in another. substances. 2 a Both elements and Section 2 Assessment Think It Over Sample answer: compounds are pure substances. Reviewing Key Concepts 1 a Mass is A substance has one set of properties. While elements are not made of the measure of the amount of matter A mixture is made up of parts that simpler substances, compounds are in an object. b The mass of an object have different properties. made up of two or more elements. is constant. Its weight, however, can b C6H12O6 is made up of the elements vary from place to place because Page 8 carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. weight is a measure of the force of 3a You can see the different parts of Skills Activity gravity on the object. 2 a Volume heterogeneous mixture, but the b 1,000 milliliters equal one liter Expected Outcome Water—liquid; substances in a homogeneous mixture c 620 cm3 (rounded from 619.65 cm3) ethanol—liquid; propane—gas; table are so thoroughly mixed that you 3 a Mass and volume b Sample salt—solid. A substance is a solid at cannot see them. b Seawater is a answer: Put the solid object in water. room temperature if its melting point mixture made up of salt, water, and If it sinks, it is more dense than water. is greater than 20°C. It’s a liquid if its many other substances. c Sample If it floats, it is less dense than water. melting point is less than 20°C and its answer: You could put some of the c Sample answer: Using a balance, boiling point is greater than 20°C. It’s liquid in an open container. When the measure the mass of an empty balloon. a gas if its boiling point is less than water in the solution evaporates, solid Fill the balloon with air. Measure the 20°C. baking soda would remain. mass of the filled balloon. The

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 7 Science Textbook Answer Key Lessons 1–20 difference in the two values is the mass Page 23 damage the environment and harm 2 of the air. Then measure the volume of Reading Checkpoint When an ice people. Sample answer: Greater the balloon using the water cube melts, it is still water. regulation of transporting chemicals displacement method. Calculate the might be such burden to chemical density of the air by dividing the mass Page 24 industries that they can no longer by the volume. (Accept all reasonable afford to be in business. However, answers. This question is a good Skills Activity more regulation might prevent opportunity for discussion. Student Expected Outcome Student should accidental spills, keeping people and may not know that the buoyancy of the identify changes that produce new the environment safe. 3 Regulations filled balloon and other factors will substances as chemical changes and that students might propose include make this plan for finding the mass of changes in form or physical state as designating special roads for the air unworkable. However, using a physical changes. transport of hazardous chemicals, large, plastic trash bag may give a mandatory stops at inspection points, better result. Alternatively, your Page 25 allowing transport only during hours student may suggest using a bottle or Reading Checkpoint Combustion of light traffic, requiring the trucks to flask and finding its mass before and involves the rapid combination of travel at reduced speeds, or requiring after the air has been evacuated.) a fuel with oxygen to produce new vehicles with flashing lights to escort 4 3 3 277 g/38 cm = 7.289 g/cm . The substances. trucks through the city. metal is Tin. Section 4 Page 27 Page 21 Energy and Matter Skills Lab Section 3 Assessment Expected Outcome Density values Reviewing Key Concepts Page 30 for all samples of each object should 1 a Sample answer: Bend the spoon, Discover Activity break it in pieces, and melt it. be equal. Expected Outcome Water b Lighting a match is not a physical Analyze and Conclude 1 The density temperature will increase and a change. 2 a If a new substance is of the whole object should equal the black residue will form on the formed, a chemical change has density of each piece. 2 Because every bottom of the can. occurred. b In electrolysis, water is sample of a material has the same broken down into hydrogen and Think It Over The water absorbed density, density is a characteristic of oxygen, two different substances. thermal energy from the burning that material. 3 If the objects were When water freezes, it is the same marshmallow. The burning wet, the mass and volume measurements substance, but in a different form. marshmallow gave off energy and left would include water, introducing a c During rusting, oxygen in the air a black residue on the bottom of the source of error into the calculations. combines with iron in the nail. The can. Light and thermal energy were 4 Sample answer: Measure the mass rusted nail has atoms of oxygen that released. The energy released had and volume of each object several the nail did not have before it rusted. been stored in the marshmallow. times. Then find the average mass and 3 a Thermal energy is the total energy average volume in each case, and use of all of the particles in an object. Page 31 these values to calculate density. b If the temperatures are different, Having more data would provide Try This Activity the glass of water with the higher stronger evidence to support the Expected Outcome The ball has the temperature has the greater thermal answers to Questions 1 and 2. most potential energy at the greatest energy c You have to add thermal height. The ball has the most kinetic energy (in the form of heat) to start Section 3 energy just before it hits the ground the reaction and then keep adding Changes in Matter after it is dropped from the greatest energy. height. Page 22 Page 29 Page 32 Discover Activity You Decide Expected Outcome Crushing the Reading Checkpoint In the chemical chalk changes only its physical 1 Sample answer: Although many bonds between atoms appearance. When vinegar is added to hazardous chemicals are transported the crushed chalk, the chalk bubbles. safely, accidents do happen. When a hazardous chemical spills, it can

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 8 Science Textbook Answer Key Lessons 1–20

