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Home , Energy diplomacy, Hans van den Broek, Jan Pronk, Joris Voorhoeve, Lulzim Basha, Schelto Patijn

Issue 26 2008

Contents: ■ Clingendael 25 Years ■ How to Operate in Brussels The Clingendael Newsletter ■ GUAM seminar ■ LBB 40 Years ■ Photo by Clingendael ■ New publications Clingendael: 25 Years Young A short history reflecting its past

The Institute of International Education and Public Relations, while the the Clingendael European Studies Relations ‘Clingendael’ was founded on libraries of the merging organisations­ were Programme (CESP) and the Clingendael 3 January, 1983. It is the product of a combined into one. The Internationale­ Security and Conflict Programme (CSCP). series of mergers between various diffe- Spectator(IS), a journal that had previously rent organisations, which each explored been published by the NGIZ, became the In 2005, Jaap de Zwaan became international politics from different institute’s sole monthly publication until the fourth Director of Clingendael, taking perspectives. The first merger took place the new millennium, when it was joined over an institute that had more than after World War II between the smallest by a new journal, Journal doubled in staff and turnover since 1983, and oldest organisation, the Netherlands of Diplomacy (HJD). When Professor while the and financial Society for International Legal Neuman left the post of Director in 1990, structure needed some refurbishing. (VIRO), and the Dutch Public Relations Professor took up the One of his initiatives is the launch of Office for the (VVN). position, holding it until 1994. During Clingendael Asian Studies (CAS), which The new organisation then merged with this time, Clingendael expanded, insti- integrates the work concerning the Far the Netherlands Society for International gated by the fall of the Berlin Wall. This East, notably China, undertaken by the Relations (NGIZ), founded just after event enabled people from Central and other programmes. Under Professor World War II. In the 1960s, the NGIZ Eastern Europe, as well as Central Asia, to De Zwaan’s leadership, the Institute Course on (LBB), access the Institute, prompting the Dutch is now celebrating its 25th anniversary which trains young attachés of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs to fund scores through conferences, a jubilee book, an Ministry of Foreign Affairs, navy officers of new diplomatic courses for those areas. art exhibition and many other events: and post-graduate students, also joined This Ministry is still the main funding the Internationale Spectator has already the Institute. Although the NGIZ officially provider for the Institute, followed by published a special jubilee issue. This merged with Clingendael, it still flourishes the Ministry of Defence. The Ministry of January, the Chairman of the Board, Dr as an independent group, with only its Education also provided a large proportion Bernard Bot, along with Clingendael’s secretariat based at the Institute. The indi- of funds in the past, with the Ministry Director, opened the festivities in front of rect successor of the VVN, the Netherlands of Foreign Affairs taking over their res- the Corps Diplomatique and many other Society for the United Nations (NVVN), ponsibility during Professor Voorhoeve’s guests. Bernard Bot is the fifth President operates in a similar way. The third directorship. Professor Alfred van Staden of the organisation, following Hans van merger in the history of Clingendael was became Director in 1995, staying on until den Broek, , , with the Defence Study Centre (DSC), 2005. During this time, two new sections and the Baron Van Linden. Each of these which was founded in the 1950s to provide were added to the institute: the Conflict men has had the honour of helping to courses on international security. Research Unit (CRU) and the Clingendael fulfil the dream of at that time Dutch And the fourth and final merger was with International Energy Programme (CIEP). of Defence and former WEU the Netherlands Institute for Peace Issues The CRU is funded by the Development Secretary General Willem van Eekelen: (NIVV), which came into being during the Cooperation General Directorate of to create a Dutch institute that matches 1960s and focused mainly on research. Foreign Affairs, and the CIEP by various the great think tanks and diplomatic As the NIVV was the largest of the orga- Dutch energy companies and govern- academies of the world in reflecting on nisations that formed the Institute, its mental Ministries. Towards the end of global events. director, Professor Henk Neuman, became Professor Van Staden’s directorship, Clingendael’s first Director, leading its Clingendael transformed the Research staff of 42 people from 1983 until 1990. and Education Departments into three Paul Meerts, Co-chair of the Jubilee ‘programmes’, where research and Committee The resulting organisation was divided training go hand in hand: the Clingendael into three departments, namely Research, Diplomatic Studies Programme (CDSP), Reconnecting Europe with its citizens

