-sipke 477 -sirimkaala zoŋo- zirzirŋa- sipkatŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXvery steep (used of edges of river banks, similar: ŋirŋirŋa- ‘showing one’s teeth, cliffs, ravines), precipitous, sheer smiling, grinning’

Lele sipkatŋana kembena, na pikin tilala siri1 N XX pepe. Ko titop. —A very steep area like tree type (used for building canoes) that, the children should not be going alt. siiri there. They might fall. Kepera ma kataara ke siri ta imbot la tiiŋgi similar: taraŋgatŋa-, kiskatŋa- na pa wooŋgo. —Go out [in a seawards -sipke V_Tr direction] and cut down the siri tree that XXcut away part of something to make it is in the swamp for the canoe.

even and smooth -siri2 V_Tr XX Nio aŋsipke ke mbukuunu tiŋga ma ila ne, move, shift something from one place to bekena ke lwoono iŋgeeze. —I smoothed another away that knob on the wood so the tree Siri you ma ila ndel. —Move the fire to trunk would be even. another place. Sipke ke salundu. —I [cut off]/ [pruned Toono ka kambasa ta tiur ta muŋgu kek na, away] the new shoot of the tree. siri pepe. —A land boundary that was XXdeface, spoil the appearance of established long ago, do not shift it. something (by cutting) -zirri V_Tr Redup Sipke nasil ka mos pepe. —Don’t deface the -siriini V_Tr centrepost of the clan house. XXcall with loud voices (in the context of Ni iwwa ma ila ma isipke lae pa ke a Nakanmut dance or other important teeteŋana kuzuunu. —He walked along event), shout and defaced the nose of the carved figure. def. Sombe uraata bibip ta kar kana i, to sir1 N tomtom tisiriini. —If there is something XXhigh tide, rising tide big happening in the village, then people Sir izze pa aigule. —The high tide comes in shout. during the day. Nakanmut ikam aigau makiŋ, to tisiriini Sir ise ma yok li. —The tide rose and the mi ipera. —After the Nakanmut dancer water got deep. puts on his decorations, then they call out Sir biibi kat. Irao tala som. —The tide is to him with loud voices and he [leaves really high. We (INC) can’t go. the restricted ceremonial area and] goes Miiri ipol mi sir ise ma ipei duubu biibi. —A outside. big wind came, and the tide rose, and it Zin tisiŋ nasil ki urum mi tisiriini. —As stirred up big waves. they carried the centrepost for the clan -sir2 V_Intr_Stative house, they were shouting. XXteeth are showing, smile Zin tomooto tisiriini pa ru ilela ta pulaata a. def. Koroŋ kokouŋana ipet. —Something —The men shouted twice inside the white appears. restricted ceremonial area. Zoŋoono isir. —His teeth are showing./ He similar: -yooto, kalŋa- isala

smiles. -sirimkaala V_Intr XX -zirzir V_Intr_Stative Redup heal over, close over Duubu zoŋoono izirzir. —The waves have Ke mbitiŋana imender, to nu kam nakabasi white caps. [Lit. ‘the waves’ white teeth mi taara lae pa ke tina lwoono. To imbot are showing’] ma kaimer na, ila imun mini, mi kuliini Kwon ikakaaga mi zoŋon izirzir mar pio. isirimkaala kei ta muŋgu imbot na. —A —Their mouths were open and they living tree is standing, and then you (SG) showed their teeth at me. take an axe and cut its side. Then it stays Laion zoŋon zirzir be tiŋa kan buzur. —The for awhile, and later it closes over again lions showed their teeth as they were and the bark heals over and it is like it ready to bite into their game. was before. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z sirkat 478 -so -pasirimkaala V_Tr XX Ŋge sisiraana ise. —The hair of the pig on fill up a hole to make it the same as its spine stood up [a sign that it is ready before, close over, heal to attack] Anutu ipas Adam tiroono ma ipasirimkaala XXdorsal fin, fin on a fish’s back pa mazaana mini. —God took a bone Teege ye tana, to sisiraana iŋgalu. —If you from Adam and closed over [the wound] (SG) hold that fish, then its dorsal fin will again with flesh. stick you. sirkat N dial. var. sisir (Marile), ka- tiiri (Northern) construction: ka- sirkat so1 Pronoun XX end part of something, little bit of, XXwhat?, which? fragment of something which is not Ina so tana? —What is that? supposed to be there, remainder (it is Nu kam so? —What are you (SG) doing? useless and is thrown away) Nu mar pa so kar i? —From which village Yembut ke ka sirkat tina ma ila ne. —Cut are you (SG) coming? off the remainder of that [piece of] wood Nu so tomtom i? —Who are you (SG)?/ and get rid of it. Who do you think you are? [challenging Takan kaŋar mi sombe tayamaana ka sirkat someone about their right to do something] imbot la kwondo, to tuluai isu lene. Pa ina Nio aŋkam so sosor i? —What wrong have kaŋar tiroono. —When we (INC) eat galip I done? nuts, if we feel a little chip of the nut in Tisombe tire so tomtom tabe ikam so our mouths, then we spit it out. For it is mburu i? —They wanted to see which the ‘bone’ of a galip nut [i.e. an inedible person would get what things. hard part at the end of it]. paso Adv_PredP sirra V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl XXwhy? (Lit. ‘because of what?’) construction: mata- sirra (pa) Conjunction XX be careless, not concentrate XXbecause Motom sirra pa uraata kamŋana. Kam kat! soŋa- Pronoun —You (SG) are careless with the work. Do XXwhich, what, what kind it properly. Tutu soŋana? —What/ Which law? mata- sirraŋa- Mi ruumu soŋana ta koso kopo pio i? —And Kerre, pa to tina mata sirraŋana. Mataana what kind of a house do you (PL) think you ise pa uraata som. —Watch out, for that will build for me? fellow is careless. He does not concentrate Lak, merere soŋana? —What kind of a lord? on what he is doing. XXwhat relation sirsir V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Redup Mark soŋana niwi? —What relation of construction: lele kopo sirsir Mark are you (SG)? XX be rainy, windy and cold Nu soŋom ta Silas? —What relation is Silas Kam pikin mi kasala ruumu. Pa lele kopo to you (SG)? sirsir. —Take the child and go inside the see also: sokorei ‘what?’ house. For the weather is cold and rainy. -so V_Intr/Tr 2 sisira- N_Inal XXsay, speak, communicate, talk, tell XX line Nio aŋso sua ti ila kalŋoŋ. —I spoke this Wal sombe tirak Sia o Samal, to tiur talk in my own language. sisiraana ru mi zoŋoono. —When people Ni iso ta kembei: —He said like this: dance the Sia or Samal dance, then they Ni iso pizin be tila tikam uraata. —He told form two lines and ‘teeth.’ them to go do some work. Kemender mi kuur yom ma kewe sisiraana To tiso: “Wai, iŋgi parei?” —Then they said, ru. —Stand up and form two lines. “Hey, what is this?” XX hair along the spine (that can stand up) Sua ti, ni iso raama leleene som. —This Posi ire me ta imar, mi sisiraana ise. —The talk, he did not say it with his insides. cat saw a dog coming and the hair on its [=He said it insincerely.] spine stood up. -so 479 so

Ko ni iso pa asiŋ kat? —Who exactly was walk through the village calling out he speaking about? announcements. In the past, this was one XXwant, think, intend, plan of the jobs of the kon tumbuunu.) Nio aŋso ina ambai som. —I say/think that Namelebi, ni soŋaaŋ ki kar Yaŋla. —Old is not good. Namele is the town crier of Yangla village. Ni iso ila ta buri. —He wants to go right -sokaala V_Tr now. XXcut someone’s talk short, interrupt, butt Nu so ko mbot? Som. —Do you (SG) think into someone’s conversation you will [be allowed to] live? No way. XXsay that something is reserved for some Zitun tiso len ŋgar biibi. —They themselves purpose think they have a lot of knowledge. -sope V_Tr Padei? Nu so kam be pakaam yo? —What? XXadvise, give advice to, instruct Do you (SG) think you can deceive me? sopeŋa- N_Inal_Stative Zin tiso ko ni ila pa uraata. Mi som. —They XXadvising, instructing thought he went to do work. But that sua sopeŋana —advice wasn’t the case. see also: sua ‘talk, speech, words, discussion’ -so sorok -so3 V_Tr XXspeak without having any basis for what XXshow one says, speak without understanding/ Ni iso namaana mi kumbuunu pizin. —He knowledge showed his hands and feet to them. Zin tiute koroŋ tana som. Tiso sorok. ‘Nio nomoŋ ti irao aŋpunu.’ (Ni iso —They don’t understand it. They are just namaana mburaana). —This hand of mine speaking without understanding what is able to hit you. (He shows the strength they are talking about. of his hand). -so katkat -so A pa B XXspeak directly/ openly/ frankly/ plainly/ XXteach A about B (Kampalap dialect forthrightly, be frank equivalent of -paute ‘teach’) Ni iso kat ila matan. —He spoke frankly to so4 Adv_PrePredP them. alt. -so, (-)sobe, (-)sombe -zzo V_Intr/Tr Redup XXif (hypothetical modality) Nio niamru Namele amzzo leyam sua. —I Ma so timbot ma tiyamaana kuzi, to and Namele had a pleasurable chat. timaŋga na tiur nin mi matan ila. —And -parso, -parzzo if they [=cats] stay and sense a rat XXspeak to each other [around], then they get up and are very Ziŋan tiparso sua pizin mini som. —They quiet and watch. did not talk with each other again. -so/so A, be B sua soŋana N_Inal_Event XXIf A had happened, then B would have XXspeaking happened (=counterfactual modality) Nio kwoŋ ipata pa sua soŋana. —I am not Nu so kam uraata, so aŋgiimu. —If you (SG) a good speaker./ It is difficult for me to had worked, I would have paid you. speak. O Merere, kozobe nu mbot taiŋgi, so atoŋ Zin timbel sua soŋana. —They talked a lot. imeete som. —O Lord, if you had been here, soŋaaŋ N my older brother would not have died. alt. soŋaŋ -so/so A, (to)na B XXleader, spokesperson XXwhen … then def. Tomtom ta iwe uteene pa kar, provins So belo itaŋ, na nu lela. —When the bell Gabana, ni soŋaaŋ ki Morobe Provins. —The rings, then you (SG) go inside. govenor is the leader of Morobe Province. A ta so … na XXspeaker, town crier, announcer (person XXwhoever, whatever, whenever, however in the village who is responsible for giving announcements. They a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -soborou 480 sokorei

Tomtom ta so ipun tomtom toro ma imeete, na -sokaala V_Tr ni tomini ko tipuni ma imeete. —Whoever XXsay that something is reserved for some kills someone, he too must be killed. purpose Mbotŋana padeiŋana taso Anutu ikam piti, Irao aŋkam pu som. Pa aŋsokaala pa uraata na lelende ambai men. —Whatever kind toro kek. —I can’t give [it] to you (SG). of life God gives to us (INC), we should be For I have already said it is reserved for happy [Lit. ‘our insides are only good’] another purpose. Koroŋ boozomen ta so lelem pa, na ni ko Nio aŋsokaala kaŋar tana kek. Kasala pepe. ikam pu. —Whatever you (SG) want, he —I have said that that galip nut tree is will give it to you. reserved. Do not go up it. Mazwaana ta so aŋbotmbot su toono, na nio see also: -roogo ko aŋpakur ni zaana. —However long I XXcut someone’s talk, butt into someone’s live on this earth, I will exalt his name. conversation, interrupt Mbulu ta so lelem be kam pini, na kam men Ni isokaala sua kiti. —He interrupted tau. —Whatever you (SG) want to do to our (INC) talk. him, just do it. -sokere V_Tr -soborou V_Intr XXinfluence someone to do wrong, prompt construction: -soborou sala to do wrong by talking quietly to, incite, XXstumble over, come up against, hit against stir up, foment, instigate Aŋkot zugut ma aŋsoborou sala ke pataana. Ni isokere zin tomooto mi moori be tizem —I walked in the darkness and stumbled mbulu kizin ambaiŋana. —He causes over a log. people to leave their good behaviour. XXhappen upon, come upon, run into Tomtom Sanaana isokere iti be toto mbulu Ko tosoborou sala (pa) pataŋana sa. —We kini sananŋana. —The Devil (Lit. ‘bad (INC) might run into some difficulty. person’) influences us (INC) to follow his Amlela ma amsoborou sala mooto Aŋo. To bad behaviour. amiili ma ampa pa zaala toro. —We (EXC) -parsokere V_Middle went and happened upon the snake Ango. XXegg each other on, urge each other, So then we returned and went another incite each other way. [The snake Ango is a clan totem.] Zin paŋ tiparsokore zin, tabe tila ma tikam Amsula be amwe Buburundu, mi amsoborou mbulu tana. —The four of them egged sala pizin moori. Tana amlela amwe each other on, and so they went and did ndalea. —We (EXC) went down to bathe that (bad) behaviour. at Buburundu, but ran into some women similar: -kere there. So we went further upstream and sokorei Pronoun bathed there. XXwhat? see also: -porou sala Kena ko nu kam leŋ sokorei? —What, then, sok N will you (SG) give me? XXforest area that has never been cut or Keteene malmal pa sokorei ta ikotyaara cultivated before, virgin forest area ruumu? —What was he so angry about def. Su mbitiŋana. Tikam woomo pa sa zen, that he broke the house to pieces? tikam uraata pa zen. —Fresh forest. They Ko aŋso se ki sokorei, to kakam ŋgar pa? haven’t ever made a garden in it, they —What shall I compare it to, so that haven’t ever worked on it. you (PL) will understand it? lele sok —a virgin forest area Nu ru sokorei toro? —What else are you (SG) -kan sok looking for? XXwork on an area that has never been Iŋgi sokorei? —What is this? cultivated before, pioneer dial. var. sokori (Kampalap) Kere koŋ lele sa be ituŋ aŋkan sok pa. Pa iŋgi sokorei sa ta so aŋkamam raŋgaata. —Look for some area XXwhatever of virgin forest area that I can cultivate. For Sokorei sa ta nu sombe wi yo pa na, nio ko now I am working on an old garden site. aŋkam pu. —Whatever you (SG) ask me, I soksok 481

will give to you. similar: kete- salaklaaga sokorei ma sokorei XXbe in a bad way (figurative use, said of XXwhatever else the whole village) motmooto, ma siizi, ma sokorei, ma sokorei Kar kopoono isolooŋgo, pa tomtom tikam —worms, and grasshoppers and whatever zooroŋana boozo. —The village is in a else bad way, for the people are doing a lot of soksok V_Intr_Uninfl Redup disobedience. XXdrift/ move slowly floating on the som1 Adv_S surface of water dial. var. siom (Gauru) Ye iwin naamba ma soksok pa tai kuliyeete. XXnot, negative —The fish drank the poisonous root, and Zin timar som. —They did not come. floated on the surface of the sea. Iti irao tapasaana zin som. —We (INC) Wooŋgo soksok ma ile. —The canoe slowly should not harm them. drifted in towards the shore [being driven Nio aŋpaata buk ma imap som. —I didn’t by the wind]. finish reading the book. Puge soksok ma ile. —A crocodile is moving Intj upstream (moving slowly on the surface XXno of the water, only the tail is moving). Som, nio aŋre i som. —No, I did not see her. Man alaŋlaŋ soksok ma ilela. —A wild duck som kat is floating and coming upstream. XXnot at all -sol1 V_Tr Tiuulu yam risa som kat. —They didn’t help XXhollow out, hew or carve out the inside us (EXC) at all. of a canoe or drum XXinterjection expressing exasperation Sol wooŋgo leleene. —Hew out the inside of Niom tina, som kat! —You people are the canoe. hopeless! Ni isol garamut leleene. —He hollowed out soom the inside of the slit drum. XXno, not so (indicates a polite rejection of see also: -kan, -sap, -ŋgal, -no leleene something the hearer has said or assumes) -sol2 V_Tr Soom, niom ituyom kakam kan kini. —Not XXopen, push open (used of doors. In the so, you yourselves give them food. past panpan, which is woven out of Soom, zin tileŋ kek. —Not so, they have coconut leaves, was used as a doors heard already. Ni isol kataama piam. —He opened the Soom. Ni tau. —Not so. It is him. som kat door for us (EXC). molo som to similar: -kaaga XXsoon, it won’t be long before…, it wasn’t -zolzol V_Tr Redup long before Zolzol kataama pepe! —Don’t keep pushing Molo som to timar. —It won’t be long the door open! before they come./ It wasn’t long before -sol3 V_Tr they came./ Soon they will come./ Soon XXdrink water (by putting one’s mouth into they came. the water) molo som na, … Miri yo ma aŋsaana kek. Iŋgi be aŋsula ma XXsuddenly and surprisingly (used in aŋsol koŋ yok sa. (kwoŋ isula yok) —I am stories to introduce unexpected events) really suffering from thirst. I am about to go Molo som na, aŋela ki Merere ipet kini. down [to the river] and drink some water. —Suddenly and surprisingly an angel of similar: -win God appeared to him. -solooŋgo V_Intr_Stative …ma som XXfeel sick in one’s stomach, feel nauseous, XXunsuccessfully, not successful, not able, be about to vomit in vain Ni kopoono isolooŋgo. —He felt sick/ Niam amru i ma som. —We (EXC) looked for nauseous. him but were not able to find him. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z som 482 somto

Aŋtoombo aŋtoombo ma som. —I tried and Nio sombe mete tio inmbot, nako aŋmar pa tried, but was not successful. uraata som. —If my illness continues, I similar: ma pis won’t come to work. Som, mi… Sombe belo mataana kana itaŋ, na nu la we. XXaction is interrupted before it is —When the first bell rings, you go wash. completed, just then when… note: Compound of -so ‘say’ plus the modal Aŋwatwaata buk su ruumu tio. Som, mi adverb be ‘non-assertion of factuality’ tomtom ti imar. —I was reading a book in mazwaana ta so(mbe)…nako my house, when this person came. XXas long as, whenever Yesu imaŋga pa pai kini. Som, mi tomooto Mazwaana ta so nu mbotmbot su toono, nako ta, ikoŋuru i ma imar. —Jesus was about kam uraata biibi. —As long as you (SG) live to begin his journey. But just then a man on earth, you will [have to] do hard work. came towards him. zin/wal/tomtom ta so(mbe) ... nako somŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXwhoever, whoever all XXwithout, lacking, not being something Wal ta so tikampe u, na nio ko aŋkampe Lele yok somŋana. —Dry area, area without zin. —Whoever does good to you (SG), I water, desert will do good to them. sua ŋono somŋana —talk with no fruit/ -sombe2 V_SComp results, idle/ useless talk alt. sobe wal ta len ŋgar somŋan —people who do dial. var. -sope (Kampalap) not have understanding/knowledge, XXsay foolish people To iso pini ma isombe: “Biibi, leŋ!” —Then wal ta Yuda somŋan i —non-Jewish people, he said to him: “Lord, listen!” Gentiles (biblical key term) XXintend, want moori kopo somŋana —barren woman Nio aŋsombe aŋpit mbol. —I want to tell a lele ta ka tomtom somŋana (=lele story. bilimŋana) —uninhabited area note: Compound of -so ‘say’ plus the modal Nio kusiŋ somŋoŋ. —I do not have a spouse, adverb be ‘non-assertion of factuality’ I am unmarried. sombor1 N Niom ta leyom koroŋ somŋoyom. —You (PL) XXtree type (good smell, oil is used for who do not have [many] things./ You who flattening hair, as a medicine, and to are poor. magically stop rain or undo magic) som2 Conjunction sombor2 N_Event dial. var. siom (Gauru) XXpimple (has some pus inside, often XXor appears after shaving) Zaala ta ila pa Lablab na, molo, som katŋana? Ni, sombor ikam mataana/ kuzuunu. —He —Is the road to Lablab long or short? has a pimple on his eye/ nose. Ŋge ikani, som sanguma ikami? —Did a pig somsom N Redup bite him, or sorcery get him? XXbamboo (small, used for blowguns and som som Adv_S flutes) XXor not (used in alternative/ yes-no Tala teteete lende somsom. —Let’s go questions) and cut ourselves some pieces of small Nu ŋgiimi kanda kini, som som? —Did you bamboo. buy us (INC) some food, or not? somto N_Stative Ire lele, som som? —Can she see, or not? XXvery small, tiny sombe1 Adv_PrePredP Kam buza ku somto ri na imar muŋgu. —First alt. so, sobe give (me) your (SG) really small knife. dial. var. sope (Kampalap) ruumu somto —tiny house XXif, irrealis, hypothetical condition, somtoto N Redup counterfactual conditional, when XXsmallest Sombe kam ye ru, tona kam koŋ tasa imar. Koroŋ munmun. Somtoto pa koroŋ ta —If you (SG) get two fish, then give me one. boozomen. —[They are] small things. The soŋa- 483 -sooŋo

smallest of all things. soolo. Mi opis na, tisupaala palaŋ ma iwe Yo serembat somtotoŋan isula kuuru mi noi. soolo. —Our (EXC) house, they split black —Collect the tiniest sweet potatoes [and palm for [its] flooring. But the office, they put them] into a pot and boil them. cut planks for the flooring soŋa- N_Inal -soolo sala V_Intr XXwhat relative/ relation? XXget stuck on, run aground Mark soŋana niwi? —What relation is Mark Wooŋgo isoolo sala magat. —The boat ran to you? aground in the shallow spot. Nu soŋom ta Silas? Ni na nio atoŋ. —What Tamen iti tala, mako tosoolo sala mutu sa, relation to you is Silas? He is my older to ambai piti. —But we (INC) will go and brother. run aground on some island, and then it soŋaaŋ N will be okay for us. alt. soŋana Tisur ma tisoolo sala mutu/ peende/ magat. XXone who gives announcements, —They drifted along until they ran announcer, town crier (person in the aground on an island/ sandy area/ reef village who is responsible for giving (shallow spot). announcements. They walk through the Woongo ndomoono isoolo sala magat mi village calling out announcements in a mbuleene iwwa. —The bow of the ship got loud voice.) stuck in a shallow spot, and the back part Namelebi ni soŋaaŋ ki kar Yaŋla. was moving back and forth. —Old Namele is the one who gives see also: -leege sala announcements in Yangla village. sooŋgo N XXhead, leader XXleaf or branch used as a mark on betel- Gabana, ni soŋaaŋ ki Morobe Provins. nut palms, or other types of fruit-bearing —The govenor is the head of Morobe trees to show that access to the tree is Province. restricted and its fruits are not available soŋsooŋgo N Redup for general consumption, mark that XXfencing around a restricted area, (usually something is reserved or restricted made of standing coconut palm fronds) Tere sooŋgo imbotmbot, tana irao tumbuulu Zin Koobo tiŋgun soŋsooŋgo, pa tiyaaru som. —We (INC) see there is a mark of Nakanmut ise kar. —The inner islanders restriction, so we should not bother it. fenced in an area, because they brought a Ni ipo sooŋgo la kaŋar kini. —He put a Nakanmut into the village. reserved mark on his galip nut tree [so def. Soŋsooŋgo, ina didi be tapakaala lele pa that others would not take nuts from it]. Nakanmut, naroogo, nol. —Soŋsooŋgo, that XXmark of engagement is a wall with which we enclose an area Moori tana na, sooŋgo ki Apei ila kini kek. for a Nakanmut ceremony, dancing, or a —That woman, Apei’s engagement mark market. [ring, armlet] is already on her. soobo N XXprotection construction: ka- soobo Moori ru tana men tipa pepe. K. igaaba zin XXthigh (from knee to the hip) be iwe sooŋgo pa ziru, to ambai. —Those Koŋ soobo iyoyou. —My thigh hurts. two girls should not walk by themselves. XXlap If K. accompanies them as protection, Pikin imbutul se koŋ soobo. —The child sat then it will be good. on my lap. soŋsooŋgo N Redup similar: suki- XXfencing around a restricted area soolo N -sooŋo V_Tr XXfloor, flooring (usually made out of XXhave one’s fill of something sections of black palm trunks) Aŋkam uraata ma isooŋo yo ma niŋ isaana. Ruumu tiam na, tisupaala mbereeme ma iwe —I have had enough of the work and am tired. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z sooro 484 sorok

XXsatisfy (saŋeete). —A thin pig, they call it a ‘back Zin tikan kini ma isooŋo zin muŋgu. Sombe [like an] end board’ [because its backbone ka lwoono imbot, to iti takan. —They are is plainly visible with no meat around it]. to eat until they are completely satisfied ndomo- sopooroŋa- first. If there is some still left, then we (INC) XXforehead that is protruding (with no hair can have some to eat. and shiny, used as an insult or joke) similar: ma irao Ndomom sopooroŋom! —You are someone sooro N with a protruding forehead! XXsoft ground left after a stump of a tree similar: ndomo- pokpok/ ndomo- imbuk has rotted (often used as a nursery for -sopooro2 V_Tr growing plants) XXburn the mouth (used of ginger, pepper) Ur seeme tana ila sooro tana. Kaimer to Marai/ Lombo isopooro kwoŋ. —Ginger/ tapaaza. —Put that new shoot of taro Chilli burns my mouth. into that soft ground. Later we (INC) will sor N transplant it. XXneedle (traditionally made out of a -sope V_Tr particular bone from a bat’s wing) XXadvise, instruct, give guidance def. tiron munmun ila begeene kunduunu Itum sope yam lak! —You yourself advise —their small bones at the end of the wing us (EXC)! Sor na, tiurpe pa mbia tiroono, mi tisese mi Niom kosope i som, tabe ikin peege ma pa. —Needles, they make [them] from boozo som. —You (PL) didn’t advise him a bat’s bone and sew sleeping mats with properly, so he didn’t pick very many them. betel-peppers. Sombe itoombo be iloondo pa sor sumbuunu, Mi iŋgi aŋsope u pa uraata ta ima nomom ko irao? —If it tries to go through the eye kek. —And now I am instructing you (SG) of a needle, would it be able? concerning the work that has become sor lela V_Intr_Uninfl your responsibility. XXcome in to the beach, land on a beach Tana iŋgi aŋsope yom be loŋa kamar tio. (used of boats) —Therefore I advise you (SG) to quickly Wooŋgo sor lela peende uunu. —The canoe come to me. landed on the beach. sopolai N_Event Molo som na sor lela lele tabe tila pa i. construction: -kam sopolai —Soon they landed at the place where XXworking together, two people doing sago they were going. squeezing at the same time (squeezing sorok1 Adv_Pred0&1&NP sago into the same dish (each has their XXjust, for no reason, without reason, for own yamban sago processing structure, but no good reason, without basis, aimlessly their sago starch runs into the same dish.) Ni iso sua sorok. —He said it without N. mi L. tikam sopolai pa kil tamen. —N. having any real grounds for what he said. and L. worked together squeezing sago Aŋseeŋge sorok. —I just laughed for no pulp into the same dish. reason. dial. var. saplai (Marile) Aŋbeede sorok be aŋute beedeŋana. —I am sopooro1 N just fiddling with writing in order to learn XXend boards of a canoe (planks attached how to write. at the front and back of a canoe to Zin tiwwa len sorok. Tila tikam uraata som. prevent the sea from breaking in) —They are just walking around for pleasure. def. Wooŋgo ka sopooro imender se wooŋgo They are not going to do any work. ndomoono be ipakaala tai. —The end Imbot sorok ta kena, mi tala. —Just leave it board of the canoe stands on the canoe to like that, and let’s go. block the sea water. XXfor free, without paying, for nothing, Ndi ma sopooro ki wooŋgo. —Sideboards uselessly, in vain, without having any and end boards of a canoe real results Ŋge koŋkoŋŋana na, tipaati be ndeme sopooro sorok 485 sosor

Ni ila ikam sorok koroŋ. Mataana iŋgal be Ni tomtom sorokŋana. —He is a person loŋa ikot som. —He went and just took it without status/ someone unimportant/ a [without paying for it]. He is not thinking poor person. about repaying it quickly. opposite: za-ŋa- Nio aŋkam uraata sorok. —I worked for sorrokŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup no pay/ for free/ in vain/ without having wal sorrokŋan (wal ta timbot sorok) —poor any results. people Tikam pio sorok. —They gave it to me for -sorok3 V_Tr free. alt. -sorokkaala XXimproperly, haphazardly, partially XXharm a small child by poor family Tiŋguuru raama ki sop som. Tiŋguuuru planning (i.e. the mother becomes sorok. —They didn’t wash it with soap. pregnant too quickly, and therefore is They just washed it [i.e. without soap]. not able to nurse the child as long as she XXwithout permission should.) Kam sorok koroŋ tana paso? Koroŋ ku? Zin tisorok(kaala) pikin tana ma ruŋguunu —Why did you (SG) just take that thing isaana. —They harmed that child by without asking permission. Is it yours? poor family planning and [now] his/her sorok2 N_Stative appearance is poor. XXinsignificant, ordinary Parei ta ni kopo suruunu? Tisoroki tau. Ni koroŋ sorok —something insignificant/ pikin pomolŋana. —Why does he have ordinary diarrhoea? They harmed him by poor Ni tomtom sorok. Za somŋana. —He is an family planning. He is a child of poor ordinary person. He has no prestige/ family planning. authority. similar: -pomol (Central) sorok som sosooro N XXnot insignificant amount (i.e. a lot, very XXdecoration type (worn by women over many, very much) their buttocks when dancing) Nio aŋpaaza mbu sorok som. —I planted a Ou, kala kiŋgiimi leyom sosooro som? huge number of betel-nut palms. —Hey, [why] aren’t you (PL) going to buy Zin wal ta timar na, sorok som. —It was not yourselves backside decorations? an insignificant number of people that -pasosooro V_Tr came. [i.e. a lot of people came] XXput buttock decorations on someone else soroksorok N_Stative Redup Kam sosooro mi pasosooro zin moori be XXinsignificant (plural) tirak. —Get buttock decorations and put koroŋ soroksorok ta boozomen —all kinds them on the women so they can dance. of insignificant little things (plants, def. Kiri uteene (=white cane) ta tiurpewe grasses, insects, etc.) ma iwe sosooro. Zin Kampalap mi zin Ke pareiŋan tabe aŋyembut? Ke soroksorok. Mereu tiurpewe. —What kind of trees should I cut? Any dial. var. mul, namul (Marile) kind, it doesn’t matter. sosor1 N_Event XXworthless and bad, contemptible XXwrong, wrongdoing, guilt, mistake, error mbulu soroksorok —all kinds of XXsin contemptible, bad behaviour Nu koto itum. Pa nu kam sosor kek. So sua XXbaseless, without foundation, without pepe. Maane men. —Be humble. For you (SG) cause, unwarranted did wrong. Don’t say anything. Keep quiet. sua soroksorok —talk for which there is no Nio ko aŋpasaana toono pa sanaana mi basis, idle talk, empty talk sosor kizin tomtom. —I will destroy sorokŋa- N_Inal_Stative the earth on account of the sins and XXlacking status, unimportant, ordinary wrongdoings of the people. XXpoor

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -sosor 486 -sou le- sosor sa som —The elders informed the congregation XXinnocent, not guilty about it. Tomtom tiŋgi, ni le sosor sa som. —This Sotaara zin pa pataŋana kiti tiŋgi. —Inform person, he had no guilt. [=He was them about this problem of ours (INC). innocent.] sua sosor Ni isotaara zin kembei ni be izem zin. —He notified them that he was about to leave XXbad talk, foul language, swearing, them. profanity, call the names of taboo body -sotartaara V_Tr Redup parts in order to insult someone -sosor Niom koroŋ to kozotartaara yam karau, to 2 V_Intr ambai. Mi som, tabe pataŋana ipet. —If XXmake a mistake, err, be in error, be you (PL) were in the habit of informing us incorrect (EXC) XX quickly, it would have been better. But do wrongly, do incorrectly, foul up you didn’t, and so there was a problem. Nio aŋsosor pa zaala, ta aŋpera Lablab som. sua sotaaraŋana —It was because I made a mistake and took XXpreface/ notice/ announcement/ the wrong path that I did not get to Lablab. proclamation/ information Ni isosor pa sua. Ito sua ambaiŋana men -sou V_Tr som. Iso sua sananŋana igaaba. —He XXgrasp, grab, put both arms around, take erred in [his] talk. He did not only follow hold of, catch good talk. He said some bad things along Nio aŋsou posi. —I grabbed/caught the cat. with it. Tikwaara pu mi tisou ŋge. —They carried Ŋgar tiam isosor, mi nomoyam mi [and set up] a net and caught a pig. kumbuyam isosor. —Our (EXC) thinking is Tomtom ta iwin ma igadgaada, to ipa kat wrong, and our hands and legs have done som. Ni isou supurpuuru ndeete be isala wrong. pa ruumu kini. —When someone drinks -pasosor V_Tr and becomes drunk, then he does not XXmislead, lead someone astray walk properly. He tries to grasp at the Ni ipasosor yo pa zaala toro. Ampa ndel. staircase in order to go up into his house —He lead me astray from the road. but misses. We (EXC) went a different way. -suŋ sosor similar: -zorom XXembrace XXcurse, wish evil on, ask God to do bad to Lutuunu imar pa taun, to naana iloondo ma someone isou i, mi ibeŋbeeŋe pini. —When her son Kusuŋ sosor pizin pepe. —Do not curse came from town, then the mother ran and them/ wish evil on them. kwo- isosor pa embraced him with both arms. Lutuŋ, mar sou yo. —My son, come and XXuse bad language, swear, say the embrace me. names of taboo body parts in order -zouzou V_Tr Redup to insult someone (considered to be Zin tamuriŋ tizouzou ŋgereeme. —The girls very bad behaviour), use God’s name were catching crayfish [using just their inappropriately (Lit. ‘mouth do wrong to’) hands]. Kwom isosor pini paso? —Why did you (SG) -parsou V_Middle use bad language to her? XXhold each other, embrace -sotaara V_Tr XX Ziŋan woono moori bizin tiparsou zin mi inform, tell, notify, announce (Lit. titaŋ. —She and her daughter-in-laws ‘speak-cut’) embraced [held each other] and cried. def. Nio aŋso sua pa tomtom toro, som wal -soukiskis V_Tr Redup pakan bekena aŋpaute i/zin pa koroŋ sa. XXhold on to strongly, keep holding —I say something to someone else or To tiziini isoukiskis toono kumbuunu some other people in order to make him/ ŋuzuunu mi isu. —Then his younger them know about something. brother was born, holding on to his older Zin mboroŋan tisotaara zin kongrigesen pa. brother’s heel. -soukaala 487 -su -sou nanaana note: Yangla and Gauru use this form XXtry to grab, keep trying to take hold of similar: peende ‘general term for a seaside (but being unsuccessful), try to catch or coastal area’ (Where the two terms are something that is running away (for distinguished, sousou is a sandy beach example a chicken or pig, several efforts where boats can land.) are needed) loan from Mutu language, cf. sausau ‘sand’ Zin pikin tisou nanaana man, tamen loŋa sousou uunu ka- tisou i som. Pa man iluŋkewe zin. —The XXpeople living near a beach children tried to catch the chicken, but -soyaara V_Tr could not get hold of it quickly. For the XXspeak publicly, proclaim, preach, tell out chicken kept getting away from them. -zouzou uri kuinuunu Tumbuk sua, to tomtom sa ila be isoyaara. —Once we (INC) have reached a decision, XXflail one’s limbs or act strangely then someone can go to announce it after falling or being hit badly, be publicly. unconscious, about to die (Lit. ‘be Soyaara uruunu ambaiŋana. —Preach the catching the spirit of the victim’) good news. Naŋgaŋ ta, isala mbu ma itop su toono, to To isoyaara itunu zaana Yooba mi mbulu izouzou uri kunuunu isu ta mbu uunu na. kini. —Then he proclaimed/ told about —A young man climbed up a betel-nut his name Yahweh and his behaviour. palm and fell down to the ground, and Yoan isoyaara sua ki Anutu. —John then he was there flailing his limbs at the proclaimed God’s talk. base of the betel-nut palm. soyaaraŋana N_Inal def. Tomtom ta iŋgal ŋge. To tomtom toro XXproclaiming, preaching iloondo kaimer ma imar be iŋgali tomini. Motoyom siŋsiŋ pa uruunu ambaiŋana Som, mi tomtom ta iŋgali muŋgu na ipeteke soyaaraŋana. —Be eager in preaching the i. “Ŋgali pepe. Pa iŋga izouzou uri kuinuunu Good News. be imeete.” —Someone spears a pig. su1 N Then someone else comes running up XX and wants to spear it also. But the one uninhabited or uncultivated area in the that had already speared it stops him, forest, area that is uncut or overgrown —There [saying:] “Don’t spear it. For it is flailing Buzur boozomen timbot su leleene. is plenty of game in the forest. its limbs and is about to die.” Amla ampa su leleene. —We (EXC) went -soukaala V_Tr walking in the forest. XXwrap something around something else Zin tila su molo. —They went far into the in order to cover and protect it forest. Pikin niini itekteege. Kam kawaala ma Su ise ma isaana pa balus muriini. —The soukaali. —The child is cold. Get a towel airstrip is completely overgrown. and wrap it around him to keep him warm. su mbitiŋana—jungle, deep forest, virgin Kam taul ma soukaala kini. —Get a towel forest [where there has never been any and wrap it around the food to cover it. habitation] sousou N_Redup see also: sok ‘forest that has never been cut XXbeach that is sandy, shore, coastal area before, virgin forest’ Tipeeze wooŋgo ma tilela sousou uunu kizin su ka- Marile. —They paddled and went in to XXrelated to the forest the Marile beach. koroŋ su kan mi mbili kar kan —wild Zin tila ma tirao sousou mi mutu ta animals of the forest and domesticated boozomen. —They went to all the coastal animals areas and islands. -su V_Intr Amse kizin su sousou uunu kizin Marile. 2 XXcome down, descend, go down (moving —We (EXC) came upon them at the Marile toward the speaker) beach. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z su 488 sua

Nu su! —You (SG) come down! because the boys stole Y.’s betel-nuts that Salum ikam mi isu mi iwar. —Salum took the older men ‘went up and down’ at down the mat, and spread it down. them [=spoke very sternly to them]. One XXcome down with illness, fall ill spoke, another spoke, another spoke, and Nio anaŋ isu. —My mother fell ill. it went on until they had the boys crying. XXstep down from one’s position, leave -zzu/ -zuzu V_Intr Redup one’s position -zzu ma -zze Ni isu lene pa uraata. Pa ni leleene pa XXgoing up and down uraata tana mini som. —He stepped down Wooŋgo izzu mi izze pa tai keteene. —The from his position. For he did not like that canoe/ boat went up and down on the work anymore. ocean [waves]. XXbe born XXbusy, hustle back and forth doing work Pikin isu zen. —The baby is not born yet. Zin moori tizzu ma tizze pa uraata. —The Nio aŋsu pa ndaama 1962. — I was born in women kept going up and down [=were 1962. busy, hustling back and forth] with work. XXbegin a new phase of action (rhetorical Ni izzu ma izze pa you teegeŋana. —She device in narrative texts) was going up and down getting the food To ziru tisu na tiso… —Then the two of cooked. them got into the act and said… su3 Serial verb XXbe, come (used of environmental alt. isu phenomena like rain, calm weather, XXin, on, at, down dawn) Tiur mburu isu toono. —They put the cargo Miiri ma duubu biibi. Buri ta taun isu i. down on the ground. —There was a big storm. Just now the Tikam uraata isu Lae. —They worked in Lae. weather is calming down. (Lit. ‘calm mboti kiti su toono —our (INC) life here on weather is descending.’) earth Neeri, yaŋ biibi isu. —Yesterday, there was Tizza yam su kar. —They are waiting for a big rain. us (EXC) in the village. Zugut mandiŋ isu. —A great darkness came. Posi ikeene su mbaruumu. —The cat is Zoŋ biibi isu. —There was a time of intense sleeping under the house. sun/drought. Mbol ta imap su ti. —The story ends here. Berek isu kat zen. —It is not really dawn yet. Timbot parei su Finland? —How are they XXabate, moderate, subside doing in Finland? Miiri mburaana isu zen. —The wind hasn’t Nio aŋsu su Karapo. —I was born in abated/subsided yet. Karapo. kete- su -pun su kar XXrest XXsettle down and live in a new place Ketem su pa uraata. —Rest from the work. Tipun su igarau kar tana. —They settled kuli- isu near that village. XXlose weight, become thin (Lit. ‘skin sua N descends’) XXtalk, speech, utterance, conversation, Kuliŋ isu ma aŋkoŋkoŋ. —I lost weight and word(s), message, discussion got thin. Nio leŋ sua ri pu. —I have a little mbule- isu something to say to you. XXsit down see also: -so ‘say, speak’ -su ma -se -so sua (pa A) (pa B) XXgo back and forth, go up and down XXtalk, speak (to A) (about/concerning B) XXbe upset with and give strong talk to, -so le- sua scold XXhave a pleasurable conversation, have a Naŋgaŋ tikem mbu ki Y, ta kolman tisu ma chat tise pizin. Toro iso, toro iso, toro iso ma Zin moori tizzo len sua. —The women were tau, tikam ma naŋgaŋ titaŋtaŋ. —It was having a pleasurable conversation/chat. sua 489 sua -giibi sua (sananŋana) pa -suk sua XXcurse, speak badly to someone (Lit. XXaccuse ‘throw (bad) talk at’) -tooro sua -kam sua pa XXtranslate, use parabolic talk/ figurative XXaccuse, rebuke, exhort, negotiate (Lit. language (Lit. ‘turn talk’) ‘do/give talk to/about’) -ur sua Zin tiparkam sua pizin. —They accused XXgive an order, command (Lit. ‘put talk’) each other. -urpe sua similar: -piyooto sua boozo XXreconcile, settle a dispute (Lit. ‘fix talk’) -kam sua boozo pa -zooro (la) sua XXcomplain about (Lit. ‘do a lot of talk XXdisobey, resist what has been said about’) kwo- suaŋa- similar: -yo kwo- pa (Lit. ‘collect mouth XXtalkative concerning’) sua izalla -kan la sua XXa lot of people are eagerly talking (Lit. XXbelieve and obey (Lit. ‘eat at the talk’) ‘talk is ascending’) -leŋ la sua sua baba XXobey (Lit. ‘listen/hear at the talk’) XXcovered speech, speaking in general -mbuk sua (pa A) (pa B) terms, (but often with the intent that XXagree to, promise to A concerning B, make particular people realise that the words a covenant/ contract with A concerning B are actually directed towards them in (Lit. ‘tie talk to A concerning B’) particular, Lit. ‘wide/flat talk’) -ŋgal sua pa sua kankaanaŋana XXaccuse (Lit. ‘throw talk at’) XXfoolish speech, stupid speech, crazy talk -paata sua sua kekeŋana XXread XXstrong speech, strong words, forceful -pasaana sua pa words, harsh words (Lit. ‘rigid talk’) XXblaspheme, talk badly about (Lit. ‘harm sua leleeneŋa- talk concerning’) XXenticing, seductive, alluring (“insides/ -pekel sua feelings talk’) XXanswer, reply to, respond to (what has Tikam sua leleeneŋana pizin moori, to zin been said) lelen ila kizin. —They speak enticingly/ -pemet sua seductively to the women, and then the XXput an end to, cut off (what someone is women got interested in them. saying) sua luumuŋana -piri sua (sananŋana) XXpeaceful/ gentle speech, peace (Lit. ‘cool XXcurse, speak badly to someone (Lit. ‘toss talk’) (bad) talk at’) sua mataana -piŋgis sua XXmain point of the talk, topic of XXtwist talk, misrepresent what has been discussion (Lit. ‘eye of the talk’) said sua mata yaryaaraŋana -pombol sua pa XXliving talk/words, talk/words that XXwitness to, confirm that something is give(s) life (Lit. ‘eye shining talk’) true (Lit. ‘strengthen talk concerning’) sua mbuyeeneŋana -reege sua mbukŋana XXflattering speech, enticing words (Lit. XXbreak a promise/contract ‘fatty/oily talk’) -seeŋge sua sua miiri/ sua sorok XXcontinue to speak, add to what has been XXrumour, talk with no basis (Lit. ‘wind said talk’) -soyaara sua sua ŋeuŋana XXproclaim, announce XXfunny speech, joke a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -suat 490 -suk sua ndabokŋana follow the talk that he and A had agreed to. XXgood speech/words sua ŋonoono Ni ilala sua mbuleene pa ŋge kizin, tabe tikam som. —He kept undermining the XXtruth, true talk sua pakaamŋana agreement concerning their pigs, so they did not get them. XXlie, false/deceptive speech sua pamotoŋana Zin boozo tiyok be tereege pat tana ma leyam leyam. Mi tomtom ru men ta tilala pa sua XXthreat sua pemetŋana mbuleene, tabe pat reegeŋana som. —Most XX people agreed to divide up the money conclusion (EXC) sua repiiliŋana among us . But there were just two men that kept going off into side issues, XXscornful speech, mocking and so no division of the money took place. sua sananŋana XX -suat V_Tr evil/bad speech, foul language, profanity, -suat kete- sua pambaaraŋana XXcause to feel sick, make nauseous (used XXhint, parable (Lit. ‘crossed talk’) sua sorok sorok of oily/greasy foods) Wak ta ŋgere biibi mete mi takan, to isuat XXidle/ useless talk, empty words, twaddle sua sotaaraŋana ketende (=ikam ma ketende inono). Tanata sombe takam ŋgere, to terre ki. —If XXnotice, announcement sua turkeŋana the starchy pudding has too much oil in it and we (INC) eat it, then it makes us feel XXsecret talk, talk with a hidden meaning Sua Turkeŋana nauseous. Therefore if we add oil to food, let us consider and add it in moderation. XXthe book of Revelation in the Bible dial. var. kete- salaklaaga (=Tok Pisin Kamapim Tok Hait) sua usomŋana/ sua ŋono somŋana sugoi Pronoun XX alt. swoi talk which has no basis, rumour XX sua naana/ uteene where?, where to?, where from? Ni ila sugoi? —Where did he go? XXheading (Lit. ‘mother/ head of the talk’) sua pakaana Nu ur koroŋ tana su sugoi? —Where did XX you put that thing? chapter (Lit. ‘part/half of the talk’) sua suruunu/ sua lwoono -suk V_Tr XX rege- suk verse XX -la sua leleene shrug one’s shoulder XXgo into a detailed explanation of Regem suk paso? —Why do you (SG) shrug something, have an in-depth discussion your shoulders? ute- suk/suk ute- pa of something (Lit. ‘go inside the talk’) XX -la sua mbuleene nod one’s head at XXundermine an agreement by bringing Ni uteene suk la pini, tabe ila ma ziru tila up other issues/problems and thereby pa Lablab kek. —He nodded his head to causing the agreement to fall through him, so he went [with him], and the two (Lit. ‘go to the bottom of the talk’) of them have gone off to Lablab. -suk (sua pa) def. A mi B timbuk sua be tikam koroŋ. Mi sua XX imbol kek. Tamen A ziru C len mbukuunu blame, suspect, accuse imbot. Tanta C ila ki B mi ikuru kopoono Suk sua pio sorok paso?/ Suk yo paso? Nio (=ila sua mbuleene). Tanata B ito sua aŋute? —Why are you (SG) blaming me for mbukŋana ki ni ziru A som. —A and B no reason? Do I know anything about it? agreed about something. And the talk was [No is implied.] -zugzuk strong/settled already. But there was some V_Tr Redup problem between A and C. Therefore C Zugzuk yo paso? Nio aŋkam mbulu sa pu? went to B and stirred him up (=went to —Why are you (SG) always blaming me? the bottom of the talk). Therefore B did not Have I done anything [bad] to you? -sukat 491 -sula