Page 33 will form on the opposite electrodes width, and height of an object. 18 Reading Checkpoint Electromagnetic when the polarity is reversed. The volume of a kilogram of water energy to chemical energy increases when it freezes to ice. Pages 37–38 19 Sample answer: The solution Section 4 Assessment would taste salty so the salt would still Review and Assessment Reviewing Key Concepts 1 a Kinetic, be present. Boiling the liquid a potential, chemical, electromagnetic, Organizing Information Elements separates the water from the salt. b electrical, and thermal energy (or Compounds) Compounds (or c Math Practice 20 2:5; the compound b When the book is lying on the desk, Elements) Physical change d P2O5 has two atoms of phosphorus for it has potential energy. When the Heterogeneous (or Homogeneous) e Homogeneous (or Heterogeneous) every five atoms of oxygen. book is falling, it has kinetic energy. 3 f 21 1.74 g/cm c Energy may be transformed from Sample answer: Combustion one form to another. 2 a During a Reviewing Key Terms 1 a 2 c 3 b Applying Skills 22 Diagrams A and B chemical change, chemical energy is 4 d 5 b 6 Matter 7 compound represent single elements because each changed to other forms of energy. 8 true 9 endothermic 10 true is made up of a single type of atom. b Chemical energy stored in the paper 23 Diagrams A, B, and D represent Writing in Science is transformed and released as pure substances. Diagrams A and electromagnetic energy and thermal Writing Mode Exposition/How-to B represent elements. Diagram D energy. Scoring Rubric: 4 Exceeds criteria; represents a compound because its c Electromagnetic energy from the includes highly detailed, step-by-step two kinds of atoms are chemically sun is converted to chemical energy directions that describe how to build combined in a set ratio. 24 A—a by plants during photosynthesis. and use a device to get fresh water single kind of atom; D—two kinds When you eat plants or plant from the ocean 3 Meets criteria of atoms 25 Diagram C represents a products, this energy becomes 2 Includes brief directions that mixture because it contains several dif- available to your body. Your body contain a few errors or omissions ferent kinds of substances that are not converts this chemical energy as you 1 Includes sketchy directions with chemically combined. turn a page. serious errors Page 39 Checking Concepts 11 Compounds: Standardized Test Prep Page 35 pure substances made up of two or Skills Lab more elements chemically combined, 1 C 2 F 3 D 4 H 5 D 6 Sample answer: Chemical energy is the Analyze and Conclude 1 Student’s elements combined in a specific ratio, potential energy in the chemical diagram should include all parts of properties differ from those of bonds between atoms. During the setup and be labeled correctly. combined elements; mixtures: not chemical reactions, chemical energy 2 Solid copper forms on the negative pure substances made up of two or may be converted to other forms of eletrode. Bubbles of chlorine gas form more elements and/or compounds not energy. For example, when wood at the positive electrode. 3 Copper is chemically combined, parts not burns, energy is released in the form a shiny, orange-colored metal. combined in a specific ratio, mixed of heat and light. Microwaves, one Chlorine is a gas with an irritating substances retain individual properties 12 13 form of electromagnetic energy, can odor. Copper chloride solution is a Mass and volume The material 14 be used to cook food. Adding thermal clear green liquid. 4 The color of the is less dense than water. The energy can melt ice. solution changed, indicating that the burning wax releases energy in the copper chloride changed chemically form of light (electromagnetic energy) to form new substances. 5 Yes, the and heat (thermal energy). A change CHAPTER 2 dissolved copper chloride underwent that gives off energy is an exothermic 15 chemical changes that formed new change. Sample answer: Kinetic Section 1 substances, solid copper and chlorine energy is the energy of matter in States of Matter gas. 6 Sample answer: Electrolysis motion. Moving cars have kinetic caused a chemical change by breaking energy. Page 42 the chemical bonds of copper chloride Thinking Critically 16 Fruit punch Discover Activity and separating the compound into is a solution because its parts retain Expected Outcome The balloon copper and chlorine. their individual properties but are inflates with carbon dioxide produced evenly mixed. 17 The 5-cm diagonal Design an Experiment Student may by the reaction of the antacid and is not needed because volume is predict that the copper and chlorine water. calculated by multiplying the length,

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 9 Science Textbook Answer Key Lessons 1–20

Think it Over Sample answer: solid: same as those of its container. b A while boiling occurs both on the tablet, balloon, bottle; liquid: water; gas has neither definite shape nor surface and below the surface. c Your gas: bubbles. Sample definitions: Gas definite volume because its particles body supplies the thermal energy can form bubbles in water or inflate a spread apart and move freely in all necessary to change the sweat from a balloon; liquid takes the shape of its directions, restricted only by the walls liquid to a gas, causing the body to container; solid keeps its shape. of its container. lose heat and become cooler. 3 a sublimation b water vapor; the Page 44 Section 2 water vapor in the air is cooled and Reading Checkpoint Crystalline Changes of State condenses when dry ice sublimes solid: particles arranged in a regular, repeating pattern; distinct melting Page 48 Page 54 point. Amorphous solid: particles Discover Activity Skills Lab not in a regular pattern; no distinct Expected Outcome When held close Analyze and Conclude 1 Sample melting point to the face, water vapor in warm answer: I predicted that the ice cubes in warm water would melt faster, and Page 46 breath will condense on the mirror’s cool surface, and the mirror will that happened in the experiment. 2 in Try This Activity become clouded or fogged. the cup with warm water; greater Expected Outcome Honey has the Think It Over Something clouded difference between initial temperature 3 greater viscosity. The air bubble in the the surface of the mirror. Your and melting point the thermal jar of vegetable oil rose faster than the student might explain that moisture energy of the water in each cup air bubble in the jar of honey. from his warm breath condensed on Design an Experiment Sample Reading Checkpoint surface tension the mirror’s cool surface. At greater experiment: A partially frozen distances, the moisture in his breath container of water with a layer of ice Page 47 dispersed in the air before reaching on top is exposed to a lamp (the “sun) the mirror’s surface. while the other is kept in the shade. Reading Checkpoint While you’re Check plans for safety. breathing, gases in the air flow freely Page 50 through the body and back out again. Section 3 Try This Activity Section 1 Assessment Gas Behavior Expected Outcome The rubbing Reviewing Key Concepts 1 a Solids alcohol must evaporate faster because have definite shapes and definite Page 55 the thermometer with the alcohol volumes. b Crystalline solid particles cools faster than the thermometer Discover Activity (Enrichment) form a regular, repeating pattern and with the water. Expected Outcome The chalk will melt at a distinct temperature; break when dropped by itself and when amorphous solid particles are not Reading Checkpoint The particles move more and more slowly. wrapped in wax paper or plastic wrap. arranged in a regular pattern and melt It will not break when wrapped in c over a range of temperatures. Glass bubble wrap. is an amorphous solid. Because glass Page 53 does not have a definite melting point, Reading Checkpoint the liquid state Think It Over The chalk did not it becomes softer and softer as it is break when wrapped in bubble wrap. Section 2 Assessment heated. This is why heated glass may Sample answer: The particles of air be soft enough to bend. 2 a Liquids Reviewing Key Concepts 1 a The inside the bubble wrap squeezed do not have definite shape, but do particles break free from their fixed together when it hit the floor and have definite volume. b Because its positions and begin to move about. absorbed the force of impact. particles can move freely around one b The thermal energy increases. another, a liquid takes the shape of its c You should melt snow and then Page 57 container. Because its particles are drink it. If you eat snow, your body Math Skills packed closely together, a liquid has must use some of its valuable energy definite volume. c Due to surface to change the snow to a liquid. P = 5,600 N = 16,374 Pa tension, a needle can float on the 2 a the change from a liquid to a gas 0.342 m2 surface of water; the surface of the b Evaporation and boiling; in both, a (Using significant figures, the answer water acts as a sort of skin. 3 a The liquid becomes a gas. Evaporation is 16,000 Pa.) shape and volume of a gas are the occurs only on a liquid’s surface,

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 10 Science Textbook Answer Key Lessons 1–20