On 30 November 2007, the Clingendael about a diverse range of policy issues, improved, although discussing the EU European Studies Programme hosted such as immigration, inflation and welfare largely remains the preserve of members a round-table seminar to introduce the arrangements. of the parliamentary Europe Committee. English-language version of ‘Rediscovering The current challenge is to initiate an Also, there is still a lot of scope for Europe in the Netherlands’. The report appealing discourse on Europe without organisations to become investigated current key issues such as seeking recourse to populism and more involved in these discussions. ‘How to reconnect Europe with its citizens’ polarisation. Perhaps politicisation in Constitutional checks and balances, as well and ‘How national politicians can move Brussels is being encouraged by the as new forms of deliberative and digital beyond negative debates on subsidiarity, new treaty arrangements for selecting may also help in reconnecting “red lines” or the costs of EU membership, the Commission President, but the EU politics with citizens. But, as was and discuss the EU positively’. CESP main challenge lies at the national level. concluded in the session chaired by research fellow Mendeltje van Keulen Professor Brigid Laffan of University Professor Beate Kohler-Koch of Mannheim contributed to the report, which was issued College Dublin examined this issue from a University, a lot depends on the actual by the Netherlands Scientific Council for comparative perspective. In Ireland, where output delivered by the EU, and on the Government Policy (WRR). eight referenda on EU issues have taken way politicians take responsibility for how place, EU discussions are more lively EU cooperation works in practice. The seminar brought some 35 academics and focused. However, and policy makers from institutes and she did warn that national universities across Europe to Clingendael governments should never to explore the WRR report, which provides call referenda lightly – as clear insight into general legitimacy the Dutch experience in problems through an exploration of the 2005 demonstrated. particularities of the Dutch case. Occasional referenda can In her keynote speech, Professor Vivien only complement ‘normal’ Schmidt of Boston University, and author day-to-day discussions on of ‘Democracy in Europe’, described EU policies within Cabinet how member-state governments now and parliament. struggle with both political and public discussions on as Parliamentary involvement a consequence of rising public anxiety in EU issues has recently

Celebrating the ‘How to Operate in Brussels’ Course!

Since 2002, the two-week training course Over the years, more than 1000 young has received excellent course reviews entitled ‘How to Operate in Brussels’ have attended the ten events, and many EU countries have introduced (HOB), which is open to potential and EVD/Cross and the Ministry it as a new requirement for their young participants from new member states of of Foreign Affairs together with the diplomats. Now, if they want to become the European Union, has been the flagship Clingendael Institute are now planning a active in the European arena, many young course of the Clingendael European special celebratory version of the course diplomats first have to attend the course. Studies Programme. September 2007, for 2008. This event will be an intensive In fact, they often can only get a posting at young diplomats took part in the tenth one-week follow-up course to which their country’s permanent representation HOB course to be organised in the 50 alumni will be invited. after successfully completing an HOB Netherlands. The course, commissioned The main objective of the HOB course course. As a result, the number of course on behalf of Dutch governmental is to acquaint participants with effective alumni in Brussels has risen tremendously. organisation EVD/Cross and financially ways of representing national interests in supported by the MATRA programme of the EU. The course proved to be highly As of 2007, the course is no longer open the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has successful right from the very beginning. to participants from member states that taken place twice a year since its inception, For each new intake, Clingendael received joined the EU in 2004, but only to the with one additional event organised in over five times more applications than two countries that joined 2007, candidate several years ago. places available. In addition, the course countries and potential candidate countries. The participants in the two 2007 HOB courses came from Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and . Although the number of eligible countries has Some of the participants at the tenth HOB course decreased, which meant that the number following a simulation of of places available was reduced from 100 a council working group, to 50, the course’s popularity remained including course co- as high as before, with the number of ordinator Rob Boudewijn, who is sitting behind the applications far exceeding the number of table on the right. places available. Start of “25 Years Clingendael”

On February 17th, a reception was held, which marked the start of the 25th Anniversary Year of the Clingendael Institute. This Anniversary will be celebrated throughout 2008 with a series of events organized by all Programmes of the Clingendael Institute.

Clingendael’s Chairman of the Board, dr. Bernard Bot (2nd left), together with Clingendael Director Prof. Jaap de Zwaan (on his right) welcoming guests during the reception on the occasion of the Institute’s 25th Anniversary.

Dr. Bernard Bot delivering his speech regarding 25 Years Clingendael

Former Clingendael Chairman of the Board, mr. (l.), together with Dr. Bernard Bot (l.) together with former minister mr. Atzo Nicolaï mr. Jan Willem Bertens and former Board member Baroness Margareth de Vos van Steenwijk

Former Mayor of The Hague, mr. (r.), with Mr. Melchior Bus of the Dutch ministry of the Interior. Alumni Course at Clingendael GUAM Seminar

