La Ideología De Giambattista Casti a Través De Su Producción Literaria

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La Ideología De Giambattista Casti a Través De Su Producción Literaria UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Filología Italiana TESIS DOCTORAL La ideología de Giambattista Casti a través de su producción literaria MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR José María Cortés Coto Directora Ángeles Arce Menéndez Madrid, 2017 © José María Cortés Coto, 2016 ÍNDICE Resumen ............................................................................... 5 Summary .............................................................................. 10 1. Introducción .................................................................... 14 2. El poeta y su mundo. ............................................................. 18 2.1 Breve perfil biobibliográfico.............................................. 19 2.2 Algunas críticas y ataques dirigidos a Giambattista Casti. 27 2.3 La época: sustrato ideológico y contexto histórico............ 33 2.3.1 El sustrato ideológico y los condicionantes del poeta......... 34 2.3.2 Contexto histórico del Siglo Ilustrado................................. 38 2.4 El marco político concreto de la corte de José II y sus sucesores........................................................... 45 2.5 Las influencias de otros intelectuales sobre Casti ............. 49 2.5.1 La influencia ideológica de Machiavelli ............................. 49 2.5.2 La influencia ideológica de Voltaire ................................... 51 2.5.3 Otras influencias de intelectuales sobre Casti..................... 55 2.6 La hostilidad hacia Catalina II de Rusia................................. 58 3. Estudio de los apólogos políticos: Gli animali parlanti y Apologhi vari .................................................... 60 3.1 Observación preliminar: ¿Dos obras distintas o una obra unitaria?.............................................................................. 61 3.2. Cronología de Gli animali parlanti y los Apologhi vari. Opiniones críticas sobre las fechas de ejecución ............ 72 1 3.2.1 Opinión de Gabriele Muresu............................................... 73 3.2.2 Opinión de Salvatore Nigro ................................................ 75 3.2.3 Opinión de Antonino Fallico............................................... 77 3.2.4 Opinión de Luciana Pedroia................................................ 81 3.2.5 Opiniones procedentes directamente de Casti..................... 89 3.3. Génesis de la obra y aspectos evolutivos. Los precedentes. .......................................................................... 96 3.4. Los apólogos políticos ............................................................... 111 3.4.1 Estructura de la obra............................................................ 112 3.4.2. Las digresiones incorporadas en el interior del texto......... 115 3.4.3. Consideraciones estilísticas................................................ 120 3.5. Análisis y resumen argumental de la obra política . .......... 130 3.5.1 Apologhi vari...................................................................... 131 3.5.1.1 Resumen argumental de los cuatro apólogos fábula a fábula................................................................................ 132 L’asino.................................................................. 132 Le pecore .............................................................. 133 La lega dei forti .................................................... 134 La gatta e il topo................................................... 134 3.5.1.2 Análisis crítico e ideológico de los cuatro apólogos fábula a fábula ..................................................... 135 L’asino.................................................................. 135 Le pecore .............................................................. 137 La lega dei forti .................................................... 140 La gatta e il topo................................................... 143 Conclusiones finales sobre los Apologhi vari....... 145 3.5.2 Gli animali parlanti............................................................. 146 3.5.2.1 Resumen argumental del poema canto a canto..... 149 3.5.2.2 Análisis del poema por bloques narrativos .......... 165 Bloque I ............................................................................ 167 Bloque II........................................................................... 176 Bloque III ......................................................................... 187 Bloque IV ......................................................................... 189 2 Bloque V........................................................................... 200 Bloque VI ......................................................................... 213 3.6 ¿Qué historia se está narrando en Gli animali parlanti y quién es quién en el poema? .................................................................................. 226 3.6.1 ¿Qué historia se oculta en el poema? .................................. 226 3.6.2 Sobre qué personajes descansa la trama ¿Quién es cada uno de ellos? ....................................................................... 231 4. La ideología de Giambattista Casti......................... 251 4.1 Consideraciones previas ............................................................. 252 4.2 Valores fundamentales de la ideología castiana................... 259 4.3 La ideología llevada a la práctica. El Casti político y social................................................................................................ 270 4.4 La postura antibelicista: la paz y la convivencia ............... 280 4.5 Reflexiones sobre la mujer y su situación social............... 290 4.6 El debate sobre las formas de gobierno ............................. 300 5. Conclusiones........................................................... 309 6. Bibliografía............................................................. 314 6.1 Obras de carácter general................................................... 315 6.2 Obras de Giambattista Casti............................................... 317 6.3 Estudios sobre Casti .......................................................... 319 7. Anexos .................................................................... 324 7.1 Advertencia legal y portada de la edición Princeps .......... 325 7.2 Retrato de Casti hecho por Goya ....................................... 327 7.3 Extensión de los cantos y número de sextinas suprimidas en el 3 paso del manuscrito parisino a la imprenta .......................... 328 7.4 Digresiones notables .......................................................... 330 7.5 Texto completo de la Cicalata política.............................. 333 4 Resumen Esta tesis que corona el trabajo realizado durante cinco años para alcanzar el grado de doctor en Filología Italiana lleva por título La ideología de Giambattista Casti a través de su producción literaria. Después de una Introducción en la que se explican las razones que me han llevado a esta elección temática y los objetivos que me planteo alcanzar a lo largo de la investigación —señalar la ideología del abate, descubrir quién se esconde o qué situación se oculta bajo los relatos o bajo los protagonistas animales en sus apólogos políticos—, dedico el capítulo 2 a hacer una presentación del protagonista desde varios puntos de vista. Bajo el título de El poeta y su mundo se tratan diversos aspectos. Se comienza haciendo, en primer lugar, un esbozo biobibliográfico del abate (1724?- 1803) en el que, sin detenerme en los datos habituales como el lugar de nacimiento, estudios, etc. —que no interesaban para el proyecto—, he procurado, en todo momento, fijar mi atención en aquellos otros aspectos que sí eran importantes para el objeto de mi estudio, a saber: viajes que realizó durante su larguísima vida de octogenario por todas las cortes europeas desde San Petersburgo a la Península Ibérica o las personas a las que acompañó o encontró en esos viajes. Personajes, en general, importantes del mundo político o diplomático del siglo XVIII y que, además de influir en él y en su ideología desde un punto de vista personal, le suministraron un alto nivel de información —que pudiéramos llamar privilegiada— a la que, por un camino u otro, el poeta ilustrado siempre tuvo acceso y supo cómo utilizar convenientemente, aunque no siempre en el momento oportuno, hecho que le causó no pocos sinsabores en algunas ocasiones. En segundo lugar, se analizan algunas vicisitudes de su biografía, como la recuperación de una enfermedad venérea, que —no siempre de forma justa— sirvieron para forjar la fama de libertino, que lo acompañó toda su vida, y con la que algunos trataron de justificar sus ataques y críticas peligrosas en lo político. En tercer lugar, se contextualiza su figura en el periodo que le es propio, tanto desde el punto de vista de los acontecimientos históricos como dentro de la ideología del Siglo Ilustrado. En lo histórico, se hace hincapié en aquellos sucesos que, en mi 5 opinión, tuvieron una influencia más acusada en su toma de postura directa y valiente dando un peso mayor —con apartado propio— a su periodo en la corte de Viena — que el poeta tan bien conoció y en la que llegó incluso a ser nombrado poeta cesáreo— y a la ambigua relación que mantuvo con el emperador José II. En cierto sentido, no es exagerado considerar a Casti como un fiel cronista de su tiempo. En el ámbito ideológico se incluyen algunos comentarios y reflexiones sobre las influencias más importantes, tanto positivas como negativas,
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