-pusuk V_Tr tana imbekes ma regeŋ iyoyou kat. XXpush down or away —Because I carried a heavy load on my Pusuk zin ma tilae, mi niom kala ma shoulder, it got sprained/strained, and kumuuŋgu. —Push them aside and you (PL) [now] my shoulder really hurts. go ahead. -sukuundu V_Intr_Stative XXblame someone else when you have been XXbe tilted, be on its side, be at an angle, accused of something lean over at an angle Niam amsuk sua pini, mi ni ipusuk la ki Ruumu isukuundu, pa kar iŋgal ka kitiimbi tomtom toro. —We (EXC) accused him, but ma ipolpol. —The house is tilted, because he blamed someone else instead. a car hit its posts and it partly collapsed. -parsuk V_Middle Pin isukuundu (=indu) —The banana plant XXaccuse each other, blame each other is leaning over. Tiparsuk sua pizin. —They accused each similar: -mbot ŋoobo, -terre other. mata- isukuundu pa -sukat V_Tr XXlook sideways at, look askance at, avoid XXcut in half cleanly with one blow looking at someone directly, avert one’s Tisukat kiu, mok, serembat biibi. —They cut eyes from, look at something with one’s the big yam, taro, sweet potato cleanly in head down half. Ketem malmal mi motom isukuundu paso? Tisukat mok tana ma iwe ruŋa ruŋa men, —Why are you (SG) angry and looking mi isula kuuru. —They cut those taros in away? half, and [put them] into a pot. dial. var. -sutuundu (Marile) Amsap kitiimbi ma aŋsukat kumbuŋ sul N ndemeene pa nakabasi. —We (EXC) were XXshell knife (made out of a pearl shell, used hewing posts and I cut the top of my foot for peeling taro, sweet potatoes, yams, with [my] axe. etc. It has a small dent made into it.) sukatŋa- N_Inal_Stative Kam sul imar ma aŋkis mok. —Bring a shell XXsteep, straight knife and I will peel some taro. lele sukatŋana —very steep slope -sula1 V_Intr similar: sipkatŋa-, kiskatŋa-, zalkatŋa-, XXdescend, go down (moving away from tarŋgatŋa- both the speaker and hearer) suki- N_Inal Niom kezem ruumu mi kusula toono. —You XX thigh, upper part of leg, lap (PL) leave the house and go down to the Posi itimbilmbil ise sukiŋ. —The cat is ground. rolling around on my lap. Zoŋ isula. —The sun set. Pikin ikeene ma uteene ise naana sukiini, mi Timeete mi timiili ma tisula mini toono. naana iru kut kini. —The child lay down —They died and went back down into the and put her head on her mother’s lap, and ground again. her mother looked for lice in the child’s tuŋ sula —all the way down hair. note: compound of -su + -la suksuk V_Intr_Uninfl Redup XXgo counter-clockwise on the island in the XXnod, wag (one’s head to show scorn/ Mbula language area (i.e. from Yangla mockery) towards Kampalap. Gauru, Yangla are Uten suksuk sala pini mi tiso: “Re kek? considered to be ‘up’, while Marile, —They were wagging their heads up at Kampalap, and Kabi are ‘down.’ Or it him and said: “Do you (SG) see now what may be purely a matter of elevation, has happened to you?” since both Gauru and Yangla are the most suku- (sukuunu) N_Inal inland of all Mbula villages, while Marile construction: rege- sukuunu and Kampalap are located near to the XXjoint (of shoulder) beach and Kabi is right on the beach.) Aŋbaada mburu biibi isala regeŋ sukuunu, a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z sula 492 -suŋ

Niam ambot Yaŋla mi amsombe amsula hearer) Kampalap. —We (EXC) were in Yangla village Tembel yom, pa wal sananŋan ta tisuma i! and planned to go down to Kampalap. —Woe to you, for bad people are coming -zulla, -zulala V_Intr Redup down to you! Loŋa kuzulla! Ko wooŋgo izem yom. —Go Rou, to kan buzur isuma. —Once it is down quickly. Otherwise the boat will afternoon, then their food/ meat will leave you (PL) behind. come down to you. Yok tirereere ma tizulla pa lele ŋgolooboŋan. sumbu- N_Inal —Rivers are flowing and going down into XXhole the valleys. Makele ireege urum, pa kooto sumbun sula2 Serial verb sumbun kek. —Makele pulled down the XXdown, into, downwards (moving away clan house, because the thatching was from the speaker and hearer) full of holes. Ni iboobo sula pizin. —He called down to toono sumbuunu —hole in the ground them. ke sumbuunu —hole in a tree Nio aŋtwi i sula zaala lwoono. —I buried pat sumbuunuŋana —a coin with a hole her on the way [to our destination]. [=1 kina coin] Kipiri zin sula yok. —Throw them down Rukum/ kerek titou sumbuunu isula maaŋga. into the river. —Crabs dig holes down into the sand. Tiur sula timbiiri. —They put it down into XXeye (of a needle) the wooden dish. sor sumbuunu —eye of a needle Ur ŋgar popoŋana ta iŋgeeze men sula leleŋ. raŋ sumbuunu —Put new thinking that is completely XXcave clean down into my insides [=give me a similar: naala new, clean heart]. -suŋ V_Intr/Tr zulla Serial verb Redup XXask (someone for something), beg Tiurur pat izulla kolekta muriini. —They Nio aŋsuŋ zin moori pa koŋ mbolkai. —I were putting money down into the place asked the women for some betel-nuts. for the collection. Isak isuŋ Merere be iuuli. —Isaac asked God -sulae V_Intr to help him. XXgo down and over XXworship, pray Nio aŋsulae Moka ruumu kini. —I went Nio aŋla urum be aŋsuŋ pa Merere. —I am down and over to Moka’s house. going to church to worship the Lord. sulpaaŋga N Sala ma suŋ pizin naŋgaŋ. —Go up and XXpalm frond (sago or coconut frond, pray for the young boys. =Tok Pisin panggal) -suŋ mbolŋana —pray fervently def. Ni kiini ta tuŋ la ni lwoono i. —A -suŋ sosor coconut frond that is attached to the XXwish evil, threaten, curse, pray that trunk of the coconut palm. people would be afflicted similar: palpaaŋga similar: -suŋ sanaana, -piri sua sanaana, suluken N -ŋgo, -patubudu XXsupport Tusuŋ sosor pa lutun bizin be Merere ipun Ni iur suluken ila kitiimbi, kokena tank zin. —We (INC) cursed their children and imuzu. —He put up a support for the post, prayed that the Lord would strike them. so that the water tank would not fall over -zuŋzuŋ V_Intr/Tr Redup completely. Zin tizuŋzuŋ mini som. Matan mbeleele Aron ma Ur tiwe suluken pa Mose. —Aaron Merere kek. —They do not pray/ attend and Hur were supports for Moses. worship services anymore. They have similar: silou forgotten God. dial. var. siliken (Marile) Tizuŋzuŋ zin tomtom pa len pat. —They are -suma V_Intr always begging people for money. XXdescend, go down (moving towards the -suŋgun 493 -supup

suŋŋana N_Inal_Event -suŋsuŋ V_Intr_Stative Redup XXprayer XXbe swollen Kombot muŋgu. Suŋŋana isalakaala koroŋ Ni kumbuunu isuŋsuŋ. —His leg is swollen. muŋgu, to kamar kiŋgiimi leyom. —Wait similar: -zarzar, -puŋpuŋ, -piripiri/ -pirpiiri first. A prayer [of blessing] must go on XXlong and untidy (used of hair and grass top of the things first, and then you (PL) in the yard) may buy them for yourselves. La ma tipupu. Pa utem ruunu isuŋsuŋ kat. Zoŋ ise na, suŋŋana tio imama ku. —When —Go and have them cut your hair. For the sun rises, my prayers come to you (SG). your (SG) hair is long and untidy. Anutu ileŋ suŋŋana kini, mi iuuli. —God La mi sambar lele ku, pa isuŋsuŋ kat. —Go listened to his prayer and helped him. and cut down the grass for your area is Ŋgun talŋom pa suŋŋana tiam tiŋgi mi uulu overgrown and untidy. yam pa pataŋana tiam. —Bend [Lit. ‘stick’] similar: -supsup, mbaŋmbaŋ your (SG) ear to this prayer of ours (EXC) and -supaala V_Tr help us with our problem(s). XXbreak into halves, split in half, cut in Motoyom iŋgal yo pa suŋŋana tiom. half (using downward cutting motion, —Remember me in your (PL) prayers. using knife, axe, blade made out of a XXworship, worship service, church service pig’s bone) Belo itaŋ pa suŋŋana. —The bell rang for Nio aŋsupaala mbu ma iwe ru. —I split the the church service. betel-nut in half. Tilup zin pa suŋŋana lela urum Merere. Supaala serembat. —Break the [uncooked] —They gathered for a worship service sweet potato in half. [When cooked sweet inside the the church. potatoes are cut in half, the verb -te is XXreligion, way of worship used.] Suŋŋana ru. Ta na, iti Luteran kiti, mi toro Supaala ke ma amdou you pa. —Split the na zin Katolik kizin. —There are two wood and we (EXC) will make a fire. kinds of services/religions. One is the -supalpaala V_Tr Redup religion of us (INC) Lutherans, and the Kozo kusupalpaala ke ma munmun. —You other is that of the Catholics. (PL) must split the wood into small pieces. Nio aŋtoto zin pa suŋŋana kizin. —I follow supaalaŋa- N_Inal_Stative/Event them in their way of worship. Ke ti supaalaŋana. —This wood is split. mboe suŋŋana kana similar: -tarpaala, -petepaala, -petekat XXhymn, psalm, song of worship -supsup V_Intr_Stative Redup suŋŋana muriini—place of worship, place XXbe overgrown with grass of prayer, church Kala kasap A. ruumu zilŋaana. Pa isupsup urum suŋŋana kana ma tau. —Go and clear the area around XXhouse of worship A.’s house. For it is badly overgrown. -suŋgun V_Tr similar: mbaŋmbaŋ, -mbuŋbuŋ, -suŋsuŋ XXstand up something, hold something XXlong and untidy (hair, beard, grass in the standing for a bit, put something into yard) the ground that stands up for only a La mi tipupu. Pa utem ruunu isupsup kat. short time, stick into the ground —Go and have them give you a haircut. Suŋgun pat be iwe kilalan piti. —Put the For your (SG) hair is long and untidy. stone in a standing position to be a sign Kezem isupsup. —Your chin is untidy. for us (INC). note: Marile dialect form Tusuŋguŋ ke be tisilou pin. —We (INC) stood -supup1 V_Intr_Stative Redup up some sticks to support the banana plant. XXget blistered, get blisters, become Suŋguŋ kiri isu, mi yo mok isula. —Stand up blistered (after working with a machete, the basket with its mouth facing upwards or being burnt by hot sun or fire) and collect taros down into it. see also: -ŋgun, -pamender a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -supup 494 -sur

Tasambar, to namanda keteene isupup. sur1 N XX —When we (INC) cut grass [with knives], green coconut that is suitable for then the palms of our hands get blistered. drinking (the soft white flesh is also You ikan nomoŋ ma isupup. —The fire eaten as a snack) burnt my hand and it got blistered. Kala kasala kanda sur sa imar ma tiwin. Zoŋ ilas Namoŋo kuliini ma isupup. —The sun —Go up to get some green drinking burnt Namongo’s skin and it got blistered. coconuts for us (INC) to drink. similar: pok (-kam pok), -yespokpok sur taltal XX -supup2 V_Intr Redup fresh green coconuts tied together XXcomes loose, detaches (used of the flesh Sur taltal toro imar igaaba tiŋgi mi ila pizin of coconuts. Sometimes when breaking kolman. —[Get] another bunch of green coconuts, the flesh detaches from the drinking coconuts to go with this one and shell. Such coconuts cannot be scraped.) take them to the old men. def. Tokot ni mi ber kat som. Pa isupup. sur2 V_Intr_Uninfl (=Ŋonoono imoko, tana irao be tekeere XXrun quickly to attack, rush to attack som.) —We (INC) break the coconut but it Zin me sur ma tila be tikan tomtom. —The does not break cleanly into halves. The dogs quickly ran to bite the person. flesh comes loose from the shell, and Zin naŋgaŋ sur ma tila mi timaŋga pa therefore we cannot scrape it. malmal. —The young men rushed to Sombe tokot kat ni som, to isupup. —If attack and began fighting. we (INC) do not break open the coconut -sur3 V_Intr/Tr properly, then [the flesh] comes loose. XXwash/ be washed away, carry/be carried supupŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup away, sweep/ be swept away XXcoconut that is unscrapable (because the Timbit kat wooŋgo som, mi isur ma ila lene. flesh has become detached from the shell) —They did not tie up the canoe properly supuuru Adv_Pred0&1 and it got washed away. XXpartially, partly, imperfectly, miss, fail, Wo ipet ma isur kuuru tio ma ipera lene. half-way —A flood came and carried my pot away. Nomoŋ ikam supuuru pa buk ma itop mi isu. Wo isuri ma ila lene. —The flood carried/ —I [Lit. ‘my hand’] tried to take hold of swept him away. the book, but it slipped out of my hand -zurzur V_Intr/Tr Redup and fell down. XXdrift Aŋkam supuuri, mi itop ma isula. —I Sombe wo, inako kuzurzur raama mburu missed [catching] it, and it fell down. ma kalae. —If there is a flood, then let -leŋ supuuru —hear only a bit, get wind of it sweep you (PL) with your cargo across -peene supuuru —miss the mark to the other side. [Do not try to walk -ŋgal supuuru —miss with one’s spear straight across to the other side, but -re supuuru —partially see, not see clearly, rather go at an angle.] see dimly Moto kizin isaana, tana wooŋgo izurzur ma -sou supuuru —not quite catch hold of ila. —Because their motor broke, the boat supurpuuru Adv_Pred0&1 Redup was drifting along. Ni ire supurpuuru zin, pa mbeŋ kek. —He Amzurzur irao aigule laamuru mi paŋ. only saw them partially [i.e. he could not —We (EXC) drifted for fourteen days. fully recognise them], for it was already surŋa- N_Inal night. XXdrifter, stranger, one who is out of his Timeete supurpuuru. —They are half dead or her home area and therefore does not [=hungry and sick]. have land or fruit trees in the area where Koozi, nio aŋkam supurpuuru ŋgar. Mi they currently reside kaimer, ko aŋkam kat ŋgar. —Today I only Nu surŋom! —You (SG) are a drifter. understand partially. But later I will fully To surŋana tana imar ma ikam mbulu boozo understand. pa kar. Kar kini ti? —That drifter came to dial. var. supiri (Marile) the village and did all kinds of [bad] things -suraŋ 495 suru-

in the village. Is this his village? [No. And ituyom suruyom. Tana kamaane mi kiwin. therefore he should not do such things.] —What are you (PL) complaining about? -pasur V_Tr Is that other people’s excretions? No, it is XXfloat, transport something by floating it your own. So be quiet and drink [it]! [said (walking with it or keeping one’s eye to scold people whose children have been on it) defecating in the river from which the -pusur V_Tr village normally fetches its drinking water] XXpush something off in the water and let Zin Koobo tiwin kan surundu. —The inner it float away island people drink our (INC) excretions. -suraŋ V_Middle/Tr [because they get their drinking XXpush aside, move something out of the water from an area of the river that is way downstream from the village]. Nio aŋsuraŋ zin buk ma tila ŋana, mi iur Ni Kumbai suruunu bizin. —He is a zoloŋ be aŋbeede. —I moved the books a secretion of Kovai people! [said by a bit out of the way, and it made some space Mbula mother married to a Kovai man for me where I could write. when she was disgusted at the behaviour Ni isuraŋi ma ila ŋana, mi ni mbuleene su of their child]. kat. —He moved himself out of the way a similar: mbuŋi- bit, and she was able to sit down properly. itu- suru- similar: -pusuk, -zuuru XXone’s own biologically conceived child -surke V_Tr (Lit. ‘one’s own secretion’, said in order XXperform magic in order to make to psychologically distance oneself from someone dislike one’s spouse a child) Moori tana imbeeze kat pa rwoono bizin Pikin ta ikam mbulu tana na, itum surum. som, tabe tisurke i ma ila lene. —That —The child that did that, is your (SG) own woman did not serve her parents-in-law biological child. [so what he did is your well, so they worked magic on her and fault, not mine] she left. bigil suruunu—honey similar: -tutke kopo- suruunu note: Northern dialect form XXdiarrhoea dial. var. -zuurke (Central) mata- suruunu sursur V_Intr_Uninflected Redup XXwater from one’s eyes, pus XXstumble forward, stagger, lurch suruunuŋa- N_Inal_Stative Itutkat kumbuunu ma sursur ma ila ituti su. XXjuicy and good tasting —He hit his foot and stumbled forward Melen ti, suruunuŋana kat. —This melon is and fell down. really juicy and good tasting. similar: -susuuru, -tarkoŋkoŋ suru-2 N XX suru-1 N_Inal part, half, portion, piece XXliquid, fluid, juice, juicy Amkam suruunu ri ta neeri. Suruunu toro Wai, papai ti suruunu men! —Wow, this amkam koozi. —We (EXC) did a small part papaya is really juicy! yesterday. The other part we will do today. Teu taŋga, suruunu ambaiŋana kat. —That Nio aŋkam kom peege suruunu. —I will give sugarcane over there, its juice is really good. you (SG) part of the betel pepper. lele tabe tipadagdaaga baen su pa i, mibe Suruunu ta, tineene sala artaal pa Anutu, mi suruunu izzu i —the place where they suruunu toro na zitun tikan. —One part of trample on grapes, so that the juice comes it, they roasted on the altar for God, and out [i.e. a winepress] the other part, they themselves ate it. XXexcretion/ secretion/ emission of the lele suruunu —piece of land body (often said in anger) kawaala suruunu —a piece of cloth Niom koŋooŋo paso? Wal sa surun? Niom re ta mi suruunu —one arm span and a bit more a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -suru 496 -suulu

aigule suruunu rimen —just a small part of pigs really keep digging up the area a day underneath my house. Kere kolman ta mete ikami ma ikenne i susŋa- N_Inal_Stative som? Talŋoyom pampam su kar suruunu lele ŋge susŋana —area where pigs have ndapet tiŋgi paso? Koko ma kala ndel. been rooting around —Don’t you (PL) see the old man who is -sus2 V_Tr sick and sleeping? Why are you making XXsuck on (mangos) all that noise here in this lower part of Iti tusus we. —We (INC) sucked on the the village? Go away somewhere else! mangoes. surun surun susuaŋ N XXbits and pieces XXneedle made from the stems of plants Tiyogeege kini surun surun. —They collected that grow by rivers (kakirik/ sarakrak the leftover bits and pieces of food. kiini. It is put into water to soak for long sua suruunu time and then the hard black inner part XXverse is removed and made into a kind of a kwo- suruunu needle.) XXsmall amount put aside for the cooks Zin moori tikam susuaŋ be tisil kiri pa. (the bulk of the food goes to workers) —The women took a susuaŋ needle and Kini ŋonoono na, kakam pizin iwal. Mi kwo wove a kiri armlet with it. suruunu imbot pizin you teegeŋan. —The -susuuru V_Intr Redup main part of the food, give it to the people. XXstumble forwards trying to regain one’s And the leftovers are for the cooks. balance XXleftover food on a plate that someone Ni itutkat kumbuunu la pat ma isusuuru ma has not finished eating ila itop su. —He hit his foot on a stone Pikin kwo suruunu kini imbot (=kini and stumbled forward and fell down. mazeeneŋana). Beso itaŋ, to takam ma similar: sursur, -tarkoŋkoŋ ikan. —There is a little of the child’s suugu N leftover food (=cooked food). So if he cries, XXcentipede then we (INC) [can] give it to him to eat. Sombe suugu iŋgal ti, nako ka yoyouŋana kausuru N biibi. —If a centipede stings us (INC), it XXsaliva, something from other person’s causes a lot of pain. mouth note: archaic form XXleftover food on one’s plate similar: mailoŋ ka kulkuulu (more -suru3 V_Tr commonly used) XX lift up and carry in one’s arms, pick up -suulu1 V_Intr and carry on one’s arms XXsqueal in protest [noise that pigs make Ni isuru pikin. —He lifted up the child and when they get caught in a pig net and carried him. men go and take hold of them] -zurru V_Tr Redup Ŋge iti la pu ma tisoui, to isuulu. —A Tizurru ni mazaana ma timar. —They came pig got stuck in the net and when they carrying ripe coconuts in their arms. grabbed it, then it squealed in protest. Tizurru ŋge lutuunu ma timar. —They came -suulu2 V_Tr carrying a piglet in their arms. XXmassage, rub, stroke -sus1 V_Tr Suulu kumbuŋ, pa iyoyou mete. —Massage XXdig up, root around in the ground, my leg, for it is really painful. overturn earth XXsoothe by stroking, calm by stroking Ŋge isus toono. —The pig rooted around in Nio aŋsuulu pikin uteene be ikeene. —I the ground. stroked the child’s head so he would sleep. Doza isus toono. —A bulldozer dug up the XXrub something onto something else ground. Ikam ŋgere kuziiniŋana ma isuulu se Yesu -zuzus V_Tr Redup putuunu. —He took some good smelling Ŋge tizuzus mbaruumu tio ma tau! —The swaaga 497 -swe

ointment and rubbed it on Jesus’ body. mata- swaalaŋa- N_Inal_Stative -suulu kete- XXbig, huge (bigger than normal) XXcalm down, control oneself Mbeete mataana swaalaŋana. —The sore is Kozo suulu ketem. Kam mbulu sa pepe. huge. —Calm down. Don’t do anything [rash]. Ye taŋir ta sorok som. Mata swaalaŋana def. Ketem malmal ma zaza pepe. Kokena tau. —The Spanish mackerel fish was mbel itum. (=suulu ketem) —Don’t get too nothing little. Its eyes were huge. angry lest you (SG) harm yourself. (=Calm Zara yokŋana, ina mata swaalaŋana. —The yourself down.) zara fish that lives in rivers has big eyes. -zulzuulu V_Tr Redup [i.e. It is a big fish.] Ni izulzuulu kumbuunu, pa mbeete kini similar: magor, biibi kat iyoyou. —He massaged his leg, for his -swaana V_Tr sore was hurting. XXthrow away something that is in a dish swaaga1 N or basket XXmeat that is near the lower jaw. (It is La swaana musmuuzu ti ila ne. —Go throw thought that young men, who normally away this rubbish. are the ones who hunt pigs, should not dial. var. -swaaga eat such meat, because it might lead to similar: -swiiri, -sipliŋ their being bitten by a pig when they XXclear away rubbish, sweep away , wash hunt later on.) away (done by water) Kan ŋge ka swaaga pepe. Ko ŋge ikanu. Wo ipet mi iswaana musmuuzu ma lumlum —Do not eat the meat that is near the ma sokorei sokorei ta imbot yok leleene na pig’s lower chin lest a pig bite you (SG) ma ila lene, mi yok leleene iŋgeeze mini. [afterwards]. —There was a flood and it swept away -swaaga2 V_Tr the rubbish and algae and whatever else XXpush through, make way through there was in the river, and it went away, Ŋge iswaaga (isus) serembat ka naala ma and now the water is clean again. isaana kat. —The pig pushed its way -swe V_Tr through the mounds of planted sweet XXreveal, disclose, divulge (something potatoes and really ruined them. secret) XXmove away a heap of something using Nio ko aŋswe u la kizin kolman pa mbulu ta spade or stick kam na. —I will reveal what you (SG) did def. Koroŋ ndouŋana ila lene. —Something to the older men of the village. heaped up goes away. Ni iswe itunu pizin som. —He did not reveal Ni iswaaga gedeeŋe ma imap ma lele iŋgeeze himself to them [i.e. who he was]. mini. —She cleared away the whole [pile Anutu itunu iswe tutu tiŋgi pizin Israel. —God of] rubbish and the area was clean again. himself revealed this law to the Israelites. Kaswaaga naala tiene tana ma raraate. XXshow, display —Level out the dug up ground from the Ni iswe mburaana. —He displayed his grave so that it is even. power. dial. var. -swaana (Yangla) Ke ŋonoono ta iswe ke padeiŋana. —It is swaala N the fruit of the tree that shows what kind XXshellfish type (made into necklaces) of a tree it is. Timbenpis swaala ma sumbun sumbun -zwezwe V_Tr Redup be tituuru ila mosmoozo. Tonabe ila alt. -zzwe pikin ŋguren. —They rub holes into the -swe lele- swaala shells in order to string them into XXconfess one’s sins, reveal one’s inner a necklace. After that they put it [the feelings or thoughts (Lit. ‘reveal one’s decoration] around children’s necks. insides’) Zin Mutu tikam swaala piti. —The island Nio ko aŋswe leleŋ ma niom mboroŋan people gave swaala shellfish to us (INC). keleŋ. —I will reveal to you (PL) elders a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -swiili 498 -swooro

what I have inside me./ I will confess my be over. sins to you elders. Ni iyamaana kembei swoono igarau. —He -swe ma -pet (kat) mat felt that his life here on earth was coming XXopenly reveal, cause to come out into the to end. open, manifest (things that have been Iru zaala be iseeŋge itunu swoono. —He previously hidden) tried to think of ways to lengthen his life. Mbeŋ Kaimer, Anutu ko iswe mburaana ma Anutu iyembut swon. —God shortened ipet kat mat. —On the Last Day, God will their life span [i.e. he made them die at a openly reveal his power. young age]. Tiswe urlaŋana kizin ma ipet mat som. Swoyom na, ituyom komboro som. —The —They did not openly reveal their faith. length of your [earthly] lives, you Koroŋ ta muŋgu ike, ta iŋgi Anutu iswe ma ipet yourselves do not control it. mat kek. —Something that was hidden in Takamam mbulu ndeeŋeŋana ma irao the past, now God has openly revealed it. swondo. —Let us (INC) keep doing righteous sweŋa- N_Inal_Event behaviour until the end of our lives. Koroŋ ta iŋgi takaam i, irao sweŋana som. toono swoono —That which we (INC) are now doing, XXend of the world, end of time should not be revealed. Baibol iso pa toono swoono. —The Bible sanaana sweŋana —confession of sin talks about the end of the world. -swiili V_Tr Toono swoono ka nol igarau. —The end of XXscrape off, scale fish the world is near. Swiili ye ŋgauliini, to ŋguuru ŋgursaana ila swoi Pronoun ne. —Scrape off the scales of the fish, and alt. sugoi then wash off the slime. XXwhere?, where to?, where from? similar: -no Ni mbot swoi? —Where is he? -swiiri V_Tr Nu la swoi ta mar i? —Where are you (SG) XXthrow away, throw around (not coming from? [often used as a greeting] carefully), toss Wai, takam kini swoi ma irao tuputu iwal Zin moori tisiiri musmuuzu ma tiswiiri ila biibi tiŋgi? —Hey, where can we (INC) get lene. —The women swept up the rubbish enough food to feed this crowd of people? and threw it away. Ko tuurpe kini su swoi? —Where should we Ni keteene malmal, tana iswiiri mburu tio (INC) prepare the meal? isula toono. —He was angry and therefore Kitwi i sula swoi? —Where did you (PL) bury he threw my things down on the ground. him? Yudas iswiiri pat tana isu keren uunu. Ni ikam mburaana biibi taiŋgi swoi, ta irao —Judas threw that money down in front ikam uraata bibip ta kembei? —From of them. where has he got this great power to do similar: -piri, -giibi, -tiyaara sorok such big miracles? see also: -korok ‘carefully put rubbish into similar: (ki) parei a fire’ -swooro V_Tr swo- N_Inal XXstretch out, straighten XXspecific period of time, season Nio aŋswooro kumbuŋ. —I stretched out my Iŋgi be kaŋar swoono. —Now is the season legs. for galip nuts to ripen. Toswooro ndemende/sapalanda. —Let miiri swoono —windy season us (INC) stretch/straighten our backs. XXlifetime, life span, end of life, length of Swooro yaaba tio. —Straighten my fishing one’s life line. Ni swoono imap pa toono. —His time on Swooro nomom, mi uulu yam! —Stretch out earth was finished. your (SG) hand and help us (EXC). Zin ko irao timbot ndaama 120 men, mana -paswooro V_Tr swon. —They will only be able to live for XXstraighten somebody else’s limb, help to 120 years, after which their life span will straighten swoorokatŋa- 499 ta

Paswooro kumbuunu ma izal. —[Help him ta2 Determiner to] straighten out his leg. XXa (indefinite specific article, as opposed Ni ipaswooro namaana. —He straightened to generic, non-specific reference) his arm. Amdeeŋe wok ta. —We (EXC) found a swoorokatŋa- N_Inal_Stative wallaby. XXlevel and straight Ni mataana ila na, ire yok touŋana ta. Zaala swoorokatŋana. —Straight, level —When she looked, she saw a well. road. Aigule ta, ni iwin yok mbolŋana. —One day lele swoorokatŋana —flat/ level area (like he drank strong drink [i.e. an alcoholic an airstrip) beverage]. similar: lele keteeneŋana, lele zalŋana, lele Ni ipeebe pikin ta, zaana Kai. —She gave potorŋana birth to a child, his name was Kai. see also: sa ‘some, any, a’ (=non-specific, generic reference) lwoono ta XXone time, once upon a time, once T ta3 PREP XX ta1 Complementiser focused location alt. tau Nol ko ipet ta Ŋguuru a. —The market will XXthat, who, whom, whose, which where be at Gauru [not somewhere else]. (complementiser used in factive relative Aŋbot ta kar Yaboro. —I lived at Yaboro clauses) village. Zaala ta ila pa Lablab na, molo. —The road taa which goes to Lablab is long. XXlocation that is far away Mbol tio musaari ta taiŋgi. —This is my Niam amre ka pitik taa zoŋ uunu a. —We short story. (EXC) saw his star far off in the east. zaala tau Anutu itiiri iti pa mbulu kiti —the Mburu tana imbot taa Aikuptu ma imar. way God will judge us for our behaviour —That stuff came all the way from Egypt. Indeeŋe tau ni iur saamba mi toono, XXfocused time —When he made heaven and earth, Zin tila ta neeri. —It was yesterday that ta boozomen Quantifier they went. XXall, every mbeŋ ta koozi —tonight, this very night tomtom ta boozomen —everyone ta4 Quantifier aigule ta boozomen —every day XXone mazwaana ta boozomen —all the time ta, ru, tel, paŋ, lamata —one, two, three, A ta B Conjunction four, five (‘one hand’) XXit was because of A that B happened, the ma ta reason why B happened is A, A and that XXfirst is why B happened, focused reason + Zalazoro ma ta, Buai ma ru… —Zalazoro presupposed result was the first one, Buai was the second… Yaŋ isu, ta nio aŋmar som. —The reason tataŋa Quantifier Redup why I did not come is that it rained./ XXone by one It was because it rained that I did not Zin tileŋ sua tana, to tataŋa tipazas zin. come./ It rained, and that is why I did not —When they heard that talk, then one by come. one they started slipped away. XX Nu la swoi ta mar i? —Where are you (SG) each one, each coming from? [Lit. ‘Where have you gone niom tataŋa —each one of you that you are coming?’) Mi iti tataŋa tataŋroro Merere. —Let each Sua ta tina. —That is the talk. one of us (INC) cry out to the Lord. see also: tabe Ko iwedet ikot ndaama tataŋa. —It will happen each year. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z ta kembei 500 -taanda

XXa few Tataaba ŋge be iti pu. —Let us (INC) drive Moori tataŋa men tila. —Only a few the pig so it will get caught in the net. women went. Amtaaba man tatariigi ma tilela siiri kizin. aigule tataŋa —every once in awhile [also, —We (EXC) chased the chickens into their ‘each day’] enclosed area. lele- tataŋa XXfan XXimpulsive, rash, short-tempered Titaaba you ma ibilbil. —They fanned the Ni leleene tataŋa. Ŋgar sa ipet pini, na fire and made it flame brightly. ikam men. —He is impulsive. When some XXwipe off, dust off thought comes to him, he just does it. Kam kawaala ma taaba tebol. —Take a Zin keten malmalŋan mi lelen tataŋa. —They piece of cloth and dust off the table. are easily angered and short-tempered. Taaba itum pa kom uze. —Wipe off your (SG) tamen Quantifier/ N_Stative/ Conjunction sweat. XXonly one, exactly one taamba1 N XXsame, identical XXarea in the forest which has been hacked XXhowever, but, and yet down for a new garden but has not yet tamenŋana N_Inal_Stative been burnt off XXone and only, unique Tikas taamba be iwe mokleene popoŋana. ta kembei1 Adv_Pred1 Tindou zen. —They cut down an area to alt. ta kei, ta kembena become a new garden. [But] they haven’t XXlike this, in this way, in this manner heaped up [the rubbish and burnt it] yet. Kam ta kembei. —Do it like this./ Do it in -taamba2 V_Intr_Stative this way. XXgo off, be somewhat spoiled, not good Ni ikam ta kembena. —He did like that. tasting (used of galip nuts. They are still ta kembei2 Complementiser edible, but not very good tasting any alt. ta kei more) XXlike this, thus (often introduces Kodaaŋa ta titokalkaala mi imbot ma molo, to quotations or thoughts) ka wak itaamba. —A mixture of galip nuts Ni iso ta kembei: “Mar pepe.” —He said like and root vegetables that has been heated this: “Do not come.” up repeatedly and has been around for ta kembei3 Demonstrative some time already will not taste very good. XXlike this, like that -taanda V_Intr_Stative Tomtom ta kembei ko irao som. —A person construction: kwo- itaanda like this won’t be adequate. XXbe wide open ta kena (ta) Conjunction Kataama kwoono itaanda. —The door is XXtherefore, because of that, on the basis of wide open. all that (conjoins larger discourse sections) XXamazed, astonished taaba1 N Kwoono itaanda pa mburu boozo. —He XXtree type (used for planks, leaves are was astonished at the many things. (Lit. used to wrap up galip nuts) ‘his mouth was wide open at the many XXfan (made out of leaves) things’) Kam taaba tio imar, be aŋtaaba you ma -tantaanda V_Intr_Stative Redup ibilbil. —Bring my fan to me, so I can fan XXbe wide open the fire into flames. Pumun kataama kwoono risa lak. Pa Seboogo lem taaba be taaba nomnom pa. kwoono itantaanda ma lokon ko tilela. —Pull yourself off a leaf as fan, so you —Close the door a bit. For it is wide open can fan away the mosquitoes. and flies will come in. -taaba2 V_Tr tantaandaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXsweeping movement used to guide to a XXwide open and without walls certain place, chase to a certain place, Tikeene la ruumu tantaandaŋana. Ka didi drive na zen. —They are sleeping in a wide open house. It does not have [covered] walls yet. taaŋga 501 -taata kwo- tantaandaŋa- Niam amtaara kuma pa apap ma ampaaza XXwide opening serembat. —We (EXC) dug up the ground in nakaral kwo tantaandaŋana —nakaral the garden with a hoe and planted sweet basket with a wide mouth potatoes. taaŋga1 N -taara ke pa XXbasket type (small in size, carried by XXlook after children from another women, men carry pelpeele baskets) marriage Zin moori tipoi taaŋga kizin ma tila. —The Ni iwoolo tiziini waene, mi itaara ke pa women carried their small baskets lutuunu bizin. —He married his younger hanging from their heads and went. brother’s wife and is looking after his XXwife, responsibilities of married life children. (figurative language) -taara tenten Nu kam lem taaŋga, som zen? —Have you XXkeep hitting with a knife several times (SG) got a wife (Lit. ‘taaŋga basket’) or not? making some notches, chip off Nu peebe kek. Ŋiizi na kam lem taaŋga Asiŋ itaara tenten ke tiŋgi? —Who has cut ma koroŋ ta kembei? Mboro itum! —You notches into this piece of wood? already have a child of your own. When alt. -tara tenten are you (SG) going to take responsibility yok niini itartaara (=mburaana izzu zen) for your family? Look after yourself! (Said XXstrong current in the river if a married son keeps coming to parents Amlae na som, pa yok niini itartaara. for food etc.) (isu kat zen, mburaana imbotmbot men) taaŋga2 N —When we (EXC) tried to go across, we construction: nama- ka taaŋga were not able, for the current in the river XXinner side of the elbow was still very strong. Zin moori timbaraara ke se naman ka -leŋtaara V_Tr taaŋga. —The women carried firewood in XXhear only partially (Lit. ‘hear-cut’), get their arms. wind of some talk dial. var. nama- ŋgureene (Marile) -sotaara V_Tr -taara V_Tr XXinform, notify, announce (Lit. ‘say-cut’) XXcut, chop something that is standing -taarut V_Tr (with axe or knife, cutting across the XXcut up into pieces (used of rope, sweet long axis of something) potato), cut off a piece, cut away, trim Nio aŋtaara ke pa nakabasi. —I cut the tree away (for example the edge of a grassy with an axe. area, using a big knife) Buza itaara yo. —The knife cut me. Taarut wooro tana isu lene mi kel pa wooro Taari, mako taaru. —You (SG) cut him, and kinzi tis. —Cut off that rope and replace it he will cut you. with this kinzi vine. -tartaara V_Tr Redup -tarrut V_Tr Redup Amtartaara meene, mi yaŋ isu. Tana Moori itarrut mbunmbuutu ma ikelko pa amdaada yam lae meene uunu. —While urum zilŋaana. —A woman trimmed the we (EXC) were chopping down the sago grass (including its roots) away from the palm, the rain came. So we took shelter at side of the church. the base of the sago palm. Kala katarrut serembat muŋguŋana Ni itartaara toto i pa manaaba. —He was (=kalaama), mi kakam kanda munmun trying to cut at him with an adze. pakan ma kamar be toto. —Go and clear lele itartaara away the old sweet potatoes, and get some XXdawn is coming little ones for us (INC) to eat, and bring similar: lele imarmar them back so we can roast them. -taara toono -taata V_Tr XXbreak up the ground for planting with XXscratch around, search amongst rubbish hoe, dig up, plough, cultivate for something a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -tabaaba 502 tai

Man tila titaata musmuuzu. —The chickens Buri iwe muŋguŋana, tabe ambai som. —Now went to scratch around for food in the it has become old, and so it is not good. rubbish. Tire yo aŋmender mbolŋana, tabe zin tomini Zin moori titaata raaga pa kaŋar, mi timoto mini som. —They saw that I am tiyo kan. —The women were looking standing strong, and so they too are no through the small [galip] branches where longer afraid. there might still be a few galip nuts and Tikam leŋ kadoono sa som, tabe aŋzem collecting them to eat. uraata. —They did not pay me, so I left -tataata V_Tr Redup the work. Man tatariigi tila titataata kan gedeeŋe. -tabirbir V_Intr Redup —The chickens went [and] were scratching XXwalk unsteadily, walk shakily around in the rubbish for something to eat. Aŋpa na, aŋtabirbir, pa mete ikam yo ma -kotaata mburoŋ imap. —When I walked, I walked XXscratch, sharp thing gets stuck into unsteadily, for I was sick and my strength something and pulls it was gone. Sombe kolomboŋ ikotaata mbeete, to isaana Tipun tomtom tana, ta itabirbir. Ipa kat kat. —If a kolomboŋ plant scratches a som. —They hit that man, and that is sore, then it will get much worse. why he is walking unsteadily. He does not -tabaaba V_Intr walk properly. XXsoar, glide similar: -sursur, -tarakoŋkoŋ, (-)tirikriigi def. Manboŋ mi man ndiili titabaaba. Tabolou N_Proper —Eagles and seabirds soar. XXSakar island, people living on Sakar Manmboŋ itabaaba sala ke. —The eagle island soared to the top of a tree. Zin Tabolou titoutou maaŋga be tikam kan similar: -ral ‘soar in circles’, -rie ‘fly’ yok. —The Sakar people dig holes in the tabe1 Compelementiser sand to get drinking water. XXthat, who, whom which (non-factive tai N relative clause complementiser, governs XXocean, sea relative clauses that are negated or Wooŋgo tikowo pa tai. —Boats/Canoes which encode states of affairs that are travel on the sea. expected to happen in the near or distant Niam amwe tai. —We (EXC) bathed in the future) ocean. Zin len koroŋ sa tabe ipakaala zin som. tai leleene —down inside the ocean, deep —They had nothing with which to cover sea themselves. Tipeete tai lukutuunu. —They came to the tomtom tabe imar i —the person that is to middle of the ocean. come Ni imbel puze pa tai lwoono molo. —He Nio leŋ sua ri tabe aŋso pu. —I have a little worked hard in paddling, for it was a long something to say to you (SG). way across the sea. tabe2 Conjunction Molo som na miiri biibi ipol. To ipei duubu ma dial. var. tape (Kampalap) tai isaana kat. —Suddenly a big wind began XX(and) so, therefore (indicates a reason- blowing. Then it stirred up the waves and result relationship in which neither the the sea became really bad/ rough. reason nor the result are presupposed Tai ambai. Pa taun isu kek. —The sea is and the causation is less direct; i.e. it is good. For it has now become calm. non-volitional, or the cause and result Tai imeete ma taun isu. —The sea calmed are temporally removed, or there are down. a number of other intervening steps Mbeŋ koozi, ko ampera tai ma ampeene between cause and result. Tabe is also koyam ye pakan. —Tonight we (EXC) will frequently used when the result is go out to the ocean and spearfish some irrealis or negated.) fish for ourselves. taiŋgi 503 taliŋaru

Niam ampera ma ampiri ta tai a. —We (EXC) -tak V_Tr went out and threw our fishing lines into XXyank (on), jerk, tug on, pull on, try to the sea. pull back into place something that has XXseaside, beach gone out of joint Ruumu kini imbot ta tai a. —His house is Tatak wooro mi tere. Ko timbit ma tuŋ? by the sea. —Let’s pull on [=jerk] the rope and see if Tipa ma tipera ber la tai. —They walked all they have fastened it tightly. the way to the seaside/ beach. Ŋge itak kumbuunu. —The pig was jerking XXsaltwater, salt its leg [which was caught in a snare]. Zin moori tila tikut tai. —The women went Ni itak namaana, pa namaana iyoyou. —He to fill their bottles with saltwater (to cook tried to jerk/ pull his arm, for it was with). hurting. Ro koŋ tai risa imar, aŋpotop sula yambon -taktak V_Tr Redup tio. —Scoop me up a bit of salt, and I will takumber N sprinkle it on my soup. XXmusical instrument, Jew’s harp (made tai ka wo out of bamboo) XXsea current Ni irou (ipun) takumber ma kalŋaana Miiri biibi ipol, to tai ka wo isula pa iwaara ambai. —He played [Lit. ‘hit’] a Jew’s uunu. —There was a big wind, and then a harp, and it sounded good. sea current came from the northwest. def. Timbit wooro la somsom ma tiur la kwon, tai keteene/ kuliini/ kuliyeete/ ŋgauliini— to titaktak/ tipun wooro mi itaŋtaŋ. —They surface of the ocean tie a string to a piece of bamboo, and put it Tai keteene isaana. —The surface of the sea close to their mouths, and then they jerk/ is really rough. hit that string and it makes noise. Tai Siŋsiŋŋana dial. var. taŋber (Northern) XXRed Sea (in the Bible) -tal V_Middle/Tr (Stative) tai ka- XXcoil up, wind something thick around XXsomething related to the ocean something else (used of cane and bigger zin tai kan —people living on the coast, things) people living by the sea Mooto itali la namaana. —The snake tai naana wound itself around his hand. XXinsect type that lives in the ocean (small, Motokou itali su zaala. —The motokou bioluminescent) snake coiled itself on the road. Tai naana tikam pirik pirik pa mbeŋ pa tai Ŋge wiini ital./ Ŋge wiini taltalŋana. —The leleene. —The little insects flicker at night pig’s tail is coiled/ curly. in the sea -tal teene —wind up rattan taitaiŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup Tikam wooro matan matanŋana, mi tital ma XXsalty tiur sala uteene. —They took a vine with Kini ti taitaiŋana kat. —This food is very thorns and coiled [it] and put [it] on his salty. head. taiŋgi Demonstrative -taltal V_Middle/Tr Redup alt. tiŋgi XXwind up XXthis (one) Ni uteene ruunu mooŋgo mi italtali. —His Nu kam mbulu sananŋana taiŋgi paso? hair is coarse and all wound up. —Why did you (SG) do this evil behaviour? taltalŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXhere XXwound, coiled Amlup yam su taiŋgi be amurpe pataŋana see also: -kat ‘wind, coil up (used of kini. —We (EXC) are meeting here to thinner objects)’ straighten out his problem. taliŋaru N note: from ta + iŋgi XXecho see also: ti ‘this one, here’ a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -talli 504 talŋa- talŋa- sumbuunu Kuri, sombe titaŋ ma kalŋan ila, nako tileŋ XXinside of ear, pierced ears taliŋaru imiili ma imar pizin. —Dolphins, talŋa- uunu when they make noise and the sound XXarea close to earlobe goes, then they hear the echo coming talŋa- palŋa- back to them. XXcut earlobe dial. var. keleŋur (Northern), kwo- iwe ru/ Muŋgu zin Siassi talŋan palŋan. —In the kwo- maŋgilini (Marile) past, people from Siassi had cut earlobes. -talli V_Intr_Stative Redup XXtobacco type with broad leaves XXbe ignorant of, not know about koi talŋa palŋana —tobacco type with Amtalli pa ka uunu. —We (EXC) do not know leaves that hang down [another type has the reason for it. leaves which point up] Nio aŋtalli pa koroŋ tana. —I do not know talŋa- metŋana about that. XXtorn earlobe similar: -kankaana, -ute som, le- ŋgar pa som talŋa- ikam la pa XXconfused XXoverhear Ŋgar kini italli kat. —His thinking is really Talŋoŋ ikam la pa sua kizin. —I happened confused. XX to overhear what they were saying. stupid, foolish talŋa- ikam kik Nu talli kembei ta wok. —You (SG) are stupid XXringing ears (trouble with hearing) like a wallaby. talŋa- ikam pus similar: -kankaana, -le- ŋgar som XXear opens after having been blocked talliŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXhappen to hear and take notice of XXone who doesn’t have knowledge, something that has been said stupid, foolish, idiot Iŋgi sua tau zin uraata kan talŋan ikam pus Nu talliŋom! —You (SG) are stupid! pa, ta ise ro gi. — This is [just] the talk the Iti talliŋanda kat! —We (INC) are very stupid! workmen happened to hear and take notice / [We have done something very foolish!] of that [has been put] into this book [i.e. Zin wal talliŋan, ŋgar kizin ipet zen. —The this dictionary]. foolish people, their thinking has not yet talŋa- ila come up. XXtry to hear better, strain to hear, listen to Sua kizin talliŋana kat. —Their talk is Talŋom ila pa sua ta tizzo a. —Listen to really foolish. -patalli what they are saying. V_Tr Redup talŋa- ileŋ XXconfuse someone XXoverhear Kapatalli zin tomtom ndabok! —You (PL) talŋa- ileŋleŋ have confused the people enough! XXkeep hearing/ listening talŋa- N_Inal Talŋoŋ ileŋleŋ sua ku. —I am listening to XXear what you (SG) are saying [even though I My ear hurts. Talŋoŋ iyoyou. — am not looking at you]. Tomtom ta sombe talŋaana, na ni bela ileŋ talŋa- iluumu la sua ti. —The one who has ears, he must XXhave relief from listening to an listen to this talk.. XX unpleasant sound, have peace from (Lit. fin, flipper of a fish (pectoral fin on the ‘ear be(come) cool’) side of the fish) A buri, tipunmeete jeneretor mi talŋanda —The fish were Ye talŋan ikamam kol. iluumu. —At last they have turned off the moving their flippers. generator and our (INC) ears can have some talŋa- dibiini XX relief. lower part of earlobe talŋa- imilpis pa talŋa- ka tiili XX XX have heard something already earwax talŋa- imun talŋa kunduunu XXdeaf XXupper edge of the ear taltal 505 tama- talŋa- imun (pa) -ŋgal talŋa- pa XXunwilling to listen, refuse to listen to XXinform someone privately, tip someone something off about something Talŋom imun pa sua kizin. —Do not listen Iŋgi aŋgal talŋom pa men. —I am just to their talk. informing you about it. Ni talŋaana imun ma sik. —He totally -ŋgun talŋa-( pa) refuses to listen. XXlisten carefully (to), bend one’s ear to, talŋa- munŋana attend to XXdeaf Ŋgun talŋom mi leŋ sua tio ti. —Listen talŋa- ŋge mo carefully to this talk of mine. XXsomeone with big ears -pumun talŋa- Toso som. Talŋaana ŋge mo iuri ma ikam XXclose one’s ears, not want to hear malmal. —Let us (INC) not talk [about it]. Ni irao ipumun talŋaana pa tiŋiizi kiti na His big ears made him to fight. [i.e. That som. —He is not going to close his ears to is just the way he is and you can’t change our (INC) cry of distress. him.] -ur talŋa- pa talŋa- ŋgungun XXlisten carefully and try to hear something XXacting deaf, act like one cannot hear, Ur talŋom pa pikin. Pa nio iŋgi aŋsula yok. stubborn, not responding —Listen to the child [so you will know if Nu talŋom ŋgungun? Leŋ bobi som? —Why he starts crying]. For I am going down to are you (SG) acting deaf? Didn’t you hear the river now. the call? -zeeze talŋa- talŋa- ipampam, talŋa- pampamŋa- XXplug one’s ears, stop one’s ears, not XXears stopped up physically wanting to hear something, refuse to Nio aŋwe la yok, mi yok ila talŋoŋ ma listen to something, ignore ipampam. —I bathed in the river, and water Zin tizeeze talŋan, kokena tileŋ sua. —They went into my ears and stopped them up. plugged up their ears lest they hear the XXdisobedient, unresponsive, rebellious, talk. obstinate taltal N Redup Niom naŋgaŋ tana talŋoyom pampam paso! XXbunch of coconuts (used of green —You youngsters there, why are you not drinking coconuts that are tied together, listening [i.e. being disobedient]! such bunches are carried hanging from talŋa- som sticks by two to four men) XXdisobedient, unresponsive, not listening Zin tisiŋ taltal ta. —They are carrying a talŋa- ituntun bunch of green coconuts. XXitching ears tama- N_Inal Talŋoŋ leleene ituntun. —My ears are Paradigm: tamaŋ, tomom, tamaana itching. (Central)/ tamaan (Gauru)/ tamana talŋa- ituntun pa (Northern), tamanda, tomoyam, tomoyom, XXdesiring to hear, love to listen, wanting taman to listen (Lit. ‘ears itching for’) XXfather (has the main responsibility for Ni talŋaana ituntun pa sua tana. —He providing for the physical needs of his desires to hear that talk over and over children) again. Sombe tomom ipazalu, na leŋ la sua kini. talŋa- iyoyou —If your (SG) father corrects you, then XXhaving an earache listen to his talk [and obey it]. talŋa- (i)yoyou pa Tamanda bizin tiballis ti bekena tipazal ti. XXtired, weary, sick of listening to —Our (INC) fathers punish us in order to something correct us. Talŋoŋ iyoyou pa sua ku kek. —I am tired Taman irai koroŋ ma kolmaŋana lene, of having to listen to your (SG) talk. kaimerŋana lene. —Their father a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z tamakan 506 tamakan