On 10 December 2007, the Clingendael Institute and the Embassy of Azerbaijan in The Hague organised a seminar promoting GUAM, the Organisation on Democracy and Economic Development, to mark the 10th anniversary of this international organisation. GUAM was established on 10 October 1997 by the presidents of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova at a Council of Europe in Strasbourg, and on 23 May 2006 it became a fully fledged regional Participants and Clingendael staff of the alumni course "Effective Diplomacy: International Presence & Support in post-conflict organisation, with headquarters in Kyiv, situations" for diplomats from the Balkans (26-30 November 2007) Ukraine. The seminar was officially opened by the of the four The sixth alumni course for diplomats experts was a former Dutch member states, who each delivered a from the Balkans dealt with the very to Bosnia Herzegovina and Colonel of speech on the purpose and goals of the current issue of post-conflict resolution the Dutch Armed Forces, as well as the organisation. GUAM pursues regional and reconstruction and the involvement Director of Good Governance of the cooperation in the field of , of the international community in this OSCE’s mission within UNMIK. The politics, , democracy and process. Former Special Representative Clingendael staff members from the rule of . It looks for close cooperation for the UN to Darfur officially Conflict Research Unit offered their in- between states and, in particular, with opened the course with a speech on depth knowledge as they discussed several the European Union. Relations with “Serving the people in post-conflict areas” cases of interest, including East Timor, the EU and NATO were also discussed in which he elaborated on the lessons Africa’s Great Lakes Region and Southern among a panel of experts at the seminar. he learned from personal observations. . With the UN deadline for the Among other important ideas mentioned on the future status of by My Pronk was the warning that one size rapidly approaching, this matter, inevita- does not, in fact, fit all and that conflict bly, was also included in the programme. resolution and reconstruction is a long- Through a simulation game based on term process that takes generations. the Kosovo negotiations, the participants Mr Pronk also asserted that root causes experienced the difficulties of conflict must be addressed and that the UN needs resolution. The traditional group visit to Many areas with potential for closer an integrated approach in its coordination. the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was co­operation, particularly with regard to The course programme offered insights widely appreciated, was an appropriate set- energy security, were highlighted. into the different phases of post-conflict ting for an expert seminar on the Western The audience consisted of diplomats, civil resolution: firstly, guaranteeing security Balkans. The Clingendael Institute was servants, academics, representatives of and stability; secondly, establishing gover- able to offer its alumni this excellent the business community and journalists. nance structures and rule of law; and platform for dialogue and an exchange This celebration of the 10th anniversary thirdly, undertaking social and economic of views thanks to the MFA’s MATRA of GUAM certainly fulfilled the aim of reconstruction. All the academics, policy­ Programme. The next alumni course for promoting the organisation, and the pro- makers, diplomats and other professionals diplomats scheduled in the Clingendael gramme ended with a warm and friendly participating in the course shared their training programme will take place in reception serving wines, vodka, cognac knowledge and experiences. Among these November 2008. and black caviar from the region. Conference on capacity building in Jakarta

In November 2007, a conference was held in Jakarta regarding capacity building in diplomatic training for Asian and African countries. The Clingendael Institute’s participation was part of the cooperation between Clingendael and the Centre for Education and Training of the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Mr Ron Ton, Director of Diplomatic Training at the Clingendael Institute (left) and Ambassador Boer Mauna of . Mid-Career Diplomats Indonesia

In November 2007, the fourth (and first fifteen-minute walk ‘new’) course for Mid-Career diplomats (or five-minute bus from Indonesia was held. Focusing on the ride) to the Institute. specific position of the Mid-Career Pictured are the within the Indonesian foreign sixteen participants, civil service, a variety of workshops, Clingendael director lectures and training sessions dealt with of training Ron Ton topics ranging from ‘dealing with the (front row, middle), media’ to inter-departmental communi- Clingendael fellow cation, and from 'new security threats' Henriëtte den Ouden to . Working visits in (on his side, viewer the Hague and Brussels as well as the left), embassy staff social programme complemented the members Dr. Siswo programme at the institute, which was Pramono (viewer right) kicked off by official words of welcome and Ms. Muniroh by the Indonesian ambassador to the Rahim (first right), and Netherlands, Mr. J.E. Habibie. new lodgings, the ‘Arendsdorp’ service Clingendael fellow and course coordinator The Mid-Careers were one of the first apartments, which the participants seemed Nils de Mooij, at the back. groups to make use of Clingendael's cosy to enjoy, and not only because of the mere Policy Advisors Kosovo at Clingendael

A two-week programme for young policy international and European affairs was The course therefore consisted of lectures, advisors from Kosovo dealing with organised in September 2007. Although workshops and working visits offering Kosovo’s future both a thorough examination of the EU's status remains accession, neighbourhood and foreign uncertain, the policies (at the Institute and in Brussels), importance of as well as lessons in diplomatic skills, by cooperation way of , lobbying and with and inte- training and a workshop on language and gration within diplomacy. Participants also showed their the European networking talents during the social pro- Union is para- gramme, with the intercultural evening mount to the with diplomats from Eastern Europe even region, as is a featuring a live exchange of folk songs. solid under­ Pictured are the fifteen participants, with standing of Head of the Clingendael Diplomatic the art of Studies Programme, Prof. dr. Jan Melissen diplomacy to (third row, second right) and Clingendael its civil servant fellow and course coordinator Nils de representatives. Mooij (second row, first left). Leergang Buitenlandse Betrekkingen celebrates its 40th anniversary

Last Autumn, from September until time that the course was held, was also ments in the European Union’, ‘interna­ December, the Clingendael Institute, as its 40th anniversary, it was opened tional justice’ and ‘international security’ part of its Diplomatic Studies Programme, with a speech from the former Minister to ‘conflict and reconstruction’. In addition held the 62nd ‘Leergang Buitenlandse of Foreign Affairs . to these lectures and discussions, parti- Betrekkingen’ (Course on Foreign Various alumni of the last few years and cipants took part in many different inter­ Relations), which brought an impressive Clingendael staff members also attended active training exercises. These were aimed range of speakers and trainers to the the opening ceremony, and over the at developing those skills needed in an Institute. Since the course was first taught 12 weeks of the course, a large number international setting, such as presentation in 1967, it has provided many recent of speakers from academic institutions, skills, writing techniques and negotiation university graduates and young profes­ civil society, political and diplomatic skills. The course was concluded with a sionals with a comprehensive introduction circles gave their views on a great variety two-day simulation of EU procedures, to foreign relations and important of issues. These issues were grouped during which numerous pressing develop­ments in international relations. together according to set themes, one for European policy options were discussed To celebrate the fact that this, the 62nd each week, which ranged from ‘develop- and negotiated. Presentation of Clingendael Security Paper No. 3 The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: Towards a full-grown security alliance? by Lt Col Dr Marcel de Haas (ed.)