Reading Checkpoint Pascals (Pa) or Page 63 added. Eventually, volume will no kilopascals (kPa) Reading Checkpoint Scientists often longer decrease because the gas work with gas temperatures in units particles are as close as they can be. Page 58 called kelvins. Design an Experiment The student Reading Checkpoint Decreasing may suggest placing the sealed syringe outside pressure causes the helium Page 65 in a freezer or in ice water, then at inside the balloon to expand, which Reading Checkpoint volume room temperature, and then in hot would eventually stretch the balloon water. The amount of volume change so much it would burst. Section 4 Assessment for this temperature range, however, Reviewing Key Concepts 1 a directly might not be very dramatic. Page 61 proportional b The volume increases. Reading Checkpoint pressure c approximately 74 mL 2 a The Pages 69–70 pressure and the volume of a gas are Review and Assessment Section 3 Assessment inversely proportional. a Reviewing Key Concepts 1 a Gas b approximately 49 kPa c directly Organizing Information solid b c d pressure is the force of its outward proportional—the graph is a straight definite not definite sample: e f push divided by the area of the walls line that could pass through the water not definite sample: oxygen of its container. b As the moving gas origin; vary inversely—the graph is a Reviewing Key Terms 1 b 2 c 3 d particles collide with the walls of their curve that is steeper near the y-axis 4 b 5 a 6 amorphous 7 true container, they push on the container and less steep near the x-axis 8 melting point 9 pressure 10 true walls. c The greater the number of At-Home Activity (Enrichment) Writing in Science gas particles inside the basketball results in more collisions, which Finding Graphs Before your student Writing Mode Explanation increase the outward push of the gas. begins, suggest that he defines the Scoring Rubric: 4 Exceeds criteria; 2 a At constant temperature, when following terms: manipulated variable, includes a detailed, accurate gas pressure increases, gas volume responding variable, directly explanation of what happens to gas decreases. b When the temperature proportional, and vary inversely. molecules at high pressure and how increases, gas particles move faster to use this knowledge to develop safe and collide more frequently with Page 67 practices for deep-sea divers 3 Meets greater force. If the container is rigid, Skills Lab criteria 2 Includes a brief explanation it cannot expand, and the pressure Analyze and Conclude 1 The and/or contains a few errors or increases. c Because you know that student’s graph should have correct omissions 1 Includes a sketchy the temperature will increase, the labels. Gas volume should decrease as explanation with serious errors volume of the gas in the balloons will books are added. 2 The student’s Checking Concepts 11 Particles in a also increase. To prevent the graph should have correct labels. solid vibrate in place. 12 Both liquids expansion from bursting the balloons, Volume should increase as books are and gases have freely moving particles you should not completely fill the removed. 3 Predictions from Step 6 that can flow from place to place. balloons. will likely be confirmed. Predictions 13 All liquids flow. However, liquids Section 4 from Step 9 may not be confirmed with high viscosity flow more slowly than liquids with low viscosity. Graphing Gas Behavior because the volume may not return to the original volume. As books are 14 As thermal energy increases, matter changes from solid to liquid Page 62 removed, gas volume may increase less than it decreased because of and from liquid to gas. 15 Sample Discover Activity friction in the syringe. 4 Sample answer: Ice melting is solid to liquid. Expected Outcome The graphed data answer: The graphs are about the Water freezing is liquid to solid. will define a line that slants upward to same shape. However, the data points Water boiling is liquid to gas. Clouds the right. differ because of friction in the forming is gas to liquid. 16 Water syringe. 5 Increasing the pressure (by molecules gain enough energy to Think It Over The pressure increases adding books) decreases the volume become a gas. 17 The gas particles as temperature increases. of air in the syringe. 6 Sample inside the ball are at a higher pressure answer: Gas volume decreases by a than the air outside the ball, so they smaller amount each time a book is hit the inner surface of the ball more added. Gas particles are being forced often, reach the hole, and escape. closer together as more weight is Then the gas particles move away

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 11 Science Textbook Answer Key Lessons 1–20 from one another as they leak out of CHAPTER 3 Section 2 the ball. 18 The pressure of the gas Organizing the Elements increases. Section 1 Math Practice Introduction to Atoms Page 80 19 Discover Activity Page 74 Expected Outcome It will take less pressure = 660 N = 3,300 Pa 0.20 m2 Discover Activity time for the student to locate squares Thinking Critically 20 Heating the Think It Over Student’s sketch should in an ordered pattern. table-tennis ball causes the air inside be consistent with his observations, but Think it Over Average times will be it to expand and push the dent out of may not be correct. Student should shorter for Step 6. Sample answer: It the ball. 21 Through sublimation, the explain how his indirect observation takes much longer to find a numbered solid turns into a gas as the room led him to identify certain properties square when the squares are not in freshener’s particles escape and mix of the object. For example, a round any order. with the air in the room. 22 The graph object will roll and a soft object will will be a curve that slopes downward make less sound when hitting the Page 83 from left to right, showing that sides of the box. Reading Checkpoint because most pressure varies inversely with volume. elements consist of a mixture of Page 75 Applying Skills 23 Graphs will have isotopes a straight line pointing up and to the Reading Checkpoint A proton has a right. Temperature is plotted on the positive charge. Page 87 x-axis, and the mass of the compound Reading Checkpoint eighteen dissolved is plotted on the y-axis. The Page 79 range of values on each axis should be Reading Checkpoint Sample answer: Section 2 Assessment reasonable. For example, on the When objects or events are too small, Reviewing Key Concepts x-axis, the temperature could range too large, too slow, too dangerous, or 1 a Mendeleev arranged the elements from zero to at least 40°C, in increments too far away to see. in order of increasing atomic mass. of 5 or 10. On the y-axis, the mass b Mendeleev found that the properties Section 1 Assessment could range from zero to at least 75 of the elements repeated. c In the or 80 g, in increments of 10 or 15. Reviewing Key Concepts modern periodic table, new elements 24 The warmer the water, the more 1 a protons, neutrons, and electrons have been added and the elements are compound that dissolves in it. b proton—positive charge; neutron— ordered by atomic number. 25 About 85 g will dissolve. no charge; electron—negative charge 2 a Sample answers: element’s name, c Each atom has equal numbers of chemical symbol, atomic number, and Page 71 positively charged protons and atomic mass. b silver c The atomic negatively charged electrons. 2 a The mass is an average mass based on the Standardized Test Prep number of protons in each atom of combined percentages of all the 1 C 2 F 3 D 4 H 5 As the gas that element. b Each element has a isotopes of an element. 3 a An molecules in the can gain thermal unique atomic number because all element’s location in the periodic energy, they move faster and hit the atoms of that element have the same table gives you information about its sides of the can more frequently and number of protons. c Each atom of properties. b The student’s answer with greater force. The result is an nitrogen-15 contains 7 protons, 8 should include two of the following: increase in pressure inside the can. As neutrons, and 7 electrons. 3 a Atoms beryllium, magnesium, strontium, the pressure increases, there is a are too small to be seen. b to describe barium, or radium. greater danger that the can will the structure of atoms and explain explode. how matter behaves Pages 113–114 Review and Assessment Organizing Information Sample title: Organization of the Periodic Table a Elements b Atomic number c Periods d Families (or Groups) e Groups (or Families)

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 12 Science Textbook Answer Key Lessons 1–20