distributed the things, and the older son food to sell at very inflated prices. The received some, [and] the younger one groom’s relatives are obligated to buy received some. them. Otherwise they experience shame Tomoyam Anutu ta imbot saamba (a) and humiliation. If the bride’s relatives —our (EXC) Father who is in heaven are too greedy and put the prices of see also: ate ‘daddy’ (vocative, mainly used things too high, this will be remembered by younger children) by the groom’s relatives. They will XXuncle (=father’s brothers) and other then seek to do the same to the bride’s close male relatives from his side relatives at some later date by way of XXancestor payback. The practice frequently leads Tikamam mbulu raraate kembei ta taman to weddings ending in angry quarrels, bizin. —They are acting exactly like their fights, and hurt feelings.) ancestors. def. Tamakan uunu ta kei: Moori ko ila ki similar: tumbu- tomooto ma ipeebe pikin boozomen ma tikam XXone responsible for, initiator, host taman muriini. Mi wal ki tomooto ko menmen kini tamaana, uraata tamaana, naroogo zin pizin kat. Uunu toro, moori ko irao imiili tamaana —host of a feast/ one who puts ma imbeeze pa wal kini mini som. Ni ko ila on a feast, one who initiates and carries imbeeze pa wal ki tomooto. Uunu toro, moori the main responsibility for some activity, tina musaanariŋana mi wal kini matan pini one who puts on a dance ceremony ma ila iwe biibi. Tanata tiso tikam tamakan Naroogo ta lou i, tamaana asiŋ? Mi be ikot mburan kizin. Tikam bekena tire: niam Salapoŋgo tau. —This Lou dance Tomooto, ni irao, som som? —The meaning ceremony, who is responsible for it? It is of the tamakan ceremony is like this: The we (EXC) of the Salaponggo clan. woman will go to the man and bear many similar: katuunu children who will succeed their father tama- ma na- and take his place. And the family of the XXfather and mother, parents man will be very happy on account of the tomoyom ma noyom bizin —your (PL) fathers children. Another reason, from the time and mothers/ your parents when the woman was a small girl until she Ni bela izem tamaana ma naana. —He became an adult, her family has looked must leave his parents. after her. That’s why they want to do the Pomboli be iuulu tamaana ma naana. tamakan, so as to receive compensation for —Encourage him to help his father and their strength [which they have expended mother. on the girl]. They do it to see whether or tamaŋan not the man is adequate/capable. XXmy fathers (used as a vocative when Kolman tiyembut tamakan ma imborene kek. addressing a group of males that are Tamen iŋgi wal pakan tikam mini. —The one’s social superiors) village elders have cut off thetamakan O atoŋan mi tamaŋan, kuŋgun talŋoyom custom and it has been abandoned. But pa sua tio ti. —O my older brothers and now some people are doing it again. fathers, pay attention to these words of Sombe ula ipet, to moori wal kini tikam mine. tamakan pa tomooto wal kini. Tomooto tama somŋa- wal kini tiŋgiimi tamakan ki moori wal XXillegitimate child, child born out of kini. —When there is wedding, then the wedlock, bastard woman’s relatives practice the tamakan Pikin tana, tama somŋana. —That child is ceremony for the man’s relatives. The illegitimate/ born out of wedlock. man’s family buys the things from the tamakan N_Event woman’s family. XX‘marriage market’, competitive exchange Tamakan na, zin kolman tiso koroŋ ceremony associated with marriage ambaiŋana. Mi tamen nio aŋre, na koroŋ ceremonies (The bride’s relatives bring ambaiŋana som. Paso, tomtom ta iso pigs, dogs, pots, sago, and other types of ikam tamakan na, ni iseeze waene bizin tambar 507 tamen

matan, ma ikam ŋge kizin ma mbio kizin, tamen1 Conjunction ma imap. —Tamakan, the old people XXbut, however, and yet say it is something good. But I view it as Tire la pini, tamen tikilaali som. —They looked something that is not good. For the person over at him but did not recognise him. who follows the practice of tamakan, he is Nio aŋso aŋla. Tamen yaŋ tau, ta aŋla som. afflicting his associates, and takes away —I wanted to go. But because of the rain, all of their pigs and wealth objects. I did not go. XXsometimes a wife goes back to her Tikam be tipotor leleene, tamen tirao som. relatives and asks for food and other —They tried to comfort him, but were things, which the husband is made to unsuccessful. repay at inflated prices. Iti sombe lende koroŋ rimen, mi tamen def. Moori ila ki tomooto kek, mi kaimer ila lelende par piti, nako mbotŋana kiti ki le tomooto bizin mi iwi zin pa ka kini o ambai. —If we (INC) have only few things, le koroŋ, ina tapaata be tamakan. Kaimer but have love for each other, then our life waene ko ikot. —The woman has already will [still] be good. gone to be with [her] husband, and later tamen2 N_Stative goes to her male relatives and asks them XXsame, identical for food or [other] things. That, we (INC) Niomru kakam mbulu tamen tau. —The two call tamakan. Later, her spouse will have of you did the same thing. to repay the things. Zin ta boozomen tiso kalŋan tamen. —They tambar N all spoke the same language. XXnourishment given to someone with Niamru tomoyam tamen. Mi noyam the expectation that one will receive ndelndelŋa. —The two of us (EXC) have the something in return same father. But our mothers are different. Kan kini ti ma iwe tambar pu mi la. Mi motom Mbeŋ tamen ta tina, ni iboobo zin ma timar. iŋgal be uulu yo pa uraata pakan kaimer. —That same night he called them to come. —Eat this food and it will be nourishment tamen3 Quantifier for you (SG) and go. And remember to help XXonly one, exactly one, just one me with some of [my] work later. Koroŋ tamen ta imbot ndel. —Only one note: Central dialect form only, not well thing was different. known Mbulu tana iwedet pa aigule tamen ŋonoono tambun N ikot ndaama ta boozomen. — That XXstick used for driving fish into net happens on only one day of each year. Titeege tambun ma irao zin be tipun tai Tomtom tamen ŋonoono ila ma ikam uraata. mibe ye titi la pu. —They all hold sticks —Only one person went and did the work. with which to hit the sea water, so that Mi koroŋ tamen ta aŋgalsek pa. —And fish will go get caught in the net. there is only one thing that I forbid. loan from: Mutu language Tilup zin ma tiwe tamen. —They united and tamburaana N became one. construction: ka- tamburaana Ko ikam mbulu tana pa tamen ŋonoono mi XXwattle or comb of some birds imap. —He will only do that thing one Man tatariigi ka tamburaana siŋsiŋŋana. time, and that will be the end. —The wattle of a chicken is red. Nu itum tamen ta Anutu ŋonoono. —Only XXred plant (resembling the comb of a you (SG) are the true God. bird, sometimes used as a decoration) itu- tamen XX tambuuru N do something by oneself XXwasp Nio ituŋ tamen aŋkam uraata. Tomtom Tambuuru ipeene Aigilo mataana ma toro sa iuulu yo som. —I did the work by piripiri. —A wasp stung Aigilo’s eye and it myself. No one else helped me. XX swelled up. alone, only a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z tamori 508 -taŋ Nio ko aŋbeeze pa nu itum tamen. —I will Timbot tana irao ndaama laamuru. —They serve you (SG) alone/ only you. stayed there for 10 years. -lup/-parlup ma -we tamen note: compound of ta + ina. The alternate XXbecome united, become unified, become form tina is favored by Gauru dialect one speakers, but they also use tana. Tilup zin ma tiwe tamen. —They joined tana2 Conjunction together and become one. XXthen, so, therefore, because (used when Itiŋan Merere taparlup ti ma tewe tamen kek. the reason is presupposed and the result —We (INC) have became united with God. is asserted) lele- iwe tamen Ni iso pini be ila. Tana ila. —He told him to XXbe united, feel united (Lit. ‘insides go. Therefore he went. become one’) Tiso tirao pa ŋgar kek. Tana lelen be tileŋ Kulup leleyom mi ŋgar tiom ma iwe tamen la tomtom pakan ŋgar kizin som. —They kat. —Really be united in your (PL) hearts think they are already sufficient in their and minds. knowledge. Therefore they don’t want to tamenŋana N listen to the ideas of other people. XXone and only, unique Zin lelen pini som, tana iko ma ila lene. lutuunu tamenŋana —His one and only —Because they didn’t like him, he ran child away. tamori N XXresumes the main event line of a story construction: le- tamori/ le tamuri after a digression XXfemale cousin, female second cousin, tanata Conjunction step-sister, more distant female relatives XXthat’s the reason that, and that is why who can be asked to help with some work (used when both the result and the Nio leŋ tamori bizin boozo ta tiuluulu yo reason are somehow presupposed) pa uraata. —I have many female cousins Tanata koozi tere mbia timbutul sala ke that help me with the work. namaana mini som. Timbiŋmbiŋ men mi tamuriŋ N uten isula. —That is the reason that today XXgirl (young and unmarried) we (INC) do not see bats sitting on top of Dina ire zin tamuriŋ kar kan. —Dina saw tree branches anymore. They hang with the young girls of the village. their heads going down. zin tamuriŋ ma naŋgaŋ ta tiwoolo zen —the Niam tiŋgi amre kat ki motoyam. Tanata young girls and boys who have not yet ampombolmbol ka sua i. —We (EXC) here married saw it with our own eyes. That is why we XXyoung servant girl are bearing witness and confirming the King lutuunu moori ziŋan tamuriŋ kini tisula truth of it. pa yok. —The king’s daughter went with -taŋ V_Intr her young servant girls down to the river. XXcry tamuriŋriŋ N Redup Ni itaŋ, pa tamaana imeete. —He cried XXyoung girls (PL) because his father died. Zin tamuriŋriŋ tikuundu pat. —The young Ni itaŋ ma iyeryer. —He cried and wailed girls carried stones on their heads. in a loud voice. tana1 Demonstrative XXcry in order to get something, plead alt. taina, tina Sobe pikin titaŋ pa kan buzur ma iŋgi... XXthat (one) (near you), the —When children cry for meat [to eat] or Sur tana, ina nu ku. —That green drinking something else like that... coconut is yours (SG). XXmake characteristic sound or noise Mat tana, ni ipaata be ‘aigule’. —That light, Mbalus itaŋ. —The aeroplane made its he called it ‘day’. noise. Indeeŋe aigule tana, —On that day, Man itaŋ. —The bird sings. mazwaana tana —at that time Peene itaŋ. —The gun fired. XXthere (near you) Belo itaŋ. —The bell rang. taŋga 509 -tapel Ŋgeu itaŋ gorogorok. —The frog was Lele taŋgaa kolou som. —That area way croaking. over there is not close. Sombe twiiri itaŋ kat som, nako tomtom XXover there tiute be padei? —If the trumpet shell does note: Compound of ta + iŋga not cry properly, how will people know taŋgoi Demonstrative Pronoun [what to do]? XXwhich one? -taŋtaŋ V_Intr Redup Sua taŋgoi ta imarra be aŋso? —Which talk Koroŋ itaŋtaŋ sorok. —That thing is is easy/easier for me to say? making noise for no reason. similar: iŋgoi lele- itaŋtaŋ taŋtuŋ N XXcry in one’s heart, desire something XXwalking sticks, stilts (used to walk in mud) strongly, feel sorry for (people) Zin tiwwa sala taŋtuŋ. —They walked on Nio leleŋ itaŋtaŋ ma piom, mi leŋ zaala sticks. iŋgoi be aŋma ma aŋre yom? —I strongly Wa lem sorok ma we taŋtuŋ? —Are you (SG) desire to [see] you (PL), but what way do just going to walk around aimlessly like I have of coming and seeing you? [i.e. I you have become a walking stick? have no way of coming and seeing you.] tapaara Adv_Pred1 -taŋtaŋŋa- N_Inal_Stative alt. taparpaara XXcrying one, always crying, cry-baby XXcontinually, again and again, time and Ni pikin taŋtaŋŋana. —He is a child who is again, over and over, repeatedly always crying. Tisuŋ tapaara. —They prayed continually. -taŋroro V_Tr Redup Ni imbombo taparpaara. —He sings XXplead with, beseech, entreat, beg, keep continually. asking someone for something Ni ikampe yam taparpaara. —He shows Zin Israel titaŋroro Merere be iuulu zin. us (EXC) kindness again and again. —The Israelites begged the Lord to help Lala taparpaara pa ruumu kizin pepe. —Don’t them. keep going to their house again and again. Taŋroro yo irao! —Enough now, don’t ask tapaaraŋa- N_Inal me any more! XXgroin area see also: tiŋiizi ‘cry’ Mbeteŋgal ikam la ta tapaaraŋoŋ. —I have taŋga Demonstrative an abscess in my groin area. alt. tiŋga similar: saŋa- ‘groin’ XXthat one over there tapeeleŋa- V_Intr_Uninfl Nio leleŋ pa moori taŋga. —I like that construction: lele- tapeeleŋa- woman over there. XXcalm, self-controlled (person) Amla lele pakaana taŋga. —We (EXC) went Ni leleene tapeeleŋana. Iporrou som. Iso to that area over there. sua men. —He is a very calm and self- Ŋonoono, iwal biibi taŋga, zin zorzooroŋan controlled person. He does not fight. He kat. —It is true, those people over there, just talks. they are very rebellious/ disobedient. -tapel V_Intr Kere. Itunu taŋga. —Look. [It is him] over XXcapsize, turn over, overturn there. Mon imbukilkil ma itapel sula tai. (=Itoori XXover there ma keteene isula). —The outrigger-less Aŋdeeŋe zin su taŋga. —I found them over canoe rocked and capsized into the sea. there. (It turned and the top of it went down.) note: Compound of ta + iŋgga Wooŋgo itapel som. Imon men. —A canoe taŋgaa Demonstrative with an outrigger does not turn over. It XXthat one way over there (The final long just sinks [when overloaded]. vowel emphasises how far away the Wooŋgo itapel ma ikutun zin pikin. —The referent is.) boat capsized and trapped the children underneath it. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -tapur 510 -tarpis -tapur V_Intr_Stative your teeth. XX sag, be slack -tarkoŋkoŋ V_Intr Redup keze- itapur —face sags (used of old people) XXwalk unsteadily, lurch, stagger kwo- itapur —mouth area sags (once teeth Zin spakman tipa kat som. Titarkoŋkoŋ pa have fallen out) pai. —Drunks do not walk properly. They -tarakoŋkoŋ V_Tr Redup lurch/stagger as they walk. XX keep hitting or knocking on something Nio aŋtutkat yo ma aŋtarkoŋkoŋ ma aŋtop without reason su. —I bumped into something, staggered, Tarakoŋkoŋ ndeete pepe. Ko ipol. —Don’t and fell down. keep hitting the ladder. It will break. Kere pikin tana. Kokena kumbuunu giris, to Asiŋ itarakoŋkoŋ kitiimbi? Iti teleŋ sua som. itarkoŋkoŋ ma isula pa dogo. —Look after —Who is hitting on the post? We (INC) that child lest he slip and then stagger cannot hear the talk. and fall down the hill. note: Marile dialect form XXtry to regain one’s balance after having dial. var. -tarkoŋkoŋ, -ta(a)ra tenten stumbled taraŋgatŋa- N_Inal_Stative similar: sursur, -susuuru XX steep dial. var. -tarakoŋkoŋ (Marile) lele taraŋgatŋana —steep area (where it is -tarndetndeete V_Tr Redup difficult to walk up or down) alt. -taarandetndeete similar: sipkatŋa-, kiskatŋa- XXcut nicks or notches into something, taraŋgo N make steps, spoil by cutting XX spear for fishing (has 3-6 prongs) Nio aŋtarndetndeete ni be aŋsala. —I cut Ni iŋgal ye/ ŋgereeme/ tuunu pa taraŋgo. notches into the coconut, so I could go up it. —He speared fish/ crayfish/ eels/ with a Taarandetndeete toono be iwe zaala mi fishing spear. tusula. —Cut steps into the ground to tarkamkaamba N Redup make a way for us (INC) to go down. XXtype of praying mantis Yok kezeene sipirpir. Taarandetndeete pa. Takamkaamba ipa, to riŋriŋ ikamami. —The bank of the river is slippery. Cut —When a praying mantis walks, it wobbles. some steps into it. To tana ipa na, toso ko tarkamkaamba. XXcan’t reach consensus because everyone —When that fellow walks, we (INC) think is talking about different things. [he is like] a praying mantis. Sua itarndetndeete. Tiso sua leŋaleŋa, tana dial. var. tarakamkaama (Marile), sua izal som ma tuurpe som. —Everyone koŋsiloŋkaboŋ (Gauru) was talking about different things, so the

-tarkat V_Tr talk did not go straight and we (INC) did XXcut up, chop up a long object into short not settle it. pieces -tarpaala V_Tr Tarkat kanda teu. —Chop up some XXsplit, cut up (using axe or knife) sugarcane for us (INC). Tarpaala mbu lwoono ma iwe soolo. —Split -tarkatkat V_Tr Redup the betel-nut trunk up into flooring. XX peck at (used of birds) Ni itarpaala ni mi ikan ŋonoono. —He cut Tatariigi titarkatkat rais ta moori iliŋ su kar open the coconut and ate the flesh. keteene na. —The chickens are pecking XXcut up into small pieces at the rice that the woman spilled on the Ni ikis mok, mi itarpaala/ itarwalwaala ma ground. munmun. —She peeled some taro, and cut Ŋerek itarkatkat pin, papaya. —A green it up into small pieces. parrot pecked at the bananas, papaya. -tarpalpaala/ -tarwalwaala V_Tr Redup tarkatŋa- -tarpis V_Tr XX cut up, chopped into pieces XXcut a hole into something (using a knife) Teu tarkatŋana, aŋur su tana. Kam ma ŋit. Tarpis sur tiŋgi ma win. —Cut a hole into —The chopped up sugarcane, I put [it] this green coconut and drink [it]. there. Take it and pull off the skin with tartu 511 -tatke tartu N busy with the housework. XXarea that has been left uncleared Tata ikam yo pizin leembe. —I am busy Tartu ri ti imbot paso? Koposop ma imap. because of the visitors. —Why was this little area left uncleared? similar: -su ma -se Finish it off completely. tataata Adv_Pred0 def. Tasambar ma tala, mi tezem su XXforcefully and quickly koroŋŋana ri ma imbot. Ina tartu. —We (INC) -yaaru tataata are going along cutting grass, and leave a XXforcefully pull, drag away small part undone. That [is a] tartu. Tiyaaru tataati ma ila be tibalisi. —They dial. var. taratu (Marile) forcefully dragged him away to physically tasa Determiner punish him. XXsome, one (and possibly more), no one -piyar tataata (equivalent of ta ‘one’ in irrealis utterances XXhurry up someone like negated sentences, conditional Piyar tataata zin pikin mi kalala, pa mbeŋ constructions, utterances with a future kek. —Hurry up the kids [by talking to temporal interpretation.) them] and go, for it is already dark. Tasa ila kar kini mini som. —No one went tatariigi N again to his village. XXchicken, hen, domestic bird Ko aŋkam leyom ye tasa. —I will give Man tatariigi ikuubukaala lutuunu bizin. you (PL) a fish [or two]. —A hen is protecting her chicks by Kizin tasa le ŋgar ambaiŋana som. —Not one covering them with her wings. of them has good thinking. Man (tatariigi) ikoolo. —A rooster crowed. Sombe ndeeŋe tasa, na kam ma ur su ti. —If Tatariigi ikotkot/ itaŋ/ ipeebe. —The hen you (SG) find one, then bring it and put it made a clucking sound/ squawked/ laid down right here. eggs. Aŋkas zin ma timap. Aŋzem tasa imborene dial. var. antare (Northern) som. —I cut down/ slaughtered them all. -tatiliu V_Tr I didn’t allow a single one to live. XXencircle, go around something, draw a -tat V_Intr line around something XXbecome stuck, get stuck, be unable to do Zin pikin titatiliu plak uunu. —The children something, be hindered, be prevented encircled the flag pole. Tatat la pizin bibip. Tiyok piti, to takam. Tatiliu sua ta r imbot lela. —Draw a line —We (INC) are stuck because of the big around [any] word which has r in it./ men. Once they agree for us to do it, then Circle any word which has r in it. we will do it. Tatiliu ke ma iur sumbuunu. —Cut a Anutu itat pa koroŋ sa som. —God is not circular hole in the wood. hindered by anything. [=He can do tatiliuŋa- N_Inal_Stative anything.] XXcircular, round Nio aŋso aŋpera Tuam. Mi aŋtat, pa leŋ zaala yok tatiliuŋana —lake, pond som. —I want to go out to Tuam Island. But Mbooro kwoono tatiliuŋana. —The cup has I am stuck because I don’t have a way to a round mouth. get there. -ris tatiliuŋana -tatat V_Intr Redup XXdraw a circle around something Amtatat pa mbaŋbaŋ. —We (EXC) kept see also: -liu getting stuck in the overgrown area. -tatke V_Tr see also: -yel ‘be deficient, lacking, missing XXtake off, take out, take away, remove something’ Nio aŋtatke you, ta imeete. —The fire died tata N_Event because I took away the burning sticks. XXbusyness Titatke yo pa uraata tio. —They removed Tamen Mata na, ni tata ikami ma isu ma me from my work/ job/ position. ise pa uraata. —But Martha, she was very a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -tatut 512 te

Nio aŋtatke yo pa pataŋana tana. —I today, there is exactly the same kind of removed myself from any involvement in thinking going on. that problem. ma tau XXdeliver XXreally, so (adds emphasis to what has Tatke yo pa koŋ koi bizin naman. —Deliver just been said, expresses emotional me from my enemies’ hands. involvement on the part of the speaker) -tatkewe V_Tr Redup Aŋmoto ma tau! —I was really afraid! -tatut V_Tr Kutum kat leyom ma tau! —You (PL) have XXpluck out, pull out, pull off become so fat! Tatut moomo tio ma isu. —Pull out my grey -tau3 V_Tr hairs. XXwind, coil something around something Katatut wooro sa ma imar be topo ŋge (tree, body part, etc.) namaana mi kumbuunu pa. —Pull off a Nio aŋtau wooro la nomoŋ. —I wound the vine with which we (INC) can tie the pig’s rope around my arm. front and back legs. Nio aŋtau wooro ila lwoŋ, mi aŋla su. —I XXseparate, sever, break off from coiled the rope around my waist and went (relationship) to the forest. Loŋa tatut lutum utŋana tiŋgi ma ima, to itum see also: -tal mboro i. —Quickly separate this adopted -tautau V_Tr Redup child of yours (SG) [from his biological Ila na som, pa wooro itautau kumbuunu. parents] and take him [to your home], and —He could not go any further, because then you yourself [can] look after him. his legs kept getting entangled in vines. -tatut pa tui Itautau la namaana ŋgureene... —He was XXwean winding it around his arm/ wrist... Loŋa katatut pikin tiom pa tui. —Quickly -taukaala V_Tr wean your child from milk. [He is big XXwrap oneself in something enough.] Ni ikam kawaala, mi itaukaali pa. —He got -tatutut V_Tr Redup a sheet and wrapped himself in it. XXtear into pieces -partau V_Middle Zin titatutut yo kembei laion ma aŋsaana XXwrap around each other kat. —They tore into me like a lion, and I Mooto ru tipartau zin. —Two snakes was in a very bad way. wrapped around each other. Timaŋga pini ma titatututi mi tigiibi sala taun N you. —They attacked him and tore him XXcalm weather (with no wind), peace into pieces, and threw him onto the fire. after a fight, quietness tau1 Complementiser Re iwolol, beso iwaara ipet na, taun isu. alt. ta —The southeast wind will keep blowing XXthat, who, whom, whose, which, where until the northwest winds come, and then (complementiser used in factive relative there will be calm weather. clauses) Taun isu kek. Malmal imap. —It is peaceful see also: tabe now. The fighting is ended. tau2 Particle Tiparŋooŋo ma molo som mi taun isu. XXjust —They were arguing with each other, but XXemphasis (marks exclusive or contrastive it wasn’t long and things calmed down. emphasis or surprise) te1 N Ni tau. —It is him (and not anyone else). XXexcrement, faeces Niwi itum tau. —It is up to you (SG) (and no Re pa te, ko padaaga! —Look out for the one else. excrement lest you (SG) step on it! Ina zin yaŋoyaŋo tau! —Those were water see also: tie- spirits! te2 N Mi koozi na ka ŋgar tamen tau. —And XXpole (used for punting canoes and small boats) -te 513 -teege

Kam te imar aŋte wooŋgo. —Give me the XXkeep talking or singing pole, [and] I will pole the canoe. Naso motoyom iŋgalŋgal sua ta ni ikam piti -te3 V_Tr na ma kwoyom itekteege totomen. —Then XXpole, punt you (PL) will continuously remember the Nio aŋte wooŋgo ma aŋla. —I poled the talk he gave to us (INC) and keep talking canoe away./ I punted the canoe along. about it all the time. similar: -kelut Kwon tekteege mboe men. —They kept on -te4 V_Tr singing. XXbreak into pieces, divide, apportion XXtaste, take part in a feast (done to food items) Irao kwon iteege kini tio tiŋgi na som. Nio aŋte narabu ma ni ka suruunu mi nio —They are not going to be able to take koŋ suruunu. —I broke the tapioca bread, part in this feast of mine. and he got part and I got part. miiri iteege -tete V_Tr Redup XXwind affects something, blows on alt. -tette something Ketete meene siŋ ti ma irao yom. —Divide up Ni isan mburu ma isu, be zoŋ ikan mi miiri this big bundle of sago among yourselves. iteege. —She spread the clothes out for Ikam narabu ma isuŋ pa, to itette ma irao the sun to dry and get some wind/air. zin naŋgaŋ kini. —He took the bread Miiri iteege yo ma kuliŋ isarakrak kek. and prayed for it, and then broke it and —The wind is blowing on me and causing [distributed it] to all his disciples. me to have goose bumps. see also: -peete -teege tete ru XX -teege1 V_Tr hold contradictory beliefs, follow XXtake hold of, grasp with hands contradictory ways of behaving, be Ni iteege buza ma imaŋga. —He took a double-minded, inconsistent in one’s knife and got up. actions, not whole-hearted (Lit. ‘holds Mar ŋana mi aŋteegu. —Come closer so I two walking sticks’) can hold you (SG). Nio aŋurla sua kini som. Pa ni iteege tete Iteege lae pa mooribi namaana, mi iwiti ma ru. —I don’t believe his talk. For he holds imaŋga. —He reached and took hold of two walking sticks. the old woman’s hand and lifted her, and -teege kopo- she stood up. XXlook after the feeding of someone (Lit. XXarrest ‘hold stomach’) Titeege yo sorok, mi tiur yo lela ruumu -teege kuli- sanaana. —They arrested me without XXprovide food, strengthen body (Lit. ‘hold reason and put me in jail. skin’) XXhold in one’s hand Kam ka pin ma ikan be iteege kuliini, tona Teege kat! —Hold it well! ila pa uraata. —Give him some bananas similar: -kis ‘hold’, -ten ‘hold in one’s hand’ to eat to strengthen him, and after that he XXtouch, hold, feel can go to work. Tomtom pakan timoto siŋ. Irao titeege -teege le- kadoono tomtom toro siŋ kini na som. —Some XXbe paid, receive wages (Lit. ‘hold people are afraid of blood. They are not payment’) able to touch someone else’s blood. -teege ŋono- Kumbuŋ iteege toono mbolŋana sa som. —I XXhave sex with, fondle, pet (Lit. ‘hold did not feel any strong ground under my body’) feet. -teege peeze pa kwo- (i)teege XXsteer, drive (Lit. ‘hold steering for’) XXmention, speak about (Lit. ‘mouth hold’) -teege siŋ pa XX Kwoyom teege zan risa pepe. —You (PL) take care of a woman who has given should not mention their names at all. birth (for example by washing blood- a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -teege 514 teene

stained clothing, Lit. ‘hold blood’) I am cold.) Indeeŋe ta ni ikam tomtom na, nio ta teegeŋa- N_Inal_Event aŋteege siŋ pini. —When she gave birth, it XXholding was I that looked after her. O Yooba, pataŋana taiŋgi imbel teegeŋoŋ XXhave blood on one’s hands, kill someone, kek! —O Yahweh, this misfortune has murder been holding me a long time already. A. iteege siŋ pa naana, tabe ila imbot ruumu -teegekaala V_Tr sananŋana. —A. murdered his mother, XXtake something along just in case therefore he has gone to prison. Iŋgi Sande, tamen aŋteegekaala nomoŋ. David iteege siŋ pa Uria. —David had —Now it is Sunday [so I am not thinking Uriah’s blood on his hands. of work] but I am taking my machete -teege uraata along anyway just in case. XXbe employed (Lit. ‘hold work’) -teegekaala kopo- -teege you XXprovide light refreshments/ snacks (not XXcook (Lit. ‘hold fire’) a full meal, just a little something to eat) Aŋteege kanda you zen. —I have not yet -teegekiskis/ -tekiskis cooked for us (INC). XXhold strongly, hold very tightly you teegeŋana muriini -teege2 V_Tr XXkitchen (Lit. ‘place for holding fire’) XXweave coconut leaves into baskets -teege zaaba pa Moori titeege pelpeele/ kiri/ nakaral. —The XXattack, assault (Lit. ‘hold club to’) women wove [different kinds of] baskets. -tekteege V_Tr Redup -teegekat V_Tr XXkeep on doing some activity, persist in XXlook after, care for, attend to (someone Ni itekteegi men pa sambarŋana. —He just who is incapacitated, one takes care of keeps at cutting the grass. their toilet needs, meals, washing, etc.) similar: -noknok men Tamaŋ mete ikami, mi ituŋ aŋteegekatkati ni- (i)tekteege ma imeete. —My father became ill and I XXshivering, (be) cold personally looked after him until he died. Nin tekteege mi tikeene kat som. —They -teegeraama V_Tr were cold and did not sleep well. XXtake along all necessary things dial. var. ni- tekeege (Marile) Sombe la mokleene, na teegeraama buza, -parteege sarep, ma koroŋ boozomen ki uraata.. XX hold/ touch each other —When you (SG) go the garden, take along Parpon ke ru tana ma matan iparteege, tona a machete, grass knife, and all the [other] kiruuŋu ikan. —Line up those two pieces tools needed for the work. of wood so that their ends overlap, and teene1 N then nail them [together]. XXcane, rattan (=Tok Pisin kanda, used -parteege nama- for building fences and tying houses XXshake hands (when welcoming someone together. Short rigid pieces of rattan are or saying goodbye) also used for corporal punishment. The Niamŋan amparteege nomoyam muŋgu. names of different types of rattan are —We (EXC) shook hands first. listed in the Semantics Fields section. -peteege V_Tr Scientific name: Calamus sp.) XXhand something to someone, give a gift Zin tipo urum tana pa kiri ka teene men. Peteege koroŋ tana ise nio nomoŋ. —Hand Tito mbulu kizin kolman. —They built me that thing. that clan house just by tying it together -patekteege V_Tr Redup with kiri cane. They followed the old XXmake someone to be wet and cold people’s customs. Nu patekteege yo paso? (=Yaala yok Tino teene pa buza lutuunu, mi tipo len salakaala yo paso! Niŋ tekteege.) —Why ruumu lutuunu pa naroogo. —They shaved did you (SG) do that, you are making me the rattan (with a knife) and tied/ made a cold? (=Why do you throw water on me! headdress for the dance ceremony. -teene 515 -tekteege

Sombe tono teene, to orkan orkan ila ne, Kuzi iteete kawaala, pilou, mattress. —A rat tona ambai pa utende be ilela. —When we has torn the clothing, pillows, mattresses (INC) shave the rattan, then all the corners into shreds. (rough spots, sharp edges) go away, and -teteete V_Tr Redup then it becomes good for our heads [i.e. Nio aŋla na, ni iteteete siel matan matan. smooth and well-fitting]. —When I went, he was sawing off the Tidaada teene pa ruumu ndemeene be ends of the thatching rafters. tiparaaza mburu kizin ise pa. —They teeteŋa- N_Inal_Stative stretched out the cane [as a clothesline] XXhewn with a stone axe (mbombo) behind the house in order to hang their ke teeteŋana —carved wood, carving, idol clothes on it to dry. Tumbuyam bizin tisap ke teteeteŋan pa Tiyembut teene mi tibalisi pa. —They cut off mbombo. —Our (EXC) ancestors hewed a piece of cane and whipped him with it. pieces of wood with stone axes. Teene ko ikam zin. —They will get caned. tei Demonstrative [Lit. ‘The cane will get them.’] XXthis (one), here Zin tiya kolo ka teene be timbit wooŋgo pa Toon tei kizin ziŋoi? —This land, whose is it? ma tiyaaru. —They pulled off somekolo note: Gauru dialect form cane to tie to the boat so they could pull it. dial. var. ti (Central) Taraaza teene be tono mi topo zin naol. teke N —We (INC) tear/split the cane so we could XXoutrigger boom shave it and use it to make headdresses. Teke wooŋgo kana ipol pizin ta mozo Tatarpaala teene muŋgu pa buza, tona keteene. —The outrigger boom broke on tarasraaza ma munmun. —We (INC) first them while they were out in the middle of split cane with a knife, and then we tear the ocean. it up into smaller pieces -tekiskis V_Tr -teene2 V_Tr XXhold tightly XXswallow food without chewing, gulp Tekiskisi kat! Ko ila ne. —Hold it very down tightly! Otherwise it will get away. def. Toŋo kini som, mi tapabeleu ilae imaare Ni ikaam piŋpiŋ be ila ipuni, tamen titekiskisi. mi kut ma ila ne, ina teteene. —We (INC) —He tried to wiggle away so he could go don’t chew the food, we move it around and hit him, but they held on to him tightly in our mouth, and then it goes down, in similar: -soukiskis, -teege ma tuŋ, -teegekis doing that, we swallow. -tekteege V_Intr/Middle/Tr Redup Iteene kini ma ileegi. —He gulped down the XXkeep on doing some activity, persist food and it got stuck in his throat. Amtekteege leyam yok winŋana. —We (EXC) Beso aŋteene ma isula na, itortooro kopoŋ kept on having drinks. ma iyoyou. —When I swallowed it and Miko tekteegi ta kembena ma irao meete. it went down, it turned my stomach and —And you (SG) will continue on like that [made] it hurt. until you die. -teete V_Tr Uraata ti, katu somŋana. Tana takam, XXsaw, cut with a back and forth sawing to tetekteegi ma imap pataaŋa. Imbot movement (using a saw or piece of sharp to imborene. —This work has no one bamboo) responsible [for making sure it gets done]. Nio aŋteete ke ti. —I sawed up this wood. So let’s just keep at it and finish it in one Titeete timbiiri. —They cut wood for a go. If it is left, it will be abandoned and wooden dish. left undone. Zin titeete ruŋ be tipiizi meene. —They Yaŋ itekteege men. —The rain keeps on cut off the fibrous sheath of a coconut in falling. order to squeeze sago pulp. Naso motoyom iŋgalŋgal sua ta ni ikam piti XXshred, tear into shreds na ma kwoyom itekteege totomen. —Then a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z tekteegeŋa- 516 tembel

you (PL) will continuously remember the Zoŋ mataana ikam tel. —It was three o’clock. talk he gave to us (EXC) and your mouths Aigule iwe tel pa… —On the third day.. will keep talking about it all the time. lamata mi tel —eight Kwon tekteege mboe men. —They kept laamuru mi tel —thirteen singing away. tomoota mi tel —twenty three similar: -noknok men tomto tel —sixty ni- (i)tekteege/ ni- itekeege pa tel XXfeel cold, be cold, be shivering XXthree times Pikin niini itekteege. Kam kawaala ma Ni iso ta kembei pa tel. — He spoke like that soukaali. —The child is cold. Get a towel three times. and wrap it around her [to warm her up]. teltelŋa Adv_Pred1 Redup tekteegeŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXthree by three, in threes XXclayish ground sipsip ta kan ndaama teltelŋa —sheep that Kumbuulu lele su tana pepe. Pa ina toono are three years old tekteegeŋana. —Don’t play in that area. tembe1 N For there, the ground is clayish. XXsling similar: tektekŋa-, sekapŋa- def. Tiurpe tembe pa ni ka ruŋ. Tikam wooro tektek1 N Redup ila ruŋ suruunu, mi ila suruunu toro. To XXtree type (found by rivers, has very tiur pat ila ruŋ, mi titeege wooro tumbuun sticky fruit) ru tana, mi tipaŋgiliiti. —They make slings Tiur ke tektek pwoono isala pin be tisou from the fibrous sheath of a coconut palm. man. —They put the sticky seeds of a They attach a rope to both ends of it. Then tektek tree onto a banana plant in order to they put a stone in the sheath, and hold catch birds. the two ends of the rope, and swing [it]. tektekŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup dial. var. teembe (Marile) XXclayish, sticky -tembe2 V_Tr def. toono kasek XXshoot with a sling (birds, pigs, dogs) Toono tektekŋana isekap la kumbuŋ ma bok. Zin titembe zin man ta timbot sala kaŋar —The clayish ground got stuck all over uteene na. —They shot the birds that were my feet. up in the top of the galip tree with slings. similar: tekteegeŋa-, sekapŋa- Kala ketembe zin ŋge ta tizuzus kar keteene tektek2 V_Intr_Stative Redup kiti na. —Go and sling stones at the pigs XXhave pus in the eyes, eye infection that have been digging up the flat area in Ni mataana tektek. —S/he has pus in her/ the middle of our (INC) village. his eyes/ infected eyes. -tembembe V_Tr Redup tektekŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXshooting with a sling alt. atektekŋa- tembel1 N XXnice, beautiful construction: ka- tembel mburu tektekŋana, moori tektekŋana —nice XXspinal cord clothes, beautiful girl Dokta titiiri i na, motmooto tiloondo pa similar: ambaiŋa- ndeme kiini mi tipasaana ka tembel. —The tel Quantifier doctors examined her and found out that XXthree germs had gone into her backbone and Sombe wal ru sa, som tel sa tilup zin, … destroyed the bone marrow. —If two people or three people meet tembel2 N together, … XXcreature type (several inches long, Imar to ire waene bizin tel tana tikenne. whitish-brownish, thin, edible, has soft —When he came, he saw those three flesh, lives in rivers and estuaries) friends of his sleeping. Niam naŋgaŋ amsula yok ma amyo kotkot, Lele tana na, kar bibip tel timbot pa. —That to amsupaala, mi ampas koyam tembel ma area, three large villages are located there. amkan. —We (EXC) young men went down zin tel tana —those three/ the three of them to the river and collected driftwood, and tembel 517 terteere

then we broke it up for a fire and removed -ten2 V_Tr tembel creatures from it, and ate [them]. XXhave something in one’s hand, hold Amtuumbu tembel sala you ma amkan. something in one’s palm —We (EXC) roasted tembel creatures Ni iten ke ma ila be ipun zin pikin. —He went wrapped in leaves over a fire and ate them. with a stick in his hand to hit the children. tembel3 V_Middle_Uninfl Aŋten buza mi aŋla mokleene. —I had a XXwoe to, be in great trouble machete in my hand and went to the Tembel zin kek! —Woe to them! garden. temboŋ N Ni iten mooto tana ma ibalbut la ni lwoono XXstuds (framing timber of a house that is ma mooto imeete. —He held the snake in oriented vertically and supports the roof) his hand and hit it against the coconut Loŋa kapamender zin temboŋ mi pambaara trunk and the snake died. mbal ise, kaimer nakur isala. —Quickly see also: -teege, -kis stand up the studs and put the top plate tenten Adv_Pred0&1 Redup across [them], later the ridge beam can XXtry little by little, partially go up. Kan tenten. —Try a little bit of it and see temen N how it tastes. XXmeal (not a very big meal, prepared for Kis tenten serembat paso? Posop kat kisŋana people who have helped in some work, —Why are you (SG) only partly peeling the or to show gratitude for something else) sweet potatoes? Finish the peeling properly. Aŋkam kan temen ri, pa tisambar lele tio XXsomewhat, …ish koroŋŋana ri. —I made them a small meal, Puke parrisŋana, ina pakaana siŋsiŋ tenten, because they cleared a small piece of my mi pakaana ikokou. —Striped Malaysian land. apples are partly reddish, and partly white. -re tenten ka ŋonoono ten1 Adv_Pred0&1 XX XXsuggestive (when someone is unwilling experience a bit (not fully yet, more to or apprehensive, or when the successful come), foretaste outcome of an intended action is not Mi kerre tenten ka ŋonoono kek. —And you sure), try to do something have already begun to see a bit of the fruit/ XXtry, test results of it. Toombo ten! —Try and do it anyway! -tara tenten XX Paata ten! —Try and read it! keep hitting with a knife several times Boobo ten. Tila kek, som zen? —Try calling making some marks, chip off out. Have they already gone or not? Asiŋ itara tenten ke tiŋgi? —Who has cut Iti tere ten, ko ni imar som som? —Let’s (INC) chips into this piece of wood? see whether he comes or not. -tepe V_Intr_Stative Rupa ten. —Just try it on [i.e. a piece of XXprotrude (of lower lip) clothing]. Ni iwe kolman kek, tana zuruunu itepe. Aŋtiiri ten li ti. —I will try to check this —He has become old, and therefore his deep spot in the water. lower lip is protruding. XXmore -terre V_Intr_Stative Redup Ruk ten ma ila ŋana. —Move it a little bit XXlean over, be at an angle more. Koko, pa ke iterre kek! —Run away, for the Yoan, ni ruk ten ŋana pa Anutu kwoono tree is already leaning over. bizin. —John, he was greater than any of Ruumu iterre kek. Iŋgi be imuzu. —The God’s other prophets. house is already leaning over. It is about tenten Adv_Pred0&1 Redup to fall over. XXlittle by little Ni tana iterre be ipol. —That coconut is see under: tenten for examples leaning (so much), it is about to fall over. terteere N Redup XXwild taro type (not edible, leaves used a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z tete 518 tiam

for covering sores or folded into drinking the nearness of something or seeks the cups) attention of the listener) def. Tapakap mbeete pa, tokop yok pa be Pensol iŋgoi? Pensol tis. —Where is the tiwin. Takan som, pa ituntun ti. —We (INC) pencil? The pencil is right here. [in my cover sores with it, and fold the leaves hand] into drinking ‘cups’. We do not eat [them], ti2 N for [they] cause us to itch. XXtype of tree (used to poison fish. The tete N Redup fruits are edible however, but are usually XXwalking stick, staff only eaten in time of hunger. The dried Ni iteege tete kini mi ipa ma ila. —He took fruits are made into rattles.) his staff and walked away. Ti ruunu mi ti kuliini isula yok be ipun Ni iteege tete ru. —He holds two different buzur ma takan. —Ti tree leaves and the [i.e. conflicting] beliefs. / He practices ti tree’s bark [are put] down in water to two types of behaviour. kill game and we (INC) eat it. tetekat N Ti putuunu, takat mi tuur sula kiri mi tuur XXwrapped food made of sweet potatoes or sula yok ma inmbot ma molo, kembei wik taro and crushed galip nuts ta, som ru. To takam ma ise mi toto ma Anaŋ itun tiama, mi iur tetekat isala, mi ito. takan. Yok iŋguuru siŋiini ma ila lene. —My mother heated the cooking stones, Peteele to takan. Takanan sorok som. and put the wrapped mixture of galip nuts —The seeds of a ti tree, we (INC) snap and taro on [them] and roasted [them]. [them] off, and put [them] down in a To ipi tiama ma isu, mi ipeeze tetekat. —Then basket, and put [them] into water where she took off the stones, and unwrapped the they stay for a long time, like a week or mixture of galip nuts and taro. two. Then we take them out, and cook dial. var. aduŋ, kodaaŋa [them] on hot stones and eat them. The teu N water washes away the sap. In times of XXsugarcane, sugar (=Tok Pisin suga, hunger, then we eat [them]. We don’t eat scientific name: Saccharum officinarum) them if we don’t have to. Kala ma kakat kanda teu sa be toŋo. —Go ti3 Pronoun and break off some sugarcane for alt. iti us (INC) to chew. XXus, us (INC) Sombe toŋo teu ma biibi, to mbasir yaut/ XXfirst person plural (hearer(s) included) wat ikam ti. —If we (INC) chew on a lot accusative pronoun of sugarcane, then we will have urinary Ni ikam ti ma tombot matanda yaryaara. problems. [a traditional belief] —He causes us (INC) to live eternally. Kam teu suruunu sa imar aŋŋit be ipembeeze see also: kiti, piti, iti, -ndV ŋgureŋ. —Bring me a piece of sugar cane dial. var. (i)ndi (Gauru and Northern) [and] I [will] bite off the skin [and chew ti-4 Subject prefix it] to help my throat. XXthey, (third person plural Subject prefix teu ka wol that occurs on inflected verbs) XXsection of a sugarcane ti-la —they go, they went, they will go ti1 Demonstrative ti-pun —they hit, they will hit dial. var. tei (Gauru) -ti5 V_Intr XXthis, this one construction: -ti la Toono ti, kizin ziŋoi? —This land, whose is it? XXget caught (in a net), get stuck Nio ti, aŋkamam mbulu takena som. —As Ŋge iti la pu. —The pig got caught in the net. for me, I don’t do things like that. Ye boozo tila titi la pu tana. —A lot of fish Mbol tio ri ta ti. —This is my short story. got caught in that net. XXhere tiam Pronoun Kamar, tulup ti su ti. —Come, let’s meet here. XXto/with us (EXC), our (EXC) tis Demonstrative XXfirst person plural (hearer(s) excluded) XXright here (addition of the -s emphasises form of Locative pronoun tiama 519 tie-