On 12 December 2007, the third publi­ alliance, or actually nothing more than ad- The SCO still lacks a considerable num- cation in the Clingendael Security hoc events. ber of the elements that are essential to Paper series was officially presented be­coming a mature security institution, at a Clingendael Security and Conflict Recently some remarkable developments and SCO member states and observers Programme(CSCP) seminar, which was have taken place in the area of the SCO’s differ widely on many issues, such as held at the Frederik Barracks function security policy. For example, in August political and economic interests. centre in The Hague. 2007, military exercises and a political Nevertheless, the extent of these recent summit of the Heads of State were held security policy developments mean that This Clingendael paper analyses several in the area simultaneously, the first time we can no longer exclude the possibility different aspects of the security policy of these two events coincided. Other recent that they represent cautious developments the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation examples of an intensified military-politi- towards a full-grown security organisation. (SCO), particularly recent changes to it, cal security cooperation include the de facto However, if this is the aim of the SCO and their possible implications. application of a ‘military assistance’ con- member states, such a development will The SCO is a regional international cept in the ‘Peace Mission 2007’ drills; the still take a considerable number of years before the SCO can truly be described as the ‘NATO of the East’.

During the seminar on December 12, the conclusions of the Security Paper No.3 were introduced to the audience by the editor, Lieutenant Colonel Dr. Marcel de Haas, who presented the first copy of the publication to Dr. Jamie Shea, Director of Policy Planning at the Office of the Secretary General of NATO. After the response by Dr. Shea on NATO's views on the SCO, the Deputy Ambassador of the embassy of China, Mr. Zhang Daxing, the Political Advisor of the embassy of , Mr. Aleksandr Rilov and the Counsellor of the embassy of Kazakhstan, Mr. Aidar Shakenov, conveyed the views of their respective countries on the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. In conclusion, a discussion with the panel speakers was conducted on the basis of questions from Lt Col Dr Marcel de Haas and Dr Jamie Shea at the presentation of the Clingendael Security Paper. the audience. organisation of which China, Russia, intensifying relationship between the SCO Marcel de Haas is a Senior Research Fellow Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and and the Russian-led Collective Security with the Clingendael Security and Conflict Uzbekistan are member states, and Treaty Organisation (CSTO); the signing Programme. Mongolia, Iran, Pakistan and India are of a structural arrangement for joint mili- observer states. Because the organisation tary exercises; and the development of Published by the Clingendael Security and encompasses a considerable territory threat-response and conflict-prevention Conflict Programme of the Netherlands in and around Central Asia, as well as a mechanisms. Institute of International Relations large part of the world population, energy Clingendael. resources, nuclear arms and significant In addition to military-political issues, the armed forces, theoretically it has formi- need for energy security, which is being Clingendael Security No. 3 dable economic, political and military increasingly identified as a vital element Price: € 10.00 (or € 15.00 abroad) potential. of any security policy, is given greater emphasis by the SCO. In July 2007, the For more information, please contact The questions that this paper addresses ‘SCO Energy Club’ was established, which the CSCP-secretariat: center on the issue of whether changes may act as a forum for defining a common E-mail: [email protected]; in the SCO’s security policy should be energy approach and, above all, for streng- Tel.: +31(0)70 3746654; regarded as the beginnings of a movement thening energy security in the region. Fax: +31(0)70 3746667 towards becoming a solid military-political CIEP Future Fuels Seminar

A hydrogen economy in the EU: Clingendael Energy Lecture of the implementation of technologies that Realistic solution or distant dream? An appeal for a sustainable renaissance are currently available and immediately By H.E. required. The second wave will prepare The Clingendael Institute, The Hague further technologies and policies that will increase efficiency even further. The third On 1 November 2007, CIEP held a wave will consist of far-reaching innova- seminar on the possibilities and drawbacks tions that will develop long-term options, of the development of hydrogen fuel such as energy-producing greenhouses, technology in the EU. It was the fifth carbon capture and sequestration. seminar in CIEP’s Future Fuels series, The government will have to develop which looks at fuels and technologies policies to tailor to each wave’s require- that may aid the transition to a more ments. The policies will consist of pri- sector. cing carbon emissions via the European Previous seminars covered gas-to-liquid Trading Scheme (ETS); increased effi- conversion, biofuels, nuclear energy and Huys Clingendael, The Hague ciency standards for lighting, appliances clean coal technologies. and automobiles; temporary subsidies for On 1 October 2007, H.E. Jacqueline sustainable energy; European and global The ‘hydrogen economy’ is often presen- Cramer, Dutch Minister of Housing, diplomacy; and innovation programmes. ted as a solution for a future global low- Spatial Planning and the Environment, The government will take a sector-by- carbon energy sector. However, there are gave a Clingendael Energy Lecture on sector approach, whereby still many fundamental questions around ‘Balancing Energy and Environmental agreements will be developed separately the application of this energy carrier: Policy-making.’ Minister Cramer started with each of the various sectors in the Why should we use hydrogen? How does off with a broad appeal to the audience for economy. it compare to possible alternatives? What a ‘sustainable renaissance’, after which have been the technical possibilities and she outlined further details on the Dutch The Minister emphasised the need for practical experiences so far? What are the government’s ambitious project Clean and strengthening international frameworks possible drawbacks? What are the present Green (Schoon en zuinig), which aims to if we are to successfully complete the policies, and what policies are still needed kick-start this renaissance. necessary transition to more sustainable for a large-scale application of hydrogen? energy systems. A key factor for success The seminar examined these and other Clean and Green aims to reduce Dutch will be the involvement of all international questions in order to consider the extent carbon emissions by 30% by 2020, make stakeholders in the process. For Dutch to which hydrogen is a promising new a 20% share of all ener- policy, the European Union will be of energy source for the future. gy by 2020, and increase energy efficiency unquestion­able importance since EU by 2% annually from now on. These ambi- environmental policy determines about Speakers in the seminar were Lucia tious targets will require substantial efforts 80% of Dutch environmental policy. van Geuns (CIEP), Frank Schnitzeler from the energy industry, but also from The Dutch government must strengthen (Shell), Kas Hemmes (Delft University of other sectors of the economy. its environmental diplomacy towards Technology), Frank Denys (SenterNovem), Brussels by striking coalitions with like- Barry Solomon (Michigan Technological Clean and Green is based on three minded countries such as the United University), Bent Sorensen (Roskilde I’s: Inspiration, Innovation, and Kingdom and . The Dutch University) and Donald Pols (WWF). Implementation. These are seen as neces- sustainable renaissance will have to be The seminar was chaired by Kees van sary in order to realise three ‘waves’ of transformed into a European renaissance der Klein (ECN). sustainability. The first wave will consist if it will have a chance at success.