Reviewing Key Terms 1 a 2 b 3 a Applying Skills 18 Elements A and B include color, pattern of color, use of 4 c 5 c 6 d are most likely nonmetals because balls, and size. Student’s criteria for they are gases that do not conduct classification should clearly divide the Writing in Science electricity. Elements C and D are most balls into two, and then three, distinct Writing Mode Description likely metals because they are silvery groups. Scoring Rubric: 4 Exceeds criteria; and conduct electricity. Element E is Making Models Activity The includes a highly detailed and a weak conductor, but it is most likely flashlight represents the sun and accurate description of the life cycle a metal because of its appearance. the ball represents Earth. of a star, including what elements are 19 Almost all of the mass of an atom formed and how they are dispersed comes from its protons and neutrons. 3 Meets criteria 2 Includes a brief Although each element has a description that contains a few errors characteristic number of protons, the and/or omissions 1 Includes a number of neutrons can vary and may sketchy description that contains cause two different elements to have serious errors and/or omissions similar atomic masses. 20 Checking Concepts 7 Two isotopes A: nitrogen; B: argon; C: calcium; 21 of an element have different numbers D: mercury: E: lead No. Element of neutrons in the nuclei of their A (nitrogen) and element B (argon) atoms. 8 Phosphorus has an average are in different groups, or families. 22 atomic mass nearest to 31. 9 Sample No. Element C (calcium) is an answer: Fluorine and bromine have alkaline earth metal. Elements in this properties similar to those of chlorine. group are not found as elements in 10 Tin and lead are the two elements nature. in Group 14 that are most likely to be Page 115 malleable and good conductors of electricity. 11 Iodine is most likely to Standardized Test Prep be a poor conductor of electricity and 1 B 2 G 3 D 4 F 5 C 6 The modern a brittle solid at room temperature. model of an atom includes three main 12 Stars like the sun do not contain types of atomic particles called enough energy to produce elements protons, neutrons, and electrons. The heavier than oxygen. protons and neutrons are clustered Thinking Critically 13 Proton: together in an atom’s central core, or mass—about one amu, location— nucleus. Electrons move rapidly in the nucleus; neutron: mass—about one space outside the nucleus. Protons are amu, location—nucleus; electron: positively charged, electrons are mass—about 1/2000 amu, location— negatively charged, and neutrons have outside the nucleus 14 A 28—atomic no charge. An atom has an equal number; B Ni—chemical symbol; C number of protons and electrons, so Nickel—name; D 58.71—atomic mass its overall charge is neutral. 15 Particle accelerators cause nuclei to crash into the nuclei of other Pages 158–159 elements with enough energy to combine into nuclei of new elements. Skills Handbook 16 The materials used in computer Observing Activity Some chips are semiconductors, which have observations that your student may the property of conducting electricity make include that the boy is under some conditions and not other skateboarding, wearing a white conditions. 17 Because of their like helmet, and flying in the air. Make (positive) charges, atomic nuclei repel sure that your student’s observations one another strongly. The extremely are confined to only things that they high pressures found in stars squeeze can actually see in the photograph. the nuclei together. Classifying Activity Some characteristics student might use

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 13 Answer Science Keys Lesson Manual Answer Key Lessons 1–20 Science Lessons 1–20 Lesson Manual

Lesson 6 Lesson 16 Discussion Questions 1 They won the award in 1998. Instruction 1 The horizontal axis is divided into intervals 2 Because solvents are found everywhere, Dr. Datta is of 5°C. 2 The vertical axis is divided into intervals of concerned about how widespread use of such chemicals 2.0 kPa. affects the environment and the people who use them. Application 1 the horizontal axis 2 the vertical axis 3 the 3 Petrochemicals may be harmful to people, are slow to temperature 4 the volume 5 the pressure 6 The volume break down, and the supply of petroleum is limited. of a gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature 4 The most difficult part of the process is the recovering under constant pressure, as defined by Charles’ Law. and purifying the products of fermentation. 5 Dr. Datta 1 solved the problem by developing a new kind of plastic that Application As volume of a gas increases, gas pressure 2 acts like a very fine filter. decreases. The units of a pressure gauge are measured in kPa. 3 Temperature is the property of gas that has remained constant in this experiment. 4 The gas particles Lesson 7 will be closer if the piston is pushed down and the arrow Application 1 P 2 C 3 P 4 C 5 C on the gauge will point to a higher pressure. 1 heterogeneous mixture 2 heterogeneous mixture 3 heterogeneous mixture 4 homogeneous mixture Lesson 17 5 6 homogeneous mixture homogeneous mixture Model of an Atom Lab 7 heterogeneous mixture 8 heterogeneous mixture 1 9 heterogeneous mixture 10 heterogeneous mixture Conclusion The atom that is being modeled is nitrogen. 2 11 heterogeneous mixture Electrons are shown as clouds because they move all the time and may be anywhere in the space modeled as a cloud. 3 Answer may vary. Lesson 15 Gas Particles Activity 2 The marbles or pennies are # of # of # of Atomic Mass Element modeling gas particles at high temperature. protons neutrons electrons number number 3 The pressure increased because the gas particles hit the Copper 29 35 29 a 29 b 64 sides of the box more often. Math Skills Activity 1 The unit of force being measured Oxygen 8 c 8 8 d 8 16 must be Newtons. 2 The unit of measure for area is meters squared

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 14 Answer Reading Keys Lesson Manual Answer Key Lessons 1–20 Reading Lessons 1–20 Lesson Manual

Lesson 2 judge and was expected to be fair and kidnapped and sold into slavery. just in his decisions. He sponsored a 3 “But there was good reason, as Instruction chorus and was helping to train the Theras was to find out before the day Apollo — sun god; god of music and singers. Pheidon was also a soldier was done.” 4 Theras paid the asking prophecy; lyre and chariot and practiced running and wrestling price for the ball and barley cakes, and Dionysos — god of wine; grapes every day. He enjoyed all of his duties. the reader knows that both merchants Athena — goddess of wisdom and 2 The two men were famous because cheated him. Therefore, customers war; owl and breastplate (armor) they sacrificed their own lives to kill a must be expected to bargain for what tyrant who was taking away the they want to buy. 5 Suggested Hermes — messenger god; winged cap Athenians’ freedom and democratic responses follow. Theras appreciates and sandals government. 3 When the gates were beauty; he enjoys the smell of the Zeus — father of gods, goddesses and closed, the wall kept the citizens safe myrrh and loves the sight of the sea. mortals; thunderbolt and eagle inside. Because people fought without Theras is inexperienced; he does not Application cannons and bombs, the wall could know how to offer the gifts and he Suggested response for character list: not be knocked down. 4 First of all, wonders if the goddess would like to Theras — main character; 7 yrs. old Theras’ formal education is just have the ball that he had bought. Pheidon — father beginning and he mistakes images for Theras is religious and thoughtful; he real life. For example, he asked his offers gifts to the goddess who had no Lampon — slave and pedagogue father if the statues of Harmodios and gifts and he prays for his family before Opis — little sister Aristogeiton were alive! Secondly, he he prays for himself. 6 The toy man Aglaia — little sister is dazzled by the beauty of the is the person who opposes Theras. He Epikides — friend of Pheidon (father) Akropolis which is dedicated to wants to kidnap Theras and sell him Klinias — older classmate; plays lyre Athena. When he sees the giant statue into slavery. 7 Theras wants to escape as Theras sings; won race at school; of Athena shining brightly in the or be rescued from the kidnappers. friendly with Theras sunlight, he believes he is really seeing 8 One reason the toy man was able to Perimedes — older classmate; sang the goddess. 5 Suggested answers kidnap Theras was because Theras is about Trojan horse; good at long follow. Pheidon may be overcome an inexperienced and trusting child. jump with gratitude for Athena’s protection Since Theras is a boy, the toy man was of his ship which had just safely able to catch his interest by talking Telamon — older classmate, best returned home. Pheidon may also be about and promising to show Theras runner in Athens overcome with awe at the beautiful the newest ship in the Athenian navy. Arethusa — mother statue made of ivory and gold. 6 The Down at the waterfront, the toy man Dryas and Koretas — classmates word in use today that comes from got Theras on a little boat, offering to Hygeia is hygiene, meaning the let him see the ship up close. During Lesson 3 science or practice of staying healthy. this time the toy man appeared to be Instruction friendly and kind. Artemis — the virgin goddess of the Lesson 4 hunt, the woods, and wild creatures; Application Lesson 5 bow and arrow, a stag, and a crescent Questions 1 Theras went to the Application moon marketplace alone because Gorgo, the Questions 1 Pheidon himself is in a Hygeia — goddess of health nurse, who knew him well, insisted serious mood; he understands how Application that he would lose the money before dangerous fighting is. The slaves and his father could take him to spend it. Arethusa also know that Pheidon 1 Questions Suggested answers Because he realized he probably might be killed in battle. She runs follow. Pheidon does not have to earn would lose the coins, he decided to go upstairs before her husband can see a living, yet he is busy all day. He to the marketplace and spend them. her cyring. Theras, however, is proud owns a home in the city, a farm, and 2 Because of Theras’ adventure, the of his father and excited. He wants to several ships. He volunteered as a reader realizes that boys are often be a soldier, too. 2 Pheidon changes