Iŋga niam kaŋar tiam. —That is our (EXC) size of a chicken, =Tok Pisin paul bilong galip nut tree. bus / welpaul) Timar tiam. —They came to us (EXC). def. Man tiau, ni man su kana ta takanan. Timbotmbot tiam. —They are staying with —The bush fowl is a bird of the forest that us (EXC). we (INC) eat. note: from ki + yam tie- N_Inal tiama N XXfaeces, excrement XXcooking stones (used when cooking me tiene —faeces of a dog things in an earth oven) Tiem su tana pepe! La ŋana. —Don’t alt. tiaama defecate there! Go a bit further. dial. var. kaiama (Northern) see also: te ‘faeces, excrement’ Rorou, to tutun tiama, mi toto kanda XXresidue, leaving serembat. —In the afternoon, then we (INC) tiene ri —a little drop will heat up the cooking stones and roast meene zoŋo tiene —sago pulp that has some sweet potatoes to eat. fallen off in the process of being squeezed -peipei tiama —to collect cooking stones so tiene —sawdust -petpet tiama —gather up cooking stones guugu tiene —sago pulp that has fallen to after the food has been removed the ground -piindi tiama pa kipin —move hot stones by XXproduct, results, efforts, labour using tongs Nu mbotmbot se uraata tio ka tiene. —You -pi tiama —move stones once they are (SG) are living off of the fruits of my labour. cooled off Ina wal pakan uze kizin tiene. —That is Kere tiama imuta kek, to kala ma kipiindi be result of other people’s hard work. kini loŋa mi isala. —Look at the cooking XXaccount, report stones [that are being heated up in a Beede uraata ku tiene ise ro. —Write an fire], if they are already hot, then go and account of the results of your work down remove some of them, so that the food on paper. can quickly be put on to be cooked. kopo- tiene tiaŋtiaŋ N Redup XXfood, meal XXbird type (has a white tail, black wings, Matan iŋgal kopon tiene som. Tikam uraata, long and yellow beak, considered to be mi matan iŋgal kini som. —They did not an omen) think about having a meal. They just kept Tiaŋtiaŋ ipegerger ipegerger ma niyam gesges. working, and did not think about food. —The tiaŋtiaŋ bird kept crying for a long Ni mataana iŋgalŋgal kopo tiene ta kea, time and we (EXC) got tired of it. tabe ikam uraata ki lupŋana som. —He Tiaŋtiaŋ iwatwaata tomtom zaana. Tiaŋtiaŋ kept thinking of food like that, and so he itaŋtaŋ. Ko ipaata asiŋ zaana? (Asiŋ imar, did not do community work. o pataŋana sa indeeŋe tomtom tana.) kuumbu tiene(ŋa-) —The tiaŋtiaŋ bird keeps calling a person’s XXhabitually stealing name. The tiaŋtiaŋ is crying. Whose name Tomtom tana, ni kuumbu tiene/ ni kuumbu is it calling? (Whoever is coming, or is tieneŋana kat. (=Ikemem tapaara.) —That about to experience hardship.) person is a real thief. (He keeps stealing tiaŋtiaŋ gaada (=apondok) —tiaŋtiaŋ type again and again.) that lives by rivers and along the coast [It is magat tien tien viewed as having the habit of just looking XXsmall fish found near reefs (Lit. ‘reef around at things and not doing anything.] excrement/products’) tiaŋtiaŋ ŋonoono —real tiaŋtiaŋ (which Magat tien tien, ina ye munmun ta tinmbot lives in the forest) la patpat. Tupun naamba, to toyo zin. tiau N —‘Reef products’ these are small fish that XXwild chicken, bush fowl (brown, black, live near coral reefs. We (INC) strike poison

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z tiigi 520 -tiiri

root [in the vicinity of the reef to kill anemone (edible, found on reef, them], and then collect them. colourful, when touched it curls up) mata- tiene Tekes tiimi su kur kezeene. —We (INC) collect XX‘sleep’ in the eyes coral polyps at the edge of the reef. Nio aŋmaŋga mi aŋpai motoŋ tiene. —I got tiimi naana, tiimi lutuunu up and rubbed the sleep out of my eyes. tiiŋgi N miiri tiene/ gubur tiene dial. var. tiiŋi (Birik) XXmoving cloud/ stationary cloud XXmud, swamp, muddy/ swampy area munŋaana ka tiene Niam amkam meene ta tiiŋgi a. —We (EXC) XXlarge, uncountable amount, vast amount, get sago from the swamp. multitude Nio aŋdubup sula tiiŋgi biibi/ sananŋana. —I Popoŋana ki Abaram ko tipet ma tiwe sank down into a big/bad swampy place. muŋaana ka tiene. —Abraham’s offspring Ni ikam tiiŋgi ma imoono la motoŋ. —He will appear and they will become a great took mud and smeared to my eyes. multitude. tiiŋgi karoozoŋana —wet, muddy place To siizi munŋaana ka tiene tipet ma tipasaana -tiŋtiiŋgi V_Intr_Stative Redup ni. —Then a multitude of grasshoppers XXbe dirty, be muddy, be smeared with mud appeared and ruined the coconut palms. -patiiŋgi polop tieneŋa- XXmake dirty, get dirty, smear dirt on XXfearful something Tomtom tana, polop tieneŋana kat. —That tiiri N person is very fearful [of ghosts, darkness] XXdorsal fin, fin on the back of a fish tiigi N ye ka tiiri —the dorsal fin of a fish XXbasket type (big and round, made of note: Kampalap form a belele vine, design comes from New dial. var. sisiraana (Central) Britain) -tiiri V_Middle/Tr Zin Kampalap tiŋgalŋgal tiigi. —The XXexamine, look over, check Kampalap villagers make (Lit. ‘pierce’) tiigi Ni itiiri i pa natiloŋa. —He examined baskets. himself in a mirror. similar: natika Ni itiiri itunu ila yok. —He looked at tiili1 N himself in the water. [In the past, looking construction: ka- tiili at one’s reflection in water was the way to XXearwax, wax in the ear check one’s appearance.] talŋaana ka tiili —his/her earwax Ni itiiri lele. —He checked/ looked over the Talŋoŋ ka tiili biibi mete ma aŋleŋ kat sua area. som. —I have a lot of wax in my ear and Re mburu ti mi tiiri ten. Ko asiŋ? —Look at can’t hear well. this clothing and examine [it]. Whose is it? Pai talŋom ka tiili. —Dig out that wax from XXevaluate, check, appraise, judge your (SG) ear. Ni itiiri uraata kini. —He checked her work. tiili2 N Merere ko itiiri iti pa mbulu kiti. —The Lord XXfence post (smaller than kitiimbi ‘house will evaluate us (INC) in our behaviour. post’) Zin bibip irao titiiri kat sua kizin tomtom, Aŋkas tiili be aŋpo siiri. —I cut fence posts mi tiurpe ma indeeŋe men. —Leaders with which to make (Lit. ‘tie’) a fence. should carefully evaluate people’s talk tiili3 N and fix things in a really just manner. XXmushroom (general name) Tiiri lelem. —Evaluate your insides/heart. tiili meene kana (edible) Tiiri su pa itum. —Examine/ Judge yourself. tiili tui biibi (edible) Ou, kitiiri ŋgar ti. Ko ambai som som? tiili areprep (red, not edible) —Hey, evaluate this idea. Is it good or not? tiili ke kana (found on trees) -tirtiiri V_Tr Redup tiimi N Anutu itirtiiri zin tomtom pa mbulu kizin mi XXsea creature type, coral polyp, sea iurur kadoono pizin. —God judges people -tiizi 521 timbiiri

according to their behaviour and gives of being bashful or walking stooped over them their punishment/reward. with one’s head bowed down and just Merere ko itiiri ituru pa pataŋana taiŋgi. shuffling along.) —The Lord will judge between the two of def. Tiroono ise pa pai. Niini ise ma ipa. us (INC) concerning this problem. —His bones rise in [his] walking. He tiiriŋana N_Inal_Event exults and walks. XXexamination, judgement, court case Ni ituntuundu som. Menmeeni mi tiktik ma Ni imaŋga pa tiiriŋana. —He started the ila. —He was not stooped over. He was examination. happy and walking vigorously with his tiiriŋana katuunu head held high. XXjudge, one responsible for judging Pa ki mos. Tiktik pepe. —Walk quietly, not Iti takamam sorok. Mi sombe tiiriŋana vigorously. [when inside a house] katuunu imar, to ikam kat. —We (INC) do it Ni tiktik ma imar. Ko sua sa? —He is haphazardly. But when the real Judge [i.e. vigorously walking as he comes. Perhaps God] comes, then he will do it properly. there is some important talk [to be tiiriŋana muriini discussed]? XXcourt, place of examination tiktikŋa- N_Inal_Stative -pitiiri V_Tr XXvigorous, energetic XXsearch carefully, examine carefully Logan pai kini tiktikŋana. —Logan’s way of Amla amgalas mi ampitiiri ke mbuleene ma walking is very vigorous. ye sa som kat. —We (EXC) went diving and tiliizi1 carefully searched the base of the tree, construction: ka- tiliizi N but there was not a single fish. XXgroin area -tiirigeege V_Tr Koŋ tiliizi uunu isar. —My groin area is XXsearch, examine a group of things swollen. Tiirigeege plet ta boozomen tana. Re nu ku, dial. var. saŋa- (Yangla) to kam. —Check all those plates. If you (SG) tiliizi2 N see yours, then take it. XXtree type (=Tok Pisin talis, has edible -tiizi V_Tr nuts, grows on the coast, scientific name: XXstrip off leaves from the stalk (used of Terminalia catappa) kemyo, sarakrak, mok ruunu, tipir, and Tiliizi ti iur narenren ambaiŋana piti. kundak plants) —This talis nut tree provides really nice Kitiizi kemyo tana. —Strip off the leaves shade for us (INC). from those edible ferns. Tiliizi imbot tai men mi mutu. Ipu totomen. Kitiizi zeere isula kuuru be inoi. —Strip off —The talis nut tree is found only by the sea the edible greens into the pot to boil. and on islands. It bears fruit all the time. -tiizi mok ruunu —Strip off taro leaves XXnut of a talis tree similar: -yazuumu Tiliizi na, iti tokot. —Talis nuts, we (INC) tiktiigi N Redup break open with stones. XXheaddress type, headband, crown (worn timbiiri N by women on their foreheads) XXwooden dish (a traditional wealth def. Tiurpe pa mor mi zaara mi borbooro object, used putuunu. Zin moori aigau kizin. Tiktiigi for serving up isala ndomon. —It is made of dog’s teeth starchy pudding and little white shells and grass seeds. to large crowds It is a woman’s decoration. This kind of and for brideprice payments, has carved decoration is worn on their foreheads. designs on the bottom and sides, usually tiktik V_Intr_Uninfl Redup purchased from the inner island people XXwalk vigorously/ energetically (with living on Aramot and Mandok islands one’s head held high, often because of who carve the dishes and trade them.) feeling happy or proud. It is the opposite a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -timbil 522 tiŋga

Zin Koobo titaara mboono ma isula be tisap timiini N timbiiri. —The inner island people cut XXbunch, hand of (used only of bananas) down an ironwood tree in order to carve pin timiini ta —one hand of bananas wooden dish of it. Kam buza mi teete pin timiini tana isu. Pa Zin Koobo ta tizabzap timbiiri. —It is the mazaana kek. —Take a knife and cut off inner island people that carve wooden that hand of bananas. For they are already dishes. ripe. Tiŋgiimi moori tana pa timbiiri piizi? Zeebe pin timiini tana isula kaari mi poi. —How many wooden dishes did they pay —Put that bunch of bananas into a basket for that woman? and carry it hanging from your (SG) head. Ŋgal wak ma isula timbiiri. —Mash some tina Demonstrative starchy pudding and [put it] down into alt. taina, tana the wooden dish. XXthat (near you), that one (near you), the Timbiiri na mbio. Tikam timbiiri mi Kam ke tina imar. —Bring that stick here. tiroukeele ŋge pa isu Mereu. —Wooden mbeŋ tamen ta tina —on that very same dishes are a wealth object. They take night wooden dishes and trade them for pigs in Re nom tina! —See your (SG) mother there! West New Britain. E, ŋgomo ta tina. —Yes, that was the price. -timbil V_Intr Mi tina men som. —And not only that. XXroll note: Compound of ta + ina. The form Ke itimbil ma isula yok som. Igagaaga. —The tina is favored by Gauru dialect speakers, piece of wood rolled, but did not fall down but they also use tana. Central dialect into the river. It stopped at the edge. speakers mainly use tana. Aloi (=pikin musaari) ikeene mi mburaana XXthere (near you) mburaana ma itimbil to keteene wek se. Mbulem su tina. —Sit down there. —Aloi (a little baby) was lying [on her nu tina/ niom tina stomach], and she kept trying until she XXyou there (used when expressing rolled over with her chest facing upwards. disapproval, indicates that the speaker Ŋgat pikin ma ikeene, ko itimbil lene mi itop. wants to psychologically distance —Put a barrier around the child while he himself from the addressee(s)) sleeps lest he roll over and fall down. Niom tina, konok sanaana kamŋana XXlie on the ground ndabok! —You (PL) there have been doing Papaya itimbil su toono. —The papaya is enough bad things! [i.e. Stop it!] lying on the ground. Niom tina som kat! —You (PL) there are Ni mataana ŋenŋeene, to itimbil sorok su absolutely hopeless! toono. —He was sleepy and then he just uunu tina ta Conjunction stretched himself out on the ground. XXthat is the reason that..., that is why similar: -keene Uunu tina ta… —That is the reason that... / -timbilmbil V_Intr Redup That is why... XXroll around, (be) restless, writhe tiŋ V_Intr_Uninfl Ni itaŋ biibi ma itimbilmbil su kar keteene. XXgo straight into —She cried loudly and was writhing/ Ilu marakete ma tiŋ sala ŋge ma ŋge imeete. rolling around [on the ground] in the —He threw his spear and it went straight middle of the village [because of her grief]. into the pig and the pig died. Posi itimbilmbil ise sukiŋ. —The cat is similar: alala, koŋ, pok rolling around on my lap. tiŋga Demonstrative -patimbil V_Tr alt. taŋga XXroll XXthat (one) over there (nearby but Kala kapatimbil ke lwoono taŋga ilae. somewhat removed from both speaker Kokena ipakaala zaala. —Go and roll that and hearer) tree trunk over there aside, so it won’t Kere, so wooŋgo tiŋga? —Look, what canoe block the road. is that over there? tiŋgi 523 tipi-

Re kar musaari tiŋga. —Look at that little cf. taŋiiz ‘crying’ village over there. -tiŋirŋir V_Intr_Stative Redup XXover there XXbe burnt down to glowing coals Ni imbotmbot tiŋga. —He is staying over You ikan ma bilbilŋana imap, mi itiŋirŋir. there. —The fire burned down until the flames note: from ta + iŋga are finished and there were just red coals. tiŋgi Demonstrative Sombe you itiŋirŋir, to tutuumbu meene isala. alt. taiŋgi —Once the fire has burned down to red XXthis (one in the immediate vicinity of the coals, then we (INC) will roast sago on it. speaker and hearer) see also: you keseene ‘red coals’ Mon tiŋgi ki asiŋ? —Whose dugout canoe -tiŋtiiŋgi V_Intr_Stative Redup is this? XXbe dirty/ muddy/ smeared with mud Nio musaari mi tikam yo ma aŋmar aŋbot Yok itiŋtiiŋgi. —The river is muddy/dirty. kar tiŋgi. —When I was very young, they Mburu ku itiŋtiiŋgi kat. La ma ŋguuru. brought me here to live in this village. —Your (SG) clothes are very dirty. Go and XXhere wash [them]. Niom kombotmbot tiŋgi mi kasa yam. —Stay see also: tiiŋgi ‘mud, swampy place’ here and wait for us (EXC). -patiiŋgi/ -patiŋtiiŋgi V_Tr note: from ta + iŋgi XXmake dirty, muddy, get dirty, smear dirt tiŋgis Demonstrative on something XXright here, this one here (addition of Ni ipatiiŋgi kuliini pa boma. —He smeared the -s makes the demonstrative more clay on his skin. emphatic) Patiŋtiiŋgi mburu ku popoŋana paso? —Why Koozi kere mar pa tomtom itunu tiŋgis! did you (SG) get your new clothes dirty? —Today, you (PL) see the man himself tio Pronoun right here! XXto/ at/ with me, my (first person tiŋiizi N_Event singular form of Locative pronoun) XXcrying with tears, wailing, weeping Ni imbotmbot tio. —He is staying with me. Naŋgoŋ imeete, tana nio aŋkam tiŋiizi biibi Kamar tio. —Come to me. pini. —My mother died, therefore I cried Kam nakabasi tio imar. —Bring my axe. a lot for her. note: from ki + yo Tiŋiizi isu ma isaana pa morri tana. —There tiom Pronoun was a lot of wailing for that little girl. XXto/ at/ with you (PL), your (PL) (second Ni imbel tiŋiizi ma molo. —He kept crying person plural form of Locative pronoun) for a long time. Kakam kuuru tiom imar muŋgu. —Bring XXcry for help your pots here first. Iŋgi tiŋiizi tio ima ku. —Here my cry [for Ni imbotmbot tiom. —He is staying with you. help] is coming to you (SG). Niam ko ampimiili pat tana ma ima tiom tiŋisŋiizi N_Event Redup mini. —We (EXC) will return that money XXbeing on verge of crying, sobbing to you. Tiŋisŋiizi ikam yo. —I am about to cry. note: from ki + yom Itaŋ pini ma imap, to tiŋisŋiizi ikami. tipi- N_Inal —After she had cried for him, then she XXreally small part of something, tiny piece, was sobbing. splinter, pieces of stones that shatter as a lele- tiŋiiziŋa- N_Inal_Stative result of being heated in a fire XXcrying easily pat tipiini ru —two toea Ni leleene tiŋiiziŋana. —She is one who Ke tipiini iŋgal yo. —I got a splinter stuck cries easily. in my hand. see also: -taŋ tipintipin N_Inal Redup probable loan from the Mutu language, XXmany small pieces a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z tir 524 tiro-

ke tipinpin —splinters of wood ŋes. —He climbed up the betel-nut palm tir1 N and fell down, and then he hit his leg XXshellfish type (edible, found in the sea) badly and it broke. -tir2 V_Tr Tiroŋ iyoyou. —My bones hurt/ache. XXshake Ye kuulu ti tirontironŋana. Ye ambai som. Ko Zin moori titir kakaaba. —The women ileege ŋgurende. —This kuulu fish has lots shook the rattles. of bones. It is not a good fish. It will get similar: -yel stuck in our (INC) throats. XXshake off/ out XXstrength, strong Kasala we tana ma kitir kanda pakan. —Go Ni tiroono men kat. Irao ikwaara koroŋ up that mango tree and shake off some for bibip. —He is very strong, he is able to us (INC) to eat. carry big things. Tir yok isu pa utem. —Shake the water off Ni tiroono imbol pa uraata kamŋana. —He of [the hair on] your (SG) head. has great strength for doing work. Tir meteke. (=Tut su toono.) —Shake out XXframing the termites from their nest. (=Hit [the ruumu tiroono/ tiron tiron —framing nest] on the ground.) timber of a house XXspread out one’s wings tiro-ŋa- Ko kembei ta manboŋ, itir begeene mi irie XXstrong, tough ma ila ne kek! —Like an eagle, it spreads Tomtom taiŋgi, ni tiroonoŋana kat. —This its wings and flies and is gone. man is really tough/ strong. XXshake out by hitting tiro- ikiiri -tirtir V_Tr Redup XXphysically strong (-)tirikriigi V_Intr Redup Kakam mburu bibip pepe, pa niom tiroyom alt. -tabirbir ikiiri zen. —Don’t take big loads, for XXwalk unsteadily, stagger, lurch your (PL) bones are not yet strong enough Tomtom tana tirikriigi pa pai ma ila. —That [said to small children]. man was staggering as he walked along tiro- (i)mbeeze XX Tipun tomtom tana, tana itirikriigi. Ipa kat rest, relax (Lit. ‘bones be soft’) som. —Because they hit that man, he is Ketem su ri muŋgu ma tirom (i)mbeeze, to walking unsteadily. He does not walk maŋga mini pa uraata. —Rest a bit first properly. and allow your (SG) bones to rest, and then similar: -sursur, -tarakoŋkoŋ you can start working again. tiro- men -tirke V_Tr XX XXshake off very thin, skin and bones (Lit. ‘only Ŋguloŋ iro nomoŋ, to antirke i ma itop. —A bones’) gecko grabbed on to my hand, and then I Ni tiroono men, mi ruŋguunu isaana. —He shook it off. is very thin, only bones, and looks bad. tiro- imukurkur Nio aŋtirke musmuuzu pa kawaala tio. —I XX shook the dirt/ dust off of my clothes. all of one’s strength is gone, feel Koroŋ ta iyalele iti pa loondoŋana, titirke strengthless ma tisu len lup. —All the things that Mburoŋ izzu mi tiroŋ imukurkur lup. —My hinder us (INC) from running [well], let us strength is failing and all of my bones are shake them off completely. out of joint. [=I feel very weary.] tirkeŋa- N_Inal_Event Aŋwin yok mbolŋana ma tiroŋ imukurkur XXshaking, threshing lup. —I drank strong [i.e. alcoholic] drink bali tirkeŋana muriini —the place where and all my bones are loose [=I have no barley was threshed strength.] XX tiro- N_Inal bones separate/ become detached from XXbone each other (after death) Tiroono ipol. —His bone broke. Tiroono imukurkur. —His bones have Ni isala mbu ma itop, to ilikat kumbuunu ma separated. -tit 525 -titi tiro- imurumrum Parei, nu ru tiroŋ? —How is it, are you (SG) XXbones are destroyed wanting to see how strong I am? Tiron imurumrum ma imap. —Their bones -tit V_Tr were completely destroyed. XX tiro- ise reject, refuse to accept something, spurn Nu tit ye tio paso? —Why do you (SG) refuse XXhold oneself erect to accept my fish? Ni ipa pai kini na, tiroono ise mi iwwa. Nio aŋso aŋsala Ukarumpa, mi ni itit yo. —When he walks, he holds himself erect —I wanted to go up to Ukarumpa, but he and walks. rejected me. XXroused, aggressive, belligerent, act like Ni itit kalŋoŋ. —He refused to listen to me. you are strong and invincible -titit V_Tr Redup Sombe tipamalmal ketem, to tirom ise be kam Kititit kini, tabe peteltel yom. —You (PL) malmal. —If they anger you (SG), then you keep refusing the food, and so now you become aggressive and want to fight. ka- tiroono are hungry. titŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXobligation to repay something Ina kini titŋana, ta imar isu imbotmbot. Sombe tomtom toro sa ikam koroŋ biibi pu, —That is the rejected food that has been na re pa koroŋ ka tiroono (=toyaŋana). —If brought and is sitting there. someone gives something big to you (SG), -tit ndomo- (pa) then look out for the obligation to repay it XXrefuse to acknowledge someone’s rights later on. over something similar: pekelŋana, toyaŋana -kam tiro- Ni itit ndomondo pa toono/ mba. —He refused to acknowledge our (INC) rights XXdisplay one’s strength, act belligerently, over the land/ fruit trees. aggressively challenge (Lit. ‘do bones’) XXrefuse what someone offers Kam tirom paso? Kam kosa, to tere. Ni itit ndomoŋ pa kini ta aŋso aŋkam pini Uraataŋom sa? —Why are you (SG) na. —He refused to accept the food that I being so aggressive? Go ahead and do wanted to give to him. something and then we (INC) will see [how XXrefuse someone’s request strong you are]. Are you a real worker? Ni irao itit ndomon na som. Ko iuulu zin. XXcollect one’s strength, gather one’s —He will not refuse their request. He will strength, fortify oneself help them. Kakam tiroyom (mburoyom)! —[Don’t give -tit ŋgele up.] Gather your (PL) strength! dial. var. -ŋgal ŋgele (Marile) Kakam tiroyom (Niyom ise), mana kala XXrefuse to help someone mi kataara ke tana. —Gather your (PL) Zin na, nio toŋmatiziŋ tio ŋonoono. Irao strength [by eating well ahead of time], titit ŋgele pio na som. —They are my true before you go and cut that tree. -ke tiro- relatives. They are not going to refuse to help me. XXcollect one’s strength to do something, Uraata tio biibi ipet, tamen zin titit ŋgele gather one’s strength pio. Timar som. —I had a big event Tike tiron pa malmal. —They collected coming, but they refused to help me. their strength for the fight. They did not come. Ke tirom! —Push strong! [Said to a mother -titi V_Intr_Stative Redup giving birth.] XX -petekat tiro- be bulging XXbreak someone’s bone Mooto ikan buzur ma kopoono ititi. —The snake ate some game and its stomach was Tipetekat tiroono sa ma ipol na som. —They bulging. did not break any of his bones. -ru tiro- Kan kini ma kopom ititi. (=Kopom bok (SG) XXchallenge (Lit. ‘seek bones/strength’) tau.) —You ate the food and now your a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -tiyaara 526 to

stomach is bulging. (=Your stomach is Niamŋan tiziŋ bizin amla amsiŋ ŋge ma amar full.) pa kar. —I and my younger brothers went similar: -putput and carried the pig back to the village. -tiyaara1 V_Intr [said by a man] XXflower (used of coconuts and betel-nut Niamru tiziŋ moori amla amzibuuru koyam. palms) —I went with my younger sister to catch Ni itiyaara. —The coconut is flowering. crayfish. [said by a woman] see also: -ruŋ tiziŋan XX -tiyaara2 V_Tr my younger brothers (vocative, used in XXsow seeds, scatter by throwing, throw direct address) something O atoŋan mi tiziŋan, kakam mbulu Nio aŋtiyaara koi iweene. —I sowed sananŋana pizin wal taiŋgi pepe! —O my tobacco seeds. older and younger brothers, do not do bad Mose itiyaara koskoozo sala kor. —Moses to these people! threw ashes up high in the air. see also: lu- ri ‘younger sibling/cousin of XXshake something in order to straighten it the opposite sex, cross-sibling’ Ni itiyaara serek. —She shook the grass -tizik V_Tr skirt in order to straighten it. XXdip something into a liquid XXshake water off Nio aŋtizik narabu sula yambon. —I dipped Aŋtiyaara yok pa mburu tio, to aŋur sala tapioca bread into the soup. wooro. —I shook the water off from my Nu tizik trausis tio isula yok. Iŋgi ko aŋru laundry, and put it on the line. pa sokorei? —You (SG) put my trousers into XXleave, abandon (before completion) the water. Now what shall I put on? Aŋtiyaara kini isu lene, mi aŋkam lutuŋ ila Tizik taul isula yok mi mus motom pa. hausik. —I left the food preparations for —Dip the towel into the water and wipe the time being, and took my child to the your (SG) face with it. health centre. -tizigzik V_Tr Redup XXsprinkle Ni ikamam yok ma itizigzik you ma imeete. Tikam yok ma titiyaara sala ŋwan be —She kept taking water and dipping it tiŋguuru wal mbuŋin. —They took water from the dish onto the fire until it died. and sprinkled it on themselves in order to to1 Conjunction wash away other people’s body dirt. XXthen (indicates a greater temporal gap, Mose itiyaryaara siŋ tana salakaala iwal or change of topic, or greater event biibi. —Moses was sprinkling that blood discontinuity than the conjunctions mi on top of the crowd [of Israelites]. or ma) tiyaaraŋa- Amkam kini tiam mi amneene mi amnoi, to XXsowing, throwing, sprinkling amkan. —We (EXC) brought our food and kini iwen iwen tiyaaraŋana —sowing of roasted it and boiled it, and then we ate. seeds Niam ta boozomen amse wooŋgo makiŋ, to -tiyaara itu- wooŋgo izem bris ma ila. —After all of us XXrouse oneself to action and get going, (EXC) had gotten on the boat, then it left shake off laziness the wharf and went. Iti tombot takembei irao. Titiyaara itundu pa Molo som, to aŋma. —It won’t be long before kanda uraata. —We (INC) have been like this I come to you./ Soon I will come to you. long enough. Let’s get going with our work. Rou, to Lukas iur yam pera. —In the -tiyaara ka- pit afternoon, then Lukas will take us (EXC) XXrouse oneself to action and get going, out towards the sea. shake off laziness Berek to Anutu iswe mburaana ma ituyom Tiyaara kom pit, mi maŋga ma tala. —Get kere kat pa motoyom. —In the morning, yourself together and let’s go. then God will reveal his power and you tizi- N_Inal yourselves will see it with your own eyes. XXyounger sibling or cousin of same sex XXwhen …. then to 527 -to

Tileŋ, to tilup kwon ma tiso… —When they (Gauru)/ tono (Northern), tondo, toyam, heard that, then they said in one voice… toyom, ton kaimer to atoŋ bizin/ tom bizin/ toono bizin —my XXlater, some time later, afterwards older brothers/ your older brothers/ his Kaimer to tomoyam iŋgo yam mini. (or her) older brothers —Sometime later our (EXC) father sent us Tondo bizin tiuluulu iti, mi iti irao teleŋ la again. kalŋan. —Our (INC) older brothers help us, Timbot ma kaimer to zaala ipet pizin be tila and we should obey what they say. ma tire lele tana. —Sometime later an Toyam Yesu amtaŋroro u: Uulu yam! —Our opportunity arose for them to go and see (EXC) older brother Jesus, we cry out to that place. you (SG): Help us! molo som to to-ŋan XXit won’t be long before, soon XXolder brothers (vocative, used as in to2 N direct address) XXclay (black, hard, found in West New O atoŋan, … —Oh my older brothers,... Britain, used for making a kind of O toyamŋan, kenako takam padei? —O black paint. It is mixed with water and our (EXC) older brothers, what then should Terminalia sap) we (INC) do? Tiur to ise timbiiri ŋwaana. —They put toŋa- bizin black paint on the carved wooden dish. XXsenior cousins Tikan to, to zoŋon toto. (Iuulu kuskuuzu to- moori ma ikis zoŋon ma imbol.) —When they XXolder sister eat black clay, then their teeth get dark. atoŋ moori —my older sister (It helps the gums, and keeps their teeth pikin toono moori —the child’s older sister strong.) -to5 V_Tr to3 N XXcook on hot stones, roast XXfellow, guy Nio aŋto kini pa tiama. —I cooked food on To tana, iŋgi ko takam padei pini? —That hot stones. fellow, what should we (INC) do about him? Serembat ndomdomŋana, tonoi na som. Toto, note: shortened form of tomooto ‘man, tona takan. Sombe tonoi, to iŋgauŋgau. male’ or tomtom ‘person’ —Old sweet potatoes, we (INC) do not boil. tori—little fellow, little boy We cook [them] on hot stones, and then Tamen tori ti ko iuulu iti. —But this little eat [them]. If we boil [them], they are not fellow will help us (INC). good. Tori taiŋgi ko iwe tomtom zaanaŋana. —This -to ro lene little boy will become someone famous. XXroast food on hot stones with a final tobe/ toobe covering of leaves over the whole pile of XXperson who has just been talked about hot stones and food. Kamaane. Pa tobe ta imar i! —Be quiet! Moori ru tiŋga na, tito meene la ro lene. The one we have just been talking about —Those two women over there roasted is coming. sago inside leaves. similar: anoŋ -to rekrek XX to-4 N_Inal cook food on top of hot stones without a XXolder brother, senior cousin (In the Mbula final covering of leaves over the whole culture, older brothers are supposed to pile of hot stones and food. look after the family property, and take Zin moori tizuk meene mi tito rekrek. —The care of their younger brothers and help women wraped up some sago in leaves them in times of difficulty. Younger and cooked it on top of hot stones. brothers, in turn, are supposed to obey -tokaala and serve their older brothers.) XXheat up again Paradigm: atoŋ, tom, toono (Central)/ toon a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -to 528 -to

Tokaala narabu kiti, kokena ibooŋo. —Heat Nio partoŋoŋ bizin lamata. —I have five up our tapioca bread again; otherwise it siblings. might go sour. toŋa- N_Inal_Event Kodaaŋa ta titokalkaala mi imbot ma molo, to XXfollowing ka wak itaamba. —A mixture of galip nuts zaala ki tutu toŋana and root vegetables that has been heated up XXway of the law, legalism (biblical key repeatedly and has been around for some term) time already will not taste very good. Mi mbulu/ zaala ki tutu toŋana na, ampase toŋa- N_Inal_Stative/Event pa mini som. —But the custom/ way of XXcooked on hot stones, cooking on hot following the law, we (EXC) do not depend stones on that any more. kini toŋana —food cooked on hot stones / XXconsequence, what follows, aftereffect, the activity of cooking on hot stones resultant obligations -to6 V_Tr Sombe tomtom toro sa ikam koroŋ biibi pu, XXfollow na re pa toŋana (=toyaŋana/ tiroono). Mar, to yo. —Come, follow me. —If someone gives you something big, Tito zaala katŋana. —They followed the then look out for the consequences. short road. toŋa toŋa Adv_Pred1 Redup Ni mataana ito zaala. —He looked down XXfollowing one after the other the road. (Lit. ‘His eye followed the road.’] Zin tipa toŋa toŋa. —They walked one after XXbe in accordance with the other. Uraata tana ipet, ito ni kwoono. —That work -to7 V_Tr happened in accordance with his command. XXpush gently to cause something to stand XXobey, abide by, live in accordance with straight Zin tito Anutu sua kini som. —They do not Kitiimbi tana imender kat zen. To mi ilela follow/ obey/ abide by/ live in accordance ŋana, to izal. —That post is not yet with God’s word. standing straight. Push it in a bit, and Niam amto zaala ki Krisi. —We (EXC) follow/ then it will be straight. obey Christ’s road/way of life. Pin ta paaza na, kunduunu imbot ŋgis. Kozo Anutu ito itunu kalŋaana. —God followed to mi sula, to izal. —The banana plant his own talk. [i.e. He did as he said he that you (SG) planted, its top is leaning. would. / He kept his word.] Gently push it ‘down’ [=towards the -toto V_Tr Redup north], and then it will be straight. XXhabitually follow, always/continually -to8 V_Tr follow. XXgive leaf treatment to relieve pain Ni itoto mbulu tio. —He always follows my def. Ke gagaama ruunu isula yok lomoŋana, behaviour/ way of life. to tuur ise yoyouŋana. Mi namanda ise ma Ni itoto sua kini mbukŋana. —He always ikoto ro tana. Imbot ri, to isu mi takam follows his promise(s) (Lit. ‘tied talk’). popoŋana ise. Ina toto. Gagaama ruunu Ni itoto itunu leleene men. —He only na lomoŋana, tana ipaluumu yoyouŋana. follows his own desires. —Gagaama tree leaves [are put] down -pato V_Tr into cold water, then we (INC) put them on XXdrive, guide to the painful area. And we put our hand on -poto V_Tr top of that leaf. It stays for a while, and XXtrace exactly, do in exactly the same then we remove it and a new one [=leaf] way, repeat goes on the painful area. That is how to -parto V_Middle give a leaf treatment. Gagaama leaves are XXfollow each other (in chronological ‘cool’, and therefore they relieve the pain. order, in the order in which things La kam gagaama ruunu, mi to koŋ bolboolo. happened) —Go and get some gagaama leaves and partoŋa- N_Inal_Stative give a leaf treatment to my neck. XXsiblings having the same parents -tok 529 tomini

-tok V_Tr lot of cold air and it has made everything XXshake, jerk wet. Yeŋyeeŋge itok ruumu. —The earthquake Tolou ipet mi ikam ti ma nindi itekteege. shook the house. —The cold night air came and made us (INC) Miiri biibi imar ma itok ruumu tana. —A feel really cold. big wind came and shook that house. Tolou izzu mi ipalumluumu kini. —The XXunsettle, disturb cold air [with its dew] comes down and Pataŋana/Toomboŋana sa ko irao itok yo moistens [literally: ‘cools’] the food crops. na som. —No hardship/temptation will be To berek na, tolou ipet ki abal. —Then able to unsettle me. in the morning, cold air came from the Tomtom Sanaana irru zaala be itok mountain. urlaŋana tiom. —Satan is seeking ways to see also: numur ‘morning dew’, rakrak ‘dry shake/unsettle your (PL) faith. morning with no dew’ XXtry and ask someone for something tolouŋa- N_Inal_Stative Nio aŋute zin matan konŋan. Mi aŋtok zin XXcold place, having lots of dew tau. Ko tikam koŋ, o tikam som. —I know Ukarumpa, ina lele tolouŋana. they are stingy. But I will just try and ask —Ukarumpa, that [is] a cold place with them. Will they give me something to eat, lots of dew. or not? tomba N similar: -wi ten XXsacrifice, sheep XXtempt, provoke, seduce, entice Yesu iwe tomba piti. —Jesus became a Tomooto ta ila mi ire moori tana isula yok, sacrifice for us. to itoki. —A man went and saw that loan from: Yabêm language (=‘pig’) woman going down to the river, so then -tombooro V_Tr he tempted her. XXscrub, rub vigorously using both hands similar: -toombo, -wat Tombooro alakam/ keege/ morom ma -toktok V_Tr Redup kuziini. —Rub alakam/ keege/ morom Toktok zin kitiimbi tana ma tigolok, to tapas [leaves] and [there will be a nice] ma tisu len. —[Try and] shake those posts. fragrance. If they are loose, then we will remove Ŋguuru sorok, nako irao ila le na som. Bela them. tombooro se pat. —If you (SG) just wash it -tokeele V_Tr haphazardly, the dirt won’t go away. You XXfollow after someone at a distance must scrub it on a rock. Itokeeli ma ila. —She followed after him tomeen Adv_Pred0&1&NP trying to keep up with him. XXalso, as well, too -tokelkeele V_Tr Redup note: Gauru dialect form Petrus itokelkeeli ma ila. —Peter kept dial. var. tomini (Central) following him at a distance. tomen Adv_QUANTP -tokes V_Tr XXmore, additional, another XXfollow after someone without reason Ikam uraata ndaama lamata mi ru tomen. Ni itokes zin sorok. —He followed them for —He worked seven more years/ another no reason. seven years/ seven additional years. Tokes yo sorok paso. Kokena nom bizin Puulu paŋ tomen, to kini imetmet. —Four tiru u. —Why do you (SG) follow me. [Go more months, and then the food will be back.] Otherwise your mother and aunts ready for harvesting. will start looking for you. tomini Adv_Pred0&1&NP tolou N XXalso, as well, too XX cold night air which results in a lot of Nio tomini ko aŋla Lablab. —I, too, will go dew to Lablab. Mbeŋi, tolou biibi kat isu ma koroŋ ta Zin timar tomini. —They came as well. boozomen iwizis. —Last night there was a a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z tomoota 530 toŋa-

Zin tikamam uraata pa mbeŋ tomini. Ni tubudu, som tomtom? —Is he a white —They are also working at night. person or a black person? dial. var. tomeen (Gauru) XXadult tomoota Quantifier Yoan itum ma iwe tomtom. —John grew up alt. tomto and became an adult. XXtwenty (Lit. ‘one man’) Ni iwe tomtom ma tiroono imbol pa uraata. Nin ma irao tomoota. —Count out twenty —He grew up and his bones were strong of them. enough for doing work. tomoota mi ta —twenty one Tomtom Biibi tomto ru—forty (Lit. ‘two men/twenties’) XXGod (Lit. ‘Big Person’) tomto lamata mi ta —one hundred and similar: Anutu, Merere, Biibi twenty (Lit. ‘five and one men/twenties’) -kam tomtom tomto paŋ lamoro mata mi paŋ —ninety-nine XXgive birth to a child, deliver a child tomto tel laamuru —seventy tona Conjunction tomooto N_Stative XXand then, after that alt. to Mbeŋ, tona amla. —Night came, and then XXmale, man we (EXC) went. Lutum tomooto som moori? —Is your (SG) Merere iso sua tana makiŋ, tona Noa ila ma child a boy or a girl? ikam ka uraata. —After the Lord finished Ni ipeebe pikin tomooto. —She gave birth saying this, then Noah went and did the to a boy. work that was needed. zin tomooto ma moori —men and women, Tona ŋgar kizin ipet mi tikilaala. —After people that, their understanding appeared and ka- tomooto they were clear about it. XXlover tonabe Conjunction Moori tana irru ka tomooto. —That woman alt. toinabe is looking for her lover. XXand then will, and after that will, le- tomooto bizin once…, then will… (expresses temporal XXmale second cousins, male relatives sequence between events expected to (who can assist you if requested) happen in the future) tomtom N Zin tiyok piti, tonabe tala. —After they XXperson, human being, people agree to us (INC), then we will go./ Once Anutu iur tomtom ma kembei itunu they agree to us, then we will go. ruŋguunu. —God created people in his Timar muŋgu, toinabe aŋtiiri sua tiom. own likeness. —Once they come, then I will look into tomtom boozo —a lot of people, many people your (PL) case. Ni tomtom ki kuumbu. —He is a thief [Lit. toŋa- N_Inal_Stative ‘person of theft’] XXsenior cousin (i.e. they are senior in Ni tomtom ki sua ŋonoono men. —He is a status because of their parents having person of true talk/ a truthful person. been born before one’s own parents) Ni tomtom kaibiim kat. —He was Apoloŋ bizin na niam toŋana tiam. Mi Atai handsome, strong young man. bizin na niam ndemeyam bizin. —Apolong’s Ni tomtom ŋgarŋana. —He is a wise person. family members are our (EXC) senior Ni tomtom biibi. —He is an important, cousins. And Atai’s family members are our influential person. younger cousins. lele tana ka tomtom bizin —the people of Nio toŋoŋ bizin na, zin timender pio pa that area pataŋana tio. —My senior cousins stand up Tomtom tiam tasa ko iruutu pu som. —Not for me [and help me when I have problems.] one of us (EXC) will withhold it from you. see also: to- ‘older brother, senior cousin’ XXdark-skinned person, native of Papua opposite: ndeme- bizin ‘younger/ junior New Guinea (in contrast with Europeans cousins’ and Asians) toŋgo 531 -toombo partoŋa- toŋmatiziŋ ta ki Krisi i XXsiblings of same parents XXChristian brothers and sisters, fellow toŋgo Intj Christians XXforget about it, don’t worry about it, -toŋou V_Tr/SComp never mind, it doesn’t matter, (=Tok XXsmell Pisin maski) Aŋtoŋou serembat kuziini ito ket. —I smelled Toŋgo (pa). Nio aŋboreŋ, mi niom men kala. that the sweet potatoes were already —Don’t worry about it. I will stay behind, roasted. and just you (PL) go. -toŋouŋou V_Tr Redup Toŋgo pa. Imborene. —Don’t worry about it. Nio aŋtoŋouŋou koroŋ kuziini ta kei, mi Let it be. aŋbotmbot. —I kept smelling the smell of Nio aŋrao be aŋpasaana yom. Mi toŋgo. —I the thing like that, as I was staying [there]. am able to harm you. But don’t worry [It similar: -yoozo is not worth the effort.] -toogo V_Tr Sombe lelem pa som, na toŋgo pa. Ina XXrushing sound, low-pitched sound (made uraata ku be kam men tau. —If you (SG) by approaching rain, running water, do not like it, it doesn’t matter. It is your wind blowing, or drums at a distance) work and you are still to do it. Yaŋ itoogo. —I can hear the rain coming. Sombe tikem koroŋ tiom, na toŋgo pa. Tikam Miiri itoogo ma imar. —The wind came lak. —If they steal your (PL) things, don’t with a rushing sound. worry about. Let them do it. Nio aŋleŋ sere itoogo/ yok itoogo. —I heard Toŋgo. Sua ta aŋbeede kek na, imbot the sound of the rapids/ river. pataaŋa. —It doesn’t matter. The talk that -toktoogo I have written, it will stay as it is. Wo biibi itoktoogo raama kalŋaana biibi. —A -toŋgooro V_Tr big flood came with a loud noise. XXrub something against something else Ŋguuru kombom kizin itoktoogo ma imar ila Kumbum ituntun, na toŋgooro ise ke ukaana ne. —The sound of Gauru village’s drums tina. —If your (SG) leg itches, then rub it came and went. against those tree roots. toolo N similar: -tuŋguuru XXcolour, colouring V_Middle Uloto toolo kini kitikŋana. —The colour of XXrub oneself against something an uloto bird is grey. Ŋge itoŋgoori la kitiimbi. —The pig rubbed Sarwok toolo kizin na, kokouŋana mi itself against a house post. siŋsiŋŋana, mi pakan na toolo kizin toro. similar: -ŋguraŋ —The colour of the sea urchin is white toŋmatiziŋ N and red, but some have a different colour. XXcousin, blood-relative, brother, friend XXspecial design and colour in decorations with whom you have reciprocal (used only by the members of a obligations particular clan) Zin toŋmatiziŋ tio. —They are my cousins. Niom kakam tina pa niom toolo tiom? toŋmatiziŋ ru —two brothers —When you (PL) did that, was it your Iti toŋmatiziŋ tau. —We (INC) are brothers/ [clan’s] design? family/ relatives. similar: ka mer, ka mos XXbrotherhood relationship dial. var. tooro (Yangla) lupŋana kizin toŋmatiziŋ —unity of -toombo V_Tr/SComp brothers XXtry, attempt To mbulu ki toŋmatiziŋ. —Follow the Toombo ŋgar ku pa sua tooroŋana. —Try customary behaviour of brothers. out your (SG) aptitude for translation. Toŋmatiziŋ kizin isaana. —Their Miiri imar ma amtoombo be amkunyaara relationship as brothers has gone bad. duubu. Tamen som. —The wind came and

