Index ACEA 37 branding 12, 20, 21, 25–6, 60, 68, 71, Africa 33, 62, 98 73–4, 115, 120, 134, 135, 137, aluminium industry 31–2 147, 156–8 Anhui Jianghuai 6, 8 capacity utilisation 146 Argentina 3, 4, 75 consolidation 16–19, 59–60 Argentum Motors 19 contract assemblers 18 Arvin Meritor 16 Denmark 88–9 Ashok Leyland 9 diversity 52–3, 58–77, 78–98, Asia 31, 33, 60, 72, 130, 161, 162, 165 165–8 Aston Martin 18 economic scale 5, 9, 19, 59–60 ATKearney 126 franchised dealer network 9, 10, Australia 3, 4, 35, 63, 80, 161 12–13, 75, 115, 124, 147 Automotive Competitiveness and UK 12 Investment Scheme 84 US Auto Stimulus Plan 150 Automotive Industry Innovation Geneva Motor Show Council 84 global car and commercial vehicle automotive industry policy 84–5 production 2–7 Green Car Innovation Fund 84 global car population 30–31, 44–5 New Car Plan for a Greener global fi nancial crisis 1, 11, 130, 134, Future 84–5 141, 142–5, 164–5 Automotive Transformation Scheme global forecast 45 84 green rating systems 153–6 Canberra 85 Iceland 85–6 Green Vehicle Guide 154 India 80–81 Kevin Rudd 84 investment 45 Victoria 85 Israel 89–90 Austria 3, 4, 18, 26 Malaysia 81–2 automobility material consumption 28, 31–2, 44, carscapes 62, 63–4 137, 157 congestion charging 38, 79, 159–60 market fragmentation 25–6, 122 culture 58–77, 78, 99 mergers and acquisitions 16–19 UK 63, 66 platform strategies 16, 20 deaths and injuries 32–3, 38, 45, R&D 77, 80, 81, 141 65–6 restructuring 20–21 China 33 Russia 21–3 USA 65, 67–8 scenarios for change 130, 133–41 regimes 60–61, 62, 64 creative destruction 130, 139–41 sustainable automobility 68, 77 managed transition 130, 137–9 automotive industry 2 mutual coexistence 130, 133–6 Australia 84–5 scrapping incentives 130, 131, 137, average manufacturing wage rates 161 141, 148–50 193 Peter E. Wells - 9781849807203 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/25/2021 11:43:32PM via free access 194 The automotive industry in an era of eco- austerity UK scheme 138, 148–50 Sao Paulo State 91, 97 US scheme 131, 150 sugarcane 90–98 spiral of decline 7–16 Tropical BioEnergia 96 state aid 23, 79–80 BRIC 5 suppliers 10, 13–16, 21, 45, 75, 82, Brilliance 6, 61 84, 104–8, 114, 115, 141 business models 9, 99–129, 165 sustainable industry 58 closed loop supply chains 101, Thailand 82–4 104–8, 110 world car 58, 72 contract vehicle assemblers 114, 117, Avtoframos 23, 24 166 Avtotor 24 defi nition 100–102 AVTOVAZ 6, 8, 22, 24 disruptive innovation 50–51, 101, 110–14 Barack Obama 34, 35, 146 EcoRover 129 BAIC 161 ElectricBlue Car 129 BAW 61 Fordist production model 114, 116, beer industry 50 166 Beijing Automotive 6, 8 Gordon Murray Design 99, 114 Belgium 3, 4, 5, 26, 141 Indego 126 Bertone 19, 117, 135 kit car producers 114, 167 BMW 6, 8, 17, 23, 24, 61, 63, 69, 145, linear value chains 114, 117 150 Local Motors 129 BMW 1 Series 136 low volume specialist assemblers BMW 3 Series 72, 136 114, 117–20, 167 BMW 7-Series 136 MDI air car 99, 114 BMW Welt 120 Micro Factory Retailing 43, 126 Effi cientDynamics programme 136 product