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 15 Reading Lesson Manual Answer Key Lessons 1–20 his mind because of Theras’ reaction. Lesson 7 Sparta. 2 Theras says he does not care Seeing the chained boy for sale what Theseus did; he believes that reminded Theras of how he felt when Instruction what Agis did was mean and he realized that he was going to be A pentagon is a polygon of five angles sacrilegious. He is asserting what he sold as a slave. Because of his own and five sides. himself believes; he also believes that experience feeling horror, fright, and Aurora is the goddess of the dawn; a the Athenians he knows would also helplessness, he wants to rescue the colorful sunrise. refrain from dishonoring a dead body. boy. Theras also completely trusts that 3 Theras is impressed, amazed, and Application his father will do the right thing: “Oh, excited. He wants to belong to the but you won’t let him be sold!” Questions 1 Some details that suggest company. 4 While they were drilling, Pheidon is proud that his son is kind- Theras will not be happy in Sparta: the Spartan boys knocked Theras hearted. 3 The language that Maro Hippias holds Theras’s hand tightly down, jumped over him, and called spoke reflected his pure Greek and a slave walks on the other side of him “girlie” because his hair was long. upbringing. 4 “That” refers to the him so that he cannot escape; Hippias When the boys were cutting rushes to father’s deed of kindness which was hits Theras; the slave hustles Theras sleep on at night, not one of the boys buying Maro. Because Pheidon knows away; the Spartans who meet them at told him what to do. Consequently, he that he may be killed in battle, he the gate do not have a good opinion had to sleep on the bare floor and wants to leave Theras with a good of Athenians; and Theras has trouble they teased him about it. Suggested memory of his father, the memory keeping up with the fast-walking response for inference follows. The that Pheidon rescued a little boy from Spartans. 2 The Spartans think that boys probably treat Theras in such a slavery. 5 Lampon sees an owl fly the Athenians are unmannerly, cruel way because of the values of past their door. Lampon’s barbaric, and too talkative. 3 One their community. They value physical interpretation is that Athena will reason is because the inn at Megara is fitness, strength, and determination, protect Pheidon and bring him home. “a miserable, dark hovel where the not kindness or helpfulness. 5 Theras A ‘wise’ owl is an appropriate symbol beds were foul and hard as boards.” beats them at swimming. 6 They for the goddess of wisdom who would Another reason is that the Megarians developed the ritual because they know whether or not Pheidon will live had lost contests to the Athenians in believed Artemis Othia, who had been through the battle. 6 Metion tells the Olympic Games. 4 The Spartans given human sacrifices while in Arethusa that Pheidon’s ship had with their weapons thought they Tauris, still liked human blood when sunk, that the crops had failed, and could handle any robbers who might her image was brought to Sparta. that Pheidon was killed in the battle at try to attack them. They even laughed Instead of offering humans as Samos. 7 Suggested responses follow. at the joke that it was “a good place to sacrifices to her, the Spartans The author makes Metion an spend the night.” 5 Agis means that developed a contest in which several antagonist by having him deliver bad Theras is only a boy (chicken just out boys were flogged until they bled. The news every time he shows up. He is of its shell) but he talks as if he is a underlying belief is that if the goddess also described as “a selfish man” who man (full-grown cock, a rooster). This were not offered blood, she would get had not volunteered to fight so that he is an insult because he is reminding angry and punish the Spartans. 7 The could look after his own interests. His Theras that he is just a boy who major difference in the goddesses is selfish nature extends to being angry cannot possibly do what adults can. their personalities; one instills fear at Pheidon for getting killed and Also, to crow is a verb that could and demands blood sacrifice while the causing him the trouble of looking mean to make the noise that a bird other is kind and asks for the girls’ after his family. He is also angry does or to boast or gloat. This is a toys when they are finished with because Pheidon’s wealth is lost and further put-down. them. he might have been able to have some of it. Moreover, knowing that he has Lesson 8 Lesson 9 to take care of Pheidon’s family, Instruction Metion reduces the burden on himself Application by giving Theras to Hippias even The Gulf of Corinth is to the left or Questions 1 She has oddly colored though Hippias is a Spartan. Finally, west of the isthmus and the Aegean glass frames and one foot is quite a bit as Arethusa remembers that Sparta Sea is to the right or east. bigger than the other. 2 Because the and Athens are rivals, she does not Application speaker’s nickname is Tubby, she is like that the man Metion chose to probably overweight. 3 Although the Questions 1 Theras’s happy mood adopt Theras is from Sparta. two girls are both alienated by their changes when Hippias suggests that classmates, they are not friends. They Theras could run for the honor of endure the same experience, but they

