Index

ACEA 37 branding 12, 20, 21, 25–6, 60, 68, 71, Africa 33, 62, 98 73–4, 115, 120, 134, 135, 137, aluminium industry 31–2 147, 156–8 Anhui Jianghuai 6, 8 capacity utilisation 146 Argentina 3, 4, 75 consolidation 16–19, 59–60 Argentum Motors 19 contract assemblers 18 Arvin Meritor 16 Denmark 88–9 Ashok Leyland 9 diversity 52–3, 58–77, 78–98, Asia 31, 33, 60, 72, 130, 161, 162, 165 165–8 Aston Martin 18 economic scale 5, 9, 19, 59–60 ATKearney 126 franchised dealer network 9, 10, Australia 3, 4, 35, 63, 80, 161 12–13, 75, 115, 124, 147 Automotive Competitiveness and UK 12 Investment Scheme 84 US Auto Stimulus Plan 150 Automotive Industry Innovation Geneva Motor Show Council 84 global car and commercial vehicle automotive industry policy 84–5 production 2–7 Green Car Innovation Fund 84 global car population 30–31, 44–5 New Car Plan for a Greener global fi nancial crisis 1, 11, 130, 134, Future 84–5 141, 142–5, 164–5 Automotive Transformation Scheme global forecast 45 84 green rating systems 153–6 Canberra 85 Iceland 85–6 Green Vehicle Guide 154 India 80–81 Kevin Rudd 84 investment 45 Victoria 85 Israel 89–90 Austria 3, 4, 18, 26 Malaysia 81–2 automobility material consumption 28, 31–2, 44, carscapes 62, 63–4 137, 157 congestion charging 38, 79, 159–60 market fragmentation 25–6, 122 culture 58–77, 78, 99 mergers and acquisitions 16–19 UK 63, 66 platform strategies 16, 20 deaths and injuries 32–3, 38, 45, R&D 77, 80, 81, 141 65–6 restructuring 20–21 China 33 Russia 21–3 USA 65, 67–8 scenarios for change 130, 133–41 regimes 60–61, 62, 64 creative destruction 130, 139–41 sustainable automobility 68, 77 managed transition 130, 137–9 automotive industry 2 mutual coexistence 130, 133–6 Australia 84–5 scrapping incentives 130, 131, 137, average manufacturing wage rates 161 141, 148–50

193

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UK scheme 138, 148–50 Sao Paulo State 91, 97 US scheme 131, 150 sugarcane 90–98 spiral of decline 7–16 Tropical BioEnergia 96 state aid 23, 79–80 BRIC 5 suppliers 10, 13–16, 21, 45, 75, 82, Brilliance 6, 61 84, 104–8, 114, 115, 141 business models 9, 99–129, 165 sustainable industry 58 closed loop supply chains 101, Thailand 82–4 104–8, 110 world car 58, 72 contract vehicle assemblers 114, 117, Avtoframos 23, 24 166 Avtotor 24 defi nition 100–102 AVTOVAZ 6, 8, 22, 24 disruptive innovation 50–51, 101, 110–14 Barack Obama 34, 35, 146 EcoRover 129 BAIC 161 ElectricBlue Car 129 BAW 61 Fordist production model 114, 116, beer industry 50 166 Beijing Automotive 6, 8 Gordon Murray Design 99, 114 Belgium 3, 4, 5, 26, 141 Indego 126 Bertone 19, 117, 135 kit car producers 114, 167 BMW 6, 8, 17, 23, 24, 61, 63, 69, 145, linear value chains 114, 117 150 Local Motors 129 BMW 1 Series 136 low volume specialist assemblers BMW 3 Series 72, 136 114, 117–20, 167 BMW 7-Series 136 MDI air car 99, 114 BMW Welt 120 Micro Factory Retailing 43, 126 Effi cientDynamics programme 136 product service system 101, 108–9, F1 involvement 134 110 MINI 23, 145, 155 Project Better Place 99, 114 Rolls Royce 145 remanufacturing 101, 103–4, 105–6, Bosch 111 108, 125 Brazil 3, 4, 5, 21, 60, 72, 79 reverse logistics 101, 103–4, 105, 106 Alcool programme 91 Ridek 129 bio-ethanol 79, 90–98 Riversimple 43, 99, 114 Brazilian Automotive Manufacturers Tata Nano 99 Association 95 TH!NK 126 Brazilian Union of Sugar Cane Toyota Production System 7, 49, Industries (UNICA) 91 114, 116–17, 166 Centre for Strategic Management value creation system 100, 103, 106 and Studies 95 BYD Auto 7, 8, 23, 61, 89, 161 Copersucar 97 Cosan 96, 97 CAIR 154 Crystalsev 96 Canada 3, 4, 5, 35, 59, 86–8, 147, 148, Exxon Brazil 96 161 Grupo Sao Martinho 93 Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation Jose Goldemberg 98 87 Maeda Group 97 Ballard 87 Novamerica 94 John Sheriden 87 Petrobras 93, 94, 97 British Columbia 86 Santaelisa Vale 94, 97 Fuel Cells Canada 86