service system 101, 108–9, F1 involvement 134 110 MINI 23, 145, 155 Project Better Place 99, 114 Rolls Royce 145 remanufacturing 101, 103–4, 105–6, Bosch 111 108, 125 Brazil 3, 4, 5, 21, 60, 72, 79 reverse logistics 101, 103–4, 105, 106 Alcool programme 91 Ridek 129 bio-ethanol 79, 90–98 Riversimple 43, 99, 114 Brazilian Automotive Manufacturers Tata Nano 99 Association 95 TH!NK 126 Brazilian Union of Sugar Cane Toyota Production System 7, 49, Industries (UNICA) 91 114, 116–17, 166 Centre for Strategic Management value creation system 100, 103, 106 and Studies 95 BYD Auto 7, 8, 23, 61, 89, 161 Copersucar 97 Cosan 96, 97 CAIR 154 Crystalsev 96 Canada 3, 4, 5, 35, 59, 86–8, 147, 148, Exxon Brazil 96 161 Grupo Sao Martinho 93 Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation Jose Goldemberg 98 87 Maeda Group 97 Ballard 87 Novamerica 94 John Sheriden 87 Petrobras 93, 94, 97 British Columbia 86 Santaelisa Vale 94, 97 Fuel Cells Canada 86 Peter E. Wells - 9781849807203 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/25/2021 11:43:32PM via free access Index 195 Herb Dhaliwal 86 SAIC 60, 61 Hydrogen fuel cell programme 86–8 trade surplus with US 161 Integrated Waste Hydrogen China National 7, 9 Utilization Project 87 Chongqing Lifan 8, 23, 61 National Research Council Canada Chrysler 6, 8, 17, 18, 21, 23, 61, 141, Fuel Cell Institute 86 145, 146 Ontario 147, 148 bankruptcy 13, 145 Sustainable Development Chrysler Crossfi re 18 Technology Canada 87 Dodge 23 TransLink 87 Eagle 21 Westport Innovations 87 Jeep 23 Vancouver 86, 130 Plymouth 21 Carbon CMC Soueast 61 Carbon emissions 2, 27, 28–31, 78, Collins and Aikman 16 87, 88, 93, 95, 98, 131–3, 137, Columbia 33 139, 153, 159, 164, 169 Congo 93 450 ppm 132–3 Contech 15 CO2 Continental AG 70 atmospheric concentrations 30, Cooper-Standard Holding 16 132–3 Cuba 64 emissions regulation 34–8 Czech Republic 3, 4 Low CO2 emissions vehicle 74, 83, 87, 123, 134, 156, 156–9, Daewoo 22, 71, 73 168 Daihatsu 6 France 158 Daihatsu Charade 154 Israel 158–9 Daihatsu Cuore 154 UK 37, 133, 149 Daihatsu Trevis 154 US 28, 42, 44, 131, 152 Daimler 6, 8, 17, 18, 85, 88, 129, 143 UK Climate Change Act 132 DaimlerChrysler 11, 17, 60, 146 UK government Carbon Reduction Ballard purchase 87 Commitment 132 Welt AG 17 US strategy for reduction 34–5, (see also Mercedes) 132 –3, 138 Dana 15 Central America 33 Danny De Vito 151 Cerebus Financial Holdings 18 Delphi 15 Chana Automobile 6, 8 Denmark 26, 88–9 Changan Group 61 Dong Energy 88 Changfeng 61 electric vehicle programme 88–9 Changhe 61 Kalundborg 54 Chery 6, 23, 61, 161 Lithium Balance 89 China 3, 4, 5, 19, 21, 30, 34, 36, 60, 63, Dieter Zetsche 17 72, 81, 89, 126, 132, 141, 160, diversity 39 –45, 49–54, 56–7, 58–77, 161, 162, 164 90–91, 165–8 car market 60 –61, 68, 160 Dominican Republic 33 car production 3, 4, 5 Dongfeng 6, 8, 61 car sales by major brand 60–61 Dura Automotive Systems 16 ethanol production 98 new car buyers 33 eco-effi ciency 103, 134, 136 petroleum production 161 EcoRover 129 road traffi c deaths and injuries 33 Edscha 15 