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 16 Reading Lesson Manual Answer Key Lessons 1–20 do not even look at one another while between two groups of older boys Theras. The soldiers tempt Bion with they wait to be picked for a team. shows that the Spartans valued a reward for the capture of Theras. 4 The bird is free to fly where it physical strength, knowledge of 7 Bion’s mark is a little piece of wood wants. It symbolizes freedom. The fighting techniques, and bravery. carved with the picture of a goat. It image of the bird subtly reminds the 5 Theras decides to run away because suggests that he is a shepherd who reader that the girls are stuck in a he thought that Drako had been killed raises goats. 8 Suggested responses humiliating situation and cannot in the Platantistos. He says, ‘“I won’t follow. Baukis struggles to make a escape. There is even a fence that go back where they kill their own boys decision about letting Abas run away keeps them on the playing field. for fun.”’ It is at this point that Theras with Theras (internal). The boys 5 After everyone else has been picked realizes that Abas and his family were struggle to hike at night in the for a team and only Tich and Tubby correct; Haemon had been killed for mountains without getting hurt, are left, the speaker is usually chosen his bravery. 6 Sample Answer: The caught by the Spartans, or attacked by before Tich. 6 The speaker gets author uses the method of revealing wild animals (external). Theras revenge for all those humiliating the main character’s thoughts, words, struggles with his fear as the Spartans experiences by growing into a good and actions. An example would be question Bion (internal); he also student. The athletes who were the when Theras believes that Drako is wonders if Bion will turn them over cause of Tubby’s psychological pain killed in the Platantistos. Theras to the Spartans. Should he run now or have turned out to be poor students wants to help Drako, but is not stay (internal)? (“couldn’t spell”). allowed. Drako becomes so Opinion One specific detail that 7 distressed, he runs away. savage; supports the prediction that Theras Lesson 10 civilized will successfully complete his journey Instruction home is at the end of Chapter XXXI. Lesson 13 “Good, honest Bion! Yes, all his life See Activity Pages Answer Key. Introduction Theras remembered him and thanked Application him.” At the end of Part Two Theras Check structure: topic sentence, body, decided to run away from Sparta and concluding sentence. to take Abas with him. Lesson 14 Check content, especially in the body. Application Instruction See Reading Activity 5 for examples 1 Pan — god of shepherds and the and details. Questions Because Theras now believes that the Spartans killed woods and forests; shepherd’s pipes Lesson 11 Haemon, he also believes that the Application Spartans will eventually want to kill Questions 1 The boys stay together 2 Application Abas. Theras reminds Baukis of because they are honorable and care Questions 1 Perioikoi means “dwell Haemon’s fate and the similar one about each other. Theras feels guilty near;” the Spartans called the people awaiting Abas. He then promises that that Abas is suffering because of him living on the land around Sparta by he will get an Athenian adult to make and he encourages Abas to return 3 that name. Even though the Perioikoi, Abas a freedman. Both boys are home. Even though Abas is tempted, who called themselves Achaeans, had feeling fear of being caught by the he knows he would feel ashamed lived on the land for many Spartans, but they do not talk about leaving Theras by himself. 2 Pan is 4 generations, the newly arrived it. Kairos, Abas’ dog, finds the boys. the god of shepherds, and shepherds Spartans took away their cities and He will be a companion and he can tend their flocks in the countryside. their rights. 2 In Athens only slaves hunt rabbits so that the boys can have The boys’ route is through the 5 do the farming and herding, so he something to eat. The boys identify mountainous countryside of Arkadia, assumed that the shepherd boy’s themselves with a piece of cloth that and shepherds like Bion and Leon family were slaves. 3 Haemon is Abbas’ mother had woven. It showed have helped the boys on their way. 6 arrested by the Spartans because he her signature pattern. Suggested 3 Leon could tell that Theras was had shown more bravery than some answers follow. Theras is horrified from an upperclass family who, in Spartans who were too afraid to because the Spartans search Bion’s hut Greece, learned to fight with spears rescue their friend. The Spartans want and that is where the boys thought and swords. Leon, a Perioikoi himself, to maintain their supremacy so they they were going to hide. Another must have recognized Abas as one. arrest Perioikoi and Helots who are group of soldiers is searching for Those people usually fought with too brave or clever. 4 The battle Theras on the Athens road. The bows and arrows. 4 The last sentence Spartans were using dogs to track

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 17 Reading Lesson Manual Answer Key Lessons 1–20 of Chapter XXXIII is an example of night with one of them being injured. prisoners because the brands are foreshadowing. It gives a hint or clue The quarrel ends when Theras realizes battle scars. 8 The owl, the symbol of about something that will happen that Abas is acting strangely. In fact, wisdom, suggests that the warriors are later in the story involving Theras and Abas is hallucinating. 4 Unlike the actually wise men! 9 Pheidon gives the spear. 5 Abas grows timid and Spartans who ate in silence, the men thank offerings to all the gods that shy around strangers. Up to this were laughing and joking and one of Theras had promised on his journey. point, because of his family life, he them was playing the lyre. They were In addition, Pheidon sued Metion and was the authority on paths and acting like Athenians. 5 The word won back his home and lands. outdoor noises. He is also one of the supplication means the act of asking 10 Abas is adopted by Herodotos and Perioikoi and can relate to the for help when in great need of it. The lives with him in Italy. He grows up to shepherds that they meet. On the Greeks knelt in front of a person and, be a sailor. He and Theras remain other hand, the closer that Theras gets bending forward, hugged him around friends throughout their lives. to Athens, the happier he is. When the knees. This vulnerable physical they meet townspeople, he is now the position showed the person that the Lesson 17 one who can talk to strangers because suppliant (one who is asking for help) of his upbringing in a town. 6 Unlike was putting himself at the mercy of Instruction There are many examples the boys’ experience with Corinth’s the other. 6 Herodotos used to know of Theras trying not to cry and trying shepherds and farmers, Greeks usually Theras’ father; more importantly, he not to express his fear to Abas. These treat strangers kindly. 7 The men instinctively trusts the boy. show Theras’ internal conflict in want to kidnap the boys and sell them “[Herodotos’ eyes] seemed to look which he is struggling with something into slavery. 8 Abas is frightened; his Theras through and through. Suddenly inside of him, his emotions. chin was trembling. He also felt the blue eyes filled with tears.” powerless and hopeless. He says, “It’s Lesson 18 no use. . . . It’s a trap. We’re like Lesson 16 Application Differences in accounts rabbits caught.” On the other hand, of battle; suggested responses follow. Theras uses his problem-solving skills Application • The chapter has interesting detail to look for a solution to their Questions 1 When Theras gets to the that the summary doesn’t, such as dilemma. He looks around the room town of Eleusis, he becomes very the types of ships and which Greek and uses the only piece of furniture, a excited because he is only 4 miles cities sent soldiers. sea chest, to come up with a solution. from home. 2 The crowds are Standing on top of the chest, he is gathered for the Panathenaic Festival; • The battle was more personal for inspired to knot their cloaks together on the day Theras arrives, it is the 6th Theras because both of his to form a rope. 9 The Spartan day of the holiday and “the greatest grandfathers had fought in it and a training built up Theras’s strength day of all the Athenian year.” schoolmate’s father turned the and endurance. This helped him to 3 Theras is reminded of his father battle in the Greeks’ favor. Unless carry Abas even though Abas weighed Pheidon because he had bought dolls a reader enjoys ancient history, it almost as much as Theras. at the booth for his daughters. is hard to get excited about the 4 Theras finds that a stranger now battle. Lesson 15 owns the house and his mother lives • In the chapter Athena appeared to with Metion. 5 Theras recognizes inspire the Greeks. Application Lampon, his pedagogue and slave. Questions 1 The boys switched to Lampon tells Theras that his family is • In the chapter Xerxes sat on a hill nighttime traveling because they were staying with Epikides. 6 Theras sees waiting to see the Greek defeat. afraid of being pursued by the slave his father whom he thought was dead. • In the chapter Armenias turned traders from the inn at Corinth. 7 The prisoners were branded with an the battle by ramming a Persian 2 Suggested responses follow. An owl so that anyone who saw them ship; in the summary Themistocles obvious burden is that Theras is would know that the men were from leads the Greeks in battle. carrying Abas on his back. Another is Athens. Athena is the goddess of the Yes, the summary does communicate his knowing that they are approaching town and one of her symbols is the the basic facts about the battle. Yes, the Skironian Rocks and the robbers owl. Pheidon is embarrassed by the the novel does contain some accurate who haunt the place. A third burden mark because he thinks it makes him historical facts. is trying to catch something to eat but look ugly. However, after thinking being unsuccessful. 3 The boys about it, Theras sees the brand as a quarrel as a reaction to having fallen, sign of pride and identity. The being hungry, and trying to travel at townspeople honor the former