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Herb Dhaliwal 86 SAIC 60, 61 Hydrogen fuel cell programme 86–8 trade surplus with US 161 Integrated Waste Hydrogen China National 7, 9 Utilization Project 87 Chongqing Lifan 8, 23, 61 National Research Council Canada Chrysler 6, 8, 17, 18, 21, 23, 61, 141, Fuel Cell Institute 86 145, 146 Ontario 147, 148 bankruptcy 13, 145 Sustainable Development Chrysler Crossfi re 18 Technology Canada 87 Dodge 23 TransLink 87 Eagle 21 Westport Innovations 87 Jeep 23 Vancouver 86, 130 Plymouth 21 Carbon CMC Soueast 61 Carbon emissions 2, 27, 28–31, 78, Collins and Aikman 16 87, 88, 93, 95, 98, 131–3, 137, Columbia 33 139, 153, 159, 164, 169 Congo 93 450 ppm 132–3 Contech 15

CO2 Continental AG 70 atmospheric concentrations 30, Cooper-Standard Holding 16 132–3 Cuba 64 emissions regulation 34–8 Czech Republic 3, 4

Low CO2 emissions vehicle 74, 83, 87, 123, 134, 156, 156–9, Daewoo 22, 71, 73 168 Daihatsu 6 France 158 Daihatsu Charade 154 Israel 158–9 Daihatsu Cuore 154 UK 37, 133, 149 Daihatsu Trevis 154 US 28, 42, 44, 131, 152 Daimler 6, 8, 17, 18, 85, 88, 129, 143 UK Climate Change Act 132 DaimlerChrysler 11, 17, 60, 146 UK government Carbon Reduction Ballard purchase 87 Commitment 132 Welt AG 17 US strategy for reduction 34–5, (see also Mercedes) 132 –3, 138 Dana 15 Central America 33 Danny De Vito 151 Cerebus Financial Holdings 18 Delphi 15 Chana Automobile 6, 8 Denmark 26, 88–9 Changan Group 61 Dong Energy 88 Changfeng 61 electric vehicle programme 88–9 Changhe 61 Kalundborg 54 Chery 6, 23, 61, 161 Lithium Balance 89 China 3, 4, 5, 19, 21, 30, 34, 36, 60, 63, Dieter Zetsche 17 72, 81, 89, 126, 132, 141, 160, diversity 39 –45, 49–54, 56–7, 58–77, 161, 162, 164 90–91, 165–8 car market 60 –61, 68, 160 Dominican Republic 33 car production 3, 4, 5 Dongfeng 6, 8, 61 car sales by major brand 60–61 Dura Automotive Systems 16 ethanol production 98 new car buyers 33 eco-effi ciency 103, 134, 136 petroleum production 161 EcoRover 129 road traffi c deaths and injuries 33 Edscha 15