Peter E. Wells - 9781849807203 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/25/2021 11:43:32PM via free access 196 The automotive industry in an era of eco- austerity Egypt 3, 4 domestic market share 26 ElectricBlue car 129 Fiat Palio 71, 72, 73, 75 Pininfarina 135 Fiat Punto 154 Electric Transport Engineering Corp Padmini Fiat 64 134 Finland 3, 4, 18, 26, 135 electric vehicles 29, 37, 88, 99, 122, Fortum 135 127–8, 129, 134, 135, 136, Valmet 18, 135 138, 168 Fisker Automotive 136 Electric Recharge Grids 127 Ford 6, 8, 17, 18, 22, 24, 53, 144, 145, economic impact in United States 29 146 forecast for United States 29, 138 Ballard purchase 87 Denmark 88–9 ECOnetic sub-brand 156 Germany 133 Firestone case 9 Israel 89–90 Ford C-Max 156 Solar-To-Vehicle systems 90 Ford ECOnetic Fiesta 156–7 Vehicle-To-Grid systems 88–9, 128 Ford Escape 154, 155 (see also Project Better Place) Ford Focus 53 UK 133 Ford Galaxy 156 EnerDel 123 Ford Ka 156 Enova Systems 134 Ford Model T 20, 71 Environmental Transport Association Ford Mondeo 72, 156 153 Ford S-Max 156 Europe 31, 34, 36, 38, 60, 63, 74, 88, Ford of Europe 126 89, 96, 97, 111, 115, 134, 141, St. Petersburg plant 23 146, 148, 160, 166 Fordism 7, 114, 166 Eastern Europe 62 Foton 61 FSO 71 France 3, 4, 5, 19, 25, 26, 52 Moskvitch 71 Aixam 129 Skoda 71 ‘Bonus-malus’ system 158 Trabant 71 car production Wartburg 71 Ligier 129 Western Europe 62, 71 Paris ‘AutoLib’ 125 European Commission 37 Renault domestic market share 26 European Investment Bank 11, 146 voiture sans permit 59, 64 European Mobility Week 38, 159 Fuji 6, 8 European Union 32, 34, 37, 45, 49, 59, Fujian 7 88, 95 Fuqi 61 BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport 95 GAZ 6, 8, 22, 23 ELV Directive 109, 138 Geely 6, 8, 23, 61 Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions Germany 3, 4, 19, 26, 52, 59, 63, 72, 34–8 136, 141, 160, 161 Europestar 61 Berlin 38, 159 car production 3, 4, 5 Factor X 27 Munich 120, 159 FAW 6, 8, 19, 61 VW domestic market share 26 Federal Mogul 16 VW Golf sales 26 Ferdinand Porsche 125 Wolfsburg 120 Fiat 6, 8, 19, 22, 24, 61, 144 GM 6, 8, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 63, 116, Alfa Romeo 23 141, 145, 146 Peter E. Wells - 9781849807203 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/25/2021 11:43:32PM via free access Index 197 Buick 61, 147 Honda 6, 8, 22, 61, 83, 143, 146 Cadillac 22, 61, 147 Honda Civic 154, 155 Cadillac Escalade 20 Hondaism 7 Canada franchised dealer network 13 Hummer 13, 18, 21, 22, 24 Chevrolet 22, 24, 61, 73, 147 Hummer H2 20 Chevrolet Avalanche 20 Hungary 3, 4 Chevrolet Matiz 154 Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles 126, 138 Chevrolet Suburban 20 California 86 Chevrolet Silverado 20 Canada 86–8 Chevrolet Tahoe 20, 155 European Union 88 Fiat 17 Iceland 85–6 GMC 147 Hyundai 6, 8, 17, 22, 24, 54, 60, 61, GMC Sierra 20 141, 144 GMC Yukon 20 Hyundai Amica 154 GM Acceptance Corporation 11 GM Europe 13, 18, 141 Iceland 85–6 GMT-800 20 hydrogen fuel cell policy 85–6 Holden 63 Iceland National Power Co.