Clingendael Energy Lunch ‘Energy Diplomacy: Russia and the World’ by Stanislav Zhiznin

On 15 October 2007, the Clingendael International Energy Programme (CIEP) hosted the Clingendael Energy Lunch at the Crowne Plaza Europe Hotel in Brussels. At the meeting, Professor Stanislav Z. Zhiznin, President of the Center of Energy Diplomacy and Geopolitics in Moscow, presented his new book ‘Energy Diplomacy: Russia and the World’, which was co-published by CIEP. Mr Andrey Smorodin, Deputy Director of Safeguards at the EU Directorate-General Award for the Department of Economic Cooperation for Transport and Energy as well as the in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the position of Director of the EU-Russia Adriaan Schout Russian Federation, began the speeches Energy Dialogue. Mr Cleutinx, in turn, with an opening address that set out his reflected upon recent develop­ments in of CESP views on Russia’s foreign , EU-Russian energy relations and the in particular focusing on the energy prospects for cooperation in the future. relations between Russia and the European During a brief question and answer Union. Following Mr Smorodin’s speech, session, Professor Zhiznin fielded Professor Zhiznin introduced his recently questions on various aspects of Russia’s published book on this topic, summarising energy policy. his main findings for the audience.

He then presented a first edition of his book to Mr Christian Cleutinx, who holds both the position of Director of Nuclear Being a think tank in international affairs, Clingendael is happy to report on an international academic award that has been given to one of its senior faculty members. Adriaan Schout, senior research Het Witte Huis fellow at the Clingendael European Studies Programme, together with his co-author (The White House) Professor Andrew Jordan, received the prestigious award of ‘Best Book in by Willem Post European Studies’ for their book The Coordination of the European Union: (only available in Dutch) Exploring the Capacities of Networked Governance (Oxford University Press, In Het Witte Huis Willem Post raises the 2006, ISBN 0-19-9286957). This prize, question of whether the American light which was organised by the University really has dimmed. When George Bush Association for Contemporary European began his presidency in January 2001, the Studies, was awarded during a special United States was at the peak of its fame – ceremony held on the 19th century during the 1990s the country was referred battleship HMS ‘Warrior’, moored at to as the ‘new Roman Empire’. Portsmouth (UK). The book was praised by the jury for raising major political- As a result of the collapse of the Soviet science related questions about the future Union, the ‘counterbalance’ between the development of European governance. two superpowers ended. Bush was a The authors were congratulated for their typical ‘country-president’, who withdrew clear ana­lysis drawing on a rich empirical the US from many international treaties study focusing on EU environmental with lightening speed. Even before policy and the coordination it now requires ‘9/11’, he was already being labelled a Willem Post, Senior Visiting Fellow at, and between, the various levels of neo-isolationist. With their new anti- with the Clingendael Diplomatic Studies governance in the emerging European missile shield, the United States was Programme, comments on all these administrative reality. supposed to be invulnerable to attacks developments in his new book. from rogue states. However, ‘9/11’ and the The judges considered the book to be a wars that followed showed that the United Price € 14.95. For further details, please ‘model of clarity, with a tightly argued States had not become invulnerable at all. contact Uitgeverij Aspekt and structure,’ and predicted that The country was confronted with its own (www.uitgeverijaspekt.nl) it was destined to become ‘a standard boundaries and limits. Where the downfall reference book across disciplines’. of the Roman Empire had taken several The jury also thought that it demonstrated centuries, the ‘collapse’ of this modern ‘how well [the field of European political super­power took place in no time at all. science] can function as a conduit for After the ‘American Century’ will there ideas that refer across academic areas now be an ‘Asian Century’? Or will the and disciplines: Andrew Jordan and United States show its resilience under the Adriaan Schout’s work is relevant for leadership of a newly elected president? all scholars of contemporary public policy and governance.’ First Lady of the Ukraine, Mme Kateryna Yushchenko, visits Clingendael