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 18 Answer Keys Reading Activities Answer Key Lessons 1–20 Reading Lessons 1–20 Activities

ACTIVITY 1 ACTIVITY 3 Roman Numerals Life in Ancient Athens (Reading Lesson 1) (Reading Lessons 2, 3, 6, and First Review Lesson) 1 16 2 9 3 555 4 71 5 332 6 1776 7 44 8 39 9 XLI By the end of Part One, the chart might look something 10 MMX 11 XV 12 XXXIV 13 XCIX 14 XXI like this: 15 DCLXXIII 16 MCMLXXXIV 17 XIV or 14 18 X or Subject Athens 10 19 XVIII or 18 20 XVI or 16 21 XC or 90 22 LX or 60 23 CXLV or 145 24 XII or 12 25 CDX or 410 Education only for boys; begins at 7 years old; each boy has a pedagogue as a guardian and servant; each boy has a wax tablet, stylus and lyre; ACTIVITY 2 many small schools (about 30 pupils); important to be able to read, write, play the The Journeys of Theras lyre, and sing; all poems from Homer; ate lunch; physical education in a field with (Reading Lesson 1) running, jumping, disk throwing; classes start

early in morning . Childhood played in house or in street close to front door; girls stayed at home; boys not allowed in the marketplace alone; rarely see pictures Military men practice fighting every day; new ship in navy; warriors wore armor; men go to fight in tribes (phatries); different types of ships Women’s stayed in the house; improper to see husband role in off at dock; upper class women can’t support society family, must stay at home Society in slavery acceptable but slaves often treated general better than by other people; prices of goods are bargained Crime kidnapping to sell people into slavery Men’s role working class: potters, vendors in society upper class: slaves do work while men practice being soldiers and volunteering for the good of the city (chorus, judge); take care of family business Art many colorfully painted statues in Agora and in temples; temples are clean, bright, and proportioned; murals depicting heroes; chorus festivals; small statues at doors of homes Religion believed in many gods; rituals for offering gifts to gods included food and incense; altars on ships’ decks; beautiful temples dedicated to different gods; Athena is patroness of Athens

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 19 Reading Activities Answer Key Lessons 1–20

ACTIVITY 4 ACTIVITY 5 Rival City-States Gathering Information for a Paragraph (Reading Lesson 7) (Reading Lesson 10) For Part Two, student answers may resemble the Category Theras Tich OR Tubby following: School-like fields where boys playing field at a Athens Sparta setting train to be warriors; school; England Sparta talks while walking; rests walks fast and in silence; when tired (85) seems never to tire (82, 85, 86) Humiliating Theras stands by the Both were the last situation leader as each group two to be picked for eats, plays lyre, and sings (88) eats in silence (88) of boys refuses to let teams for outdoor kinder to slaves; Lampon harsher with slaves (92) Theras join their games . thinks Spartans are savages thinks Athenians are company . barbarians, not good fighters, Character’s At first Theras was Both avoided looking talk too much (82) response to embarrassed and at each other and buries dead so they can rest has fun throwing corpse over humiliating almost cried . Then he pretended not to in peace (95) cliff (95) situation gets angry, yells at hear the girls Hippias, and tries to discussing whom Athens knows when to stop Sparta never did know when run away . they did not want . In (101) to stop (101) their embarrassment beautiful city rebuilt even homes and temples old and they retied their more beautiful than before shabby (103) shoes or pretended (103) to be interested in something like a bird boys performed in choruses boys going through military flying by . and soldierly dances (103) drill like grown soldiers (103) Being teased Boys called Theras Tubby and Tich may spoke Athenian Greek (106) spoke Doric dialect (106) “girlie” because of have been boys’ long hair cut when they boys’ short hair grown long the length of his hair . nicknamed by their grow up (106) when they grow up (106) classmates; Tich’s Athenian boys fine swimmers not famous for swimming odd appearance may (109) ability also have been the object of teasing . boys in choruses, and boys chanted Spartan laws listened to and sang songs (113) Character’s Theras is determined Both girls seem to and poetry (113) response to to master the drill . silently endure their being teased pain . things always changing (114) every day the same (114) Being 1 . Theras is hot and When finally chosen boys live with their families boys live in barracks (114) ignored exhausted from his for the teams, the (114) journey, but no teams probably life-like statues (115) pillar-shaped statues (115) one remembers to ignored Tubby and Artemis asks for girls’ toys Artemis wants blood take care of him . Tich until they had to and dolls when they are sacrifices (119) 2 . No one tells Theras have a turn in the finished with them (119) to cut rushes so games . Civilized: just, reasonable, Savage: loved fighting and that he will have loved things rather than bloodshed, did not dare to something to sleep fighting and bloodshed, free think or to speak their on . to think and to speak out thoughts if they did think Character’s 1 . Theras continues Both girls seem to (137) (137) response to to drill and silently endure their being promises himself pain . ignored that he will learn to do it just as well as the Spartan boys . 2 . Theras does not complain and sleeps on the floor .