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Egypt 3, 4 domestic market share 26 ElectricBlue car 129 Fiat Palio 71, 72, 73, 75 Pininfarina 135 Fiat Punto 154 Electric Transport Engineering Corp Padmini Fiat 64 134 Finland 3, 4, 18, 26, 135 electric vehicles 29, 37, 88, 99, 122, Fortum 135 127–8, 129, 134, 135, 136, Valmet 18, 135 138, 168 Fisker Automotive 136 Electric Recharge Grids 127 Ford 6, 8, 17, 18, 22, 24, 53, 144, 145, economic impact in United States 29 146 forecast for United States 29, 138 Ballard purchase 87 Denmark 88–9 ECOnetic sub-brand 156 Germany 133 Firestone case 9 Israel 89–90 Ford C-Max 156 Solar-To-Vehicle systems 90 Ford ECOnetic Fiesta 156–7 Vehicle-To-Grid systems 88–9, 128 Ford Escape 154, 155 (see also Project Better Place) Ford Focus 53 UK 133 Ford Galaxy 156 EnerDel 123 Ford Ka 156 Enova Systems 134 Ford Model T 20, 71 Environmental Transport Association Ford Mondeo 72, 156 153 Ford S-Max 156 Europe 31, 34, 36, 38, 60, 63, 74, 88, Ford of Europe 126 89, 96, 97, 111, 115, 134, 141, St. Petersburg plant 23 146, 148, 160, 166 Fordism 7, 114, 166 Eastern Europe 62 Foton 61 FSO 71 France 3, 4, 5, 19, 25, 26, 52 Moskvitch 71 Aixam 129 Skoda 71 ‘Bonus-malus’ system 158 Trabant 71 car production Wartburg 71 Ligier 129 Western Europe 62, 71 Paris ‘AutoLib’ 125 European Commission 37 Renault domestic market share 26 European Investment Bank 11, 146 voiture sans permit 59, 64 European Mobility Week 38, 159 Fuji 6, 8 European Union 32, 34, 37, 45, 49, 59, Fujian 7 88, 95 Fuqi 61 BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport 95 GAZ 6, 8, 22, 23 ELV Directive 109, 138 Geely 6, 8, 23, 61 Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions Germany 3, 4, 19, 26, 52, 59, 63, 72, 34–8 136, 141, 160, 161 Europestar 61 Berlin 38, 159 car production 3, 4, 5 Factor X 27 Munich 120, 159 FAW 6, 8, 19, 61 VW domestic market share 26 Federal Mogul 16 VW Golf sales 26 Ferdinand Porsche 125 Wolfsburg 120 Fiat 6, 8, 19, 22, 24, 61, 144 GM 6, 8, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 63, 116, Alfa Romeo 23 141, 145, 146

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Buick 61, 147 Honda 6, 8, 22, 61, 83, 143, 146 Cadillac 22, 61, 147 Honda Civic 154, 155 Cadillac Escalade 20 Hondaism 7 Canada franchised dealer network 13 Hummer 13, 18, 21, 22, 24 Chevrolet 22, 24, 61, 73, 147 Hummer H2 20 Chevrolet Avalanche 20 Hungary 3, 4 Chevrolet Matiz 154 Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles 126, 138 Chevrolet Suburban 20 California 86 Chevrolet Silverado 20 Canada 86–8 Chevrolet Tahoe 20, 155 European Union 88 Fiat 17 Iceland 85–6 GMC 147 Hyundai 6, 8, 17, 22, 24, 54, 60, 61, GMC Sierra 20 141, 144 GMC Yukon 20 Hyundai Amica 154 GM Acceptance Corporation 11 GM Europe 13, 18, 141 Iceland 85–6 GMT-800 20 hydrogen fuel cell policy 85–6 Holden 63 Iceland National Power Co. 85 Hummer 13, 18, 21, 22, 24 Icelandic New Energy 85 Hummer H2 20 Nýorka 85 New GM 146–8 Reykjavik Energy 85 creation of New GM 20, 21 Straeto 85 Oldsmobile 21 University of Iceland 85 Opel 18, 22, 24, 161 Vistorka 85 EcoFlex sub-brand 156 IEA 133 Pontiac 13, 21 Indego 126 Saab 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, 62, 152 business model 126 Saturn 13, 18, 21, 73 India 3, 4, 5, 21, 30, 33, 60, 64, 72, 75, US franchised dealer network 12 79, 112, 132, 141, 146, 162, Vauxhall 18 164, 165–6 EcoFlex sub-brand 156 Automotive Mission Plan, 80–81 Vauxhall Corsa 154 Chennai 81 Gordon Murray 121 compressed natural gas 81 Gordon Murray Design 99, 114 Delhi 113, 165 business model 121–3 Gujarat 114 iSTREAM production system 122–3 Kolkata 81, 114 T25 concept car 125–6 Hindustan Ambassador 64 Great Wall 6, 8, 23, 61 Mahindra and Mahindra 71 green consumers 150–56 Maruti Suzuki 81 celebrities 151 Maruti Suzuki Alto 81 Guihang 61 Mumbai 81, 165 Pantnagar 114 Haima 61 Tata 111–14 Harbin Hafei 6, 8, 61 Croma 112 Hayes-Lemmerz 15 Tata Indicom 112 Heuliez 19, 117, 135 Tata Motors 112, 113 battery-electric car 135 Tata Nano 111–14 Opel/Vauxhall Tigra Twin-Top Tata Sky 113 convertible 135 Westside 112, 113 Hino 7 World of Titan 112