On 9 December 2007, the Clingendael Mme Yushchenko (photo r. centre) Institute had the honour of welcoming met with the Institute’s Director, Mme Kateryna Yushchenko, First Lady Professor Jaap de Zwaan, and of Ukraine and Head of the Supervisory representatives of the Clingendael Board of the Ukraine 3000 International Diplomatic and European Charitable Fund. Also in attendance were Studies Programmes. Oleksandr Kupchyshyn, the Ambassador They discussed the Extraordinary and of cooperation between Ukraine, the Ambassador’s wife, and the Clingendael and various Chairman of the Ukraine 3000 Fund and Ukrainian universities, his advisor. which started in 1992.

Foreign Minister of at Clingendael

Minister Basha (r.) after his speech at Clingendael with director Jaap de Zwaan. Professor Jaap de Zwaan told the Following a tour of the Institute, Mme Ukrainian guests about the Clingendael Yushchenko thanked the Clingendael On 8 January last the Clingendael Institute educational programmes in which management and faculty members for had the honour of welcoming H.E. Mr. Ukrainian students are taking part. their longstanding cooperation with the Lulzim Basha, Minister of Foreign Affairs He revealed that, during the period of Ukraine and voiced her approval of the of the Republic of Albania. On this the Institute’s and the Universities’ Institute’s policy aimed at supporting the occasion Mr. Basha presented a lecture, cooperation, over 40 professionals from Ukraine’s European aspirations. In their entitled Euro – Atlantic Integration: the Ukraine had visited Clingendael. turn, the Clingendael representatives South-East Europe’s Challenge. expressed their desire to expand the list In June 2006, a Ukraine-Netherlands round of Ukrainian educational institutions Mr. Basha was appointed Minister of table was held at the Institute, at which working with the Institute. Foreign Affairs of Albania in May 2007. delegates discussed many issues, including He has graduated from cooperation between the two countries; the with a Masters Degree in European and Ukraine’s cooperation with the European International Public Law. Union, which partly takes place within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy; the Ukraine’s European priorities after the election; the possibilities of further expansion of the EU; and prospects for the Ukraine’s membership of the European Union. Introducing…