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -toondo se 532 toono

we (EXC) tried to go against the waves. But other’s strength. we couldn’t. -toondo se V_Intr Titoombo be tipaute yo pa paataŋana. —They XXlook up at something attempted to teach me about reading. Lae mi toondo se pa mbu tana. Isar, som Ni itoombo sua pizin mini. —He tried som?. —Go aside a bit and look up at talking to them again. those betel-nuts. Are they swollen, or not? Aŋtoombo be aŋnin zin, na aŋrao som. Ni mete ikami ma ikeene, mi itoondo se pu. —When I tried to count them, I couldn’t. —He was lying there sick, and looked up XXtest, evaluate at you (SG). Nio ko aŋtoombo zin pa paataŋana. —I will -tontoondo V_Intr Redup test them in [their] reading [ability]. see also: -tuundu ‘lean over, bow one’s Kaimer to Anutu itoombo Abaram. —Later head’ God tested Abraham. toono N Indeeŋe tana, titoombo mburoŋ. —At that XXground (general term), land, earth, soil, time, they tested my strength. world, region, area, country -toombo ma (-rao) som Nonor biibi ilol toono. —A big flood covered XXtry unsuccessfully, fail the earth. Titoombo naborou kizin ma (tirao) som. Mbulu tana ila irao toono kek. —That —They tried using their magic, but were behaviour has spread throughout the unsuccessful. whole world. -toombo kunuunu Toono tiam na PNG. —Our (EXC) country is XXact, play a part (in a drama) PNG. Toombo kunuunu ten. Ko itop la? —Try to Toono imapalpaala. —The ground/earth play the part. Perhaps it will go well? was cracking. -tomtoombo V_Tr Redup toono biibi/ toono uunu —mainland Kotomtoombo to kuute. —Keep trying, and toono katuunu —owner of a piece of land, then you (PL) will know. landowner Aŋtomtoombo be aŋpazal yom, tamen toono kuinuunu —map of the world/ an area keleŋleŋ la kalŋoŋ som. —I keep trying to toono ka kambasa —boundary/border straighten/correct you (PL), but you don’t between two pieces of land listen to me. toono mbuleene kat —a place that is really toomboŋana N_Inal_Event far away XXtemptation, trial, test toono pakaana ki Morobe —the region/ Nu re be lip pa toomboŋana tana. —You (SG) province of Morobe must try to overcome that temptation/ toono ta pesem isula pa na —your (SG) trial. birthplace [Lit. ‘the land where your Tinoknok toomboŋana pini mi tipazas umbilical cord went down’] keteene. —They kept testing him and toono keteeneŋana —flat, level ground, making him angry. plain Ko toomboŋana ise tiom tomini. —A trial toono mbuyeeneŋana —fertile soil might come upon you (PL) as well. toono sekapkapŋana —sticky, muddy, -kam toomboŋana clayish ground XXtrial performance toono kerekereŋana —dry land, arid land Zin naŋgaŋ tikam toomboŋana be kolman Zin tipa pa toono raraazaŋana. —They tire mi titiiri. —The young men put on a walked on a dry land. trial performance, so that the adults could Iti tomtom na, toono kanda men. —We (INC) watch it and evaluate it. people, are just something of this earth. -partoombo V_Middle tontoono N Redup XXtry each other XXlittle pieces of earth, lumps/ clods of Ziru tipartoombo zin pa malmal. —They ground tested each other’s fighting ability. Ro tontoono ma kam padei pa? Nomom Tipartoombo mburan. —They tested each tiŋtiiŋgi! —What are you (SG) going to do tooro 533 -tooro -pun tooro with those lumps of the ground that you XXdance the tooro dance are collecting? Your hands are dirty! toono uunu Agara ma Ŋasbi tipun tooro. —Agara and XX old Ngas danced the Tooro dance. horizon, mainland toono swoono -tooro2 V_Intr/Middle/Tr XX XXend of the world turn, rotate, turn around, turn on Toono swoono, nako zen. —The time for the Tooru ma aŋre ndemem. —Turn yourself end of the world is not yet. and let me see your (SG) back. toono mbule tiroono Ni itooro serembat sala you. —She turned XX the sweet potatoes on the fire. very deep inside the ground XX …isula ma isula kat ta toono mbule change tiroono… —it went really deep down Ŋgar tio itooro kat. —My thinking really inside the earth changed. toono ka-/ ki toono Tooro ŋgar ku! —Change your (SG) mind! XXearthly, worldly (as opposed to spiritual Mose ruŋguunu itooro ma imilmil kat. things having to do with God) —Mose’s face changed and became very shiny. Tire koroŋ ki toono kembei koroŋ kizin XX ŋonoono. —They consider earthly things stir, mix as their true treasure. Merere itooro kalŋan. Kalŋan itooro ma iwe Ŋgar kizin imap ma ilala pa koroŋ toono kan ndelndelŋa. —The Lord mixed up their men. —Their thinking is always just going language. Their language changed and to earthly things. became all different. Mbulu toono kana tina, aŋso imborene. Atai itooro palawa raama ki yis. —Atai —That worldly behaviour, I want it to end. stirred/mixed the flour with yeast [i.e. made dough for baking bread]. Zin titoto ŋgar toono kana men. —They XX only follow worldly thinking. churn XXsorcery, magic Sombe totooro tui, nako iwe bata. —If Zin timototo koroŋ ki toono. —They are we (INC) churn milk, then it will become afraid of sorcery/magic. butter. toonoŋa- -tooro lele- XX XXof earth, earthly convert, repent, change one’s ways -tooro mos Koroŋ ndabokŋan kat ki Anutu imbot la XX kuuru toonoŋan lelen. —God’s very good perform a miracle thing (treasure) is inside earthen pots. Titortooro mos bibip. —They performed -pa toono great works/miracles. XX -tooro mboe travel [on]/[by] foot, go [on]/[by] foot. XX Zin tipa toono, mi niam amkam wooŋgo. create a song, compose a song -tooro sua (EXC) —They went by foot, and we took the XX boat. translate Iti totooro sua ki Anutu ila itundu kalŋanda. tooro1 N_Event —We (INC) translate God’s talk into our XXdance type (part of the Nakanmut dance, own language. dancers symbolically portray something XXspeak in parables, speak figuratively in a dance, for example a ghost, a pig, Yesu ipeeze sua ta ni itooro pa ro hawk, woman giving birth, etc., often sananŋana. —Jesus explained [Lit. performed by just one or two people) ‘unwrapped’] the parable that he had Nakanmut ikam tooro ki man/ ye/ ŋge. spoken about bad weeds. —The Nakanmut dancer portrayed a bird/ Yesu itooro sua pa kini iweene. —Jesus fish/ pig. spoke a parable about seeds of food plants. Nio aŋkam tooro pa manboŋ iro ye ma isala ke XXchange what one has said namaana. —I portrayed an eagle grabbing a fish and going up on a tree branch. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -top 534 toro

Nu tortooro sua ku pa piizi sa kek! —How Pisis Yakop, ina itop la kat kini. —The many times have you (SG) changed your name Jacob is very appropriate/ fitting talk! for him. -tortooro V_Intr/Middle/Tr Redup similar: indeeŋe pa Kotortooro mburooŋo pa, tabe tikam som. XXdisappear into a crowd —You (PL) kept changing the terms of the Yesu ibeleu ma itop la iwal biibi lelen. deal, and so they didn’t take it. —Jesus disappeared into the crowd. Yesu Krisi, ni itortoori som. —Jesus Christ -top pa sanaana does not change. XXfall into sin tooroŋa- N_Inal_Stative/Event Tomtom sa isombe iwat waene sa ma itop pa XXparabolic, figurative sanaana, na ra, tembeli kek! —If someone sua tooroŋana —parable, figurative language tempts his friends and makes him fall into Ni ikam sua tooroŋana pizin pa mbulu ta sin, then, poor fellow, woe to him! [i.e. tikam na. —He gave them a parable about the one who caused the other person to the behaviour that they had done. fall into sin.] XXact of translation -toptop V_Intr Redup Sua tooroŋana imap. —The translation of Malwe itoptop. —The broom is falling apart. the talk is done. Stua pakan ki kar titoptop. —Some of the mboe tooroŋana stores in the village keep failing. XXcomposition of songs, composing songs toptoobo N Redup Mioŋ imarra pa mboe tooroŋana. construction: ka- toptoobo —Composing songs is easy for my tongue./ XXsaliva It is easy for me to compose songs. Tomtom tiŋga, ni iwin ma isaana. Ka -top V_Intr toptoobo itoptop sorok. —That man over XXfall, drop there, he has really gotten drunk. His Ni mazaana ta itop. —A coconut fell. saliva is drooling out of his mouth. Titop sula sumbuunu. —They fell down into Ni ikiziu ka toptoobo kokouŋana. —He spat a hole. out his white saliva. Zoŋoono itop su lene. —His tooth fell out. Ikadat ma ka toptoobo izzu. —He was Ni imar ma itop su Yesu kumbuunu uunu. shaking and his saliva was running [out —He came and fell down at Jesus’ feet. of his mouth]. Yaŋ ti inok topŋana men. —This rain just toro1 N_Stative keeps on falling. XXanother (one), other, (somebody) else XXslip away Kam toro imar. —Bring another one. Kozo kotop tataŋa. Kulup yom pepe. —You Ta imbot meleebe, mi toro imbot kor. —One (PL) must slip away one by one. Do not stay is down below, and the other is up above. together. Mi tiziyom toro sa imbotmbot, som som? similar: -pas, -beleu —But do you (PL) have another younger XXfail, not succeed brother, or not? Sua ta muŋgu imbuk piam, ko itop ma iwe Tamen sua lwoono toro iso ta kembei… koroŋ sorok? —That talk that he tied/ —But another verse says like this… promised to us (EXC) before, will it fail and Keene ma mbot aigule toro pepe. —Don’t go become nothing? [No.] to sleep and wait another day. XXfall away from (one’s faith), apostatise Ŋgo tomtom toro sa. —Send somebody else. Rimen mi aŋtop pa urlaŋana tio. —I almost Asiŋ toro iuulu zin? Nio tau. —Who else fell away from my faith. helped them? Just me. -top la Wai, iŋgi nu asiŋ toro? —Hey, who are you XXappropriate, fit, accord with (SG) now? Sua ti itop la kat. —This talk is really Simon ta zaana toro Petrus na —Simon, appropriate/ fitting. whose other name was Peter Mbulu ta ipet na, itop la sua ku. —What XXdifferent. different kind happened fits your (SG) prediction. toro- 535 tu

Ni tomtom toro. —He is different kind of Ni irre yo totomen. —He sees me all the time. person. Ni imbotmbot raamu totomen. —He is always XXnext with you. Timbot ma aigule toro, to … —They stayed -tou V_Tr until the next day, and then… XXdig, dig up using one’s hands toro-2 N_Inal Aŋtou kanda serembat/ biidi. —I dug up some XXclose friend, best friend, mate, intimate sweet potatoes/ yams for us (INC) to eat. acquaintance (not a relative, you don’t Aŋtou rukum. —I dug up crabs. hide things from him/her and do many Ni itou magargaara ma itwi i sula. —He dug things together with him/her) up some sand and buried him down in it. Itiŋan torondo bizin tuluplup pa uraata, som Zin me titou toono sumbuunu mi tikam naroogo. —We (INC) join together with our moozo. —The dogs dug a hole in the close friends for work, or dancing. ground and got the bandicoot. Ziru toroono tikam woomo su taŋga. —He XXburrow into, dig into and his close friend made a garden over Nu ru ŋge ku? Ibuuzu ma motmooto titoutou i there. kek. —Are you (SG) looking for your pig? O toroŋan, nio aŋso piom… —O my good It has rotted, and maggots are burrowing friends, I tell you… into it. toto1 Adv_Pred0 Redup -toutou V_Tr Redup XXrepeatedly, over and over again Kala ma kotoutou biidi. —Go and dig up -pun toto, -balis toto, -loondo toto, -ŋgal the yams. toto, -tartaara toto Zin Tabolou titoutou maaŋga ma tikamam -toto2 V_Intr_Stative Redup kan yok. —The Tabolou [=Sakar Island] XXbecome black, dark, purple people dig holes in the sand in order to Sombe takan welŋan ta ute kadatŋana i, get their drinking water. to zoŋondo itoto. —If we (INC) eat sago touŋa- N_Inal_Stative grubs whose heads are wagging [=stage XXdug just before they change into beetles], our Nu winin yok ta itum touŋom na. —You (SG) teeth turn dark. are drinking water that you yourself have Tikan to, to zoŋon toto. (Iuulu kuskuuzu ma dug up. ikis zoŋon ma imbol.) —When they eat yok touŋana clay, then their teeth get dark. (It helps XXwell (Lit. ‘dug water’) the gums, and keeps their teeth strong.) -toya V_Tr Moori tana, waene ipuni ma mataana itoto XXremind someone of their obligations ma imap. —That woman, her husband hit Itoya la mataana: “Ŋiizi nako kot? Kom ŋge her and she has a black eye/ bruised face. iŋgoi?” —He reminded him straight to his totoŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup face about his obligations: “When will you XXpurple (SG) repay it? Where is your (SG) pig?” Kaŋar taŋga, ina totoŋana. —That galip nut Ni itoya mbun kini pio. —He reminded me over there is purple. about his loan [to me]. Serembat/ Mok ti, leleene totoŋana. —This Perhaps a loan from Mutu language, cf. sweet potato/ taro is purple inside. -totoi(a) ‘show something’ Mburu totoŋan. —Purple clothing. toyaŋana N_Inal_Event Kan mos totoŋan mi ambaimbaiŋan kat. XXconsequences, obligations —They had designs that were purple and Ni imoto kana pa toyaŋana. —He was afraid very beautiful. of the obligations that would follow. totomen Adv_PredP note: not very well known XXall the time, always, continually tu1 N Ni ikamam uraata tana totomen. —He is XXtree type (grows in the Northern part always doing that work. of the island, bark is used for tying up firewood) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z tu- 536 tuai

see also: tuugu, -tuugu the ground down very deep to the bottom tu-2 N_Inal of the sea. XXprovider, sustainer, one responsible for, XXrectum caretaker, owner kini mbule tuunu Niam tuyam sa ko inmbot i? —Is there any XXleft-over food (just a bit, last little bit) provider for us (EXC)? Kini mbule tuunu sa imbotmbot? —Is there Merere, ni tundu ŋonoono kat. —The Lord, some left-over food? he is our real sustainer/ provider. Ti mbule tuunu ri imbotmbot i. —There is similar: ndomo- pa, katuunu, tama- still a little bit of tea left. -we tu- pa see also: kini mbuleene (where a lot of food XXact as a deliverer/ saviour, save someone is still leftover) from possible death, provide for, sustain nora tuunu Nio aŋwe tuyom mi aŋkamke yom pa XXwidow left all on her own without any pataŋana tiom. —I was your (PL) saviour other family members to help her and delivered you from your hardship. -tu4 V_Intr/Tr Ni ta iwe tun ŋonoono. —It was he that XXsettle to live in some place became their true provider/ sustainer. Nio aŋtu su lele ti. —I have settled here in urum tuunu this place. XXolder people of a clan (still alive) XXlive in some place for a long time Nu molo zin urum tuunu paso? Kom ŋger Niam amtu Yaŋla pa koyam ndaama boozo. pizin som? Zin zitun tiur sua piti, to toto. —We (EXC) have lived in Yangla for many —Why do you try to surpass the clan years. leaders? Don’t you have respect for them? Anis imbel tuŋana su Yaga. —Hans has When they themselves have given a charge lived in Yaga for a long time. to us (INC), then we are to follow [it]. -tu5 V_Tr XXone responsible for taking care of a XXget stuck on, become fastened to, cling church building to for a long time XXLevite (in the Bible) Muk itu yo. —The dirt is stuck to me./ I am tu-3 N_Inal dirty. XXa piece of something Mbetmbeete itu yo. —I have had these sores ŋge maza tuunu —a piece of pork on me for a long time. XXstump, end, last bit of something that is -turaama V_Tr left over, remainder XXstay with someone for a long period of ke tuunu —stump of a tree time, cling to someone koi tuunu —cigarette butt -tu6 V_Tr re tuunu —piece of rope XXlower or raise something by rope buza tuunu —knife with broken handle or Ni isala ni, mi imbit wooro ila ka korkooro, blade (still enough of it left to fix it) to iyembut ka korkooro, mi itu ma isu. —He kumbu- tuunu —footsteps, behaviour, went up the coconut and tied a rope to a thinking, example to be followed bunch of coconuts, and then he cut off the Nio leleŋ be lutuŋ bizin tito nio kumbuŋ bunch of coconuts and lowered it down. tuunu. —I want my children to follow in Zin titu narapeŋana tana ma isula Yesu my footsteps [i.e. follow my example]. kereene uunu. —They lowered the see also: kumbu- muriini ‘footprints’ paralyzed man down in front of Jesus. mbule- tuunu -tu le isala —hoist a sail, put up a sail XXlast bit of something dial. var. -tuk (Northern) Kerosin mbule tuunu rimen ta inmbot i. tuai N —There is just a little bit of kerosene left. XXsmall clamshell (used for scraping things XXbottom of something and peeling root vegetables) Mi Anutu iparaama toono mbule tuunu ma Ru tuai, to kerker meene pa ma takan. tuŋ sula kat ta tai leleene. —And God —Look for a small clamshell, and then stamped (fixed, established) the bottom of scrape sago with it and we (INC) will eat [it]. tubudu 537 -tum

Tonoi kweeŋge, mi tipai ma takan ŋonoono. Pikin izem tui. —The child ceased Mi putun putun na, tapaata be ‘tuai’. [drinking] breast milk. —We (INC) boil shellfish and take out the Naana itatut lutuunu pa tui. —The mother creatures and eat them. And their shells, weaned her child from milk. we call [them] ‘tuai’. tuk1 V_Intr_Uninfl tubudu N XXstop suddenly, stop short XXCaucasian people, white people, Tiloondo ma tila matmat, to Yoan tuk ma Europeans (includes Chinese, Malaysians, inmbot, mi Petrus ilela naala. —They ran and other Asians as well), people who to the grave, and then John stopped, but are different from black-skinned people Peter went inside the grave. def. koroŋ ta ipa ndel (kuliini, kalŋaana, ute tuktuk N_Event Redup ruunu) —something that is different (skin, XXstop-and-go motion language, hair) Ye ikam tuktuk. —The fish went with a Zin tubudu timar. —White people came. stop-and-go motion. tubudu kalŋan —white people’s language mata- tuktuk (=Tok Pisin, English, etc.) XXbe stuck and not knowing what to do tubudu kini kizin —white people’s food next similar: puspuuzuŋa-, bedbeedeŋa-, pura Motoŋ tuktuk pa aŋute som: Ko aŋla parei? (Kampalap), anuut (Gauru) —I am stuck, for I do not know where to XXground spirit, snake (used as hidden go? name) Motoŋ tuktuk pa leŋ pat som. —I am stuck Kala lele tiŋga pepe. Pa iŋga tubudu murin. because I don’t have any money. —Don’t go to that place over there. For XXproceed very slowly that is the abode of ground spirits. Uraata mata tuktuk. Ila riŋariŋa men. Paata kat mooto zaana pepe. Ko irao kam —The work is stuck. It proceeds slowly. kom buzur sa som. Tana paata tubudu. -patuktuk Miaŋkaala zaana. —Do not call the XXhold back, prevent from doing snake’s real name clearly. [If you (SG) -tuk2 V_Tr do,] you will not get any game. So call it XXlower or raise something by rope tubudu instead. Show respect for it by not Tuk le ma isala. —Hoist the sail up. saying its real name. Tutuki ma ise. —Let’s pull it up. similar: undu dial. var. -tu (Central) tubudu N_Stative -tukuugu V_Intr XXdifferent kind (usually viewed as being XXdry out and curl up, shrivel superior), something originating from a Serembat itukuugu sala ruumu. —The sweet different place, imported potato dried and its skin shrivelled inside kun tubudu the house (given to pigs as food). XXsoursop fruit tree Tukut kopra ma itukuugu. —We (INC) smoked we tubudu the copra until it dried and curled up. XXcultivated, good-tasting mango (fruit is zuzu- itukuugu not as bitter as we su ‘wild mangoes’) XXshrivelled up, slack breasts (like those of kini tubudu —western or Asian food, as old women) opposed to traditional, local PNG food, -tum V_Intr which is referred to as kini tomtom) XXgrow wooŋgo tubudu —western-style boat or ship Ni itum ma iwe tomtom. —He grew up and (as opposed to a traditional canoe) became an adult. tui N Pikin itum riŋariŋa lela naana kopoono. XXmilk —The child is growing gradually inside L. ipiwin Naomi pa tui kini —L. gave milk its mother’s womb. to Naomi./ L. breast-fed Naomi. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z tumbu- 538 -tungap

Pikin tiŋgi itum kat som. Ikoŋkoŋ. —This corners were tied together, and it was child is not growing well. He is thin. being lowered down. Ni itum raama sua ki Anutu. —He grew up tumbu-2 N_Inal with [the knowledge of] God’s word. XXgrandparent, grandchild, grandfather, Kini boozomen ta iwaswaaza na, titum grandson ma tizze ma tipiyooto ŋonon boozo kat. Biŋsu Bamla ta ikam yok pa tumbundu mi —All of the food crops that he planted, lende saaza bizin. —It was the missionary continued to grow and produce a great [George] Bamler who baptised our (INC) amount of food. grandparents and great-grandparents. similar: -ndom, -zuan ‘grow’ (used of plants) tumbu- moori —grandmother/ -tumtum V_Intr Redup granddaughter Pikin tana itumtum mi ŋgar kini izze. —That similar: abu ‘grandparent/child’ child kept growing up [physically] and his XXancestors, forefathers thinking/knowledge developed as well. Niom komololo mbulu ki tumbundu bizin. -tum (le-) —You (PL) are violating the customs of XXgrow fat (and therefore be good-looking, our (INC) forefathers. used as a complement) Toono ka kambasa ta tumbundu bizin tiur Nu tum lem ma tau! Kan sokorei? —You (SG) ta muŋgu kek na, tisiri pepe. —The land have grown really fat! [=You are looking boundaries that our (INC) ancestors set well!] What have you eaten? long ago, do not move them. Titum ma tau! —They have really become Sara ko iwe wal boozomen tumbun moori. fat/ big! —Sarah will become the ancestress of tumŋa- N_Inal_Stative/Event many people. XXfat and healthy, growth similar: tama- sipsip tumŋan —healthy, fat sheep -tun V_Tr Naŋgaŋ ri tana imbel tumŋana kek. —That XXlight, burn, heat up little fellow has really grown. Ni itun koi pio. —He lit the tobacco/ tumkatŋa- N_Inal_Stative cigarette for me. XXlarge and fat, plump (used of animals) Titun lam mi timaŋga. —They lit the lamp ŋge tumkatŋana —a big, fat pig and got up. -putum V_Tr Titun tiama. —They heated up the cooking XXfeed, fill up, cause to grow stones. Putum lutum ma loŋa iwe kaibiŋana. —Feed Mazwaana ta so moori ikam tomtom na, your (SG) child, so he quickly grows. tiru moori toro be itun le pat. —When XXheap up, make bigger a woman gives birth, they will look for Zin tiputum tuptup be tipaaza yuugu zoŋon another woman to heat stones for her. zoŋon ila. —They heaped up mounds of [The stones are put into water which is earth in order to plant new taro shoots standing in a large dish. The woman then into them. washes in this warm water.] tumbu-1 N XXgo with a light at night in order to fish XXedge or end that is hanging loose Amla amtun ma amre gubi siŋaanabi. —We def. suruunu ta imbiŋbiŋ —part that is (EXC) went to fish at night with lamps and hanging saw a huge gubi snake. kawaala tumbuunu —unsewn hem of Amtun pa ŋgereeme, ye, kuriiti. —We (EXC) clothing use lights to catch crayfish, fish, octopus. Turke wooro tumbuunu. —Tuck in the end -tungap V_Intr_Stative of the rope that is hanging loose. XXbe black with clouds, be very dark and similar: moreene overcast XXtied up corner of a cloth Abal uteene itungap ma sik. —The top of Motoŋ sala na aŋre kawaala biibi. Timbuk the mountain is completely covered with tumbun tumbun paŋ, mi titu ma isu. —I dark clouds. looked up and saw a big cloth. The four -tunpaara 539 tuŋ

Yaŋ itungap be imar i. —Black rain clouds Tuntunŋana ise pizin, to tizem mbulu ki are approaching. ula. —Sexual desire came upon them, Koi gabgapŋana bukbuk ma izze, mi itungap and then they forsook [normal] marital ma ilol abal ma sik. —Black smoke boiled behaviour. up, and it was dark and completely -patuntun V_Tr Redup covered the mountain. XXstir up somebody to do something, -tunpaara V_Tr incite, arouse, rouse XXgive a steam bath to someone who is sick Ina kepese i be kapatuntuni ma isaana kat. Tomtom sa sombe mete ikami, na titunpaari. To kala pa koyom uraata som, mi ikamam —When someone is sick, then they give ŋeu ta kembei ma mbeŋ. —By doing that, him/ her a steam bath. you (PL) incited her and made her really def. Sombe tomtom sa ŋgureene o tiroono go wild. And then you did not go to your iyoyou, to kam moli ruunu, keege work and she kept on making jokes until kuziiniŋana, koro ruunu, ndoono, maraga evening. ruunu, ma mbaara ruunu, ma yembut sula -patuntun lele- dish. Isu zoŋ ikan makiŋ, to tun pat (4-5, XXarouse, stir to anger, upset someone munmun), to isula dis tana, mi tomtom tana Patuntun leleŋ pa ŋoŋi pepe! —Don’t upset ikuubi pa bedsit, mi iliŋ yok lomoŋana isula me with [your] quarrelling! ma ka bubuŋ itunpaari. —If someone has tuŋ1 V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl a sore throat or aches in their bones, then XXbecome tight, become firm you (SG) get [=various types of leaves], and Tiŋgeere ke pa wooro ma tuŋ kat. —They cut them up, and put them into a dish. tied the sticks really tightly together with This is put out in the sun for awhile, and the rope. after that, you heat up 4-5 small stones and XXdetermined, strong, steady, firm they go in the dish, and the person covers Nio aŋsombe nu kam leŋ radio. Mi nu ruutu himself [and the dish] with a bedsheet and pio ma tuŋ kat. —I wanted you (SG) to pours water down [on the hot stones], and give me the radio. But you were really the hot vapor envelopes him. determined to withhold it from me. -tuntun V_Intr_Stative Redup Aŋmender ma tuŋ. —I stood firm. XXitch, be itchy Tuŋ ma imbotmbot ma alok. —It is firm and Nio kuliŋ ituntun. —My skin is itching. will stay like that for ever. XXsting, cause a stinging sensation dial. var. kaŋkaŋ (Northern) Teege looto pepe. Ko ituntunu. —Do not -mender kaŋkaŋ (=tuŋ kat) touch the nettles. They will sting you (SG). XXstop moving Looto ikan yo ma kuliŋ ituntun. —The To zin tomtom ta tisiŋi na tuŋ ma nettles stung me, and my skin is burning. timbotmbot. —Then the men who carried similar: -yes him stopped [moving and just stood there]. XXhave sexual desire, be inflamed with tuŋtuŋ V_Intr Redup sexual desire, sexually aroused XXbe steady, be unwavering, be firm, be Moori taŋga ituntun ma ila. —That woman steadfast is walking around desiring sex. Iti tuŋtuŋ pataaŋa pa mbulu ndabokŋana. talŋa- ituntun —We (INC) must continue unwavering in XXitchy ears, interested in hearing [doing] good behaviour. something Ou, pu tuŋtuŋ, pa ŋge biibi kat! —Oh, be firm tuntunŋana N_Inal Redup in holding the [pig] net, for it is a really big XXitching, burning of skin pig [that is about to get caught in it]! Tuntunŋana ikam yo. —I am itchy. Ina ikis ti ma tuŋtuŋ. —That holds us (INC) XXsexual arousal very firmly. tuntuŋana ise pa nama- tuŋ(tuŋ) XXbecome sexually aroused (Lit. ‘itching XXbring/get enough of something (opposite ascends for/to’) of being empty-handed) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z tuŋ 540 -turke -tur la/pa Pita, ni tomtom ndemeereŋana. Pa ila, tona XXreply, respond (via action or talk) to namaana tuŋ. —Pita, he is a reliable somebody’s call person. For when he goes [hunting], then Nu leŋleŋ ta tom iboobo na, tur la kalŋaana he will bring back enough [game]. som? —You (SG) keep hearing your older La stua, na ŋgiimi maaŋga to nomom tuŋtuŋ brother calling, why don’t you respond? pa. Pa iŋgi iwal biibi. —When you (SG) go to XXnod in agreement the store and buy rice, make sure you buy Ni iso ma irao niam leleyam, tabe niam enough, for there are a lot of people here. amtur la/pa ni kalŋaana. —He talked and tuŋ2 V_Intr_Uninfl it was acceptable to us (EXC), therefore we XXgo all the way to, go as far as, extend all nodded in agreement to his talk. the way to, extend as far as -turaama V_Tr Ruumu ila tuŋ la tina. —The houses go all XXstay with someone or at some place for the way to there. an extended period of time, cling to Pakaana ila tuŋ la Nduim, pakaana ila tuŋ Niam amla amturaama zin Birik pa wik la Zi. —One side extends all the way to ta, mi amkam kos pizin. —We (EXC) went the Nduim river, the other side extends [and] stayed with the Birik people for one all the way to the Zi river. week and conducted a course for them. Tomtom tana tuŋ sala kaŋar uteene. —That Turaama ruumu rimos. La ma wwa lem person went all the way up to the top of som? Nu kuuru, som timbiiri? —Quit the galip nut tree. staying in the house. Why don’t you (SG) go Nio aŋkilkiili ma tuŋ sula ta maaŋga. —I have a stroll? Are you a pot, or a carved dived and went all the way down to the wooden dish? sand [on the bottom of the river]. Ni imar ituraama yo ma niamru ambot ma Matan pisŋan ru tana tila tuŋ la kini. —And molo kat, ta aŋkam uraata tio som. —He the two blind ones went right up to him. came [and] held me back, and the two of -tuŋguuru V_Tr us stayed for a long time, therefore I did XXrub/ scrub on a stone (when washing not do my work. clothes) Lelen na, bok pa mbulu sananŋana, tana Zin moori tituŋguuru mburu isala pat. —The ituraama zin. —Because their insides are women scrubbed the clothes on the stone. full of bad behaviour, it clings to them. similar: -tombooro, -ŋguraŋ, -ŋguuru -turke V_Tr tuptup N Redup XXhide, conceal XXmounds of earth that have been heaped Niom kuturke pat tiom pizin wal sananŋan. up in preparation for planting Kokena tikem. —Hide your (PL) money Zin tiputum tuptup be tipaaza yuugu zoŋon from the criminals lest they steal it. zoŋon ila. —They heaped up the mounds Turke yo pizin. Kokena tipasaana yo. of earth in order to plant new taro shoots —Hide me from them. Otherwise they into them. will harm me. Nio aŋtwi yuugu mataana ila tuptup. —I -turkewe V_Tr Redup planted a taro shoot into a mound of earth. Nio aŋturkewe sua tio som. Aŋzzo katkat su -tur V_Intr XX mat keteene men. —I did not conceal my nod, nod off to sleep, doze off talk. I spoke frankly and publicly. Ni mataana ŋenŋeene ma itur. —He was turkeŋa- N_Inal_Stative sleepy and dozed off. XXsecret, hidden -turtur V_Intr Redup sua turkeŋana —secret talk —Why Turtur paso! Mbeŋi na keene som? Sua Turkeŋana —Revelation (the last book do you (SG) keep nodding off? Last night, of the Bible) did you not sleep? Peeze ki Anutu, ka ŋgar turkeŋana. —God’s turturŋana N_Inal_Event Kingdom, its meaning is hidden. Nu noknok turturŋana paso? —Why do you Mi sanaana tiam turkeŋan na, nu reke ma (SG) keep nodding off to sleep? imap. —And our (EXC) secret sins, you (SG) -turuunu 541 -tut

have seen them all. Peter’s feet and died. Swe koroŋ tana pepe. Imbot turkeŋana. XXhammer, pound, mash —Don’t reveal that. Let it stay hidden. Ni itut wak pa kuŋ. —He pounded/ mashed Mbulu turkeŋana sa ike pini som. —No starchy pudding in a mortar. secret behaviour is hidden from him. Zin tomooto titut maala kizin. —The men -turke mata- pa pounded tree bark for their loincloths. XXreject another person, not pay attention to similar: -ŋgal Padei ta nu pizil ndemem pio, mi turke XXknock motom pio? —Why have you (SG) turned -tut kataama —knock on the door your back on me and not pay attention to XXbump against, hit against me? Nio aŋtut kumbuŋ. —I bumped my leg. XXclose a dying person’s eyes, do last Wooŋgo ila ma ituti sala patmbu ma ber. service for someone dying, look after a —The canoe went and bumped into a dying person in their final moments large piece of coral and broke. Yosep ko imbot raamu mi iturke motom. mata- pis ma -tut —Joseph will stay with you (SG) and close XXeat a lot of food, devour (without having your eyes [=look after you when you are to think about anything else, Lit. ‘close dying]. eyes and hit’) -turuunu V_Tr Motoyom pis mi kutut wak tana ma imap. XXbend one’s knees a bit Kalwoono sa imbot pepe. —Close your (PL) Turuunu ma su be aŋwit mburu isala utem eyes and eat all of that starchy pudding. be kuundu ma la. —Bend your (SG) knees None of it should be leftover. and go down a bit, so that I [can] lift up Zin man timar ma matan pis ma titutut the cargo [and put it] on your head for titutut… —The birds came and closed you to carry away. their eyes and kept on devouring… tut1 N moomo itut XXsea cucumber type, also used as a XXbecome grey (i.e. a person’s hair) general name for sea cucumbers/ sea Moomo ituti ma imap. —He has gone slugs/ bêche-de-mer completely grey. def. gabgapŋana mi siŋsiŋŋana, timbot sula -tutut V_Middle/Tr Redup magat —black and reddish [in colour], Duubu zoŋo ŋirŋir tila titutut zin la abal they live in shallow water uunu. —The whitecap waves kept hitting Zin Koobo tipera tiŋgal zin tut ta lasa. against the base of the mountain(s). —The inner islanders went out and -tutkat V_Tr speared sea cucumbers in a shallow spot XXhit oneself on something accidentally, out in the sea. bump into something, knock into -tut2 V_Intr something, stumble into something XXmake the sound “tut” (used of pigeons) Tutkat kumbum ila sokorei? Ila pat, som ke def. Mandun mi uŋkula titut. —Mandun and tuunu? —What did you hit your (SG) foot uŋkula birds make the sound ‘tut’. on? A stone, or a tree stump? Mandun itut be yaŋ isu. —The Mandun bird Tomtom ta sombe ipa pa aigule, inako called out “tut” to announce the coming itutkati som. —A person who walks of rain. during the day, will not bump into things. -tutmumu -tut3 V_Middle/Tr XXhit, strike XXmash using an instrument Merere aŋela kini ituti ma kaŋkuruŋ su. Tutmumu serembat neeneŋana tana be man —The Lord’s angel struck him and he lutuunu ikan. —Mash the cooked sweet dropped down [dead]. potato so the chick can eat. Moori imalaala ma ila ituti su Petrus -tutpaala V_Tr kumbuunu uunu ma kup. —The woman XXbump into something fell over backwards and hit herself at a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -tut 542 tutu

Nio motoŋ sanaana pa uraata ma aŋre ke magic on her], so she will come back som, mi aŋtutpaala kumbuŋ ila. —I was home and abandon her husband. (The concentrating on the work and didn’t see woman will not like that husband of hers the stick and hit my leg on it. anymore.) -tut kou similar: -surke, -zuurke XXput lime on someone’s skin in order to tutu1 N request something. XXlaw, command, edict, commandment, Aŋtut kou pu pa leŋ klos/ kawaala. —I put rule, regulation lime on you (SG) [to indicate that I want Nu kozo ko to tutu kizin kolman. —You you to give me] clothing/ a loincloth. had better follow the laws/ customs/ -tut4 V_Tr traditions of the ancestors. XXinstruct someone in how to behave, Yok ka tutu ta kembei: Sombe la ru buzur teach proper behaviour, admonish, pa yok, na tomtom tire u pepe. —The rule advise of the river is like this: If you (SG) go to the Ni itut lutuunu be ila skul. —He river to look for game, then people must admonished his child to go to school. not see you. [If they do, you won’t be Titut zin pa mbulu ki ula. —They instructed successful.] them about proper married behaviour. Tai ka tutu ta kembei: Sombe pera tai, na Muŋgu, wal pakan titut yo. Mi padei ta kan kini dargeene pepe. Ko neu iŋgalu. aŋleŋ la kalŋan som? —In the past some —The law of the ocean is like this: If people instructed me. And why did I not you (SG) go out to the sea, then don’t eat listen to what they said? leftover food. [If you do, then] a stonefish sua tutŋana will sting you. XXmoral instruction, admonishment, advice tutu ki gabman —law of the government Keleŋ sua tio tutŋana ti, mi motoyom XXtradition, custom, habit, customary iŋgalŋgal. —Listen to these instructions of behaviour mine, and always remember them. Tutu kiti imbot pataaŋa kek. —We (INC) have Sua Tutŋana an established custom. XXProverbs (the book in the Bible) similar: mbulu tut ka-5 V_Tr -to tutu XXdecide to kill someone, decide to do XXfollow/ obey the law/custom, keep the away with someone law, abide by the law, live in accordance Nio aŋtut kana kek. Lwoono tasa to aŋpuni with the law ma imeete. —I have decided to do away -molo tutu with him. Some day I will kill him. break/ transgress/ violate/ disobey a law, see also: -paata ka-, -mbuuru ka-, -mbuk ka- fail to keep a law kiizi, -sil ka- kiizi Tutu Laamuru—the Ten Commandments -tut luumu V_Intr (in the Bible) XXsleep without a fire nearby zin tutu kan Nio mburoŋ pa you som. Aŋtut luumu. —I XXPharisees, people of the law (key term in don’t want [to be near] the fire. I’ll sleep the Bible) without it. zin ŋgarŋan ki tutu -tutke V_Tr XXscribes, those knowledgable about the XXsecretly do magical spells (done by law (key term in the Bible) chanting to one’s hand and then tutu2 V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl touching a person’s shoulder) construction: mia- tutu Moori tana waene ambaiŋana som. La tutke XXhave a speech defect moori rege sukuunu, bekena imiili ma imar To tana, ni miaana tutu. Iso kat sua som. mi waene imborene. (Moori leleene pa —That person, he has a speech defect. He waene tana mini som.) —The husband of does not speak properly. that woman is not good. Go and secretly ‘hit’ the woman’s shoulder [do some -tutu 543 -tuundu

-tutu3 V_Intr_Stative Redup -tuugu2 V_Tr XXbe a stump (left after a body part has XXfasten together with rope made from a been cut off/ amputated) tuugu tree bark, tie together (bundles Ni iyembut namaana lutuunu ma itutu. of firewood, so they can be carried by —He cut off his finger and was left with women hanging from their heads) only a stump. Zin moori tila tituugu ke, mi tipoi ma timar Namaana/ kumbuunu itutu. —He only has kar. —The women went and tied up part of his arm/ leg. bundles of firewood and carried them tutuŋa- N_Inal_Stative back to the village. namaana tutuŋana —stump of his arm Ni ipaala ke mi ituugu, to iur sala doŋki. kumbu tutuŋana —stump left after one’s —He cut the firewood and tied it together, leg has been amputated. and then he put it on the donkey. tutuk N dial. var. -tu (Northern), -tuu (Gauru) alt. atuk -tuktuugu V_Tr Redup XXinfant, little baby which is not yet able tuumbu1 N to sit up XXwild sugarcane (=Tok Pisin pitpit, Pikin imbutul, to tutuk imap. —Once the scientific name: Saccharum robusum) child can sit up, he is not a little baby Teneene tuumbu. —We (INC) roasted wild anymore. sugarcane. tutukŋa- N_Inal_Stative Tipiili tuumbu neeneŋana tana. —They XXvery small (language used with small took the husks off of the cooked wild children) sugarcane [=pitpit]. Nu kam koŋ melen tutukŋana ta kembei? -tuumbu2 V_Tr —Why did you (SG) bring me a melon that XXroast food that is wrapped up in leaves is so small in size? over a fire (on a wire grill) tutur N def. Tuzuk koroŋ pa zeeze, geene, gol ruunu. XXdrops (of water) Tuzuk meene, zeere, tiili, welŋan, ye ma Yaŋ ka tutur. —Drops of water left on koroŋ pakan mi tuur sala you. —We (INC) leaves after it has rained. wrap something with zeeze, geene, gol tuturaana N leaves. We wrap sago, leafy vegetables, XXdrop, droplet mushrooms, sago grubs, fish, and some Tuturaana isu. —There are droplets of dew other things, and put them over a fire. falling. Nio aŋtuumbu koyam zeere. —I roasted Tuturaana sa ko irao imbot na som. —There leafy vegetables wrapped in leaves for us will not be a drop left. (EXC) to eat. Tomtom kumbu tuturaana ise pat, ma ilae. Aŋtuumbu kan meene. —I roasted sago —Drops of water from the person’s feet wrapped up in leaves for them. were left on the stone as he went away. -tumtuumbu V_Tr Redup see also: ndoŋdoŋ ‘drip’ tuumbuŋa- N_Inal_Stative tuugu1 N Niam amkanan zeere tuumbuŋana. —We XXtree type (its bark is used to make a kind (EXC) eat greens wrapped in leaves that of rope) were cooked over an open fire. Titut ke tuugu ma tisek kuliini be tituugu ke -tuundu V_Intr pa. —They pound the tuugu tree and take XXlean down, bow one’s head, bend over off its bark in order to make it into a kind Ni ituundu mi ilela pa mbaruumu. —He of rope with which to tie up bundles of bowed his head, and went under the firewood. house. dial. var. ketele (Northern) Ilek kumbuunu mi ituundu su toono. —He XXropes for carrying firewood, etc. kneeled and bowed his head down to the La kam tuugu mi mar. —Go and get some ground. carrying ropes. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z tuunu 544 tV-

Ituundu mi itaŋ. —She bowed her head and Nio aŋtuuru zin ŋapilon, borbooro pwoono cried. ila ŋgureŋ. —I strung the ŋapilon seeds/ To ituundu mi irris su pa toono. —Then he borbooro seeds onto a rope [and put it] leaned down and was writing [something] around my neck [as a necklace]. on the ground. -turtuuru V_Tr Redup -tuntuundu V_Intr Redup tuuruŋa- N_Inal_Stative Koŋ miaŋ mi aŋtuntuundu men. —I am XXstrung together ashamed and keep my head bowed down. ye, keembe tuuruŋana —fish, shellfish that Tila mi tituntuundu pini, mi tipiri sua are strung together repiiliŋana pini. —They went and were -tuurupis V_Tr bowing down before him, and threw XXjoin together by putting a stick through scornful talk at him. (done to sago midribs) see also: -turuunu Zin tituurupis rabak ma iwe didi. —They tuunu N inserted sticks into the sago palm mid XXeel (freshwater or saltwater) ribs to join them together into a section to -peene/ -keene/ -ŋgal tuunu —shoot with put on the wall. an arrow, catch with a fishing line, spear tuuzu N [=different ways of getting eels] XXsticks (sharp, small, thin sticks) planted Aŋre tuunu biibi iko ma ipera. —I saw a big to keep thieves away eel going away downstream. Zin tiŋgun tuuzu pa mbu kizin, beso wal tuunu kou —saltwater eel found around reefs tisala sorok mbu tana, to iŋgal zin. —They tuunu kaikai (Central)/ mbun (Marile) put sharp sticks around their betel-nut —short eel found in freshwater palms, so that if people climbed up the tuunu ami (Central)/ mala (Marile) —long betel-nut palms without permission, then grey eel found in mud [the sticks] would stick them. tuunu zo tina —striped eel (saltwater eel) Tuuzu iŋgali, pa ni ikem. —Sharp sticks tuunu alagap —very large eel, found in pierced him, for he had been stealing rivers [something]. Sombe tiŋgal tuunu alagap pa marakete, to tuyeete N iweeze kembei ta ŋge i! —If they spear an XXpeople who took care of an adopted child alagap eel, it will squeal like a pig! when he or she was an infant (normally tuunu umbuunu/ lumbuunu/ ŋaono these are the biological parents) XXslime on eels Ni imiili ma ila ki tuyeete mini. (=naana tuntuunu N Redup ma tamaana ta tipeebi) —He went back to XXsmall eels those who took care of him when he was tuuru1 Quantifier an infant. (=his biological mother and XXrope (classifier used to count things father) strung together on a rope like small fish Tuyeete ku asiŋ toro? —Who else took care or shellfish) of you (SG) when you were an infant? Kam wooro ma iwe tuuru. —Bring a rope [Implies that the speaker did, and for stringing things. therefore the hearer should cooperate ye/ keembe tuuru ta —one rope of fish/ with the speaker.] shellfish tV- Subject prefix Nio aŋgiimi puro tuuru ta. —I bought one alt. ta-, te-, ti-, to-, tu- rope of puro shellfish. XXwe, we (hearer included), we (INC) -tuuru2 V_Tr XXfirst person plural (hearer(s) included) XXstring things together on a rope or a Subject prefix which occurs on stick, join several things together by inflected verbs (The vowel in the suffix putting something through them harmonises with the first vowel in the Zin Koobo tituuru mban ila wooro. —The following verb stem.) inner islanders strung bait fish onto a rope. ta-la —we (INC) go, we went, we will go te-leŋ —we hear, we heard, we will hear -twen 545 -twi

ti-tiiri —we examine, we examined, we Timbot molo mi titwer la pini men ma tiso: will examine “Weii, tembeli kek!” —They were far to-mon —we drown, we drowned, we will away [from him] and worried about him drown saying: “Weii, we (INC) feel sorry for him!” tu-pun —we hit, we will hit Tere pataŋana boozo ta kembei ipet piti na, see also: am- ‘we (EXC), we (but not you)’ ikam ma tetwer la pa kar saamba. —When -twen V_Tr we see/experience a lot hardships like XXescort, guide, accompany, go with that happening to us (INC), it causes us to Ni mata pisŋana. Tana aŋteegi mi aŋtweni long for heaven. ma amsula yok mi iwe. —He is blind. So Imbotmbot ma ŋgar kini ipet, to itwermiili la I held him and guided him down to the pa mboti ki tamaana ziŋan mbesooŋo kini. river and he bathed. —He lived [like that] for awhile until he Nio aŋtwen zin mi niamŋan amla. —I finally realised his situation, and then accompanied them and we went together. he longed for the [kind of] life that his Niom munmun tina ketwen toyom moori ma father and his servants had. kusula yok be iŋguuru mburu kini. —You -twermiili V_Intr small children go down to the river with XXbe homesick for, miss, think back on, your older sister so she can wash her long to go back to clothes. Zin Israel titwermiili pa Aikuptu. —The -twenen V_Tr Redup Israelites longed to go back to Egypt. -partwen V_Middle Nio aŋtwermiili pa kar tio mi wal tio. —I XXprovide company for each other am missing my village and my people. twenŋana N_Inal_Stative XXregret XXguide, company, companion Nio aŋtwermiili pa mbulu ta aŋkam na. Pa Ni iwe twenŋana pini ma ziru tila. Pa iso i aŋre na ambai som. —I regret what I have pa zaala. —He was a companion for her done. For I see it was not good. and the two of them went together. For he -twer molo katŋana showed her the road. XXregret for not having done something in Twenŋana ki Namoŋo izemi, tabe ni isaŋsaŋ. time (and now it is too late), feel sorry —Namongo’s guide left him, and so he got due to a missed opportunity lost. Nio aŋtwer molo katŋana. Pa tamaŋ, aŋuuli -patwen V_Tr som, mi imeete kek. —I am sorry I did not XXimitate someone (as a joke or when do something in time. For I did not help quarrelling with them) my father, and now he is dead. -kam kon patwen N_Event Ni itwer molo katŋana. Pa koroŋ ta be XXmimic, imitate another person’s actions ikam, som, mi iŋgi pataŋana indeeŋi. (a kind of game—First a string art design —He experienced regret. For there was is done on one’s hands. Then it is put something he should have done, but he on one’s head. After that, one begins to didn’t, and now he is in trouble. imitate every gesture/ action of someone twi-1 N_Inal else.) XXcovering Ni ikam kon patwen pini. —He imitated all mata- twiini of his actions. XXeyelid -twer V_Intr kaŋar twiini XXmiss, long for, think about, worry about XXthin brown skin covering the white (some person, thing, or place that is far kernel of a galip nut away, dead, or otherwise inaccessible) -twi2 V_Tr Nio aŋtwer pa tiziŋ, ko imbot ambai, som XXbury som? —I am thinking about my younger Gaaga mankwoono, to titwi i. —Tomorrow brother. Is he doing okay or not? morning, then they will bury her. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -twi nama- 546 u-

Sombe aŋmeete, to kitwi yo sula lele tiŋgi. roll them together into rope. —When I die, then bury me in this place. -twooro2 V_Tr Zin titwi serembat kizin sula naala be imbot XXfile, sharpen by moving the file in one ambai. (Toono ipalomo serembat kizin.) direction only along the blade —They buried their sweet potatoes down Twooro buza tio! —File my knife! in a hole, so that they would last well. (The Dedeede buza tio pepe. Imbot mako ituŋ ground keeps their sweet potatoes cool.) aŋtwooro kat. —Don’t make my knife -twwi/ twiwi V_Tr Redup blunt by filing it improperly. Leave it Zin titwiwi i mi yaŋ biibi isu. —While they alone, and I myself will file it properly. were burying him, a big rain came down. Kolman kiti, muŋgu titwooro len yooro be -twi nama-3 V_Tr tikitik mok pa. —In the past, our old people XXpoint at, point to sharpened pearl shells for themselves, so Ni itwi namaana ila pa waene bizin. Mi ni they could peel taro with them. itunu ikam mbulu raraate. —He pointed -twortwooro V_Tr Redup his hand at his companions. But he himself also did the same kind of behaviour. Aŋla ta diditu musaari ki awoŋ na, aŋtwi nomoŋ ila pa koroŋ pakan ta aŋute zin som, to ni isope yo pa koroŋ tana. —When U I went to my uncle’s little store, I pointed u1 Pronoun at some things that I did not recognise, alt. =u and then he explained those things to me. XXyou, you (singular) (second person twiiri N singular accusative pronoun) XXtrumpet shell (=Tok Pisin taur, =Triton Zin tire u kek. —They have seen you (SG). shell, a large sea shell which is blown as La pepe. Ko wal sananŋan tipunu. —Don’t a horn for signalling) go. The bad people [=criminals] might Tendeeŋe twiiri sula lasa. —We (INC) find hit you (SG). trumpet shells in shallow spots in the sea. Tipasaanu. —They harmed you./ They Tiwi twiiri. —They blew the trumpet shells. worked sorcery on you (SG). Tipum twiiri. —They make a low-pitched note: the clitic =u is phonologically sound like pum pum with a trumpet shell. attached to verbs ending in a consonant. XXtrumpet, horn, or other loud wind When it occurs on a multisyllabic verb instrument root ending in a long vowel + consonant Twiiri ta iwe ru pa itaŋ. —The second + homorganic vowel, the final vowel is trumpet cried. lost. When it occurs after a monosyllabic -twooro1 V_Tr verb root ending in a vowel, this vowel is XXroll, twist fibres together by rolling retained. For example: tikamu (used of the fibres of kaiwos and woswos (