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Sanand 114 JL French 15 State Bank of India 112 Jürgen Schrempp 17 Singur 114 vehicle sales 76 KAMA 37 Zapak Digital Entertainment 113 Karmann 18, 19, 135 Indonesia 3, 4, 5, 75 Karmann Ghia VW 117 Industrial Ecology 39–43, 99–129 Volkswagen Golf 18 carrying capacity 43–5 Kate Bosworth 151 diversity 42, 49–54 Key Plastics 15 eco-industrialism 54–6 Kia 6, 8, 22, 24, 61 technical nutrients 104 Kia Sportage 18 International Association of Public Koenigsegg 17, 18 Transport 159 KPMG 141 International Car Free day 38, 159 Kuozui 9 Iran 3, 4 Kuwait 33 Iran Khodro 23 Ireland, 26, 62 Land Rover 17, 23, 144 Dublin 159 LDV 18 Israel 89–90 Lear 15 electric vehicle programme 89–90 Local Motors 129 Israel Corporation 90 Lotus 5 Quantum 90 LUAZ 9 Shimon Peres 89 Isuzu 6, 8, 22, 61 Magna 13, 18, 135 Italy 3, 4, 19, 26, 52, 166 Mahindra 6, 8, 19, 71 car production 3, 4, 5 Malaysia 3, 4, 80 Fiat domestic market share 26 National Automotive Policy 81–2 Rome 38, 159 Peruda 82 Milan 38, 159 Proton 71, 82 IzhAvto 23, 24 MAN 7, 9 Martin Leach 126 JAC 61 Maserati 126 Jaguar 17, 23, 144 Matra 18, 135 JAMA 37 Matra Automobile 18, 117 James Rousseau 151 Mayfl ower 18 Japan 3, 4, 10, 16, 34, 36, 60, 62, 63, Mazda 6, 8, 22, 61, 142 93, 95, 97, 161, 166 MDI Air Car 99, 114 car production 3, 4, 5 business model 123–5 fuel economy targets 34–7 Guy Negre 124 Ikebukuro-Tokyo 120 Mercedes 23, 61, 63, 119, 143, 146, Itochu Corp 93, 97 150 Japan Bank for International Blue Effi ciency sub-brand 156 Cooperation 93 collision avoidance technologies Japan Institute for Energy 69–70 Economics 93 decline in residual values 11 Kyoto 95, 132 fuel cell programme in Iceland 85 Mitsui 93, 97 Mercedes A-Class F-Cell 85 Jennifer Aniston 151 Mercedes B200 154 Jessica Alba 151 Mercedes-Benz CLK 18 Jiangxi Changhe 6, 9 Mercedes-McLaren F1 121

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Meridian 14 Plastal Holding 15 Mexico 3, 4, 161 Poland 3, 4 MG Rover 17, 145 Porsche 7, 9, 18, 23, 119, 135, 142, Middle East 62 159 Miles Electric Vehicles 136 Boxster 135 Mitsubishi Corporation 54, 93 Cayman 135 Mitsubishi 6, 8, 10, 17, 22, 24, 61, Portugal 3, 4, 26 83, 143 Prodrive 18 Morgan 66, 117, 118–19 Project Better Place 99, 114, 129, 138, Morgan LIFECar 119 168 Australia 85, 128 Nanjing Auto 61 business model 127–8 Navistar 7, 9 California 128 Netherlands 3, 4, 5, 26, 72 Canada 128 Carver 115, 139 Denmark 88–9, 128 New Zealand 62 Hawaii 128 New Dadi Auto 61 Israel 89–90, 128 Nicaragua 33 Japan 128 Nissan 6, 8, 19, 22, 23, 24, 61, 83, 142 Shai Agassi 127