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 20 Reading Activities Answer Key Lessons 1–20

Category Theras Tich OR Tubby Theras’s words protective of others: “Robbers, Overall Positive effect: Theras Tich, negative effect: robbers!” he cried . “They’re in the woods! response to beats everyone in died a couple of They’re down the road!” p . 90 feeling like swimming, masters years later . doesn’t tell on others: “I do not know, an outsider the drill, learns to Tubby, somewhat Hippias . I was watching the forest where chant Spartan Laws, positive effect: I heard the noise . I only know Skyllis was and understands realized she was sitting straight up .” p . 93 Doric Greek smarter than the ”If I had a new son,“ he cried out, language . athletes but then “I wouldn’t see him shamed by the looked down on whole town . I wouldn’t see him sold like them . a slave at an auction .” p . 105 Imagine why new person, looked didn’t fit in; odd honesty: “If you’re going to whip me, the groups different appearance I wish you would do it now .” p . 111 treated Theras’s actions self-respect: After Hippias hits him, Theras and Theras pummels him on the chest . p . 81 the girls like Theras tries to memorize the road in they did. case he gets the chance to return by himself to Athens . p . 88 respectful of the dead: Theras is horrified and sickened at Agis’s treatment of the robber’s dead body . ACTIVITY 6 p . 94–5 Theras is fascinated as he watches the Analyzing Theras’ Character ship being pulled over land . p . 98 Theras wins in swimming and makes a (Reading Lesson 12) friend . p . 109 Method of Examples from curiosity: Theras visits the shrine of Characterization Part Two Artemis to see what has inspired such a Theras’s ambitious: Theras daydreams about brutal ritual as the Artemis Victor . thoughts and running at the Isthmian Stadium . p . 99 p . 120 feelings defiance: “Never mind, you old Hippias . politeness: Theras stands up to It would take many more words than apologize for unintentionally offending you can ever say to make me believe Abas’ family . p . 126 that my dear, dear Athens is not the best selflessness: Believing that Drako will city in all the world .” p . 84 be killed in the Platanistos, Theras tries resolve: Theras’s reaction to teasing is to save him . p . 135 to learn the drill as well as any Spartan . Interesting, No examples given p . 107 unique or homesick: Theras misses his family and relevant physical Athens and has dreams about home . description p . 113–116 How others react Agis is irritated by Theras’s bad mood resolve: “When I am big,” he said to to Theras and fails in trying to reason with him . himself, “and when they take me to p . 95–96 and 100 Olympia to run in the boys’ races, I’ll say The Spartan boys tease Theras because to the whole crowd, the whole stadium, he has long hair and can’t keep up with that I am an Athenian and that I am the military exercises . p . 106 running for Athens’s honor .” considerate Abas trusts Theras and invites him home of others: Theras wonders if the Spartans to supper . p . 123 whom he had assumed were searching for him will hurt Abas’s family . p . 128 innocent: Theras doesn’t believe that the Spartans will kill Haemon . p . 131–132

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 21 Reading Activities Answer Key Lessons 1–20

ACTIVITY 7 Herodotos and trusting; grateful; admiring; filled with his stories awe A Closer Look at Theras’s Character Finding shocked, confused, tries to find someone (Reading Lesson 17) strangers in his he knows home Situation Theras’s Response Suggested responses follow. First day at a little intimidated by his teacher; eager school to prove he can sing; excitedly listens to 1 appreciates the finer things in life (poetry and reading) classmate recite story of Trojan horse; 2 courageous (journeying at night, not giving in to tears or carefully tries to form letters until fears) 3 religious (prays and gives tribute to the gods, correct; hero-worships Klinias; hurt but special relationship with Athena) 4. determined; hardship not discouraged by other boys’ teasing; strengthens his resolve (learning drill, carrying Abas) happy and proud of winning race 5 admires and wants to participate in physical and military First visit to the marketplace: full of wonder and activities (Pheidon’s preparations for battle, afternoons at Agora and appreciation for everything he sees, school in Athens, Spartan boys’ drills. Isthmian and Akropolis including statues and murals of Greek Olympic Games) 6 respects human life (horrified and heroes Akropolis: filled with wonder and awe at digusted by desecration of dead body, Artemis Victor the beauty of buildings and statues, ritual, Platanistos battle, and Haemon’s arrest and which trigger his spiritual feelings execution) 7 loyal (doesn’t abandon injured Abas, keeps The female loves and appreciates his mother and allegiance to Athens) members of his sisters family ACTIVITY 8 Pheidon’s excited about father’s preparations but leaving and shocked and heartbroken when he Comparing and Contrasting Two Views of Maro’s adoption leaves; indignant at sight of Maro in Ancient Greece chains and frightened for him; certain his father will buy Maro; excited when Maro (Reading Lesson 19) joins them Athens Leaving Athens very sad and a little embarrassed; 1 What does “citizenship” mean, and who could be a with Hippias indignant when Hippias hits him citizen? Observing excited and eager to learn Spartan boys’ Website: Only men could be citizens. As citizens they drill could influence the way the city was run. The men could go to the assembly where they could speak and vote freely. Hunting boars enjoyed and excited by adventure: “Theras never forgot that night… . And Theras: Pheidon is a full citizen, but he does not have to with it all the feeling of being grown- earn a living. Slaves or employees do all the work while up—a man .” Appreciated outdoor Pheidon takes his turn at being a judge, sponsors a chorus, setting . and practices his fighting skills. Artemis Victor shocked and disgusted; doesn’t believe 2 Were the lives of men and women different? ritual Artemis expects people to be whipped Website: Yes, the lives of men and women were different. Platanistos At first excited, then horrified, then battle disgusted at savagery Women were not considered citizens, so they couldn’t vote or serve on juries. Women were not educated like men Shrines to gods respectful, prays, gives offerings or were. If from a wealthy family, a woman’s education was and goddesses promises them about how to run a big household. If poor, the woman was Wildcat attack realized he had to throw his spear and expected to work for a living. he did; felt like “a man’s strength” was in him Theras: Arethusa was taught the proper way to behave; for instance, she didn’t escort her husband down to the ship Abas’s injury concerned; helpful; felt guilty and pity when Abas fainted; carried him because women were supposed to stay at home. When cheerfully until he couldn’t anymore; Pheidon supposedly had died, she could do nothing but sit frightened; went to look for food or help at home. Wealthy Athenian women were not supposed to even though weak with hunger and work. She had to depend on a male relative, Metion. exhaustion

CALVERT EDUCATION 06COREAKA 22 Reading Activities Answer Key Lessons 1–20

3 What was it like living as a slave? Website: Some slaves had special skills like painting pottery, nursing, or teaching. Slaves who worked could save their earnings and eventually buy their freedom. Other slaves were condemned to a life of hard labor. Slaves could be privately owned or owned by the state. Theras: With intelligence or a skill, slaves might be treated well; Lampon was trusted to be Theras’s pedagogue. Theras’s family must have treated other slaves well because most of them were in tears when Pheidon was preparing to go to war and when Theras was leaving home with Hippias. Corinth 4 How were the designs on Greek pots made? Website: In Corinth, artists didn’t paint the pots but covered parts of them with a watery clay mixture. When the pot was baked, the clay mixture turned black while the unpainted parts turned a light brown. Theras: In Athens, artists used black and red paints on pottery. 5 Why would you want to drag your ship over the land? Website: It was quicker than sailing around the coastline. The track was made of stone. Theras: It was quicker than sailing around the coastline. The track was made of logs. 6 What types of government were there in ancient Greece, and by which would you prefer to be ruled? Website: There were four types: monarchy/aristocracy, in which power stayed within a family (Sparta); tyranny, in which one person ruled (early Corinth); oligarchy, in which a small group ruled (later Corinth); and democracy, in which the people shared power (Athens). Theras: For Athens, Pheidon worked as a judge; he would also attend assemblies to speak and vote on issues. Your opinion: (Answers will vary.)

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