Leontine Specker Her current research interests are in the is the Co-Director of the Centre for the area of EU-China relations. Her areas of Study of International Governance, and Leontine Specker expertise are EU-China relations and edu- Associate Editor of the Hague Journal of joined Clingendael cation management. Diplomacy. as a Research Fellow for the Conflict Research Brian Hocking Paul Sharp Unit in 2007. She holds a Master Brian Hocking Paul Sharp is of Law in Public (BA, MA, PhD) visiting Senior Fellow International Law from is a Senior in Clingendael’s and a Master of Professional Studies Visiting Fellow Diplomatic Studies (summa cum laude) in International in Clingendael’s Programme. Relations and from the Diplomatic Studies He obtained his PhD in Political Studies University of Auckland, New Zealand. Programme. at Queen’s University, Canada, in 1984 Her specific interests within these fields of He is Professor of and is Professor and Head of Political study are state responsibility, interna­tional International Relations in the Department Science at the University of Minnesota, human rights and peace processes. of Politics, International Relations and Duluth. He is also Co-Editor of the Hague At CRU she is primarily involved in pro- European Studies at Loughborough Journal of Diplomacy. His research inte- grammes related to security and post- University, United Kingdom, and has rests cover diplomatic theory and inter- conflict reconstruction. Her fields of taught at universities in Australia, the USA national theory. Two of his co-edited expertise are judicial analysis, state respon- and Europe. books are ‘The as an sibility and African conflicts. She is Institution of International Society’ and currently involved in projects regarding His research is particularly concerned with ‘The International Thought of Herbert socio-economic (post-conflict) recon- the interaction between domestic and Butterfield’ published by Palgrave in struction, and the Stability Assessment international forces during the implemen- 2007-8. Paul Sharp is now also completing Framework (SAF). tation of foreign and foreign economic a singly authored study on diplomatic policy, and the impact of globalisation on theory. His future research in association Leontine Specker is also a member of the nature and organisation of diplomacy. with Clingendael will focus on the the United Netherlands Delegation diplomacy of ‘rogue states’. As part of a 2006-2007 to Harvard MUN 2007 and Brian Hocking’s current projects relate to larger book project, he is preparing a paper Oxford MUN 2006, as well as a member innovation in diplomacy, which includes for the Clingendael Diplomacy Papers on of the New Zealand Institute of Foreign multi-stakeholder models, global gover- rogue-state diplomacy, focusing on Iran’s Affairs (since 2005). nance and the interaction between nuclear energy policy. business, NGOs, governmental agencies and civil society in trade diplomacy. Paul Sharp is currently involved in a Henriëtte den The British Academy is currently funding project related to diplomatic theory and Ouden a project on changing forms of diplomatic international theory: ‘Outlaw Diplomacy representation, and the Canadian govern- and Diplomacy and : As a fellow of ment, together with the Foundation for International Society’s response to the the Clingendael Canadian Studies in the United Kingdom, Iranian nuclear energy programme’. Diplomatic Studies is funding a project entitled ‘Change and Programme Innovation in Diplomacy: the Canadian Paul Sharp is also co-series-editor of (CDSP), Henriëtte and UK experiences’. Palgrave-Macmillan’s Diplomacy and den Ouden coor- International Relations; a member of dinates the Dutch He has close working links with a number the Editorial Board of International Leergang Internationaal Beleid course of institutions active in the field of foreign Studies Perspectives; as well as being for policy officials of the Ministry of policy and diplomacy, and has organised on the Editorial Board of Diplomacy and Agriculture, and also plans training pro- and participated in a large number of Statecraft. grammes in international relations for international conferences over the last ten foreign diplomats. She has an MSc in years. The projects which Brian Hocking Business Administration as well as an is currently involved in are ‘Change and Tom Smeenk MA in Euroculture, both from Groningen innovation in diplomatic structures: the University. Before joining Clingendael Canadian and UK experiences’; ‘Changing Tom Smeenk has in August 2007, Henriëtte den Ouden models of diplomatic representation; been a researcher was a lecturer in International Relations Diplomacy for the 21st Century’ (book for at the Clingendael at Groningen University. Prior to that, Cambridge University Press) and ‘Trade, International Henriëtte coordinated educational pro- non-governmental organisations and the Energy Programme grammes within Heineken. She also lived Geneva “diplomatic space”’. (CIEP) since in Asia for several years, specifically in Apart from as holding the position of October 2007. Singapore, where she worked in various Professor of International Relations at He holds a Master’s degree in Economics marketing and management positions. Loughborough University, Brian Hocking and another in International Relations, Think Global, Act Local: Honorary both from Groningen University. Before Consuls in a Transforming Diplomatic joining CIEP he wrote his Master’s the- sis on Russian gas in Europe during an World by Kevin D. Stringer internship at N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie. He is a member of the Young Society of Consular diplomacy is taking on ever- to trade and investment promotion, in the Royal Holland Society of Sciences and increasing importance in the globalised particular the link between assigning Humanities in Haarlem. economy and society, and may emerge honorary consuls the task of promoting as a more significant component of diplo- trade, tourism and investment, and their His research at CIEP explores the interna- matic power in comparison to the more actual effectiveness in this role. tional economic and geopolitical aspects traditional form of diplomacy exercised of the gas markets with a particular focus by embassies. Consular diplomacy can Dr Kevin D. Stringer is an international on Russia. His main project is an inves- be defined as diplomacy conducted via banker and adjunct Professor of Security tigation into the investment policy of the and consular representatives Studies at the Baltic Defence College in Russian gas industry in the midstream that focuses on the classical activities of Estonia. He holds a PhD in Political Science/ and downstream in Europe. visa functions, citizen services, represen- International Relations from the University tation, and issues of trade, tourism, and of Zurich, an MA in International Relations investment promotion between countries, from Boston University, and a BSc in Marianne Rogier localities, organisations, and individuals. Military History from the US Military This paper concentrates on the under- Academy. He has served as a diplomat and Marianne studied subject of honorary consuls military officer. His interests in diplomatic Rogier joined and their conduct of trade, tourism and research focus on consular diplomacy, the the Clingendael investment promotion. Firstly, it seeks to diplomacy of autonomous regions, and the Institute on a highlight how states are using honorary diplomacy and economics of microstates. full time basis in consuls to extend their network and Email: [email protected] January 2008. increase consular coverage. Secondly, this As a senior fellow, paper gives an overview of why localities, Discussion Paper Diplomacy she coordinates regions and municipal hubs are increas­ No. 109, 28 pp., November 2007 training programmes and courses in ingly more important than national international relations for diplomats and capitals in terms of business and com- Information is available at the secretariat civil servants and conducts research in merce, and thus require an honorary of the Clingendael Diplomatic Studies (multilateral) diplomacy. Before joining consular presence. Thirdly, it demon­ Programme of the Netherlands Institute Clingendael, she was a guest teacher strates how selected nations are using of International Relations Clingendael, and internship coordinator at Leiden honorary consuls to develop their tel. (070) 3746605 or via email: University (political science department), economies. The conclusion looks at some [email protected] where she was in particular involved in of the unresolved research questions the Master programme ‘International concerning the value of honorary consuls Relations and Diplomacy’.