CO2 reduction target 168 Proton 8 Infi niti 22 PSA Peugeot Citroen 6, 8, 22, 24, 61, Nissan Altima 154 143 Nissan Leaf 168 Citroen C1 154 Renault Nissan Purchasing Citroen C3 154 Organisation 19 Sunderland 62 Quantum Fuel Systems Technologies (see also Renault-Nissan) Worldwide 134 Noble International 15 North America 11–12, 21, 31, 60, 62, Renault 6, 8, 19, 22, 24, 142 63, 147, 160, 165 Dacia 73, 75 capacity utilisation at the major domestic market share 26 vehicle manufacturers 146 Renault Aventine 18 GM product strategy 21 Renault Clio III 157 Norway Renault Commitment 2009

Oslo 38, 159 Renault ECO2 sub-brand TH!NK 123, 126 157–8 Norsk Hydro 85 Renault Espace 18 Renault Fluence EV 90 OECD 160, 161 Renault Logan 71, 73, 74, 75 OICA 2 Renault Megane 90 Owen Wilson 151 Renalt Twingo 157, 158 Renault-Nissan 16, 89, 128, 137, Paccar 6, 8 168 Penske 18 Renault Nissan Purchasing Peru 33 Organisation 19 Petroleum 2, 29, 39, 91, 138, 139, 166 Reva G-Wiz 154 peak oil 30–31 Riversimple 99, 109, 114, 168 shortages 28, 91, 140 business model 125 –7 Pininfarina 19, 135 Hugo Spowers 125 ElectricBlue Car 129, 135 Riversimple Urban Car 125

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Romania 3, 4 Switzerland, 141 Russia 3, 4, 5, 21 –3, 60, 80 Geneva Motor Show 135 car production 3, 4 market liberalisation 21 TagAz 24 sales 22–3 Taiwan 3, 4, 35 Tata Group 6, 8, 17, 18, 60, 83, 125, SAIC 6, 61 144, 162 SAP 127 Jaguar Land Rover 23, 144, 146, 162 Scania 7, 9, 95 Pantnagar plant 114 Sebastian Piech 125 Ratan Tata 112 Serbia 3, 4, 5 Sanand plant 114 Shangdong Kaima 7 Singur plant 114 Shannxi 7, 9 Tata Nano 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 99, Shell 85 110, 111–14 Shuguang Auto 62 Tesla 129, 136 Sloanism 7 Thailand 3, 4, 21, 63, 75, 80 Slovakia 3, 4 Atchaka Brimble 83 Slovenia 3, 4 automotive industry policy 82–4 Smart ForTwo 154, 155 Eco-car strategy 83 socio-technical change 45–9, 137 Board of Investments 83 evolutionary models 46 PTT 84 path dependency 47–8 TH!NK 17 strategic niche management 45–7, 79 Valmet technology roadmap 130, 137–8 Tower Automotive 14 transformation 45–9, 78 Toyota 6, 7, 8, 22, 24, 62, 83, 145, 146 Solar Challenge 90 IMV 75 Sollers Group 22, 24 Lexus 22, 73 Solvey 97 St. Petersburg plant 23 South Africa 3, 4, 75, 93 Toyota Amlux Auto Salon 120 South America 33 Toyota Camry 154 South Korea 3, 4, 35, 36, 60, 63, 161, Toyota Land Cruiser 134 162 Toyota Prius 90, 134, 152, 154, 155 Daewoo 71 Solar Pack 90 Ssangyong 71 Toyota Production System 7, 49, Spain 3, 4, 26, 141 114, 166 car production 3, 4, 5 Toyota Yaris 154 SsangYong 22, 24, 71 Turkey 3, 4, 5 Standard and Poor 11 TWR 18, 117 Stankiewicz GmbH 15 Subaru 23 UAZ 7, 9, 22 sustainability 27, 104, 115, 132, 136, UK 3, 4, 5, 18, 26, 50, 52, 63, 72, 90, 167, 168–70 137, 141, 146, 161 change over time 131, 163–4 Advertising Standards Agency 158 Suzuki 6, 8, 22, 23, 24, 62, 83 British Leyland 66 Sweden 3, 4, 25, 26, 141 British Petroleum 96 car production 3, 4, 5 Carbon Reduction Commitment 132 ethanol consumption 95 car culture 63, 66 Stockholm 38, 159 Climate Change Act 132

congestion charging scheme 38 CO2 emissions 29 Trollhatten 62 deaths and injuries 33