Me ikeene su katuunu kumbuunu uunu. —Explain [Lit. ‘unwrap’] the meaning of —The dog sleeps at his master’s feet. that talk to us (EXC). XXbeginning, origin, source Ni ipiyooto sua tana ka uunu ma imbot mat. lele uunu —direction from which the wind —He explained [Lit. ‘brought forth’] the blows meaning of that talk clearly. re/ iwaara uunu —direction from which Amtalli pa mbulu taiŋgi uunu. —We (EXC) the southeast/ northwest wind comes are confused about the reason for this toono uunu —horizon, mainland event/ its cause. saamba uunu —place where land and sky XXfault, guilt seem to come together, horizon ..iwe uunu pizin. —it was their fault. zoŋ uunu —east Nio leŋ uunu sa som. Ina niom uunu tiom. zin zoŋ uunu kan —people from the east —I don’t have any guilt. It is your (PL) Timiili mini pa uunu. —Let’s go back to the fault. beginning. see also: main entry uunu Ni mbio uunu —He has a lot of things./ XXplace of some event He is a rich man. [Lit. ‘He is a source of kini uunu —place where the feast is wealth objects like wooden dishes, clay happening pots, pigs, etc.] nol uunu —marketplace XXancestor, ancestral beginning, clan, uraata uunu —workplace, base of operations lineage ula uunu —place where a wedding happens Niam uyam tamen. —We (EXC) are of the ke uunu same origin/ ancestry. XXbase of a tree Ituru undu tamen. —The two of us (INC) are XXbest firewood (burns well for a long of the same lineage. time, Lit. ‘base/basis of wood’) Nu um imbot la Korobal tomini? —Are you def. Mala, malamben, kaikes ma… Zin ke (SG) also a member of the Korobal clan? ta ikis you ma molo. Tapaata zin be ‘ke Tiluplup zin la un un. —They grouped in uunu.’ Pa you ipuŋitŋit mi inmbot. —Mala, their respective ancestral groups. malamben, kaikes, and [others]. They are Ni uunu ipet pa… —He is descended from… trees whose wood burns for a long time Uunu laamuru mi ru ko tiyooto pini. [Lit. ‘holds fire for a long time’]. We (INC) —Twelve clans will come out from him. call them ‘basis of wood’. For the fire similar: siŋ tamen ‘same blood/lineage’ keeps burning [for a long time]. XXreason, cause, grounds, basis Koroŋ Ta Boozomen Un Uunu padei ta tikam mbulu tana? —What is XXGenesis (the first book in the Bible, Lit. the reason that they did that behaviour? ‘the beginning of everything’) [This is a bit softer and more polite way mata- uunu of genuinely asking about the reason for XXarea between eyes and nose the behaviour. If this were to be phrased XXbridge of the nose as “Why did they do that behaviour?” imbot la mata- uunu it would most likely be interpreted as XXsomething has been thought through and expressing criticism, that the speaker one can speak about it easily thinks it was wrong for them to have done Sombe sua imbot la matanda uunu, to toso the behaviour.] karau. —If the talk is near our eyes [i.e. Uunu tina ta… —It is for this reason that… we have thought through the issues and Ni le uunu sa, ta ko ikamam ta kembei. —He are clear about it ourselves], then we must have some reason for acting that way. [can] speak about it quickly. XXmeaning, interpretation, explanation -ur u- Pisis Sara ka uunu ta kembei: —The XXbe the first to settle in a new area meaning of the name Sarah is like this: Maleu iur uunu su Mazop muŋgu, to zin wal Peeze sua tana uunu piam ma amleŋ. pakan tito ma tilela kini. —Maleu settled

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z ugi- 548 ulaaŋa

in Mazop first, and then other people ula ka tutu —customs or laws associated followed and went inland to live with him with marriage in that area. -pasaana ula —break/ destroy a marriage, usomŋa- commit adultery XXwithout reason, for no reason, without -yembut ula —divorce (Lit. ‘cut off marriage’) basis/ grounds, groundless zaala ta ula imet pa i —ways to end a sua usomŋana (=sua sorok) —talk without marriage any basis/ grounds ula popoŋa- XXbottomless, not having a bottom XXnewly wed naala usomŋana —bottomless pit tomooto ula popoŋana ugi- N_Inal XXbridegroom, newly married young man XXpuny (used of nuts, small, useless, not ruŋgu- ki/ pa ula edible yet) XXbe of marriageable age kaŋar/ mbolkai ugiini —puny galip, betel- def. Pikin tomooto bela itum ma ise ma ino nuts kezeene, mi moori takena zuzuunu ise ma uka- N_Inal ipolpol, tona ziru tirao pa ula. —A male XXroots of a tree that are above ground and child must grow up and shave, and in the therefore visible, surface roots same way a woman’s breasts must appear ke ukan ukan —tree roots that are above and be collapsing, and then they are ground ready for marriage. Motoyom su pa ke ukaana, kokena Ni ruŋguunu ki ula zen. —He/She is not kututpaala kumbuyom. —Look out for the ready for marriage yet. [i.e. too young] tree roots on the ground lest you (PL) hit mboti ki ula —married life, life as a your feet [on them]. married couple see also: ura- ‘root that is under the ground’ ula yembutŋana ukar N XXdivorce XXmangrove (very hard wood, used for ulaŋa- N_Inal_Stative house-building and some canoe parts) XXmarried def. Ukar na, ke ta imbot la tiiŋgi igarau pa moori ulaŋan —married women tai. —The mangrove, it is a tree that is wal ulaŋan —married people found in swampy areas near the ocean. Niom kakam sua pini paso? Ni metet? Iŋga Ukar lene na, zin keembe, kalma mi motak sa ni ulaŋana! —Why are you (PL) talking murin. —Mangrove swamps are the about her? Is she unmarried? You know dwelling place of certain shellfish and that she is married! crabs. see also: -woolo ‘to marry’ ula N ulaaŋa N_Event XXmarriage, wedding XXhelp, assistance Pikin tomooto som moori ta so titum ma tise Tiurur matan pa len ulaaŋa sa. —They tirao pa swoono ki ula, ina bela tindeeŋe were hoping for some help. len gaabaŋan. —Once a son or daughter Titaŋtaŋ pa len ulaaŋa. —They kept crying has grown up and come to the age of out for help. being suitable for marriage, then they Zin ko tire kat ulaaŋa biibi tabe aŋkam pizin i. must find themselves a companion. —They will personally see/experience the ula ka mbulu —marital behaviour great help that I am about to give to them. mbulu ki ula —sexual behaviour within XXhelper, saviour marriage Yesu, ni Ulaaŋa kiti. —Jesus he is our (INC) ula ka kini —wedding feast Helper/ Saviour. ula uunu —wedding (event) Len ulaaŋa sa som. —They did not have Ula kizin ipet su kar Birik. —Their wedding anyone to help them. took place in Birik village. see also: -uulu ‘help’ uraata ula kana —work involved in loan from the Mutu language arranging a wedding ulei! 549 undu ulei! Intj ululu2 N XXAh!, At last! (expresses relief or happiness XXstick to which a pig net is tied (It is at the ending of some hardship) implanted firmly in the ground.) Ulei, a you ilo iti ma. —Ah at last, the fire def. Ke ki tiraara pu ise be tisou ŋge pa. has warmed us (INC) up. Tipiu pu ila ululu. —A stick to which a net Ulei, a lele ri! Kamar ma ketende su is attached in order to catch pigs. They narenren taiŋgi be takam lende miiri wrap the net around the stick. ambaiŋana muŋgu, mana ko tamaŋga dial. var. ulu (Northern) mini. —Ah, at last a little resting place! umbaala N Come and let’s rest in this shade and get XXlarge group (used of canoes only), fleet some nice cool wind first, and after that Wooŋgo umbaala tile i. —A large group of we’ll start off again. canoes are coming in. def. Lelende ambai kat ma toso: “Ulei!”, probable loan from Mutu language, cf. kembei wal uraata kan ta keten su. —We umbaal ‘group of canoes that sail together’ (INC) are very happy and say “Ulei!”, like umbu- N workers who rest. XXslime (on eels or fish) ulom N Aŋteege tuunu tana umbuunu ma nomoŋ XXtree type which has edible nuts isipirpir. —I touched the slime from that Ulom siŋiini ikam ma kulindi ituntun. eel and [now] my hands are slippery. Sombe lelem be kan ulom pwoono, na ŋgal Tuunu umbuunu isipirpir kat. —The slime sula yok muŋgu, to kam ŋonoono ma la on eels is very slippery. neene sala you mi kan. —The sap of the dial. var. lumbu- ulom tree makes our (INC) skins itch. If you similar: ŋaono (SG) want to eat ulom nuts, then remove undu N the skin first inside the water, then take XXground spirit (spirit being that is the kernel of the nut and go cook [it] over associated with particular places and is a fire and eat [it]. thought to be generally harmful, =Tok Namoŋo kuliini iur pa ulom som. Pisin masalai) —Namongo is allergic to ulom nuts. Zin undu tipasansaana iti men, tiuulu iti som. Taŋgal ulom pa buza lutuunu o peeŋge. —The ground spirits only harm us (INC), Kuliini imbol som. Kuliini ila lene, mi takam they do not help us. ŋonoono ma takan. —We (INC) pierce [the Mala Apoi na, unduŋana. —The Banyan skin of] ulom nuts with a small knife made tree [named] Apoi is inhabited by a of bone. The skin is not hard. The skin is ground spirit. thrown away and we take the kernel and Zin undu tikusu. —The ground spirits are eat it. confusing you (SG). uloto N Undu tikam ma pikin taiŋgi itaŋtaŋ. —The XXbird of prey type (brown, medium-sized, ground spirits are causing this child to known for its habit of stealing chicks) cry continuously. Uloto ikamam man/ mooto/ mangi. —The Teyembut mooto miaana. Kokena ila ma iso uloto bird takes chickens/ snakes/ little pa undu, to ipun ti. —We (INC) cut off a mangi birds. snake’s tongue. Otherwise it might go and def. Manboŋ, kamuneeze, mi uloto igarau tell a ground spirit [what we have done raraate. —Eagles, hawks, and uloto birds to it], and then the ground spirit would are nearly the same. strike us [i.e. make us sick, cause some ululu1 N hardship for us, cause us to die]. XXdust, sand of the ground -patoron undu Miiri iwilaala ululu ma ila matanda. —The XXmake a sacrifice or offering to placate wind blew dust into our (INC) eyes. ground spirits, propitiate Ni itir ululu pa mburu kini ma isu. —She Muŋgu, tumbuyam bizin tipatoron zin shook the dust off of her things/ clothing. undu. Tikam koi ma siŋi ma, mi tikam len a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -unke 550 ur

you mi tila undu muriini, mi tipatoroni Winke kiri isu. —Take down the basket. pa pataŋana ta ipet pizin na. —In the opposite: -palweeze past, our (EXC) ancestors made offerings -unun V_Tr Redup to placate the ground spirits. They took XXhit, beat, kill tobacco, and the things needed for alt. -punun chewing betel-nut, and [other things], Tizuk mataana ma tiununi. —They and took fire and went to the dwelling blindfolded him and were hitting him. place of the ground spirit, and made an Zin tomtom tau tiwe Merere kwoono i, niwi offering to placate them on account of the unun zin pa pat ma timetmeete. —Those difficulties that they were experiencing. who are God’s mouth [i.e. prophets], you Moori koponŋan na, tikan ŋgwaata ma (SG) kill them with stones. koroŋ ki lele taiŋgi pepe. Kokena tipeebe, note: reduplication of -pun tona pikin tisaana. Naman somŋan, o -up V_Tr kumbun itutu, pikin zuruunu imapaala XXstab, spear, thrust into (using a vertical se ta ka yok i. Sombe pataŋana ta kembei motion) na, niam amre kembei undu urŋana. def. [distinguishing the two lexical items —Pregnant women should not eat sago -up and -ŋgal] Sombe amup, to amteege grubs or other things from this area kiskis marakete/ buza/ yoozo mi amup. Mi [where ground spirits live]. For if they do, sombe amgal to amzem marakete ma ila tiŋ then when they give birth, the children la kosasa tana. —If we -up, then we hold will be defective. They won’t have arms, on to a spear/ machete/ digging stick and or only a stump for a leg, or the lip of the stab/ pierce. If we -ŋgal, then we throw child will be broken at the vertical crease the spear, releasing it from our hands, between his/her upper lip and nose. and it goes straight into the thing. [=The child will have a cleft palate.] If Ni ikam marakete mi iup lae pa ŋge ta [there are] problems like that, then we tidada i lae mbaruumu na. —He took a (INC) view them as having been caused by spear and thrust it into the pig that they ground spirits. had tied up underneath the house. undu ise mata- Abaraam ikam buza ma iwit namaana be XXconfusion or disorientation believed to iup su pa lutuunu. —Abraham took a be caused by ground spirits knife and lifted up his arm in order to Undu tise mataana, ta tikami ma stab down at his son. igadgaada. —Ground spirits appeared XXbreak up ground with a digging stick before his eyes, and that is why they Tomooto pakan timaŋga ma tila tiup biidi caused him to become confused. mini. —Some men got up and went [and] undu urŋa- N_Inal_Stative broke up the ground again with digging XXsaid about birth defects in a child sticks for the yams. XXsome unusual thing that is thought to -upup/ -wupup V_Tr Redup have been caused by a ground spirit dial. var. -wup (Marile) Undu urŋana musaari ta tiŋgi! —This little upeele Adv_PredP thing must have been caused by ground XXthree days from now spirits. [For example a small sago palm Upeele, to tala Kampalap. —Three days produces an unusually large amount of from now we (INC) will go to Kampalap. sago starch.] upsol N -unke V_Tr XXfirefly XXtake off, take down (from a wall, hook) Upsol tikam pirik pirik pa mbeŋ. —Fireflies Unke lam ma isu. —Take the lamp down. are twinkling/ flickering/ blinking at night. Mogar kizin ta imbot sala ndomon na, ina dial. var. zerwaŋ zerwaŋ (Marile) tiunke ma tiur su. —The head dresses that ur1 N were on their heads, they took [them] off XXshelter, refuge, protection, shade (from and put [them] down. rain, sun) dial. var. -winke (Marile) -ur 551 -ur

Ke iwe ur piti. —The tree gave us (INC) shade. Ke matum na, iur kos pa tomtom pakan. Mi Raŋ sumbuunu iwe ur. —A cave is a place tomtom pakan na som. Iur ambai pizin ma of refuge. irao tikam pataŋana sa som. —The matum Sombe tawwa su ma yaŋ indeeŋe iti, to tree causes some people to get sick. But for teyembut lende pin ruunu ma iwe ur be others, this is not the case. It suits them and tukun ma ipakaala iti pa yaŋ. —If we (INC) they don’t have any problem [because of it]. are walking in the forest, and it starts -ur kadoono raining on us, then we cut a banana leaf XXset a price, assign a price to to give protection, and put it up over us to -ur kadoono pa protect us from the rain. XXavenge, pay back, punish Merere iwe ur piti. —The Lord is our (INC) -urkaala V_Tr refuge/ protection. XXprotect magically see also: narenren/ nerekou ‘shade’ -ur kar -ur2 V_Tr XXestablish/ found/ begin a new village XXput, place Tuur kar popoŋana, pa kar tiŋgi irao som. Aŋur ŋglas ila motoŋ. —I put on [my] glasses. —Let us (INC) establish a new village, for Tiur peene lutuunu ila palam kek. —They this village is not big enough. have placed/fitted an arrow on the -ur koi pa bowstring already. [=they got ready to XXhate, be hostile towards shoot it.] -ur kos pa XXdecree, ordain, establish XXcause sickness, cause an allergic reaction Aŋur ŋgalseki pu. —I decreed a prohibition (due to eating or drinking something) to you (SG). [=I prohibited you.] -ur lele- ila ki Nio aŋur aigule potomŋana piom be keteyom XXbelieve, commit oneself to (Lit. ‘put su. —I established/ appointed/ ordained one’s insides [to] go to’) a holy day for you (PL) to rest. Tuur lelende ila ki Merere Anutu kiti. —Let us XXmake, create, provide (INC) commit ourselves to the Lord our God. Merere iur iti. —God made/ created us (INC). -ur lele- pa Anutu iur saamba mi toono mi koroŋ ta XXlove, be committed to (Lit. ‘put one’s boozomen. —God created heaven and insides to’) earth and everything [else]. Ur lelem pa waem bizin, kembei lelem pa Zoŋ mi puulu tiur mat piti. —The sun and itum. —Love your (SG) associates as you the moon provide/give light to us. love yourself. Nio aŋur zaala piom. —I made/ provided a -ur + ma + motion verb way/ opportunity for you (PL). XXtake someone or something somewhere, -ur + horizontal motion verb bring someone or something, accompany XXtake, bring someone to another place, send off Nio aŋur buk tana ila ki Silas. —I took that Niom kozo uri ma ila ki kusiini mini. book to Silas. —You (PL) must take her back to her Iŋgi niam amur pat tiŋgi imar. —Now husband again. we (EXC) are bringing this money. Nio aŋuri ma ila kar kini. —I took her to -ur -se/ se/ -sala/ sala her village. XXput on, place on Niam amur zin ma tila. —We (EXC) sent them Kam kuuru tana ma ur se tebol. —Take that off. pot and put [it] on the table. -ur mata- -ur su/ isu/sula/isula XXtake a nap, go to sleep XXput down on -ur mata- pa Kuur su toono. —Put [it] down on the XXhope, anticipate, wait expectantly for ground. (Lit. ‘put one’s eye to’) -ur ambai pa -ur nama- XXsuit, go well with XXpoint to, wave at a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -ur 552 -ur -urla (ki) Ni iur namaana ila ki zaala. —She pointed XXtrust, believe in, have faith in (Lit. ‘put- to the road. -ur nama- (pa) go to’) Nio aŋurla kini. Ni irao iuul iti. —I believe XXhelp, assist, contribute (to) in him. He can help us (INC). Tomtom boozomen tiur naman pa, to ambai. similar: -ndemeere, -pase pa —If many people help in it, then it will be -urnol V_Intr good. XXfornicate, commit adultery similar: -uulu -urpe ur ni- XXfix, repair (machines, roads, and other XXbe quiet, calm, remain still, settle down, things) keep calm similar: -karakiti, -ŋgaraapi see also: ni- XX -ur nol heal tomtom ta iurpewe zin meteŋan XX arrange a meeting, time, market XX -ur ŋonoono doctor -urpe kini XXcome true, be fulfilled, have results, bear XXprepare, fix (food), make ready fruit, produce -urpe lele- -ur ŋgis pa XX XX placate, appease behave in a way which shows one’s -urpe sua/ pataŋana disapproval, be offended by, upset with, XXstraighten, settle, resolve (quarrels, disapprove of, act unfriendly towards disputes) see also: -ŋgis lele- iur pa -ur pa uraata XXplan, intend, decide to do something, XXinstall for work, appoint, ordain, assign have plans for Tiur zin mboroŋan pa uraata. —They Nio leleŋ iur pa lutuŋ moori be aŋkam installed the elders to their work. -ur sua matamur tio ila kini. —I plan to give my daughter my heirlooms/ inheritance. XXgive an order, command, decree Anutu leleene iur pio ta alok kek. —God Tiur sua pizin be tito tutu ki Mose. —They already had plans for me a long time ago. ordered them to follow the law of Moses. Mbulu ta boozomen ti, ina ito Anutu itunu ŋgar Nu ur sua mbolŋana pio beso koroŋ ku tasa kini ta leleene iur pa ta muŋgu kek. —All imbiriizi, nako ituŋ aŋkot. —You (SG) decreed of this that has happened, it follows God’s to me that if something of yours gets lost, own thinking/plan, which he decided on then I myself will have to replace it. -ur sua se ki long ago. Ŋgar pareiŋana ta so lelem iur pa be kam, XXspeak in a figurative way, use figurative nako iur ŋonoono som. —Whatever you (SG) language, use parables, speak in parables plan to do is not going to have any real Ni iur sua se ki kini iweene tiyaaraŋana, results. tamen ka uunu ŋonoono… —He spoke body part+ iur pa figuratively about sowing seeds, but the XXa body part makes a person to do real meaning was… something and then it becomes one’s similar: -tooro sua -ur u- characteristic (and unchangeable) behaviour XXsettle in a new place -ur uraata + motion verb + nama- Aa, kumbuuli pepe. Pa to tana kuzuunu iuri mi iŋoŋooŋo le sorok. Ni tomtom keteene XXassign a task to someone, make someone malmalŋana. —Don’t bother that person. responsible for some task (Lit. ‘put work For that guy, his nose makes him to into the hands of’) always be quarrelling for no reason. He is Tiur uraata tana ima nomom be nu kam. a habitually angry person. —They put that work into your (SG) hands. Kumbuunu iuri, tabe ipawwa i pa lele ta similar: -ur uraata se ki boozomen. —His legs make him to go walking around everywhere. ura- 553 uraata

Nama tutuŋana iuri ma kete malmalŋana. ura- N_Inal —Because he only has a stump of an arm, XXvein, artery, blood vessel he is easily angered. Uroŋ ilonloondo se mat. —My veins are Talŋa ŋge mo iuri ma talŋa pampam. —His clearly visible. big ears cause him to be disobedient. Buza itaara uroŋ ma siŋ tio iloondo karau Mbu tiam kureene siŋaanabi, ta pikin ti isu kat. —The knife cut my blood vein and pa ma paagapuk ma ila pizin Mutu, mi my blood ran very quickly/ a lot of blood niam koyam ri taiŋgi. Amso sua som, pa ni came out. ta kembeiŋana. Namaana ti iuri. (=Ikam XXroot of a plant or tree (underground) biibi kat ila pizin.) —The huge betel-nut Ke uraana isula kat mi irokiskis toono. branch of ours (EXC), this child gave most —The root of a tree went deep down and of it to the island people, and there is just gripped the ground tightly. this little bit of it left for us. [But] we did ke uranuran —roots of trees not say anything, for he is just like that. XXstrong fibres in meat, wood, or tubers His hand causes him to do it. (=He gave a which make them tough to eat or cut, very large amount to them.] gristle -urur V_Tr Redup Man tana, muŋguŋana tau. Takan mazaana XXpreparing to do something, be in process na, uranuran ma imbol kat. —That chicken of forming was old. When we (INC) ate the meat, it had Mazwaana ta timbotmbot lela ŋgini ti na, a lot of gristle and was really tough. tiurur be tiwe karkoolo. —When they are Sebut manioka uunu isu lene, pa ina inside these nests, they are in the process uranuranŋana. —Cut off the end of the of becoming butterflies. manioca, for it is very fibrous and tough. Wai, iur pikin kek na, mana isu ma ila ne. Taara ke mi ka paaga loŋa itop ma ila ne —Oh my, the foetus was already formed kembei pakan som. Pa uranuran boozo. and then it miscarried. [said when a —You (SG) cut a tree and the chips do not miscarriage happens after the first two- come off easily as is the case with other three months of the pregnancy] [trees]. For [the wood] has many strong Lutundu moori ta padei? Imender kek? fibres [in it]. Pikin imbol kek? Pikin iurur kek. —How ke urana XX is our (INC) daughter? Is she past the time fourth generation, great-great- for miscarriages? Is the child developed grandparent/ great-grandchild enough that a miscarriage is unlikely? The dial. var. keruunu (Central) child [foetus] is already mostly formed uraata N_Event [=4-5 months along in the pregnancy]. dial. var. uraat (Gauru), urta (Marile, -urur nama- pa Northern) XXwave at XXwork, job, task Re pikin tina. Pa iurur namaana pu na. —Look Zin tila Lae be tiru len uraata. —They went at the child. She is waving at you (SG). to Lae to look for work/ a job. urŋana N_Inal_Event Nu kozo kam uraata ma biibi, to ndeeŋe kom XXputting, action of doing something kini. —You (SG) must work in order to find zan urŋana —census (putting of names into food to eat. books) Nio aŋkam uraata pini pa ndaama laamuru, Kadoono urŋana kola ipet. —[The time for] to aŋsu. —I worked for him for ten years, giving punishment/reward will certainly and then I left my job. come. Ni keteene su pa uraata kini. —He rested undu urŋana —some trouble or exceptional from his work. thing thought ot have been caused by Ni imboro uraata ki narabu urpeŋana. —He ground spirits (see undu) was responsible for the task of preparing the tapioca bread.

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z uraata 554 uraata

Ni tiroono imbol pa uraata kamŋana. —He zin uraata kan ki wooŋgo —the crew of the has greath strength for doing work. ship Aŋbel uraata biibi pu kek. —I have worked mbili uraata kana —animals that are used hard for you (SG). to do some work -teege uraata (ki gabman, misin) —be uraata tiene employed [by the government or the XXresults of somebody’s work mission] Parei, niom koso nio aŋbotmbot se wal pakan Niamru amkamam uraata tamen tau. —The uraata kizin tiene, na? —How is it, do you two of us (EXC) are doing the same work. (PL) think that I am [taking advantage of]/ Zin tikamam uraata be tikoto zin wal [living off of] somebody else’s work [and sananŋan. —They are working to restrain not working hard myself]? bad people/ criminals. uraata uunu/ uraata muriini uraata mat kana (buza, nakabasi - wal biibi XXworkplace, place where certain work is tikamam) —work that is done out in the done open [with machetes and axes, many uraata iur ŋonoono people are able to do it] XXwork bears fruit, produces results, is uraata ruumu leleene kana (buk mi successful pen, kadoono ruk se ŋana, tataŋa men Uraata tio iur ŋonoono kek. —My work has tikamam) —work that is done inside a born fruit/ produced [good] results. house [with books and pens, wages are uraata iwe … higher, only a few people are able to do it] XXworkday (opposite of a day of rest) XXfunction, purpose uraata iwe ta —Monday, first working day Yut imender pa uraata lamata. —Youth of the week work stands [or exists] for five purposes. Uraata iwe ta mi ila imiili su uraata iwe Koroŋ boozomen ta Yooba iur na, kan uraata lamata mi ta. —From the first working ma kiŋ. —All of the things that God has day [Monday] till the sixth working day created have their own function/ purpose. [Saturday] XXresponsibility Uraata kizin Ŋgoŋana Uraata ku be mboro zin ŋge. —It is your (SG) XXthe book of Acts in the Bible responsibility to look after the pigs. -kam uraata pa XXceremony XXwork (on) uraata reeteŋana —circumcision ceremony Zin tikam uraata pa ma imap kek. —They ka uraata have worked on it and it is [now] finished. XXwork associated with something le- uraata be Zin ta timborro patoronŋana ka uraata. —It XXhave responsibility for/to was they who looked after the work of Zin len uraata be… —It is their making offerings. responsibility/job to…/They have the ruumu ka uraata/urta responsibility to… XXhouse building materials le- uraata pa similar: malimooŋo (loan from Mutu XXhave need of, have use for language, cf. malimooŋ ‘building materials’) Nio leŋ uraata ri pa. —I have a bit of work uraata biibi/bibip for it. I have a little job for it. / I have XXmiracle(s) need of it. Yesu ikam uraata bibip mi mos mburanŋan. Nio leŋ uraata pa koroŋ tiŋgi mini som. —I —Jesus performed great miracles and don’t have any need of/ use for this thing powerful signs. anymore. similar: mos -su ma -se pa uraata / -zzu ma -zze pa uraata uraata ka- XXbe very busy XXworker Zin moori tizzu ma tizze pa uraata. —The zin wal uraata kan women were very busy [Lit. ‘going up and XXworkmen, workers, labourers, crew, down’] with work. officials uri 555 -urla -ur A pa uraata I have already brought it to you. When? XXappoint someone to do some job, install, Hey, it was a couple of days ago. appoint, ordain, assign uriizi Adv_PredP Zin tiur A. pa uraata. —They appointed A. XXtwo days ago, the day before yesterday, to do the work. -ur uraata + motion verb + nama- recently Wooŋgo imar uriizi. —The boat came two XXassign a task to someone, make someone days ago. responsible for some task (Lit. ‘put work -urkaala V_Tr into the hands of’) XXprotect by magical means Tiur uraata tana ima nomom be nu kam. Koroŋ tio tiŋgi, nio leleŋ be tomtom —They put that work into your (SG) hands. timbuulu som. Tana aŋurkaala be tomtom similar: -ur uraata se ki -zem uraata + motion verb + nama- tipasaana pepe. —This thing of mine, I do not want people to bother it. Therefore XXallow/let someone else to do some job I magically protected it so that people Niam amzem uraata tana ila zin naman. would not harm it. —We (EXC) allowed them to do that job. Aŋurkaala mbu tio pa napalis, kokena uraataŋa- N_Inal_Stative tomtom tikem. —I protected my betel-nut XXindustrious, hard-working palms with napalis magic so that people Ni maolŋana som. Ni moori uraataŋana. would not steal from them. —She is not lazy. She is an industrious -urke woman. V_Tr XXput away out of sight, stash away uri N Mbu kureene tis, la ma urke lae lele XXvictim, casualty, dead body, corpse koroŋŋana risa ta be timiili to takan Tisiŋ uri sa ma timar i. —They are coming kanda. —This betel-nut branch, go and carrying some casualty. hide it away, so that when we (INC) return Tiwe uri lup. —They were all [dead] victims. we can chew some. Sombe teteege uri sa… —If we (INC) touch a Ruumu leleene kizin tau tiurkewe koroŋ dead body… kizin ambaimbaiŋan ilela pa i na, bokbok. Neeri wooŋgo iuuzu uri ta imar. —Yesterday —The rooms inside their houses where the ship brought a dead body. uri mbitiŋana they stash away their good things [i.e. treasures], are full. XXsomeone who died unexpectedly with no -urla V_Intr preceding period of illness XX Tewe mini Kurububul pepe. Pa tindeeŋe uri trust, believe mbitiŋana isula tiŋga. —We must not bathe Nio aŋurla sua kini risa som. Pa ni tomtom at Kurubulbul anymore. For they found ki napospos. —I do not believe anything the dead body there. he says. For he is an empty talker who dial. var. zimzim (Kampalap) never does what he says. similar: putu- Padei, nu urla kembei tomtom tiŋga ko uriŋa- N_Inal_Stative imboro kat pat ma ila Lae be ikam koroŋ? XXinjured Mm-m, to na, ni namaanaŋana. —How is Tiparkas zin ma uriŋan men. —They were it, do you (SG) really believe that man will hacking each other and all of them were look after the money well and go to Lae injured/ killed. and get the things? No way, that fellow, he is a thief. uriiza Adv_PredP XX similar: -ndemeere, -pase pa three days ago -urla ki XXrecently, a couple of days ago, awhile XXbelieve, have faith in, trust, commit ago oneself to Re buza tio som? Ooi, buza ta aŋkam ma Iti tuurla ki Yesu. Ni ko iuulu iti. —We (INC) kek na. Ŋiizi? Wai, ta uriiza. —Did you believe in Jesus. He will help us. (SG) not see my machete? Ooi, the knife, a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -urnol 556 -urpe

Niam amurla kizin wal ta timender i som. too much. But my mother talked about Zin irao tikam kosasa som. —We (EXC) don’t wanting some rice and so I used that as a believe in those that are standing [for chance to have a bit of a stroll. election]. They are not able to do anything. XXuse something as an excuse for not doing Zemi pepe. Urla kini men. —Don’t forsake something him. Keep having faith in him. def. Nu so pa naŋgaŋ sa be isala kom sur. -ur lele- ila ki Tamen ni mburaana som. To iso: “Nio XXbelieve, have faith in, commit oneself to kumbuŋ mbeete.” Tana ni iurŋase ki (Lit. ‘put one’s insides to’) kumbuunu mbeete, mi isala ni som. —You Ur lelem ila ki Merere Anutu ku. —Believe in/ (SG) tell a young man to go up a coconut Commit yourself to the Lord your (SG) God. palm and get you some green drinking urlaŋana N_Inal coconuts. But he does not want to do it. XXfaith Then he says: “I have a sore on my leg.” So Urlaŋana kizin imbol zen. —Their faith is he uses the sore as an excuse and doesn’t not yet strong. climb up and get the green coconuts. Mbulu tana ipedet, pa urlaŋana tiom ilala Yaŋ biibi som. Mi ni urŋase ki yaŋ ma imar takembena tau. —That keeps happening, som. Pa mburaana pa uraata som tau. because of your (PL) beliefs. —[It was] not a big rain. But he used the sua urlaŋana rain as an excuse for not coming. For he XXconfession of faith, creed did not want to work. urlaŋa- N_Inal_Stative -urpe V_Tr XXbelieving dial. var. -ŋgaraapi (Gauru) wal urlaŋan —believers XXfix, repair (machines, roads, etc.) -urnol V_Intr Radio tio ti isaana. Irao nu urpe? —This XXfornicate, commit adultery radio of mine is broken. Can you (SG) fix it? Urnol pepe. Pa ina mbulu ambai som. —Do La urpe itum/ ruŋgum. —Go and fix not practice fornication. For that is not yourself/ your appearance. good behaviour. similar: -karakiti urŋa nol XXmake, produce, manufacture XXfornication Tila tiurpe merere pakaamŋan kunun pa gol Mbulu ki urŋa nol, kombot molo pa. ma silva. —They went and made idols out —Keep far away from the behaviour of of gold and silver. fornication. Merere iurpe len mburu pa mbili kulin. (-)urŋase ki V_Intr —The Lord made clothing for them from XXuse something as an opportunity/ animal skins. chance/ occasion for doing something XXproduce food/a crop, yield Zin tamuriŋ lelen be tila tire pilai. Tamen Kam buza ku mi ŋgaama kini. Pa toono taman iyok som, mi iŋgo zin pa lele iurpe i lup kek. —Take your knife and siiriŋana. Mi zin mburan som. To taman harvest the food. For the ground has iyaamba zin na, urŋase ki ŋoŋi tana, mi produced it already. tibeleu ma tila na, kaŋkaŋ ma tila tire Ke iurpe i be ŋonoono. —The tree is about pilai. —The young girls wanted to go and to produce fruit. see the game. But their father did not XXprepare, fix (food), make ready, cook agree [that they could go], and instead he Zin moori tiurpe kanda kini lak! —The sent them to sweep up the area. But they women should prepare/ fix us some food! did not want to do that. Then their father Koŋgo zin munmun ma tila, ko tiurpe kat scolded them, and [using] that quarrel koroŋ ma ambai? —If you (PL) send the as an excuse/occasion, they took off and little ones, will they prepare it well? went straight to look at the game. XXstraighten, arrange, set in order Nio ti aŋwawa som. Mi ina sa anaŋ iso pa Kuurpe nomoyom mi tusuŋ. —Arrange your ka rais, tabe urŋase ki mi aŋla aŋpa leŋ hands and let us (INC) pray. ri. —I do not usually wander around urta 557 uru- kizin/ tomtom ki iurpewe zin meteŋan Tuurpe lelende mi ŋgar kiti be tusuŋ. —Let us XXdoctor, physician (INC) prepare our hearts and minds to pray. urpeŋana N_Inal Urpe mbulu ku! —Straighten out your (SG) XXfixing, repair, settlement, solution, behaviour! preparation, healing Urpe ŋgar ku muŋgu, to so sua. —Prepare sua urpeŋana —settlement of a dispute your thoughts first, and then speak. sua urpeŋana muriini XXprepare, make arrangements for, make XXcourt, place for settling disputes ready sua urpeŋana ka tomtom Mar ma tala ruumu. Pa nio aŋurpe murim XXjudge kek. —Come and let us (INC) go to [my] similar: tiiriŋana katuunu, biibi ki itirtiiri house. For I have prepared a [sleeping] sua i (SG) place for you already. sanaana urpeŋana Zin tiurpe zaala pa ula kizin. —They made XXreconciliation, forgiveness, atonement arrangements for their marriage. Aigule biibi ki sanaana urpeŋana Aŋurpe zaala pini be… —I arranged for XXDay of Atonement (biblical key term) him to… XX urta N heal XX Ni iurpe i ma niini ndabok. —He healed work (Northern dialect form) him and made him well. dial. var. uraata (Central), uraat (Gauru) -urpe sua/ pataŋana uru- N_Inal XX XXstraighten out, solve, settle (disputes, news, report problems, quarrels, issues) Tomoyom ta mete ikami na, keleŋ uruunu sa Zin mboroŋan tila ma tiurpe pataŋana kizin. kek? —Your (PL) father/uncle that is sick, —The elders went and settled their have you heard any news about him? problem. Uruunu irak ma irao lele ta boozomen. -urpe lele- —The news about him went everywhere. XXplacate, appease, reconcile (Lit. ‘fix the Uruunu irao karkari lup. —He is known all insides) over. Iŋgi aŋso aŋkam koroŋ tiŋgi pini bekena Niam amso amleŋ uraata uruunu. —We (EXC) want to hear a report about the work. aŋurpe leleene mi leleene ambai pio mini. XX —I want to give this thing to him in order fame, reputation, prestige, name to placate him and [cause him] to like me Yesu, ni uruunu biibi kat. —Jesus, he is again. very famous./ Jesus, his reputation is Zin kolman tila tiurpe lelen, to ziru tilup truly great. zin mi timbot ambai. —The village elders Re kokena urum isaana. —Look out lest went and reconciled them to each other you (SG) get bad name/ reputation. and then they got together again and similar: za- ‘name, reputation’ -wit uru lived well. XX -parurpe lele- exalt someone, praise someone, lift up XXbe reconciled to each other someone’s fame Niomru kaparurpe leleyom. —The two of Amwit urum. —We (EXC) exalt your name / you should settle your differences and get fame. -pasaana uru- reconciled to each other. XX -urpewe V_Tr Redup defame, ruin someone’s reputation XX uruunu ambaiŋana fixing, repairing, preparing, straightening, XX settling, arranging, healing good news, gospel uru- ŋa- N_Inal_Stative Zin tiurpewe kuuru. —They make clay pots. XX Ni iwwa mi iurpewe zin tomtom pa mete famous, significant, well-known for kizin. —He walked around healing people doing big things (for example putting on of their illnesses. large feasts) tomtom ki iurpewe zin tomtom pa mete Ni uruunuŋana. —He is famous. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z urum 558 -urur uru- somŋa- images of snakes and lizards and their XXnot famous, unknown, unheard-of, respective totems on the centreposts of unimportant, insignificant (traditionally clan houses. People from Kampalap village because of not having been able to put the snake Morkok [on their clan house], arrange large feasts, etc.) the Kipiili clan puts the snake Ango, people Zin urun somŋan. —They are not famous from Marile put the snake Palru. [just ordinary people] urum ka pooto similar: za- somŋa- XX ikam uru- pa/ iwe uru- porch of a clan house (located on either end, lower than the central platform, place XXget honour from doing something, gain where men sit and talk or do some work) fame or prestige from something urum ka kubibi N Redup Ni ikam kini pa kar be ikam itunu uruunu alt. kubi pa. —He arranged a feast for the village XXarea in a clan house where the scraping in order to gain prestige for himself. of coconuts usually takes place urum N XX Urum ka kubibi, ina natoŋ muriini.—The clan (each clan kubibi of a clan house is the place for the has a name) scraper. urum Kipiili —the urum ka mer, mos, toolo Kipiili clan XXmarkings/designs associated with a clan Zin timender pa urum Ka mer ikot zin urum tataŋa ki kar. —Each kizin kizin. —They clan house in the village has its own stand up for the markings/designs. interests of their urum katuunu bizin own clans. XXowners of a clan house …ma tiwe urum paŋ. —…and they divided urum kumbuunu up into/ became four clans. XX XX male children (viewed as future clan house, ceremonial men’s house (place supporters of the clan, Literally: ‘leg(s) where men gather for discussions, also of the clan (house)’) functions as a guesthouse for visitors) Pikin sa isu, so tomooto, to toso ni urum Zin kolman tilup zin sala urum, mi tizzo kumbuunu. —When a child is born, if it is pa pataŋana pakan ki kar. —The old men male, then we (INC) say he is a ‘leg’ of the met up in the clan house, and talked clan house. about some of the problems of the village. urum Merere Niam Sambaana, urum tiam Andewa. —We XXchurch building, temple (EXC) who are from the Sambaana river area, Urum Merere reegeŋana —destruction of [the name of] our clan house is Andewa. the Temple urum sambaana urum tuunu XX clan house type (in Yangla), men’s house XXclan leaders, older men of a clan type (has three stories, lacks a carved XXcaretaker of a church building, church centrepost, but has hanging birds as elder decorations) XXLevite (biblical key term) Urum tiam ka toolo, ina man keleu ta -urur V_Tr Redup timbiŋbiŋ. —[Part of] the design of our (EXC) XXhesitate, delay men’s house involves [carvings of] keleu Tomtom tana, ni iurur som. Ire men, mi birds that hang [inside the clan house]. urum ka nasil sombe pat imbot la ŋonoono, na ikam men tau. —That man does not hesitate. He just XXcentrepost of a clan house (often has looks and if he has some money with him, carved totem images on it) then he just gives it. Tizabzap zin mooto ma po ma zin us kizin Urur paso? Loŋa kam lem sa. Kokena kizin izze nasil ki urum. Zin Kampalap tomtom toro ikam. —Why are you (SG) tiur mooto Morkok, Kipiili tiur mooto Aŋo, hesitating? Quickly take some for yourself. Marile tiur mooto Palru. —They carve Otherwise somebody else will take it. us 559 -ut