She had previously been involved in Japan’s towards diplomatic training programmes in Geneva (CASIN and PSIO) and worked China: The Lure of Business and the as a consultant or fellow for international organisations (International Organization Burden of History by Maaike Okano-Heijmans for Migration (IOM), NATO). While working on her Ph.D. she also Intrinsically, economic diplomacy is a pro­ anxiety levels were rising. China's rise undertook numerous electoral field duct of internal pressures. It is positioned at the time of a domestic downturn in missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the intersection of politics and econo- Japan’s economy and China's accession (on behalf of the OSCE). She also lived mics, of the international and the to the WTO were two such periods. and taught French for foreigners for domestic, and of government and other In this paper, Maaike Okano-Heijmans 18 months in Singapore. actors. Collective memory profoundly analyses this process at three levels. shapes Japanese identity, thereby directly First, changes at the multi­lateral level and indirectly affecting Japan's economic have the potential to inflate historical diplomacy. In fact, there is a popular problems and undermine generally saying, 'cold politics, hot economics', positive economic relations. This is which for many years was used to illustrated by the China factor in Japan’s characterise Japanese-Chinese relations. regional diplomacy. Second, collective What, then, are the truths and myths memory intervenes in economic behind this catchphrase? diplomacy at the bilateral level, particularly in generally predetermined, as well as Collective memory has intervened ongoing, negotiations. For example, the markedly in Japan's economic diplomacy stalling of summit meetings and the slow- throughout the last decade, especially in down in economic negotiations during periods of transition, when national Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi’s tenure are cases in point. Third, at the domestic level, occurrences in the political field in Advanced have the potential to enhance disputes and developments over historical issues. Industrial States: Canada, the UK and Here, politicians’ personal choices and the influence of the general public, as well as the US by Alexandre Mercier of a relatively small but influential group of politically powerful lobby groups, are of the utmost importance. Commercial diplomacy is an elusive case studies, this paper identifies the concept that is often confused with differences between various structures, Okano-Heijmans argues that actors economic diplomacy. In summary, the mandates and practices, and explores engaged in Japan's economic diplomacy term ‘commercial diplomacy’ refers to the possible reasons for their configurations. don’t seem to be sufficiently aware of, work done by a government to promote or able to shape, these processes. both exports and inward investment. Alexandre Mercier graduated in 2006 In addition, alhough governments play a in International Studies (MA) at the Maaike Okano-Heijmans is a Research major role, they do not act alone: the Department of Political Science and Fellow in the Clingendael Institute’s private sector is intimately involved in International Studies, University of Diplomatic Studies Programme and commercial diplomatic activities. Birmingham, United Kingdom. Email: Clingendael Asia Studies. Her main research Both export promotion and inward invest- [email protected] interests are currently Japan's foreign policy ment promotion have been examined and political economy, and Japan's role separately, yet few attempts have been Discussion Paper in Diplomacy within the East Asian region. made to consider them together. In this No. 108, 49 pp, September 2007 Email: [email protected] era of globalisation, these two activities are becoming increasingly interlin- Information is available at the secretariat Clingendael Diplomacy Paper 14, 56 pp. ked, underscoring the relevance of this of the Clingendael Diplomatic Studies The Hague, Clingendael Institute, research. The practices and processes Programme of the Netherlands Institute November 2007 adopted by the USA, Canada and the UK of International Relations Clingendael, ISBN: 978-90-5031-119-9 to pursue commercial diplomacy – be it tel. 070-3746605, email: the use of trade missions or trade fairs, [email protected]. Alternatively, More information is available at the the pricing of services, cross-fertilisation, the paper can be downloaded from the secretariat of the Clingendael Diplomatic or the use of information and telecom­ Clingendael website: www.clingendael.nl. Studies Programme of the Netherlands munication technologies – are often Institute of International Relations similar. However, the structures and Clingendael, tel. (070) 3746605 or mandates adopted by their governments via email at [email protected]. vary significantly. Through these three

Crossroads of Diplomacy: New Challenges, New Solutions by Marija Manojlovic and Celia Helen Thorheim

The international political arena has taken for its survival. New research in notably Celia Helen Thorheim (Norway) has a BA on a new look during the last few decades. untraditional areas, such as public diplo- in Export Marketing from Ålesund University Whereas the term ‘international relations’ macy, consular affairs, sub-state diplomacy College and a BA in Comparative Politics used to be equated with diplomatic rela- and diplomatic representation, reveals from Bergen University in Norway. tionships between states, it now refers to that diplomacy is more prominent than Both authors are now postgraduate students cross-border relations between all sorts of ever as a tool of international relations. in the Netherlands, studying for an MA actors, including international organisa- Perhaps more interestingly, diplomacy is in International Relations and Diplomacy tions, regional governments, businesses increasingly, and indeed very successfully, offered by Leiden University and the and civil society groups. This new interpre- being used in new ways and by new actors. Clingendael Institute. tation may be a truism, but, as a result of Through a closer look at these recent deve- this shift, academics are questioning the lopments, this report provides a compre- Clingendael Diplomacy Paper concept of diplomacy as a foreign policy hensive starting point for further thinking No. 13, October 2007 tool and institution of international soci- and research on the changing functions ety, while practitioners are trying to get to and continuing merits of diplomacy within More information is available at the grips with dizzying change. the new international arena. secretariat of the Clingendael Diplomatic Studies Programme of the Netherlands Based on papers and discussions at the Marija Manojlovic (Montenegro) has a BA Institute of International Relations first The Hague Diplomacy Conference, in International Relations and Diplomacy Clingendael, tel. (070) 3746605 or held at the Clingendael Institute in June from the University of Montenegro. via email at [email protected] 2007, this report shows that diplomacy is indeed going through a process of change Published by: the Netherlands Institute of International Relations “Clingendael”, P.O. Box 93080, and adaptation to the new structures of 2509 AB The Hague, the Netherlands, telephone: + 31.(0)70.324.53.84, telefax: + 31 (0)70 328.20.02, international politics. However, this does internet: www.clingendael.nl. e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] not mean that diplomacy is struggling Photographs: the Clingendael Institute.