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Biodiversité Microbienne Dans Les Milieux Extrêmes Salés Du Nord-Est Algérien

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Biodiversité Microbienne Dans Les Milieux Extrêmes Salés Du Nord-Est Algérien اﻟﺟﻣﮭورﯾﺔ اﻟﺟزاﺋرﯾﺔ اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﻌﺑﯾﺔ République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire وزارة اﻟتــﻋﻠﯾم اﻟﻊــــاﻟﻲ و اﻟبـــﺣث اﻟﻊـــﻟﻣﻲ Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique جـــاﻣﻌﺔ ﺑـﺎﺗـﻧـــــــــــــــﺔ Université Mustapha Ben Boulaid- Batna 2 2 كــــﻟﯾــــــﺔ عـــــﻟوم اﻟطــﺑﯾﻌـــــــﺔ ـوالحــــﯾﺎة Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie ﻗـــﺳم اﻟﻣﯾﻛروﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾـــــــﺎ و اﻟﺑﯾوﻛﯾﻣﯾـــــــﺎء Département de Microbiologie et Biochimie Réf : …………………………… اﻟﻣـرﺟﻊ :………………….…… Thèse présentée par Taha MENASRIA En vue de l’obtention du diplôme de Doctorat en ScienceS Filière : Sciences Biologiques Spécialité : Microbiologie Appliquée Thème Biodiversité microbienne dans les milieux extrêmes salés du Nord-Est Algérien Devant le jury composé de : Président : Dr. Kamel AISSAT (Professeur) Univ. de Batna 2 Directeur de thèse : Dr. Hocine HACÈNE (Professeur) Univ. d’Alger (USTHB) Co-directeur de thèse : Dr. Abdelkrim SI BACHIR (Professeur) Univ. de Batna 2 Examinateur : Dr. Yacine BENHIZIA (Professeur) Univ. de Constantine 1 Examinateur : Dr. Mahmoud KITOUNI (Professeur) Univ. de Constantine 1 Examinateur : Dr. Lotfi LOUCIF (Maître de conférences ‘A’) Univ. de Batna 2 Membre invité : Dr. Ammar AYACHI (Professeur) Univ. de Batna 1 Année universitaire : 2019-2020 Remerciements C’est un devoir d’exprimer mes remerciements et reconnaissances à travers cette thèse à tous ceux qui par leurs aides, encouragements et leurs conseils ont facilité, de près ou de loin, à l’élaboration et à la réalisation de ce modeste travail. Mes remerciements vont en premier ordre et particulièrement à : Dr. Hocine HACÈNE (Professeur à l’Université d’USTHB, Alger) pour le grand honneur qu’il m’a fait en acceptant de diriger ce travail, pour ses conseils et ses encouragements durant la réalisation de cette thèse. Je tiens particulièrement à le remercier de la liberté d’action qu’il m’a donnée le long de cette aventure. J’espère avoir été digne de la confiance qu’il m’ait accordé et que ce travail est finalement à la hauteur de ses espérances. Dr. Abdelkrim SIBACHIR (Professeur à l’Université de Batna 2) ourp ces .encouragements et ces précieux conseils Ma gratitude et mes sincères remercîments vont également aux membres du jury qui ont consacré une part importante de leurs temps à la lecture et à l’évaluation de ce travail : Dr. Kamel AISSAT (Professeur à l’université de Batna 2) pour avoir accepté aimablement de présider le jury d’évaluation de cette thèse. Dr. Mahmoud KITOUNI (Professeur à l’Université de Constantine 1), Dr. Yacine BENHIZIA (Professeur à l’Université de Constantine 1), Dr. Lotfi LOUCIF (Maitre de conférences à l’Université de Batna 2) pour m’avoir fait l’honneur d’examiner et de juger ce travail. Je remercie vivement Dr. Ammar AYACHI (Professeur à l’université de Batna 1) pour la confiance qu’il m’accordé en accueillant à son laboratoire, pour l’intérêt qu’il a manifesté envers ce travail, pour sa disponibilité, attention et dévouement. Ma gratitude va aussi à Dr. Mercedes MONTEOLIVA-SANCHEZ (Professeur à l’université de Granada, Espagne) et Dr. Margarita AGUILERA (Professeur à l’Université de Granada, Espagne), pour les deux ans passés à Granada dans une ambiance de travail stimulante. Merci pour les échanges que nous avons eus tant au niveau professionnel que personnel. En deux ans, je n’ai certes enrichi mon vocabulaire espagnol que de trois mots (Hola, buenos dias et hasta luego) et ce n’est pas faute d’avoir essayé mais j’ai eu l’occasion d’étoffer mes connaissances sur plein d’autres aspects. Merci pour la liberté encadrée, pour l’écoute attentive de mes points de vue, votre patiences, compréhensions et aussi pour le long travail au laboratoire des Halophiles. À MV. MEGIAS SANCHEZ (Technicienne, Université de Granada) pour son aide, son assistance et suggestion. Pour m’avoir bien accueilli lors de mon séjour à Granada et pour toutes les facilités accordées pour la finalisation de ce modeste travail. Un grand merci s’adresse aux ; Dr H CHENCHOUNI, Dr. L BENAMMAR, Dr MN MEKAHLIA, Dr. S NEFFAR, Dr, A MIHI, Dr. M BENHADJ, Dr. A DEKAK, Dr. M BOUKOUCHA, Dr. R MEGRI, Dr. H ABDESSMED, H BOUDJNIBA, Dr. S MEHLAINE pour leur encouragements, leur précieux conseils, et disponibilité permanente,… pour toutes les facilitations et assistance. Je les remercie pour l’intérêt qu’ils portaient toujours à mes travaux de recherche et spécialement ma vie. Et qu’ils sachent que ma reconnaissance va bien au-delà de ces remerciements, et que le plaisir que j’ai eu à les rencontrer et à les connaître était réel et