XXreserve something for oneself but delay Pikin ti itum us. Mbolkeete som. —This in actually trying to get it child is well-grown. [He is] not stunted. def. Nu so men be kam ma iwe lem. Mi tamen Pikin itum us. Ŋonoono biibi mi kam kosa pa som. —You (SG) only say you ndekndekŋana. —The child grew well. His want to get something to be your own. But body was big and he was fat. you do not do anything more about it. usomŋana N Nu urur men. Loŋa mi kam som. Tanata ila ki XXrumoured, without basis, without tomtom toro kek. —You (SG) just talked about foundation, baseless getting it. You did not quickly come and get sua usomŋana (=sua sorok) —rumour, talk it. That is why it went to someone else. without any basis/foundation similar: -ur sua pa men Pat ta ka usomŋana mi ipet sorok, nako imap us N karau men. —Money that comes without XXtotem, symbol of clan identity (something basis [i.e. it is not the fruit of hard work], unusual whose name functions as a will finish very quickly. symbol of clan identity, for example: a similar: sorok decoration type, piece of land, famous XXlacking financial backing stones, trees, dogs, eagles. The names Takam, o takam som? Pa uraata ti of totems are used by the clan members usomŋana. Le pat som. —Should we (INC) when they want to give a name to a do it or not? For this work has no financial variety of things: dogs, lamps, drums, backing. It has no money [behind it]. cooking stones, pig nets, baskets, boats, XXbottomless stores, cars, schools, etc. If people call out naala ta usomŋana —bottomless pit the name of a clan’s totem, it makes the -ut1 V_Tr clan members feel good and gives them XXadopt (adoption is quite common within added strength and vigour. The name of a clans) totem is not given to people.) def. Tuut pikin la toŋmatiziŋ men. Sombe Boksim, ina niam us tiam. —Boksim is our zin pakan tipeebe som, to tiut pikin sa be (EXC) clan’s ancestral mother. [She was a imender pizin pa kaimer. Sombe tamori woman who knew how to fight, and killed lutun bizin tila pa urum toro ki taman, to a lot of people. So now people call out woono bizin ko tiut pikin tasa bekena imiili the “Boksim, Boksim!” when they want to ma imar mini be imender pa toono. Sombe fight in order to receive extra strength.] tipeebe moori men, to tiut pikin tomooto sa Pat Laboi, ina us kizin. —The Laboi stone is ki toŋmatiziŋ kizin be iwe zin moori tana one of the symbols of their clan’s identity. kan siili. Mi sombe tipeebe tomooto men, Lutuŋ tiroono irao pa pai, to niamru ampa raraate men. Tiut pikin moori be iwe zin pa su, mi aŋso i pa us ma toono ma yok tomooto tana kan siili. —We (INC) only ma koroŋ be iute. —Once my son is strong adopt children from [our] relatives. If enough to walk, the two of us (EXC) will go some people have not produced children and walk in the forest and I will show him of their own, then they adopt children the different things which mark our clan’s to stand for them later on. If some girls’ identity, and the land, and streams, and children go to another clan of their other things so that he will know them. fathers, then later the uncles will adopt Tiboobo us kini, tabe niini ise pa pai mi one of the children to come back and uraata. —They called out the name stand for the land. If some people only of one of his clan’s totems, so he felt give birth to girls, then they will adopt strengthened for the journey and work. one of their relatives’ boys to be a support XXstrong (physically), well built for the girls. And if people give birth Ni tomtom us. —He is a very strong man. only to boys, then, [they will do] exactly similar: kar zoŋoono, karwaaŋga the same. They adopt a girl to become a -tum us support for the boys. XXgrow well, be well grown, tall, strong a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -ut 560 ute-

utŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXcut up into sections (cutting across the XXcut, adopted long axis of something) Pikin ti utŋana. —This child is adopted. Tikam nakabasi mi tiutkat ke lwoono. -kamut —They took [their] axes and cut up the XXtake back a child that has been reared log into sections. by someone else, compensating them for -didiut V_Tr their efforts XXdivide up the interior of a building by Ni ikamut pikin. Naso kaimer tiso sua pini making a wall som. Pa ikam lutuunu ma imar kini ma -keut V_Tr iwe lene kat. —He took back the child and XXgo away secretly compensated those who had reared him, -kerrut V_Tr so that later they would not be able to say XXcut something soft using a knife (like anything to him [regarding the child]. For leafy vegetables) he took his child [back] to himself to be -leŋut V_Tr his own. [Someone else had been taking XXlisten in secretly, overhear, eavesdrop on care of the child. But now the child’s father (Lit. ‘hear-cut’) takes him back to be his own again.] -ŋgorut V_Tr -ut2 V_Tr XXbite, bite off XXcut up into pieces, cut off (with an axe -palut V_Tr or bush knife/machete, done to logs, XXcut into two pieces with knife using a sago palm fronds, tree branches) sawing movement (for example a pig’s Ut ke lwoono makiŋ, to supaala. —Cut the skin or a rope) log up into sections first, and then split it. -reut V_Tr Ut ke lwoono tana iwe re teltelŋa. —Cut XXspy on that log into pieces three arm spans long. -taarut V_Tr Ut leŋ ni ruunu sa be aŋwe ŋgamar. —Cut XXcut into pieces off a coconut palm frond for me so that I ute-1 N_Inal can weave a basket. XXhead Zin naŋgaŋ tila tiut kooto. —The young Ni uteene iyoyou. —His head hurts. / He men went and cut off [sago palm leaves has a headache. for] thatching. Aŋur nomoŋ isala uten, mi aŋsuŋ Merere be XXseparate, divide ipombol zin. —I put my hand on their heads Anutu ire mat tana ma ndabok, mi iut pa and asked God to strengthen/bless them. zugut ma imbot ndel. —God saw that the ute- ruunu —hair light was good and separated it from the XXtop part darkness. ke uteene —top of a tree Yok Taroobo iut ma Salapoŋgo ipa pakaana, abal uteene —top of a mountain Kipiili ipa pakaana. —The Tarawe river abal ute ŋgunguutuŋana —mountain that is divides the land, with the Salaponggo very steep clan’s land being along one side and the ruumu uteene —roof of a house Kipiili clan’s land being along the other ndeete uteene —the top part of a ladder side. XXsource (of a body of water) -udut V_Tr Redup yok uteene —beginning of a river, head of a XXbreak up, divide up river, source of a river Mboe iudut sua. —The songs break up the ruumu uteene ka ŋgeele speeches. [i.e. The songs and speeches XXridge of a roof alternate.] sua uteene (= sua naana) -utkat V_Tr XXheading (Lit. ‘mother/ head of the talk’) XXcut off ye uteene Ke zoŋoono tana molo mete, utkat suruunu XXhead of a fish toro isu lene. —That tree fork is too long, XXhead of a household or clan cut off one of the branches. ute- 561 ute- ute- kat pa siblings his ‘heads’, because he has respect XXnod in agreement for them. Tiyok pa sua kini, tana uten kat pini. ute- se pa —They approved of his talk, therefore XXagree to, consent to they nodded in agreement. Uteyom se pepe. —Don’t agree. similar: -yok pa, ute- se pa ute- katkat/ piŋpiŋ Tiwi K. pa mowa, mi tamen K. uteene se pa som. —They asked K. for the lawnmower, XXshake head in disagreement but K. did not agree. Uten katkat/ piŋpiŋ pini. —They shook similar: -yok pa, ute- kat pa their heads at him in disagreement. ute- suk/suk ute- pa similar: -yok pa som XX ute- mbiŋbiŋ pa nod one’s head at Ni uteene suk la pini, tabe ila ma ziru tila pa XXshake one’s head in disagreement Lablab kek. —He nodded his head to him, def. Re ma irao pa lelem som, tana utem so he went [with him], and the two of mbiŋbiŋ pa. —You (SG) see something that them have gone off to Lablab. is not to your liking, therefore you shake -kam ute- your head. XX ute- imbol pa come to get something as a memorial of a deceased distant relative or trading XXnot easily moved, stubborn, obstinate, partner (Lit. ‘get the head of’—If someone stingy (Lit. ‘head is strong concerning’) ute- mbolŋa- dies and some of their distant relatives cannot come for the funeral, then they XXhave something strongly in one’s will come later and seek to get something mind, stubborn, obstinate, can’t forget from the family to soothe their sorrow. something (Lit. ‘strong-headed’) Thereby the good relationship between Ni uteene mbolŋana pa koroŋ kini ta the families is maintained.) boozomen. Irao irai som. —He is stubborn Zin Kampalap ko tise mi tikam Makelebi concerning his things. He is not going to uteene. To takam timbiiri, o taŋgal ŋge be share them. ute- mbooro, ute sipir tuurpe zin. —The Kampalap people will come to ‘get old Makele’s head’. Then we XXbald (INC) will give wooden dishes or kill a pig to ute- patŋa-—stingy, unwilling to lend, maintain the relationship with them. [Old stubborn (Lit. ‘stone-headed’) ute- putuunu Makele used to be their trading partner.] -kam ute- pa XXskull XXclaim as one’s own (something which XXCalvary (in the Bible)—lele ta zaana belongs to another person), desire to get ‘Tomtom Uteene Putuunu na’ something from another person, be after XXhigh official deserving a lot of respect something (for example a premier or a prime Tomtom tana ikam uteene pa koroŋ tio minister), chief official, leader, head boozo mete. —That man wants too many Somare, ni uteyam putuunu. —Somare, he of my things. is our (EXC) leader. Ni ikam uteene sorok pa ŋge lutuunu tio. XXin-laws (use of this term for the —He was after my piglet. relationship highlights the need to exhibit XXbe attracted to a member of the opposite respectful behaviour for one’s in-laws) sex def. Iwanda bizin na utende putuunu bizin. Nio aŋkam uteŋ sorok pini, tamen ni leleene Topou zin, pa moori kizin ta towoolo zin pio som. —I am attracted to her, but she na. —Our (INC) brother and sister in-laws does not like me. are our ‘heads.’ We respect them, because Tomooto tana ikam uteene pa moori tana. we married one of their women. —That man is attracted to that woman. Ni ipaata iwaana bizin be uteene putuunu -ŋgun ute- paso ni le ŋger pizin. —He calls his wife’s XXlet one’s hair grow long as a sign of grief a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -ute 562 -uulu -pun ute- this matter]. I want to cut off that talk now. XXthink hard Uunu padei ta re zin pikin som mi tila Iti tupun utende mibe takam kat ŋgar. tipasaana teu popoŋan tiŋga? Nio aŋutekot —We (INC) really think hard in order to zin? —Why did you not look after the understand properly. -zeebe ute- kids and [let] them go and ruin that new sugarcane? Am I supposed to know what XXbe busy doing something, be very they are up to? [No. So don’t bother me occupied and not wanting to be disturbed -we ute- with this]. Nio aŋutekot pen ku som. —I truly do not XXlead, become a leader of, be the head of know about your pen. Kaunsil kiti na, ni iwe kar uteene piti tau. utumbuunu N —Our (INC) councillor is the head of our XXgroup that shares food together at a village. meal, or work together (usually consists Krisi, ni iwe kembei ta utende be ikam peeze of related people) piti. —Christ, he is like our (INC) head Niam kar ti, utumbuunu tiam lamata mi ta. who guides us. -we uteene pa —In our (EXC) village here, we have six ‘eating’ or ‘working’ groups. XXinitiate something, be first to do Mbulen su mi timbot la utumbuunu. —They something sat down and stayed in their respective see also: -mbuk mata- pa, -muuŋgu pa -woolo sala ute- groups. XXfood that is designated for a particular XXmarry before one’s older sibling has group married Neeri, tikam kini biibi mi utumbuunu lamata Moori naŋgaŋŋana irao iwoolo sala moori ila kizin moori, mi utumbuunu paŋ ta kolmanŋana uteene na som. —A younger isala pizin tomooto ta timbot sala urum. sister should not marry before her older —Yesterday they put on a big feast, and sister. five groups of food went to the women, -ute V_Tr 2 and four groups went to the men who XXknow, know how to were up in the men’s house. Iti tuute, me ni koroŋ ambaiŋana. —We (INC) dial. var. urtumbuunu (Marile) know that the dog, it is a good thing. uugu N Ni iute u. —He knows you (SG). XXplace in a swamp where food can be Nio aŋute wooŋgo poŋana. —I know how to planted in times of drought make [Lit. ‘tie’] a canoe. def. Sombe zoŋ biibi, to tikam yuugu, mi Nio aŋute: aŋkam ŋoobo kek. —I know that tila tipaaza sula tiiŋgi. Lele ta kembei, I have done wrong. zaana uugu. —When the sun is big (i.e. it Re kokena tomtom tiute kembei nu mar lele is a very dry time), then they take taro tiŋgi. —Be careful lest people know that seedlings and plant them in a swampy you (SG) came to this place. area. Such a place, its name is uugu. dial. var. -wete (Northern) dial. var. aitol, tiiŋgi aitolŋana -paute V_Tr XX -uulu V_Tr teach, instruct XX pauteŋana N_Inal_Event help, assist XXteaching, instruction Nio aŋuulu zin. —I helped them. pauteŋana ka tomtom Loŋa mar mi uulu yo! —Come quickly and XXteacher help me! Niom ku’uulu yo pa pai tio. —You (PL) -utekot (som) V_Tr helped me with my journey. XXnot know at all, truly not know (and do Uulu yam be amlip pa koyam koi bizin. not ask me again concerning it, more —Help us (EXC) to gain victory over our emphatic than the verb –ute) enemies. def. Mbuulu sua pio mini som, aŋyembut sua pataaŋa. —Do not talk to me again [about uumbuŋa- 563 -uuzu

Biibi, uulu yo lak! —Sir/Lord, please help me! Mbili uunuŋan. —A herd of animals. similar: -ur nama- pa similar: ndoundouŋa-, ndunduuruŋa-, naiwol -uluulu V_Tr Redup uunu2 N_Inal -paruulu V_Middle XXguilt, fault, blame, responsibility XXhelp each other (note: This is the third person singular ulaaŋa N form of the inalienable noun u- ‘base, XXhelp, assistance, aid (material or non- foundation, source, beginning, cause, material) reason’.) Ko irao tendeeŋe ulaaŋa sa? —Will we (INC) Mi uunu ki asiŋ? Wai, ina nu uunu ku tau! find any help? —And whose fault is it? Hey, it is Motoyom iŋgal be keseŋgeere ulaaŋa pakan YOUR (SG) fault! pizin wal ta timbot ŋoobo. —Remember to Titiiri uunu kini ma ambai som. —They send some [material] assistance to those judged him to be guilty. who are in need. Aŋwe uunu pa. —I am guilty of it./ I am XXhelper, one who helps responsible for it. I was the cause of it. XXsaviour, defender (used of someone who Inako iwe leŋ uunu mi aŋbaada ka has a lot of power) pataŋana. —In that case, it will be my zin noroŋa ta len ulaaŋa sa som —the fault, and I pay the consequences for it. widows who have no one else help them/ le- uunu sa isaana som the widows who have no other helper XXinnocent, not at fault, not having any Yesu Krisi, ni ulaaŋa kiti. —Jesus Christ he blame is our saviour. Nio leŋ uunu sa isaana som. —I do not have loan from: Oov dialect of the Mutu language any blame for that./ I am innocent. uuluŋana N_Inal_Event uunu ki- ambai XXhelp, assistance, aid (usually material XXinnocent, having no fault assistance) Tileŋ uunu kini ambai. —After hearing his Ni ikam uuluŋana ambai pio. —He gave me case, they judged him to be innocent. good help. uunu ki- isaana—have fault, be guilty Ka uuluŋana pakan ko imar pa gabman. -ur uunu ise/ imar —Some assistance for it will come from XXblame, assign blame to, judge someone the government. to have been responsible for something uumbuŋa- N_Inal_Stative Ur uunu ise tio sorok pepe. Pa nio aŋute risa XXpig, female, very large which does not som. —Don’t blame me without reason. bear young any more For I do not know anything about it. ŋge naana uumbuŋana uut Intj uunu1 N XXwow! (expresses that one is greatly XXcrowd, group, herd, flock impressed by the size of something) Tomtom wal uunu ta. —One group of people. def. Tumurur pa koroŋ ta biibi kat. —We (INC) Ŋge uunu biibi kat ta tikanan sala abal are surprised by something that is very big. zilŋaana. —A really big herd of pigs was Uut, ke taŋga biibi kat! —Wow, that tree eating up on the side of the mountain. over there is really big! Tiwe wal uunu boozo. —They became dial. var. uat! (Birik) [divided into] many groups. -uuzu V_Tr Ko timbot la uunu uunu mi tipa. —They will XXtransport, convey (using a vehicle like a walk together in their respective groups. canoe, car, or airplane) Sipsip uunu tel. —Three flocks of sheep. Mose imar ma iuuzu yam, ta ampet i. Mi uunuŋan N_Inal amiili to ampa zaala. —Moses came and XXgroup, crowd, gathering is transporting us (INC) out towards the Wal uunuŋan taŋga tikam so? —What is sea [along a river, by canoe]. But when that group of people over there doing? we return, then we will walk on foot a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z uze 564 -waaŋga

following the path. disagreement) Mbalus iuuzu yam ma amla pa U. —An def. 1. Tomtom sa iso sua ma irao ŋgar ku airplane transported us to U. som, to so sua tana. Pa nu yok pa sua kini Wooŋgo kizin Koobo, ta iuuzu mburu ma som tau. —When someone says something ile pa kar. —It was a canoe of the inner and it doesn’t fit your (SG) thinking, then island people that transported the cargo you say this. For you do not agree with in to the village. what he said. uze1 N Waa, Yooba ipet ku swoi? —I don’t believe XXsweat it, where did Yahweh appear to you (SG)? Ko mbel uraata ma kom uze ipet. —You (SG) [i.e. I do not believe he appeared to you.] will have to work hard and you will sweat. Waa, nu pakaam! —I don’t believe it, you Tomtom kerekereŋana tana, ka uze (SG) are lying! somŋana. —That man is very dry, he has Waa, nu kankaana! —Ah, you (SG) are no sweat at all. confused! Uze ipooro yo. —I am sweating. XXHey! (expresses disapproval of what Uze ipoori. —He was sweating [due to hard someone has just done) work or anxiety]. def. 2. A ipotom yambon be me kini imar uze ipun —be sweaty (Lit. ‘sweat hits me’) to iwin. Mi B, ni iute som. Beso B ila na uze ireere —sweat is running imaŋga pa kuuru mi yambon werek la ne. uze ki- tiene To A iso sua tana. Ni leleene be B ipasaana XXfruits of one’s labour yambon pepe, pa ni ipotom pa me. —A Nu mbot se uze kizin tiene. —You (SG) live reserves some [leftover] soup for his dog off of their hard work. to drink when it comes. But B does not uze2 V_Middle know this. So B goes and tips out all the XXsweat, sweaty soup. Then A says this expression. He Nio aŋkam uraata biibi ma uze yo. —I doesn’t want B to ruin/waste the soup, for worked hard and am sweaty. he [had] reserved it for the dog. Waa, pasaana yambon paso? —Hey, why did you (SG) waste the soup? -waala V_Tr W XXwiden, make something wider wa1 Intj Kedeebe zaala ma kawaala ma iwe biibi be XXhey (expresses disapproval) toto. —Clear out the path and make it def. 1. A iŋgo B be ila ikam buza kini. Beso B wider so we (INC) can follow [it]. ila na, ipei sorok buza toro ma imar. To A Kawaala pooto tiom ri, so irao iti. Pa iti iso sua tana, pa B ikam ŋoobo buza. iwal. —If you had made your (PL) veranda def. 2. Tomtom sa ikam ŋoobo mbulu sa, o a bit wider, then it would have been iso sua ta ambai som. To nu peteke i pa sua big enough for us (INC). For we are a big tana. (=hai) group. Wa, nu re buza tio som? —Hey, didn’t you (SG) opposite: -gogoomo see my knife? [i.e. you should have seen it.] waama N Wa, so kena paso! —Hey, why are you (SG) XXcoolness, cool air which can be felt talking like that! Waama iteege iti ma ambai leen. —The cool -wa2 V_Intr Redup air touched us (INC), and it felt very good. XXwalk -waaŋga V_Tr alt. -wwa, -wawa XXwedge apart, wedge open (using a knife Tiwwa pa lele bilimŋana. —They were or sharp stick) walking in the desert. Kuru buza isula soolo mi waaŋga. —Shove Reduplication of -pa ‘walk’ the knife through the [pieces of] flooring waa Intj and wedge [them] apart. XXNo way!, I don’t believe it!, I don’t Kam aro imar be aŋwaaŋga meene ka salan ti agree! (expresses doubt, disbelief, or ma rek mi itop su kat. Naso ŋgamar ikeene -waaza 565 waii

kat se. —Bring a sharp stick so I can wedge at us (INC) [and do something about it. We open this hollowed out sago trunk. Then are in trouble]! the basket will sit properly on top of it. wae-2 N_Inal -waaza1 V_Tr XXfriend, associate, neighbour XXcarry away, take away Pikin tana waene ila parei? —Where did Man iwaaza ke pwoono. —A bird carried the child’s friend go? away some seeds [or fruits] of the tree. waem bizin —your (SG) associates, friends Kuzi iwaaza kini. —A rat carried away Tapasaana waende bizin lelen pepe. —Let us some food to another place. (INC) not upset our associates/ friends. XXdistribute fresh or cooked food to each clan Tiyaryaaru waen bizin be tito mbulu def. Kini biibi to tawaaza. —When there is a sananŋana. —They keep pulling their big feast, then we (INC) distribute the food friends to do bad behaviour. to each clan. Tipakurkur zitun ma tiso tilip pa waen bizin. Tawaaza kini ma irao ruumu. —We (INC) —They keep exalting themselves and distributed food to each house. saying they surpass their associates. Amwaaza kini pa kini biibi? Kakanan su XXspouse, husband, wife tiŋgi ma imap mi kala leyom. —Why Mazwaana tana, waene ziŋan lutuunu bizin should we distribute this, is this a large timbotmbot ki rwoonobi. —At that time, amount of food? [No.] Just eat it here, his wife together with the children were and when it is finished you(PL) [can] go. staying with his father-in-law. similar: -rai, -reege Nu lem ŋger pio som, mi mbuulu waeŋ. -waaza2 V_Tr —You (SG) had no respect for me, and XXfish using a net, spread out a net fondled/had sex with my wife. Nio aŋwaaza koŋ ye pakan. —I caught Waene imeete, mi ni iwe nora. —Her spouse some fish for myself with a net. died and she became a widow. Nio iŋgi aŋla aŋwaaza kanda i. —I am similar: kusi- ‘spouse’ going now to catch some fish for us (INC) wai Intj with a net. alt. wait -waswaaza V_Tr Redup XXWow!, Hey!, Oh my! (expresses surprise) Zin Koobo tiwaswaaza su magat tiŋgi. def. Tomtom imorsop pa koroŋ sa. —The inner island people usually fish in —Someone is startled by something. this shallow spot. Wai, moori ŋgar kini ise kek! —Wow, the waazaŋana N_Inal_Event woman’s thinking has come up [=she Lele ti, waazaŋana muriini. —This place is now understands]! a good spot for fishing with nets. Wai, iŋgi ambai komboono! —Wow, this is see also: -raara, raaraŋana perfect! wae1 Intj Wai, niom kekenne men? —Wow, are you XXHey!, Oh no! (expresses disapproval or (PL) still sleeping? dismay) Wai, iŋgi ko toso parei? —Wow, what Wae, nio aŋute koroŋ tana som. —Hey, should we (INC) say now? I do not know about that matter. [And Wai, kere! Kon sa ta imar i! —Wow, look. you should not be expecting me to know There is a ghost coming! anything about it.] Wai, mbulu ta koozi tere na, ipa ndel kat! Wae, nu sombe we biibi mi kam peeze piam! —Wow, what we (INC) have seen today is —Oh, so you (SG) plan to be the master really unusual. and rule over us (EXC)! [There is no way Wait, we ti biibi kat! —Wow, this mango is we will accept that.] really big! Wae, iti ko talliŋanda kat! —O boy, we (INC) waii Intj have probably been very stupid! XXHey! Oh no! (expresses dismay, Wae mos katuunu, re iti! —Oh teacher, look frustration, disgust) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -wailaama 566 wak

def. 1. Tomtom sa itaara ke ma ipol waiss Intj kankaana ma imiili pa mokleene. To XXAh, I don’t like this (expresses regret, tamaana iso sua tana. Pa leleene be ke disapproval, disappointment) imiili ma ipasaana serembat kini pepe. def. 1. Lutum sa itaari mi nu la ma re i, to —Somebody is cutting a tree and it falls so sua tana. Pa nu lelem be lutum ipasaana down the wrong way onto [his] garden. kuliini pepe. Mi tomini, nu lelem isaana pa Then the owner says this talk. For he does lutum. —One of your (SG) children cuts not want the tree to fall that way and himself and you go and see him, and then destroy his sweet potatoes. you say this talk. For you do want your def. 2. Tomtom sa ikam mbulu sa. Tona nu (SG) child to harm himself. And also you wi i, mi tamen ni imbol imbol ma iwotkaala. feel sorry for your child. To nu so sua tana. Pa kembei nu re i tomini. def. 2. Z ikam yok ma ipawizis ruumu Tana nu so kena, be ni iyamaani, mibe leleene ma isaana, to Y imar ma ire na iswe. —Somebody has done something iso sua tana. Pa leleene be Z ikam mbulu wrong. Then you ask him about it, but he kankaanaŋana tina pepe. —Z takes water keeps on strongly denying it. So then you and makes the inside of the house wet, say this talk. For it is like you also have then Y comes and when he sees it he says seen him [doing it]. Therefore you say this talk. For he does not want Z to do this so that he will recognise his wrong- that kind of silly thing. doing and confess. def. 3. Ŋgo lutum moori be ila nol, mi ni Waii, nu kam ŋoobo kat! —Hey, you (SG) iso sua tana. Pa ni mburaana be ila som really did wrong! tau. —You (SG) send your daughter to the XXOh my!, Oh no! (expresses market, and she says this talk. For she disappointment or regret) does not want to go. Waii, to ri ta imeete kek! —Oh my, the little def. 4. Tomtom buri be ila pa nol. Beso wal fellow has died! tindeeŋi na, tiso nol imap kek. To ni iso Waii, moori tana ipasaana sorok koroŋ sua tana. Pa isombe: “Waiss, wal timbot tiŋgi! —Oh no, that woman has destroyed rimen mi nio aŋgiimi koŋ kosa, so ndabok.” this thing for no reason! —Somebody is just now going to the waai market. But when people see him, they XXI don’t believe that!, That’s incredible! say that the market is already finished. (expresses disbelief) Then he says that talk. For he says/thinks: Waai! Tomtom tana iuulu yo kat. Mi iŋgi “Waiss, if only the people had stayed a bit kusu mini mi koso ni tomtom sananŋana! longer and I could have bought a bit of —That’s incredible! That man really helped food for myself, it would have been good.” me. But now you (PL) say he is a bad person! Waiss, niom tomtom ta koozi kombotmbot i, similar: waa niom sananŋoyom kat. —Ah, you people -wailaama V_Tr of today, you are really bad! XXweed a sweet potato garden waitas Intj Tiwailaama serembat. —They weeded the XXWow! (expresses surprise, delight) sweet potatoes. Waitas, motoyom ila! Zin Koobo tisiŋ ye similar: -laama tuuruŋana ma tile i! (ye boozo mi bibip) -wailep V_Tr —Wow, look! The inner island people are XXwipe away, brush off using some coming in carrying ropes of fish! (lot of instrument (rib of coconut leaf, stick, etc.) big fish) Takam sasar, som ke ma tawailep motmooto wak N XX pa mbeete ki ŋge ma isu lene. —We (INC) starchy pudding (made of galip nut take a rib of a coconut leaf, or a stick and or coconut oil mixed in with mashed brush off the worms from the pig’s sores. tapioca, taro, bananas, etc) Wailep mbeete suruunu. —Wipe away the wak mok —starchy pudding made with pus from the sore. taro similar: -kelko, -kelpet, -kelwai, -pai wal 567 -war

wak pin —starchy pudding made with Wal tana, sorok som. —Those people were bananas not insignificant [in number; i.e. there -ŋgal wak —mash starchy pudding were a lot of them]. Zin tomooto tiŋgalŋgal wak sula ndapndap/ wal ambaimbaiŋan mi wal sananŋan kuŋ. —The men are mashing starchy —good people and bad people pudding in a wooden mortar. XXfamily members, friends, associates Wak ti, mbuyeeneŋana men. —This wal tiom —your family, your group of pudding is really full of oil. people, your associates def. Sombe uraata biibi sa ipet, tona taŋgal iwal wak. Ina kini masakŋana. Ipet ma boozo. XXeveryone, the whole group, a very big Tite ma ipet boozo, mi tikam pizin tomtom group of people boozo ma tikan. —If something important Parei, wal boozo tila, som tataŋa men? happens, then we (INC) must pound starchy —Wai, zin iwal ma iwal kat! —How was it, pudding. It is a food that can be divided did many people go, or just a few? Wow, up among many people. They divide it there was a huge group! into many portions, and they give it to iwal biibi many people and they eat it. XXordinary people XXother foods which have galip nuts mixed Zin bibip ko tikan su taŋga, mi iti iwal biibi in ko takan su tiŋgi. —The important people Kodaaŋa ta titokalkaala mi imbot ma molo, to will eat over there, and we (INC) ordinary ka wak itaamba. —A mixture of galip nuts folks will eat here. and root vegetables that has been heated up -walwaala/ -palpaala V_Tr Redup repeatedly and has been around for some Reduplication of: -paala ‘split into pieces time already will not taste very good. lengthwise, cut open’ -we wak waŋ N XXbecome mushy XXmolar, upper molar, top corner teeth Biidi o serembat inoi inoi ma imumu ma (two of these are removed from pigs ipedegdeege ma iwe wak. —Yams or sweet so that the lower two molars grow into potatoes boil for a long time and they fall big circular tusks, which are prized as apart and become very soft and mushy. decorations) -wakwak V_Intr_Stative Redup Iti tokot ŋge ka waŋ, bekena ze ise. —We XXsoggy (used mainly of rice) (INC) hit out the top molars from male pigs, Rais iwakwak. —The rice is soggy. so that the lower ones grow into circular peege ka wakwak tusks. XXroots of a betel pepper plant uraata ki ŋge ka waŋ kotŋana —the Zin Kumbai tizeŋzeŋ peege ka wakwak ceremony of knocking out a pig’s upper (=peege uraana). —The Kovai people molars chew betel-pepper roots. waŋ uunu wal N XXthe base of wisdom teeth of humans XXgroup of people, people, persons Zoŋoŋ ka waŋ uunu iyoyou. Kiili ma isu wal biibi —big group of people, crowd lene. —The base of my wisdom tooth is wal boozo —many people, a lot of people hurting. Take it out. wal pakan —some people see also: ze ‘pig tusks’ wal ru —two people -war V_Tr wal uraata kan —workers, labourers, crew XXspread out (a mat, blanket, clothing on wal ta boozomen —all the people, the ground, a bench or something else everyone, everybody that is flat. Done in order to dry wet wal zanŋan mi wal sorokŋan —famous clothing, or provide a place on which people and poor, insignificant people people can sleep) Tiwe wal tamen. —They became one group./ They became united. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z was 568 watiiŋi/ Watiiŋi

Sapoŋ ikam mi ma isu, mi iwar be pikin Wal pakan tiwati pa pat. —Some people mbulen se mi tikan kini. —Sapong took tempted him with money. down a mat and spread it out for the -wadat V_Tr Redup children to sit on and eat [their] food. Moori zaala lwoono kan tiwadat zin Zin tiwar mi pa lutun bizin be tikeene. tomooto. —Harlots tempt men. —They spread out mats for their children Anutu, ni iwadat ti som. —God does not so they could go to sleep [on them]. tempt us (INC). Tiwar mburu kizin isu zaala. —They spread see also: -toombo, -tok, -kerre, -sokere their clothing on the road. watŋana N_Inal_Stative/Event similar: -san ‘spread out, put out’ XXtemptation, provocation, tempting, -warkaala V_Tr provoking XXspread something in order to cover up Ni itop pa watŋana. —He fell into holes (and thereby keep things from wrongdoing when he underwent falling through holes temptation. Tikam pin ruunu mi tiwarkaala/ tiyarkaala Watŋana boozo kola indeeŋe zin tomtom. ŋgamar, mi tiyo kaŋar isula. —They —Many temptations will come upon the took some banana leaves and covered people. the inside of a ŋgamar basket and then watiiŋi/ Watiiŋi N collected galip nuts into it. XXtempter, the Tempter, Satan dial. var. -yar, -yarkaala (Marile) -wat kete- V_Intr was N XXpant XXleafy vegetable type, aibika hibiscus Kolman isala pa dogo ma iwat keteene, to (=Tok Pisin aibika, has dark green keteene isu. —The old man went up the leaves, grows to a height of around two hill and was panting, so then he rested. metres, very good source of various similar: kete- ipas vitamins, calcium and iron, scientific -wat se tuunu V_Intr name: Abelmoschus manihot) XXall participate, all join in (with no one zeere was —aibika leaves left out) Tibogboogo was./ Tikin was. —They bent off Wal timap ma tiwat se tuunu ma tila pa aibika leaves. They picked aibika leaves. Gunu a. —They all went to Gune, not one Was na, tutuumbu, som tonoi. —Aibika was left behind. leaves, we (INC) either roast them or boil Toyogeege moni ma iwat se tuunu, to tarao them. be tiŋgiimi ŋge. Tana tomtom sa imborene was ka marwoono pepe. Tomtom ta boozomen tiur naman. XXslime of an aibika plant —Let us (INC) all collect money together, San was ila zoŋ, to noi. Noi sorok to then we can buy the pig. Therefore no marwoono biibi. —Spread the aibika one can be left out. Everyone must give a leaves in the sun first. If you boil them hand [=contribution]. without preparing them properly, there watiiŋi/ Watiiŋi N will be a lot slime. XXtempter, the Tempter, Satan -waswaaza V_Tr Redup Sadan ni iwe watiiŋi piti pa mazwaana ta Reduplication of: -paaza ‘plant’ and -waaza boozomen. —Satan he is a tempter to us ‘catch fish with a net’ (INC) all the time. -wat V_Tr Kere ituyom pa waeyom bizin. Kokena XXtempt, lead someone into wrongdoing, tiwe watiiŋi piom to kapasaana ituyom. provoke —Watch out for your (PL) associates lest Nu wat yo, ta nio aŋkem. —It was because they become tempters for you, for then you (SG) tempted me, that I stole [it]. you might harm yourselves. Wat yam pa sanaana pepe. —Don’t lead us To Watiiŋi ipet kini mi iso: —Then the (EXC) into temptation. Tempter [=Satan] came to him and said: Sadan iwat yom ma kotop. —Satan tempted see also: -wat you (PL) and you fell. -watkaala 569 we

probable loan from Mutu language, cf. Zin tiwadatkewe zin noroŋa bekena tikem watiiŋ ‘temptation’ len ruumu. —They keep cheating the -watkaala V_Tr widows in order to steal their houses. XXhide something from someone, conceal, watkeŋa- N_Inal_Event cover up, deny knowing, refuse to XXcheating, swindling, embezzling acknowledge mbulu ki watkeŋana —cheating alt. -wotkaala -watwaata V_Tr Redup Nio aŋwatkaala koroŋ pini. —I concealed XXcalling, reading, naming that thing from him. alt. –patpaata Ni iwatkaala sua tana. —He denied dial. var. -padata (Marile) knowing anything about that talk. Reduplication of –paata To Sara imoto, mi iwatkaala itunu. —Then wau N Sarah was afraid and [tried to] cover up XXearly morning (just before sunrise when herself [=what she has done]. one can see clearly) Irao amwatkaala pataŋana tiam pu na som. def. Lele mat kek. —We (EXC) cannot hide our problem from Wal tina tirakrak ma wau isu, to timiili kar. you (SG). —Those people kept dancing until just Watkaala sanaana tiom pepe. —Do not before sunrise, and then they went back conceal your (PL) sin(s). to the village. Nio aŋwatkaala sua sa piom som. —I did similar: berek su, zoŋ ise not hide any talk from you (PL). -wazas/ -paspas V_Intr/Tr Redup XXdeny Reduplication of: -pas ‘pull out, take out, Pita iwatkaala Yesu zaana. —Peter denied remove, come loose, leave’ Jesus’ name. [=Peter denied that he knew we1 Intj Jesus.] XXOh my! (expresses dismay or anxiety, -watkalkaala V_Tr Redup that something bad might have -watke V_Tr happened or could happen) XXget something by deception, obtain We, ko timbot ambai? —Oh my, I wonder under false premises, embezzle, cheat, whether they will be okay? swindle, defraud We, ko imeete ma koroŋ. —Oh my, perhaps Mi irru zaala be iwatke le pat. —And he has died or something. he was looking for a way to secretly def. 1: Tomtom ta imbot lele molo, mi embezzle some money for himself. mataana ila pa naana ma tamaana XXborrow something and not return it ma leleene isaana, to iso sua tana. Pa Ni ikam Coleman tio ma ila, mi aŋdemeere ikankaana. Ko zin timbot ambai, som som? ma aŋso ko ipimiili mini. Som mi som. Pa (Itwer tau.) —1. Someone is in a faraway iwatke lene ma imborene. —He borrowed place and thinks about his mother and my Colman lamp, and I trusted that he father and as a result feels bad, and then would return it. But that certainly has says this expression. For he does not know. not happened. For he took it, and it has Are they well or not? (He is missing them.) become permanently his. I can’t get it def. 2. Z ziru Y tiŋooŋo. To Z ila na ipas back. marakete kini. Tabe W isu to iso sua tana. Tiwatke kaset tio ma ila, mi tileŋleŋ ma Pa iso: “Z iŋga kozo ko ila to iŋgal Y pa tiruutu len ma imbot. —They borrowed/ marakete ma imeete.” W leleene be Z ikam took my cassette, and have been listening kembea pepe. —Z and Y quarrel. Then Z to it and keeping it to themselves. goes and takes out his spear. So W says this -watkewe/ -wadatke V_Tr Redup expression. For he thinks: “Z over there is Wal pakamkaamŋan tiwatkewe len koroŋ going to go and spear Y with his spear and kizin tomtom. —Deceptive people are he will die.” W does not want Z to do this. always cheating/ swindling people out of We, kozo ko ila to tipuni. —Oh my, I their possessions. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z we 570 -weene

am afraid that when he goes they will Nio aŋso aŋwe pauteŋana. —I want to probably hit him. become a teacher. def. 3. Z iŋgo Y be ila iŋgiimi koroŋ ta. Y ila Ni iwe kolman kek. —He has become an old kek, mana Z imbot ma som mi iso sua tana. man. Pa kopoono rru. Ko Z ila ma ikam kat koroŋ Timasak ma tiwe boozo. —They multiplied ta tiso pa i? —Z sends Y to buy something. and became many. After Y has gone, and Z waits for awhile -we ru/ tel/ paŋ pa [without Y returning], then he says this XXis the second, third, fourth expression. For he is anxious. Has Y really Lutuŋ muŋgamuŋga, ni zaana Lukas. To gone and done what they had talked about? Kai iwe ru pa, to Apei iwe tel pa. —My We, ko ikam? —Oh my, I am beginning to first-born child’s name is Lucas. Then Kai doubt whether he will do it or not. is the second-born, and then Apei is the we2 N third one. XXmango (scientific name: Mangifera indica) -we le- we aibure —mango with white flesh XXbecome someone’s possession we karriŋana —mango with black spots on Ni iŋgiimi moori tana ma iwe lene kek. —He the skin that is very juicy and good bought that woman and she has become his. def. we mazaana kat mi iŋgaltiti -we biibi we menelŋana —sour mango XXgrow we mote —mango type that is very good Wai, nu we biibi kek! —Wow, you (SG) have we ŋas —a big mango grown big already! we siŋiiniŋana —mango whose skin is -we kwo- sticky, not good to eat XXbe a spokesperson for someone we rumuunuŋana —stringy mango -we tomtom we tubudu —especially good type of XXbecome an adult, become grown-up mango, sweet and juicy Ni iwe tomtom kek. —He has become an Iti tusus we. —We (INC) sucked on [juicy] adult. mangoes. -parwe V_Intr Kis we pa buza makiŋ, to kan. —Peel the Ziru tiparwe kan koi. —Those two became mango with a knife, then eat [it]. enemies of each other. -we3 V_Intr -we5 V_Tr XXwash, bathe XXweave (sago/ coconut/ pandanus leaves) Nio aŋsula yok be aŋwe. —I went down to Nio aŋwe kooto, panpan, meene ruunu. —I the river to wash. weave roof thatching, mats, sago leaves. We lem! —Go bathe and cool off! -wwe/ -wewe V_Tr Redup -we ki Ni iwewe ŋgamar be iur serembat isula. XXceremonially welcome a first time visitor —She is weaving a basket to put sweet Ni iwe kwapu pa kar Yaŋla. Tana zin moori potatoes in. tiwe ki i. (yaalaŋana, menmeen zin pa -wedet/ -pedet V_Intr Redup naroogo, ma tikam ŋeu). —She is a first- Reduplication of -pet ‘appear, become, go time visitor to Yangla village. Therefore out towards sea’ the women arranged a welcome ceremony -weene V_Tr for her. (Water is thrown on her, they XXtake out of, take out from, remove from joyfully dance, and do funny things.) inside of something -wwe/ -wewe V_Intr Redup Ni iweene ŋge isu pa kuuru. —She took the weŋana N_Inal_Event pork out of the pot. XXbathing, washing Keweene serembat pa ŋgamar. —Take the Zin Yuda len tutu boozo pa weŋana. sweet potatoes out of the basket. —The Jewish people have a lot of laws XXrescue, ransom, pay ransom, bail out, concerning washing. obtain the release of someone -we4 V_Tr Nio aŋweene waeŋ ma ipet pa kalabus XXbecome leleene. —I obtained the release of my -weeze 571 welu

friend from prison. he was walking along, they grabbed Ni iweene yo ma aŋse pa mozo lukutuunu. his clothing and he got a fright. For he —He rescued me and I came up from the thought: “These people are probably deep sea. going to harm me!” Keweene mburu ipet pa ruumu, pa you ikan similar: kete- ikam keŋ ruumu! —Rescue the things from the kete- wek se house, for the house is on fire! XXturn oneself so the chest is facing up -wenweene V_Tr Redup Aloi (=pikin musaari) ikeene, mi mburaana -weeze V_Intr mburaana ma itimbil to keteene wek se. XXsqueal, make a high-pitched noise (used —Aloi (a little baby) was lying [on her of pigs, bats and eels) stomach], and she kept trying until she ŋge iweeze —a pig is squealing rolled over with her chest facing upwards. Mbia iweeze sala ke. —A bat is squealing Tomtom iloondo ma imel su ma keteene wek up on a tree. se. —The person ran and fell down with Sombe tiŋgali, to tuunu iweeze. —If they his chest facing upwards. spear an eel, it squeals. wekwek V_Intr_Uninfl Redup -wesweeze V_Intr Redup construction: peeze wekwek weii Intj XXpaddle vigorously swinging the paddle alt. wei Niam ampera, mi zin Koobo peeze wekwek XXOh no! (expresses disappointment or ma tile. —We (EXC) went down the river, sorrow) and the inner islander were really def. Mbulu sa ipet. Mi nu re, som leŋ, tabe paddling vigorously as they came in up ikam ma lelem isaana. Tona so sua ta the river. kembei. —Something happens. And you (SG) similar: -peeze ‘to paddle’ see or hear [it], and therefore it causes you see also: -pabilbil, -kam bilbil to feel bad. Then you say talk like this. -welel V_Tr Redup Weii, pasaana ŋgalas tio ma imapaala kek! XXflatten out, make flat, hit flat —O no, you (SG) have ruined my glasses Reduplication of -pel and they are broken now! welŋan N Wei, a raa, imeete kek! —Oh no, sorry, the XXsago grubs (edible, considered to be a poor thing has died! delicacy) Weii, tembel zin kek! —Oh sorry, woe to them! Welŋan na buzur. —Sago grubs are edible wek V_Intr_Uninfl meat. XXreach the top of something, go all the Welŋan ikam kutkut sula kis. —A sago grub way to the top of something is wiggling inside the sago pulp. Tasala wek sala ndomoono be tapa pa lele Welŋan, sombe imbot ma molo, to uteene keteeneŋana ma tala. —Let us (INC) go all ikadat, mi iur begeene be iwe ŋuŋ ma irie. the way up to the top of the hill, so that —A sago grub, when it stays for a long we can walk along on level ground. time, then [it comes to the stage when] its Tapa ma wek sala, to ketende su. —Let’s head wiggles back and forth, and it puts walk all the way to the top, and then we forth wings and becomes a ŋuŋ insect. [will] rest. Welŋan lamata, ina zaraana ta. —Five sago Wek sala ruumu uteene. —Go up on the grubs make one group of five. roof of the house. Sombe takan welŋan ta ute kadatŋana i, to kete- ikam wek zoŋondo itoto. —If we (INC) eat sago grubs XXget a fright, be stunned by something whose heads are nodding (a stage just unexpected happening (and therefore before it changes into beetle), our teeth unable to take action) turn dark. Ni ipa ma ila mi zin tisasaara lae pa mburu welu N kini ma keteene ikam wek. Pa ikam ŋgar: XXhospitality, willingness to serve others, “Wal ti ko tipasaana yo ma iŋgi!” —As a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -welweele 572 wer

kind treatment of others (a very desirable kuliini weŋgaara kat. —That fellow has had characteristic in a prospective bride. This diarrhoea, and his eyes are falling [=he shows respect for the visitors.) looks very sick], and his skin is very pale. def. mbulu kampeŋana, kamŋa koroŋŋana we(ŋgar)ŋgaaraŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup —kind, generous behaviour XXyellow Welu ki moori taŋga ambaiŋana kat. —The [Ke mbaara]/ [Napilip] ruunu na kindness and hospitality of that woman weŋgarŋgaaraŋan. —The leaves of a over there is very good. mbaara tree/ napilip plant are yellow. Ni ikamam welu kini ma ambai. —She -paweŋgarŋgaara V_Tr Redup practices her kindness and hospitality well. XXmake yellow, cause to turn yellow dial. var. weelu (Birik) Ye zara sombe kusuunu imapaala, to ikam weelu ka moori, moori weeluŋana —a kind, ma ipaweŋgargaara mazaana. —A zara hospital woman fish, if its gall bladder breaks, then it see also: ŋger, mbeezeŋana causes the meat of the fish to turn yellow. -welweele V_Tr Redup see also: ŋgaara ‘oily liquid that is yellow or Reduplication of: -peele ‘open, unfold, tan in colour due to the presence of the oil’ spread out’ wer N -wen V_Intr/Tr XXspleen sickness (probably caused by XXwhistle malaria and/or hepatitis) Ni iwen me kini. —He whistled to his dog. Tire le wer biibi kat. —They saw he had Ni iwen pu be mar. —He whistled at you (SG) very swollen liver/spleen. for you to come. ka- wer itimbil Wen pepe. Ko kon tileŋ ma timar. —Don’t XXhave a pain in one’s side (Lit. ‘spleen whistle. The ghosts might hear [it] and rolls’) come. Aŋloondo wis kat tabe koŋ wer itimbil. —I -wenen V_Intr/Tr Redup ran very fast so I felt a pain in my side. Wenen pepe. Maane. Pa ŋge ta iwawa zaala XXspleen is diseased keteene a. —Don’t be whistling. Be quiet. Ni ka wer itimbil. —She/He has spleen For there is pig walking on the road. sickness. [Spleen sickness typically lasts wenenŋa- N_Inal_Stative for some time. It causes a fever, pain, Ni tomtom wenenŋana. —He is someone trembling, makes one’s skin to be yellow, who is always whistling. and takes away the appetite.] -parwen V_Intr -ŋgal wer XXwhistle to each other XXtreat ‘spleen sickness’ in a traditional way -wenweene V_Tr Redup using the sap of a mango tree and lime Reduplication of: -peene ‘shoot’ and -weene def. Tino we lwoono ma kuliini mat kana ‘take out’, ’remove’ ila ne. To tino keteene ta weŋgarŋgaara na dial. var. -penene (Marile) ise ro. To tikam ma tila na tiroro sula yok weŋgaara V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl mbooroŋan. To timbulmbuulu makiŋ na, XXbe yellow, light yellow, pale skin colour, tiloukaala zin pa ro mi timbim popooro wer light tan pa. Ina wer ŋgalŋana ta kembena. Uraata weŋgarŋgaara V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Redup kizin moori kolmannan. —They scrape the Yaŋoyaŋo tipun tomtom ta sula yok ma outer part of the bark off from a mango imeete ma kuliini weŋgarŋgaara. —The tree trunk. Then they scrape the inner water spirits hit/ killed a man down in part of the bark that is yellow onto a the water, and his skin was yellow [=sign leaf. Then they take it and go and scoop of having bewn killed by a water spirit]. it into water that is in a cup. Then they Sombe tonoi ye/ man to ka yambon kembei rub the leaves for awhile and after that ta ŋgaara i, pa iweŋgarŋgaara. —If we they cover them with a leaf and they put (INC) boil fish/ chicken, then the soup from those leaves on top of the spleen area it is oily, for it is yellowish. and massage it. A spleen treatment is like To tana kopo suruunu ma mataana itop, mi that. It is the work of older women. werek 573 -wi wer ikam Apaliŋ wiini ipiŋpiŋ. —The apaliŋ bird’s tail XXswollen spleen, have a spleen illness is swinging back and forth. Wer ikam pikin. Kuliini ibayou, uteene Ye wiini ikam kol (yok leleene)/ pilikpilik iyoyou, kumbuunu ilomo. Pakan tilulu. (imbot la toono kek, o tomtom iteege). —The —The child is sick with a swollen spleen. fish’s tail is moving (inside the water)/ It has a fever, its head hurts, [and] its legs wiggling (when it is on the land already or are cold. Some [children] vomit. somebody has taken hold of it). Wer ipaŋerŋer zin pikin. —Spleen sickness Me wiini imender. —The dog’s tail is bothered the babies and caused them to standing up. cry. Me wiini metekaali. —The dog’s tail hangs werek V_Intr XX down and curls down under it. spill out (any kind of food in a pot, dish, Kuri wiini ipelkatkat tai ma ila. —The or plate) dolphin’s tail kept slapping the ocean as Ni ila na imaŋga pa kuuru, mi kini werek it went. ila ne. —She [was angry] and went and Wok ilulu i pa wiini raama kumbuunu. —The picked up the pot and spilled out the wallaby jumps using its tail and legs. food. wok wiini Yok tana, me kwoono isula kek. Se pa kuuru XXtail of wallaby mi werek ila ne. —That water, the dog’s XXpoliceman (they used to have wallaby mouth has gone into it. Turn over the pot tails in their hats in earlier colonial times) and throw it away. wi- somŋa- Pikin ipambal mbooro ma yok werek ila ne. XXtailless, without tail —The child knocked the mug accidentally def. Ŋge ta wi somŋana na tapaata ‘aikuba’. and the water spilled out. —A pig that has no tail, we call it aikuba. see also: -liŋ, -miliŋ (Animals without tails are considered to be -werweere V_Tr Redup more valuable, because they are unusual.) Reduplication of: -peere ‘cause to see’, wiini sipiini ‘open, pull open’ (eyes) XXtip of the tail dial. var. -werere (Marile) Sikomsikom tio wiini sipiini gabgapŋana.