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Department for Transport 158 New York 159 Department of Energy and Climate petroleum dependency 28, 29, 39 Change 132 suppliers at risk 16 green consumers 152–3 Tango 115 hydrogen economy 86 trade defi cit with China 161 Imperial College 96 Troubled Asset Relief Program London 38, 68, 96, 159, 160 11–12 Manchester 159 United Auto Workers 147 market fragmentation 25–6 Voluntary Employee Benefi ciary Morris Marina Owners Club 66 Association 147, 148 Morris Oxford 64 University of California Berkeley RAC Foundation 148 138 real ale campaigns 50 Center for Entrepreneurship and Soil Association 151 Technology 138 Stern Report 131 Thomas Becker 138 Sunderland 62 US Treasury 147, 148 Transport for London 38 World Trade Center 65 Transport Research Laboratory 137 Uzbekistan 3, 4

Ukraine 3, 4, 5 Valmet 18, 135 United Company RUSAL 32 Fisker Automotive 135 United States 3, 4, 35, 36, 44, 52, 62, Ilpo Korhonen 135 63, 65, 67–8, 73, 95, 96, 97, Porsche Boxster 135 99, 103, 115, 131, 132, 147, Porsche Cayman 135 150, 153, 160, 161, 164, 166 TH!NK 135 ACEEE 155 VCD 154 achieving 450 ppm 132–3 Vehicle design 9, 17, 68, 116 ADM 97 aluminium use 31–2 Amyris Biotech 97 architecture strategies 20, 123 CAFE regulations 34–5, 63, 131 all-steel body 9, 60, 111, 122, 123 California 35, 36, 90, 115 BMW Effi cientDynamics green rating system 155–6 programme 136 Car Allowance Rebate System 150 CNG vehicles 81, 87 carbon emissions 28, 29, 42, 44, 89 collision avoidance technologies 68, Cargill 97 69–70 car production 3, 4, 5 fl ex-fuel vehicles 91, 95 Colorado 62 FCVs 85, 88, 125–6, 134, 137, 138 Deaths and injuries 33, 65 Gordon Murray Design T25 concept Detroit 130 121–2 Dow 97 life cycle, 17, 40, 126 electric vehicle forecast 137 LPG vehicles 84, 154 Environmental Protection Agency NGVs 83 34, 154, 156 platform strategies 20, 111, 115 Food and Agriculture Policy product longevity 17 Research Institute 95, 96 design for longevity 65 Hollywood fi lm industry 65 Riversimple Urban Car 125 Easy Rider 68 Tata Nano 111–12 micro breweries 50 technological proliferation 166 Monsanto 97 technology roadmap 130, 137–8 Naro 115 value-for-money vehicles 70–76

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zero emissions vehicles 85, 87, 88–9, BlueMotion sub-brand 156 125, 168 domestic market share 26 (see also hydrogen fuel cell Karmann Ghia 117 vehicles; electric vehicles) Volkswagen Beetle 71 Visteon 15 Volkswagen Golf 26 Volvo 6, 18, 22, 61, 69, 144, 150 Volkswagen Polo 155 VW Group 5, 6, 8, 16, 18, 22, 62, 68, VW Autostadt 120 73, 120, 142 Wolfsburg plant and HQ 120, 146 Audi 5, 22, 62, 63, 119 Audi A4/S4 Cabriolet 18 WhatGreenCar 154 Porsche 18, 23, 119, 135, 142, 159 Wuling 62 Scania 7, 9, 95 SEAT 5, 22 ZAP 136 SEAT Ibiza 155 ZENN 136 Skoda 5, 22, 24, 62, 71, 73 Zhongxing Motor 62 VW 22, 24, 62, 146 Zipcar 128

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