sincère. Bien entendu, cette liste n’est pas exhaustive. J’ai fait tout mon possible pour n’oublier personne dans ces remerciements. À tous ceux qui ont contribué, de près ou de loin, directement ou indirectement, à la réalisation de ce travail, merci infiniment. Surtout un immense merci à ma famille (Mon père, ma mère, mes sœurs, et mes frères) pour m’avoir toujours soutenue, sans oublier mes nièces et mes neveux. Taha Menasria TABLE DES MATIÉRES TABLE DES MATIÉRES ........................................................................................................................ III RÉSUMÉ................................................................................................................................................. VI ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... VII VIII ............................................................................................................................................... ﻣﻠﺨـــــــــــﺺ LISTE DES FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ IX LISTE DES TABLEAUX .................................................................................................................... XI LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... IXI INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE .................................................................................................................. 1 1. BIODIVERSITÉ ET ÉCOLOGIE MICROBIENNE D’UN ÉCOSYSTÈME ................................. 7 1.1. DÉFINITION DE LA BIODIVERSITÉ ...........................................................................................7 1.2. ÉCOLOGIE MICROBIENNE D’UN ÉCOSYSTÈME ........................................................................7 2. BIODIVERSITÉ MICROBIENNE DES ENVIRONNEMENTS HYPERSALÉS .......................... 9 2.1. ENVIRONNEMENTS SALÉS OU SALINS ..................................................................................9 2.1.1. Composition ionique et concentration en sel ......................................................................... 9 2.1.2. Types des milieux hypersalés .................................................................................................. 9 a. Environnements thalassohalins .................................................................................... 9 b. Environnements athalassohalins ................................................................................ 10 2.2. LES LACS SALÉS EN ALGÉRIE ..............................................................................................12 2.3. HALOPHILISME ET MÉCANISME D’ADAPTATION ..............................................................13 2.3.1. Accumulation de sels ‘Salt-in’ ou ‘high salt-in’ .................................................................. 14 2.3.2. Synthèse et accumulation de solutés compatibles ‘Salt-out ou low salt-in’ ....................... 16 2.4. MICROORGANISMES HALOPHILES.....................................................................................18 2.4.1. Procaryotes halophiles ........................................................................................................... 19 a. Archées halophiles ..................................................................................................... 19 b. Bactéries halophiles ................................................................................................... 22 2.4.2. Eucaryotes halophiles ............................................................................................................ 24 3. APPLICATIONS BIOTECHNOLOGIQUES DES HALOPHILES ................................................. 25 3.1. POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES ET EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES ..............................................25 3.2. ENZYMES HYDROLYTIQUES ...............................................................................................26 3.2.1. Lipases et estérases ................................................................................................................ 27 3.2.2. Amylases ................................................................................................................................ 28 3.2.3. Protéases ................................................................................................................................. 28 3.3. BACTÉRIORHODOPSINES ....................................................................................................29 3.4. PIGMENTS CAROTÉNOÏDES ET ANTIOXYDANTS ................................................................29 3.5. SOLUTÉS COMPATIBLES .....................................................................................................30 3.6. SUBSTANCES BIOACTIVES ET ANTIMICROBIENNES ..........................................................30
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