-wesweeze V_Tr Redup —The tip of my sugar glider’s tail is black. Reduplication of: -peeze ‘paddle, slap, pat’, -wi2 V_Intr/Tr -weeze ‘squeal’ XXask about -wete V_Tr Ni iwi yo pa koroŋ boozo. —He asked me XX know about many things. Note: Northern dialect form XXask for something dial. var. -ute (Central and Gauru dialects) Pikin iwi naana pa ka kini. —The child

-weyei/ -peyei V_Tr Redup asked its mother for food. Reduplication of: -pei ‘dig out, pick out, Nio aŋwi zin be tiuulu yo. —I asked them to stir up’ help me. wi-1 N_Inal -wwi/ -wiwi V_Tr Redup XXtail, tail end of XXkeep asking Kendeere wiini taltalŋana. —An opossum’s -wi kankaana tail is coiled. XXask stupid questions, ask a rhetorical Kendeere wiini ital/ ikis la ke namaana question, ask something that is already mi imbiŋbiŋ. —The tail of an opossum is known coiled around/ holding a tree branch and Koroŋ tana, nu ute kek. Mi wi kankaana it is hanging from it. mini? —That thing, you (SG) already know Loŋa perek ŋgamar wiini mi imar be meene it. And now you ask again as if you did not isula. —Quickly plait the ŋgamar basket’s know? ‘tail’ and bring it here, so the sago can go -wi kinkin down into it. XXpersist in asking, interrogate a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -wi 574 wiimbi -wiwi -wi nanaana V_Tr Redup V_Tr Redup -miwi XXinvestigate, ask many people about V_Intr XX something become loose -wilaala Polis iwi nanaana be ileŋ kat mbulu tana V_Tr XX uunu. —The policeman investigated [the blow away matter] by asking people about it in order Miiri iwilaala ke runrun. —The wind blew to hear properly the cause of the event. away the leaves. -wipe V_Tr Miiri iwilaala you ma you ikan sasaara ke XXask in order to hear well ma imap. —The wind blew on the fire and Wipe be teleŋ kat. —Ask so that we (INC) can the fire quickly consumed all of the wood. hear well. Miiri iwilaala nomnom pa ruumu tio. —The -wisese V_Tr Redup wind blew the mosquitoes away from my XXinterrogate, ask someone repeatedly house. Iwal biibi tiute uunu som. Tabe tiwisese i -wike V_Tr XX bekena ipeeze kat mi tileŋ. —People did blow away not know the reason [for it]. Therefore Miiri iwike zin siizi ma tila len lup. —The they interrogated him, so that they could wind blew away all the grasshoppers. hear him clearly explain it. Miiri imar ma iwike nomnom pa mbaruumu. -witapaara —The wind came and blew away the XXask repeatedly, continuously mosquitoes from underneath the house. Witapaara palak! Sua ta aŋso ma leŋ kek -wi sasaara XX na. —Quit asking the same thing over blow on strongly and over again. The talk, I have said it, Wi sasaara you, kokena imeete. —Blow on and you have heard it already. the fire strongly; otherwise it will die. -parwi V_Middle wiŋana N_Event XX XXask each other blowing Zin tiparwi zin pa sua ta mbeŋi ipet na. Twiiri wiŋana na matakiŋa. —There are —They asked each other about the talk different ways to blow the conch shell. that came up last night. Tiyaaru wiŋana. —They blow a long note wiŋana N_Inal_Event [on a conch shell]. XXasking, question Tiwi zigzik ma karau. —They blow short, Nio aŋute nio aŋbel wiŋom kek. Tamen quick notes [on the conch shell]. aŋsombe aŋwi u mini. —I know I have -widit1 V_Intr_Stative Redup XX asked you (SG) about many things already. be burning or itchy But I intend to ask you again. Zoŋ ikan yo ma kuliŋ iwidit. —The sun Tinoknok wiŋana pio. —They kept on burnt my skin. asking me. Looto ikan ti ma kulindi iwidit. —Nettles Titoombi pa wiŋana pakan. —They tested sting us (INC) and cause our skins to burn. him with some questions. Sombe ŋgureŋ iwidit, tona aŋur Vicks be Tikam wiŋana boozo pini. —They asked ipaluumu widitŋana. —If my throat burns him a lot of questions. [=I have sore throat], then I apply Vicks wiŋana pa takes piriŋana —a question to soothe the burning. about paying taxes -widit2 V_Tr Redup -wi3 V_Tr Reduplication of: -pit ‘pop up, jump up, XXblow on recount, tell’ -wit ‘lift up, exalt’ Nio aŋwi you. —I blew on the fire. wiimbi N Miiri iwi you, mi miaana ila ikan ruumu XXfloor joist, bearing timber in house kizin. —The wind blew the fire, and the construction flames went and burned their house. Kitiimbi isula, mi wiimbi ise, mi luŋluŋ ila XXplay a wind instrument imar. —Posts go down, then the bearers Nio aŋwi mamaaza/ twiiri. —I played a go on [top of them], and the floor joists flute / blew a trumpet shell. wik 575 -win

go back and forth [across the tops of the -parwiliŋ V_Middle bearers]. XXinterlock each other’s arms (done by wik V_Intr_Uninfl pairs of women when dancing. The left XXdart, dash, do something quickly, fly arm of one locks with the right arm of quickly (used of the movement of the other) manbiŋ birds) Zin moori tiparwiliŋ zin ma tirak. —The Buri ta manbiŋ wik ma imar ila. —Just now women interlocked their arms and danced. a manmbiŋ bird darted away. XXhave arms around each other Pai ku tana, wik kembei manbiŋ. —Your (SG) Tiparwiliŋ zin ma tiwa. —They had their way of walking is quick like a manmbiŋ arms around each other as they walked. bird. -wilwiili/ -pilili V_Tr Redup wil V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Reduplication of: -piili ‘husk, shuck, XXbe pointed remove, pull off’ Ni mbuleene wil mi kopoono wokwokŋana. dial. var. -pilili (Marile) —His bottom is narrow and his stomach -win V_Intr/Tr is bloated/swollen. [said in order to XXdrink, consume a liquid ridicule someone’s appearance, also Amwin ma kopoyam bok. —We (EXC) drank said of a child who has not grown until our stomachs were full. well because of family’s poor family Kam koŋ yok risa ma aŋwin. —Give me a planning. See -pomol ‘practice poor family some water to drink. planning.’] Pikin iwinin tui men. —The child is still def. Mete ikami ma koŋkoŋ. Ruŋguunu drinking milk. isaana. —Illness causes him/her to be Tiwin bigil suruunu. —They drank [i.e. ate] thin. He/She has a poor appearance. honey. (-)wilwil V_Intr_Stative Redup Win ma zaza pepe. —Do not drink XXbe tapered, be narrow [alcoholic drinks] excessively. Wooŋgo ndomoono/ Ke mataana iwilwil. -win ma -saana/ -win ma mata- isaana/ -win —The bow of the canoe/ The end of the ma ŋgar ki- ikankaana stick is tapered. XXget drunk, become inebriated, become XXsharp, pointed intoxicated Marakete/ Izi tio mataana wilwil kat. —The Tiwin yok mbolŋana ma tisaana kat. tip of my spear is very sharp. —They drank strong [i.e. alcoholic] drink wilwilŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup and got really drunk. XXtapered, sharp, pointed Tiwinin ma matan ambai som, timelmel. Kuuru mbuleene wilwilŋana. —The clay —They were so drunk they kept falling. pot’s base is tapered. -winin V_Intr/Tr Redup Pensil ti, mataana wilwilŋana —This Ni iwinin./ Ni tomtom ki iwinin taparpaara. pencil, its point is sharp. —He is a habitual drinker. marakete/ sor mata wilwilŋana. —a sharply -win katkat yok ma -meete pointed spear/ needle XXdrown -wiliŋ V_Tr Ni iwin katkat yok ma imeete. —He XXcarry under, hold under one’s arm, drowned and died. support by holding under one’s arm, put -win ka- wooro one’s arm on another person XXreally good at something (because some Nio aŋwiliŋ pelpeele ila begeŋ. —I carried a magic has been worked on the person basket (under my arm). which enables them to perform well, Moori iwiliŋ pikin ma imar i. —The woman literally: ‘drink the associated vine’) carried the child under her arm and came. def. Tisuuli pa salaŋ, som iwin ka wooro, Sou yo mi wiliŋ yo ma ituru tala. —Take tana kumbuunu iur pa naroogo. —They hold of me and support me under your arm rubbed red-pigmented salaŋ on him, or and the two of us (INC) will go together. he had magic performed on him, and a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -winwiindi 576 wo

therefore his feet are good in dancing. -wiswiizi V_Tr Redup Naroogo na, koroŋ kini, pa ni iwin ka wooro. Reduplication of: -piizi ‘squeeze, wring’ —Ceremonial dancing is his thing, for he -wit V_Tr drank its vine./ He is a master at dancing. XXlift up, raise -piwin V_Tr Aŋwit ke. —I lifted up a log. XXgive someone something to drink, nurse, Kiwit wooŋgo! —Lift up the canoe [off the breastfeed, suckle ground]! Naana ipiwin lutuunu makiŋ, tona ima. Wit nomom isala kor. —Lift up your (SG) —After the mother nurses her child, then hands high. she will come to you. -wit za-/ -wit uru- Piwin pikin pa marasin ma imap (riŋa riŋa XXexalt, praise, lift up someone’s name or ma isula), to mar. —Make the child drink reputation all the medicine (giving it slowly), and Tiwit Merere zaana ma isala kor. —Let then come. us (INC) exalt God’s name highly. winŋana N_Event -widit V_Tr Redup XXdrinking -wizis V_Intr_Stative Redup Yok tana ambai pa winŋana. —That water XXvisibly wet is good for drinking. Klos iwizis. —The clothes are wet. Mbulu ki winŋana, ina ambai som. Yok imbelmbel pepa ma pepa iwizis. —The —Drinking [alcohol] is not good behaviour. water ruined the paper by making it wet. wal winŋan/ wal winŋana kan —drunks, Mbeŋi, tolou biibi kat isu ma koroŋ ta drinkers of alcoholic beverages boozomen iwizis. —Last night there was a -winwiindi V_Tr Redup lot of dew, so everything is wet. Reduplication of: -piindi ‘haul oneself up’ similar: -bot dial. var. -pindindi (Marile) -pawizis V_Tr wiŋana N_Inal_Event XXmake wet, make damp XXquestion, request Pawizis kawaala pepe. —Don’t get the cloth Nio leŋ wiŋana pakan pu. Ko irao be pekel? wet. XX —I have some questions for you (SG). Can water, dampen you answer [them]? Yaŋ ipawizis toono. —The rain watered the -wirri V_Tr Redup ground. Reduplication of: -piri ‘throw, toss’ Tapawizis toono muŋgu, to tekel. —Let’s wis V_Intr_Uninfl dampen the ground first, and then dig it up. XXmove quickly, quickly move ŋgure- iwizis pa Wis ma mar tiŋgi! —Come here quickly! XXdesire strongly to eat something, crave To wis ma tila. —Then they took off quickly. Nio ŋgureŋ iwizis pa buzur kanŋana. —I Toko wis ŋana ri! —Let’s run a bit faster! really would like to eat some meat./ I Loondo ma wis! —Run quickly! have a craving for eating meat. wis pa tamen wizisŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXmove very quickly XXwet Wis pa tamen mi la. Kokena balus izemu! Ke wizisŋan, tisan isu be zoŋ ikan ma —Go very quickly. Otherwise the plane iraaza. —The wet wood, they spread it will leave you (SG) behind! out for the sun to dry it. similar: bil pa tamen ‘in a flash’, karau wo1 N ‘quickly’ XXflood -wisese V_Tr Redup Wo ipet. —A flood came. XXinterrogate, ask the same person Wo ilol toono. —The flood covered the earth. repeatedly, keep asking again and again Wo biibi isur yam. —A big flood carried Tomtom tana, ni iwisese yam pa wal kiti us (EXC) away. tau. —That man interrogated/ kept Wo biibi ikas ke. —A big flood knocked asking us (EXC) about our family. down the trees. see also: -wi ‘ask’ Wo biibi itoktoogo raama kalŋaana biibi. —A wo- 577 wok

big flood approached making a loud noise. do not disobey them. We respect them and wo mbitiŋana —rising flood [water is still stay with them. reasonably clear] wom bizin —your (SG) maternal uncles, wo siŋsiŋŋana —flood with muddy water nephews Wo tiene isur sala peende ma bok. —The Yakop iko ma ila ki woono Laban. —Jacob rubbish from the flood washed up onto ran away and went to his maternal uncle the beach and covered it. Laban. wo ŋgele suruunu/ wo ŋgele sotaaraŋana similar: lutu- ‘child, son, daughter, nephew —first part of a flood, first signs/ sounds or niece’ (=brother’s children) of a flood coming wo- moori - def. Yok mburaana biibi ipet kek, molo som XXmaternal niece, nieces from one’s to wo ŋonoono ipet. mother’s side (female relative from the wo tieneŋa- mother’s side of the family that is one XXbrown, dirty generation removed) Klos ti wo tieneŋana. —This clothing is Naleŋ ipaata Opa lutuunu moori bizin be brown [the colour of dirty flood water] woono moori bizin. —Naleng calls Opa’s wo tai kana daughters his maternal ‘nieces.’ [In this XXcurrent in the ocean case, the girls are actually the daughters -piri wo of his first cousin from his mother’s side XXswim strongly (throwing arms strongly) of the family. against a current wo kumbuunu N Ni ipiri wo ma ilae mbaaga. —He swam XXbase (structure made of two sticks put strongly against the current and went crosswise like a X onto which a sago across to the other side. palm frond rests when sago pulp is being wo-2 N_Inal squeezed, whole thing is called a yamban) Paradigm: awoŋ, wom, woono (Central)/ Po wo kumbuunu pa yamban be tipiizi woon (Gauru)/ wono (Northern), wondo, meene. —Tie together a base for the frond, woyam, woyom, won so they can have a structure on which to XXmother’s brother, sister’s child, maternal squeeze sago pulp. uncle (relative from the mother’s side similar: aiwol kumbu of the family that is one generation wok N removed) XXwallaby (proverbially viewed as a stupid def. Woyam bizin na, zin tomoyam bizin animal. For example, when being chased ŋonoono. Pa sombe tomoyam bizin tiŋooŋo, and trying to escape, even though it to noyam bizin tikam yam mi amla ki can’t swim, it will jump into water and woyam bizin. Zin timender piam pa koroŋ ta therefore drown.) boozomen. Kembei ta tiŋgiimi kusiyam bizin Wok ilulu i ma ila. —A wallaby went ma tiŋgiimi skul fi ma koroŋ ta kembei. Mi hopping along. tikamam tutu piam. Tanata niam irao ambot Wok ikowo pa kumbuunu mi namaana, mi molo pa woyam bizin som, mi amzorzooro ikeltapaara pa wiini tomini. —The wallaby zin som. Ampou pizin mi ambotmbot raama flees using its front and back limbs, and zin. —Our (EXC) maternal uncles are our springs with its tail also. true fathers. For if our fathers are upset Ni tomtom ki wok kamŋana. —He is a good [with us], then our mothers take us to wallaby hunter. [stay with] our maternal uncles. They Nu kankaana/ talli kei ta wok! —You (SG) stand up for us [=support us] in every are stupid like a wallaby! way. For example, they buy wives for wokŋa- N_Inal_Stative us, and they pay our school fees, and so XXstupid (like a wallaby) on. And they instruct us [about proper Nu wokŋom! —You (SG) are stupid like a behaviour]. Therefore we do not stay far wallaby! away from our maternal uncles, and we a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z (-)wokwok 578 -woolo

wok aigau—wallaby type (male, big) iurkaala. —Do not go to old Moka’s fruit wok wadom—wallaby type (female, tree area. For he has protected it by medium-sized) magical means. wok nap -wolol/ -polpol V_Intr Redup XXwallaby type, tree kangaroo (Tree Reduplication of: -pol ‘collapse’ kangaroos are thought to give omens or wolwol N Redup signs to people concerning events that XXarmlet (made of turtle shell) are about to occur, especially tragedies) Zin moori tiur wolwol sala naman be tirak. Wok nap tiwedet kasek som. Timbot sala ke —The women put turtle shell armbands ta abal uunu men. —Tree kangaroos don’t on their arms [in preparation for] dancing. come [down from the mountainous areas -won V_Tr to] the solid coastal plain areas. They only XXgulp down live in trees at the foot of the mountain. Ŋo pe kini, to teene. Won pepe. Kokena wok wiini ileege ŋgurem. —Chew the food well, and XXtail of a wallaby then swallow. Don’t gulp it down. It might XX policeman (they used to have wallaby get stuck in your (SG) throat. tails in their hats in earlier colonial times) Anutu iŋgo ye biibi ma ila mi iwon Yona. (-)wokwok V_Intr_Stative Redup —God sent a big fish and it went and construction: kopo- (-)wokwok gulped down Jonah. XXbe swollen, be bloated (derogatory term, -wonon V_Tr Redup an insult) XXeat very fast Nu kopom wokwok/ kopom wokwokŋom! Nu kan kini, som wonon? —Are you (SG) Nu nok sua paso! —Your (SG) stomach is eating the food [properly], or are you bloated/ You are a bloated stomach one! gulping it down? Why do you keep on talking! woŋwoŋ N Redup kopo- wokwokŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXbud of a coconut palm which produces XXbloated due to malnutrition leaves def. Tomtom kuliini isu, namaana mi def. Ni ka biili popoŋana ta imapaala ma kumbuunu imbinbin, mi kopoono putput, iwe ni ruunu zen, ina woŋwoŋ. —A newly to toso ni kopo wokwokŋana/ kopoono sprouting leaf of a coconut that hasn’t iwokwok. —When a person’s skin goes broken and become a real leaf yet, that [is down [=they lose weight], and his arms a] woŋwoŋ. and legs are thin, and his stomach bulges, XXarmlet type (worn during a time of then we (INC) say his stomach is bloated due mourning. It is made of coconut leaves, to malnutrition. is white, and has many tassels.) Pikin taŋga, tipomoli, tanata kopoono Woŋwoŋ na, kokouŋana mi morenmorenŋana. wokwokŋana. —That child over there, Tiurpe pa ni ka biili. —Coconut leaf armlets because they did not practice good are white and have tassels. They are made family planning with regard to him, he is of new coconut shoots. malnourished and his stomach is swollen. Tizil woŋwoŋ be isala naman be tiyooto pa wol N baibai. —They made coconut leaf armlets construction: ka- wol to go on their arms, so that they could XXsection of a sugarcane leave from the place of mourning. Teu ta molo, ka wol mololo kat. Itum ma see also: kukuugu ambai. —A sugarcane plant that is tall -woolo V_Intr/Tr has long sections. It grows well. XXmarry, get married, be married woleene N Ni iwoolo moori toro. —He married another XXplanted area, plantation, cultivated area woman. of fruit-bearing trees (coconuts, betel- Nu woolo kek, som zen? —Are you (SG) nuts, galip nuts, talis nuts, mangos, betel- married already, or not? pepper trees, etc.) Nio aŋwoolo pa puulu Jun. —I got married Kozo kala woleene ki Mokabi pepe. Pa in the month of June. woomo 579 wooŋgo

Kala kowoolo koyom zin karkari. —Go and woomoŋa- N_Inal_Stative marry people from other areas. XXreal/ good gardener -woolo sala uteene Tomtom woomoŋana imbelmel uraata pa XXmarry out of order (=marry before an kini paazaŋana. —A good farmer works older sibling does) hard at planting food. Moori naŋgaŋŋana irao iwoolo sala moori see also: woleene ‘plantation’, mokleene kolmanŋana uteene na som. —A younger ‘garden’ sister should not marry before an older one. woono1 N -wolwoolo V_Intr/Tr Redup XXin appearance only, outwardly only, in Ni iwolwooli pa su. —He just sleeps around name only, seeming to be something, with her in the bush [i.e. they are not someone who does not act like a typical properly married]. member of some category see also: ula ‘marriage’ construction: N ka woono -parwoolo V_Middle Ni Koobo ŋonoono sa! Ni sa Koobo ka woono XXmarry each other na. Koobo ŋonoono so ikam ye kek. —Is he Tikanan ma tiwinin mi tiparwolwoolo a true inner island person! He doesn’t act zin ma ila. —They kept on eating and like one. If he was a true inner islander, drinking and marrying. he would have got some fish by now. XXintermarry Ni moori ka woono. —She only seems to Lutuyom bizin ziŋan wal tana lutun moori be a woman [but she is a poor example, bizin tiparwoolo zin pepe. —Your (PL) sons because she is stupid, lazy, etc.] must not intermarry with those people’s Ni moori ŋonoono sa? Ka woono men. —Is daughters. she a true/capable woman? [No.] She just -powoolo V_Tr seems to be one. XXformalise/ conduct a marriage ceremony, Ni Yuda ŋonoono som. Ni Yuda ka woono officiate at a marriage ceremony men. —He is not a real Jew. He is Jewish Nio aŋpowoolo ziru ta kembei, pa ziru in name only. tiparre zin kek. —I formalised their woono2 N_Inal marriage like this, because they had XXhis/her maternal uncle, his/her maternal already seen each other [i.e. had sexual nephew relations]. see also: wo- XXpollinate (as in the cultivation of vanilla, woono3 N_Stative where one must cross-pollinate the male XXright (side) and female plants) Namanda woono na, mburaanaŋana. Mankwoono ta boozomen, wal tana tila Takamam uraata pa. Ŋas na mburaana pe be tipowolwoolo vanilla kizin. —Every som. —Our (INC) right hand is powerful. morning those people are going to cross- We work with it. The left one does not pollinate their vanilla plants. have so much strength. Nu ute vanilla powooloŋana? Som, nio aŋute Kipiri pu isula ki nomoyom woono ten. som. —Do you know how to cross-pollinate —Try [and] throw the nets down on vanilla plants? No, I don’t know how. your (PL) right side. woomo N_Event Yooba namaana woono na mburaanaŋana XXfarming, gardening kat. —Yahweh’s right arm is very powerful. -kam woomo —do garden work wooŋgo N Kam woomo ma biibi, to kom kini. —Keep XX(outrigger) canoe, ship, boat hard at your (SG) garden work, and then Nio ko aŋkam wooŋgo ma aŋpera Koobo. you will have food. —I will take a canoe and go out to tomtom ki woomo Aramot Island. XXgardener, farmer Tipeeze wooŋgo ma tipa ndapet ma tibeleu Niam tomtom ki woomo. —We (EXC) [are] kur ndemeene. —They paddled the canoe gardeners/ farmers. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z wooŋgo 580 wooŋgo

and moved out towards the sea and went Timbo lelaŋ mi tiyaaru wooŋgo. —They around the area of the reef where the sang the lelaŋ tunes and pulled a log to be waves break. made into a canoe [down to the river]. Nio ituŋ aŋteege/ aŋkam peeze pa wooŋgo, wooŋgo gogoono mi amko. —I myself was steering the XXsmall canoe with an outrigger (used for canoe as we (EXC) travelled along. going to nearby places) Zin Koobo tipo/ tisap wooŋgo. —The inner wooŋgo saamaŋa- islanders built/ hewed a canoe. XXoutrigger canoe, canoe with an outrigger Ni iŋgiimi wooŋgo, to ise. —He bought a wooŋgo ka kaata ticket for the ship, and then he got on. XXplatform on a canoe Wooŋgo umbaala tile i. —A large group of wooŋgo ka le canoes are coming in. XXsail of a canoe Wooŋgo ipotpot mi izurzur. —The canoe was wooŋgo mataana/ woongo ndomoono floating and drifting along. XXbow/ front of a canoe Tai borokborok sula wooŋgo leleene. wooŋgo zuruunu —Seawater was breaking inside the canoe. XXfront part of a canoe that is underwater Wooŋgo imon pio. —The canoe sank on wooŋgo mbuleene me. / The canoe in which I was travelling XXstern/ back of a canoe (where it is sank. steered from) Wooŋgo itapel som. Imon men. —A canoe wooŋgo leleene with an outrigger does not capsize. It just XXinterior of a canoe hull sinks [when overloaded]. wooŋgo ndemeene Wooŋgo ndomoono isoolo sala magat, mi XXexterior of a canoe hull mbuleene iwwa. —The bow of the boat got wooŋgo ka ndi stuck in a shallow spot, but the stern was XXsideboard of a canoe free and moving. wooŋgo ka palyaara Duubu ipambiŋbiŋ wooŋgo mataana ila XXcanoe mast kena, ila kena. —The waves drove the wooŋgo palyaara ru —double-masted canoe front of the ship back and forth. wooŋgo ka petete Wooŋgo iko karau. —The canoe went/ XXoutrigger peg travelled/ sailed rapidly. wooŋgo ka saama Tipuzuuru wooŋgo ma iperae ŋana ri. XXoutrigger —They pushed the canoe out a bit more wooŋgo sopooro out to sea. XXend boards of a canoe (planks attached Tukuundu wooŋgo sula peende. —We (EXC) at the front and back of a canoe to help carried the canoe down to the beach. prevent the sea from breaking in) XXkinds of canoes wooŋgo ka teke wooŋgo mbalia ru —canoe with two XXoutrigger boom platforms kaata uteene wooŋgo ndiŋana —canoe with sideboards XXcanoe platform sideboard [can sail in rough waters] re kaimer wooŋgo tubudu —ship, boat [western-style] XXline going from a mast to the stern of a -sala, -se wooŋgo —get into a canoe, get on canoe a canoe/ boat/ ship re mataana wooŋgo toono kana —canoe of the ground XXline going from the top of a canoe mast [vehicle that runs on the ground like car, to the bow truck] saama kaimer XXlog that is to be made into a canoe XXstick connecting the two outrigger (These are typically pulled through the booms positioned near the kaata ‘canoe forest on rollers down to a river, and platform’) then floated out to the island where they te are hewn into canoes.) XXpunting pole for a canoe wooro 581 wooro zoobo def. Kuliini ila lene mi tikam uraata pa XXdipper (for removing water from inside keteene. —The skin is removed and work the canoe) is done with the core. wooro1 N XX Ni ikinpaala wooro be tipo siiri pa. —He rope, vine removed the core of the vine, so they -putke wooro —untie a rope could tie a fence together with it. -kotut wooro —cut a rope by striking it -raaza wooro with a stone XXsplit a rope/vine -tarut wooro —cut off a piece of rope with -sek wooro knife XXremove/ strip off the outer skin of a vine -ŋgorut wooro —bite off a piece of rope Kala kesek wooro kinzi be teke pooro. —Go -yembut wooro —cut a piece of rope in two and strip off the outer skin of the kinzi wooro mataana (INC) XX vine, so we can [use the inner part end of a piece of rope to] weave a basket [for galip nuts]. Kam wooro mataana, mi mbit lae ke tina def. Tesek wooro (=kuliini ila lene), to be ikiskis wooŋgo, kokena isur. —Take taraaza. —We (INC) strip off the outer skin the end of the rope and tie it to that tree of the vine (=the skin is taken away), and in order to hold the canoe [in place]. then we tear it into thinner pieces. Otherwise it will drift away. wooro matan matanŋa- wooro tumbuunu XX XX thorny vine, vine that is thorny ends of rope when it has been tied wooro seembeŋana -kinpaala wooro kinzi XXnoose XXextract the core of a vine

Re mataana Le

Ndmoono Palyaara Saama Saama kaimer Petete

Kaata uteene Teke Te Butbut Re kaimer Peeze Kaata Mbuleene Zoobo / Luŋ Niimi

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -wooro 582 -ya -win ka- wooro —You (SG) hold an eel or a fish and it slips XXdrink from a magical vine (in order to out of your hands and wiggles away. get some special skill and be able to do Isipirpir tabe wos pa nomoŋ ma itop su. —It it well) was slippery, and so it slipped out of my Ni iwin ka wooro, ta iute naroogo. —It is hand and fell down. because he has drunk from a magical woswos N Redup vine (lakiki, pandanus leaves, etc.) that XXtree type (used for making rope for nets he knows how to dance [i.e. he is a very and netbags) good dancer] Raŋgaata, to woswos indom pa. —An area worwooro N Redup where new growth has appeared is where XXropes or vines (plural) woswos trees grow. Worwooro matan matanŋan mi kilis Zin moori tikam ke woswos kuliini be boozomen imbotmbot la zaala tana. tikarakiti ma titwooro ma tike kaari pa. —There are a lot of thorny vines and —The women took the bark of a woswos many traps on that road. tree to prepare it and roll it into a rope note: For names of different kinds of vines, and weave netbags with it. see the Semantic Fields section. -wwa/ -wawa V_Intr Redup -wooro2 V_Intr/Tr XX Reduplication of: -pa ‘walk’ shout (done by a group) -wwe/ -wewe Nakanmut ko irak koozi, pa zin tomooto V_Intr Redup tiwooro ta pulaata ga. —The Nakanmut Reduplication of: -we ‘become, bathe, weave’ will dance today, for the men are shouting -wwi/ -wiwi inside the restricted ceremonial area. V_Intr/Tr Redup XXscold, shout at crossly as a group (when Reduplication of: -wi ‘ask, blow’ -wwo/ -wowo someone has done something wrong) V_Tr Redup Zin moori tiwoori/ tiwooro la pini, pa ikoolo Reduplication of: -po ‘tie, fasten’ zin. —The women shouted at him crossly, because he had waved at them. similar: -ŋaara, -ŋasasaara -worwooro V_Tr Redup Y -worwooro V_Intr_Stative Redup -ya V_Tr XX be thin, (because of sickness) XXpull something down, bend something Pikin iworwooro, pa mete ikami ma kuliini down isu. —The child is thin because he is sick Kun ŋonoono tina iya namaana ma be ipol. and has lost weight. —That breadfruit is bending the branch similar: -koŋkoŋ so much it is about to break. worwooroŋa- N_Inal Redup XX Tamaŋ iya wooro kinzi, mi ikam be izuk tall and thin meene pa. —My father pulled down a worwooroŋgou N Redup vine, and took it to wrap up a packet XX kinzi poor singing voice, not following the of sago. notes right -yaya/ -yya V_Tr Redup def. Ito kat ŋger som. Ŋgureene kei ta Burup be aŋmaŋga na som. Pa mburu biibi worwooro. —He doesn’t follow the melody mete ma iyya yo. —When I try to get up well. His throat is like vines. and stand, I can’t. For the load is too big, Nu mbo na, ŋgurem kei ta worwooroŋgou. and it keeps pulling me down. Ŋger ku iŋgeeze som. —When you (SG) sing, -yasasaara V_Tr your singing voice is not good. Your tune XXdrag, grab, snatch is not smooth/ right. -yaseebe V_Tr wos V_Intr_Uninfl XXpull off a bunch of bananas, betel-nuts XX slip out, slip away (something is so -yasureege V_Tr slippery that you can’t hold on to it) XXbreak, spoil, destroy, tear down Teege tuunu o ye ma wos mi ipilsek ma ila. yaaba 583 yaamba -miya V_Intr People from the Highlands of Papua New XXfall down (only of ripe fruit) Guinea do not know how to swim. We/ Kaŋar/ Liliibi imiya. —Mangoes/ Galip -yaala V_Intr nuts/ Talis nuts are falling down. 1 XXhave a big litter (used of pigs and dogs) similar: -toptop Tomtom tiŋga, ŋge kini iyaala ma boozo kat. yaaba N 1 Iŋga be iwe ŋge uunu a. —That person XXbanana type over there, his pig had a big litter. He is pin yaaba —yaaba banana(s) yaaba about to become very rich in pigs. 2 N Ŋge tiŋga, iyaala mete. (=ŋge suruunuŋana) XXfishing line XX —That pig is really having big litters. line used for squaring a building (=pig with a lot of liquid) Aŋkam yaaba tio mi aŋla aŋkeene koŋ ye. -yalyaala V_Intr Redup —I took my fishing string and went [and] Ŋge tiŋga iyalyaala ma isu. (=Ipeebe ma caught myself [some] fish. boozo.) —That pig keeps having big litters. Yaabo N_Proper -yaala V_Tr XX 2 evening star XXthrow away contents, throw away Rou ka lele mi pitik biibi ta iyaryaara something that is in a dish, a basket, or muŋgu na, ina pitik Yaabo. —In the late some other container afternoon the big star that first shines, Yaala yok tana ila ne. —Throw that water that is the Yaabo star. away. see also: Birae ‘morning star’ Musmuuzu ku ta imbot sula kiri ma ibuuzu -yaaga V_Tr (SG) XX na, kam ma yaala ila lene. —Your stand on one’s tiptoes and/or stretch rubbish that is in the basket and has one’s neck to see something rotted, take [it] and throw [it] away. To ti, ni kumbuunu katŋana. Tana iyaaga similar: -liŋ, -sipliŋ, -sipil, -yaala, -swaaga, be ire kat. —This fellow, he is short. So he -swaana, -swiiri stretches his neck to see better. XXthrow water on someone as part of a -yagyaaga V_Tr Redup welcoming ceremony Tiyagyaaga ŋguren mi tiurur matan ma Sombe leembe popoŋana sa imar kar, to zin timbotmbot. —They are stretching their moori tiyaali. —If a new visitor comes necks and waiting expectantly to see to the village, the women throw water what will happen. on him/her [as part of a welcoming

-yaago V_Intr ceremony]. XX swim, move in water by using hands and similar: -we ki legs XXwash sago, stir and squeeze watery sago def. piri kumbum mi nomom pulp to get the starch out Zin tiyaago ma tilae mbaaga. —They swam Meene siŋiiniŋana tana, ni iyaala pa across to the other side. teltelŋa. —That starchy sago pulp, he Me/ Ŋge iyaago pa yok. —A dog/ pig swam washes it three times [as he processes it]. in the river. yaalaŋana N_Inal_Event XX squirm, wiggle (used of animals after XXwelcome ceremony of throwing water on they have been speared and are wiggling new visitors before they die), be in death throes yaamba1 N_Event Ŋge iyaago be imeete. —The pig was XXfetish, magical fetish squirming in its death throes. XXmagic done using fetishes, sorcery (this -yagyaago V_Intr Redup type of magic is usually harmful) Zin tiyagyaago ta Mala Uunu a. —They Sombe nu urla ki yaamba, inako ikamu. were swimming at Mala Uunu. Sombe urla som, na yaamba irao ikamu yaagoŋana N_Inal_Event (SG) XX som. —If you believe in magic, it can swimming affect you. If not, then the magic won’t be Zin abal uteene kan tiute yaagoŋana som.— a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -yaamba 584 -yaara

able to affect you. similar: luluunu ta ‘two lengths of yaamba sananŋana, yaamba mbolŋana thatching’ —bad sorcery, nasty sorcery -yaara1 V_Intr similar: pu, -po, -mbuk kunu- XXsail (using wind as power) see also: naborou ‘white magic’ Tiyaara ma tila pa Malei. —They sailed to -kam yaamba Malai Island. XXwork sorcery, do magic, perform magic Tiyaara ma tila tipet lele ta, ta imbot tai Aŋre tiem isu lele sa, tona aŋkam yaamba pakaana mbaaga. —They sailed along and pakpakŋaana sa pu ma meete. —If I see came to a place on the other side of the sea. your (SG) excrement somewhere, then I -kunyaara/ -kotyaara V_Tr will work some bad [Lit. ‘bitter’] sorcery XXgo against the wind or sea, buck (Lit. on you, and you will die. ‘cover-sail’), go ahead in spite of some Zin Mereu tikamam yaamba popoŋana ma obstacle ipedet. —The West New Britain people are Duubu mi miiri ma lele isaana. Tamen niam doing a new kind of magic. amoto som. Amkunyaara ma amla. —There see also: -mbuk kunu- were wind and waves, and the weather was -leŋ yaamba very bad. But we (EXC) were not afraid. We XXinstructed in how to work magic, know just went on despite the weather. how to do magic, initiated into magical Ŋge ikunyaara siiri, mi iyooto ma ila lene. practices (Lit. ‘hear magic’) —The pig went ahead against the fence To tana, ni ileŋ yaamba boozo ka zaala. Pa and was able to get out. tamaana iso i pa. —That fellow, he has Amkotyaara duubu ma amar. —We (EXC) heard [i.e. knows] many ways of doing came through the waves. sorcery. For his father taught him about it. similar: -rambuuzu, -seebe, -selaala yaambaŋa- N_Inal_Stative -yaara2 V_Intr XXsorcerer, magician XXshine, give off light, glow, radiate Ni tomtom yaambaŋana. —He is a sorcerer. Lolo niini iyaara ma ikakat saamba. wal yaambaŋan —sorcerers —Lightning flashed across the sky. -yaamba2 V_Tr Amre koroŋ ta iyaara kembei ta pitik. —We XXscold, reprimand, cross, rebuke (EXC) saw something that shined like a star. Nu yaamba yo paso? —Why do you (SG) Mooto ndomoono iyaara ma kei ta koroŋ sa. scold me? —The head of the snake was shining like Zin peeze kan tiyaamba zin naŋgaŋ. —The something [unusual/ strange/ odd]. [village] leaders scolded the youngsters. Mat sa be iyaara. —Let there be light. Ni isombe yaambu, na lelem iŋgis pepe. —If Iwe kembei kai pu be iyaara pu mi iso u he scolds you (SG), do not get offended. pa zaala. —It becomes like a torch for -yamyaamba V_Tr Redup you (SG), giving light for you and XXscold repeatedly showing you the path. Nio aŋyamyaamba zin, bekena aŋpazal Puulu ramaki pitik tiyaara pa mbeŋ. —The zin. —I keep scolding them in order to moon and stars shine at night. straighten them out. Yaŋ imap, to zoŋ iyaara mini. —The rain similar: -ŋasasaara ended, and then the sun shined again. yaambabi Quantifier Mbeŋ na, puge mataana iyaara. —At night XXclassifier for counting sago thatching, the crocodile’s eyes shine. equals three lengths of thatching -yaryaara V_Intr Redup kooto yaambabi ta —three lengths of sewn XXshine (used of moon, sun, lamp) sago thatching Zoŋ iyaryaara pizin wal ambaimbaiŋan mi kooto yaambabi ru —six lengths of sago wal sananŋan tomini. —The sun shines on thatching good people and also on bad people. note: named after a person from Birik Puulu iyaryaara. —The moon was shining. village who established this way of mata- iyaara/ iyaryaara counting thatching XX(be) alive, exist (Lit. ‘eye shines/is -yaara 585 -yaara

shining’) Ni ta ipututu koroŋ matan yaryaaraŋan ta Tomtom tana imaŋga ma mataana boozomen. —It is he that feeds all living iyaryaara. —That person got up and things. became alive. similar: kalaŋa-, matmaataŋa- Leleyom ipata pepe. Mataana iyaara mini XXgiving life kek. —Do not have troubled hearts. His sua mata yaryaaraŋana —living word(s), eyes are shining again. [=He is alive.] words of life Anutu ta ikiskis ti mi tombot matanda kini/yok mata yaryaaraŋana —living food yaryaara. —It is God who strengthens (food/ water that gives life) us (INC) and keeps us alive. mbotŋana mata yaryaaraŋana Iti tuurla ki Yesu, to tombot matanda XXeternal life yaryaara ma alok. —When we (INC) believe similar: mbotŋana ta ki Anutu i ‘spiritual in Jesus, then we will live eternally. life given by God’ XXopen one’s eyes -yaara3 V_Intr Maŋga mi motom iyaara. Keene ndabok! XXspread out, extend to —Get up and open your (SG) eyes. You Toono kizin Mbula ka mbasa iyaara su Kabe have slept enough! mi Aupwel lukutuunu ma imar imiili su -kelyaara V_Tr Sampanan. —The border of the Mbula XXshine brightly into someone’s eyes, people’s land spreads/ extends to [the area] dazzle (Lit. ‘dig-radiate’) between Kabi and Aupwel villages and then Zoŋ ikelyaara yam. —The sun dazzled comes back ending at Sampanan village. us (EXC). Ke naman naman pakan tiyaara ma tila. -payaara V_Tr —Some of the tree branches extend out. XXgive life, make alive, enliven, give life to -booboyaara V_Tr (used of both spiritual and physical life) XXpublicly call, call out to someone from a Bubuŋana Potomŋana ipayaryaara iti. distance, thereby enabling many people —The Holy Spirit makes us (INC) alive. to hear what was said (Lit. ‘call -spread’) XXrefresh, revive, stir to action Nu booboyaara yo paso? Nu re iŋgi niam Tiwin kopi be ipayaryaara iti. —Let us (INC) tomooto amlup yam som? Riŋa mi luŋke drink coffee so that we can get refreshed. yo ma aŋma, tona tapazal koroŋ tana. -payaryaara sua —Why did you (SG) publicly call me? Don’t XXkeep something happening by talking you see that we men are having a meeting about it right now? You should have come and Taparyaryaara sua be uraata tina ilonloondo quietly pulled me away, and then we (INC) ma irao uraata imap kat. —Let us (INC) keep could have straightened out that thing. on talking [about the work] so the work Moori ta sobe mata konŋana, to tomtom sa will continue to run until it is finished. ibooboyaari pa kini pizin leembe. Naso ka -piyaara V_Tr miaŋ pa waene bizin ta tileŋ kek, tona inoi XXhold a light in such a way that one can kini pizin. —If a woman is stingy, then see better somebody will call to her from a distance Piyaara kai be aŋre lele. —Hold the torch concerning [food for] the visitors. Then up high so I can see better. she will be ashamed because all of her yaryaaraŋa- N_Inal_Stative friends have heard it, and then she will XXshining, shiny [have to] cook for the visitors. pat ndabokbokŋan matakiŋa ta kan mos -kamyaara V_Tr yaryaaraŋan i —all kinds of precious XXscatter (people, literally: ‘do-spread’) stones which were shiny Ni ikamyaara zin tomtom ma tikam pirik. mata- yaryaaraŋa- N_Inal_Stative —He scattered the people and they fled XXliving off in different directions. Anutu mata yaryaaraŋana —the living God XXattack, start a violent action

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -yaarambel 586 -yabakes

Ni ikamyaara pa malmal muŋgu. —He eyes. So I could not see properly. attacked first. Azuŋka ki Merere iyaara papiliu zin ma -kotyaara V_Tr iyaarambel matan. —The glory of the Lord XXshatter, hit something in such a way shined around them and dazzled their eyes. that the pieces scatter off in different similar: -ŋgal mata- (Lit. ‘pierce the eye’) directions (Lit. ‘break by hitting-spread’) -yaaru V_Tr Ni ikotyaara kuuru sakrai kiti ma imiyaara. XXpull, draw, drag —He shattered our (INC) sakrai clay pot, and Zin Koobo tiyaaru wooŋgo ma tisula yok. the pieces scattered in different directions. —The inner island people pulled a [log -maŋgayaara V_Tr which was to be made into a] canoe down XXget everyone moving (Lit. ‘get up-spread’) to the river [where it could be floated out Ni imaŋgayaara iti pa uraata. —He got us to their island]. (INC) all moving and ready to work. XXlead a procession (ceremonial) XXdrive out, away Zin tiyaaru zin naŋgaŋ popoŋan ma tila be Ambutultul leyam ma ambotbot, mi ni tikam pombolŋana (=konfimesen).—They imangayaara yam ma amko papirik. —We led the procession of young people along (EXC) were just sitting around [and talking], so they could receive their blessing (=be and he drove us away and we went off in confirmed). different directions. XXinfluence someone to do something, Yesu imaŋgayaara zin wal ŋgomo kan ilela draw, lead Urum Merere. —Jesus stormed in and Bubuŋana iyaaru yam ma amla ki Yesu. drove out the sellers in the temple. —The Spirit draws us (EXC) to Jesus. -mbimyaara V_Tr Ni iyaaru zin naŋgaŋ ma tito zaala XXshout, or yell at from a distance (Lit. sananŋana. —He led the youngsters to ‘push-spread’) follow a bad road/way of life. Nu mbot molo mi mbimyaara mar piam paso? -yaaru NP ki ndeme- —pull something Mar kolouŋana, to sope yam. —Why do you backwards (SG) shout at us (EXC) from a distance? Come Zin wok wiini tiyaaru tomtom kuumbuŋana close to us and speak to us. tana ki ndemeene, mi tikami ma tila. similar: -booboyaara —The policemen dragged the thief back, -miyaara V_Intr and took him away. XXspill over, spread -yaryaaru V_Tr Redup Rais imiyaara ma irao lele. —The rice Sanaana ta iyaryaaru iti ma tapa ŋobŋoobo. spilled all over the place. —It is sin that keeps influencing us(EXC) and -pityaara sua V_Tr causing us to walk/live in a wrong way. XXtalk about something in order to stir -yaaru tataata people to action, talk up (Lit. ‘recount- XXforcefully drag away spread’) Tiyaaru tataati ma tipet mat, to tipuni ma Pityaara sua paso? Ko ipei malmal ma iŋgi. ruŋguunu isaana. —They dragged him —Why do you (SG) talk up the matter? It outside, and then they badly beat him up. will stir up a fight or something. yaaruŋana N_Inal_Event -soyaara V_Tr XXceremonial procession XXannounce, declare, proclaim, preach (Lit. -yabakes V_Intr ‘say-spread’) XXmove across, go across (from one place -tiyaara V_Tr to another), shift to XXsow, scatter (seeds etc.), spread out, Nio aŋsala mbu ta, mi aŋyabakes la mbu shake off toro. —I climbed up one betel-nut palm, -yaarambel V_Tr and shifted to another one. [without going XXdazzle (Lit. ‘radiate-harm’) down one and climbing up the other one] Aŋyooto pa ruumu, mi zoŋ iyaarambel similar: keŋ la, ŋes lae motoŋ. Tabe aŋre kat lele som. —I came nama- iyabakes out of the house, and the sun dazzled my XXgo from one fight to another yaboro 587 -yak

Tiporou ma tila ma naman yabakes pa then we take the seeds down and go and pataŋana toro ta uriiziŋana na. To tikam plant [them]. men malmal pa ma tila. —They fought Tiboogo yagoŋ. —They broke off [an ear of] and went on, and then they got involved corn. in another fight over the problem that Tipiili yagoŋ garbaana. —They husked the happened the other day. So they kept on corn. fighting over that and went on. yagoŋ ŋonon ndinŋan —full ears of corn kwo- iyabakes pa sua toro yagoŋ ŋonon pe som=mbinbinŋana —ears XXshift from one topic of discussion to of corn not having many kernels another -yagorak V_Tr Iti toposop sua ki toono zen, mi niom loŋa XXget things ready quickly kwoyom iyabakes ila pa sua toro. —We Yagorak ke naman naman isala you. (INC) have not finished the talk about the —Quickly throw some tree branches on land yet, and you (PL) have quickly shifted the fire. to another topic. XXrush something unnecessarily similar: kwo- ikakes Ketende su ma tasap lem ruumu tiroono yaboro1 N mbolŋana. Mi tayagorak pepe. Kokena XXtobacco rolled up in a tobacco leaf ruumu loŋa mi isu. —Let’s (INC) take our (instead of paper), cigar time and hew the framing timber for def. Koi ta tulul pa namanda i, ina ampaata your (SG) house out of strong wood. Let’s be ‘yaboro.’ Tulul pa pepa som, tulul koi not rush. If we do, the house will quickly men. —Tobacco that we (INC) roll up with deteriorate. our hands, that we (EXC) call yaboro. (We To tana, ko ruumu kini imbot ma molo? Pa do not roll it with paper, we only roll the ni iyagorak men pa ruumu kini poŋana. tobacco [leaves].) Iyo kat le malimooŋo pa ruumu kini som. Tomtom taŋga kanŋa yaboroŋana men, tana —That fellow, will his house last long? kwoono kuziini. —That man over there only [No.] For he hurried with the building smokes cigars, therefore his mouth smells. of his house. He did not collect proper Tipel/ tilul yaboro. —They rolled a cigar. framing timber for his house. Ni isen/ikan yaboro. —He inhaled on the see also: -sagor, kete- aras aras cigar. -yak V_Intr Ni kwo kuziini yaboroŋana. —His mouth XXyell, cry out in pain, scream (cry out in smells of cigars. pain saying something like “Ai ai”) Nu pel yaboro pepe. Pa iŋgi koi tamen ta ti? Ni iyak pa tamen, mi ipas. —He cried out Ko kom toro iŋgoi? —Don’t roll a cigar. once, and died. For there is only this one [tobacco leaf]. Kwoono iyak, mi ikam tomtom ma isu. Where do you think you will get another? —She cried out in pain, and gave birth to Yaboro2 N_Proper the baby. XXYaboro village (a former village site Ni iyak ma kalŋaana biibi/ sanaana. —He which is no longer inhabited) screamed in a loud voice. yagoŋ N XXcall out to find out someone is present XXcorn (scientific name:Zea mays) Yak mi leŋ. Ko tomtom timbot, som som? Zin ŋerek tipasaana yagoŋ tio ma imap. —Call out (‘Ou!’) and listen. Are there —The parrots ruined all of my corn. people around, or not? Sombe lende yagoŋ iweene, to timbit se you -yakyak V_Intr Redup mataana, bekena you/ka koi iŋgalŋgal. Mi Ni kumbuunu iyouyou, tabe iyakyak pa tuurpe muriini makiŋ, tona tuputke su ma mbeŋ. —His leg was hurting, and so he tala paaza. —If we (INC) have corn seeds, was crying out in pain at night. then we tie them up over the fire, so that Nu yakyak sorok paso! —Why are you (SG) the fire/smoke dries them. And after we screaming for no reason! have prepared a place [to plant them], a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -yakat 588 -yalpi

Tiyakyak mi zoŋon ŋekŋek. —They [our beards off] with [pieces of] obsidian. screamed and gnashed their teeth. Now that razors have come, we shave. see also: -yuk ‘shout due to fear or anger, Nio aŋyal kezeŋ pa resa. —I shaved my saying something like “Uuwa, uuwa” ’ chin with a razor. -yakat V_Tr Tipup utende pa sisas, to tiyal pa resa. XXpull forcefully —They cut off our(INC) hair with scissors, Yakat su pa ke namaana meeteŋana tana and then shaved [our heads] with a razor. ma isala you. —Pull off that dry branch -yalyal and [put it] on the fire. -yalpi V_Tr XXtake someone away from his/her XXclear vegetation off activity, pull away from yalei (o yalei) Intj La to yakat lae pa Taugeŋ, to niomru kala. XXOh if only... (expresses longing or (Taugeŋ imbot la lupuuŋu.) —Go and pull wishing) Taugeng away, and then the two of you O yalei, begeŋ sa kembei man, so ndabok! go. (Taugeng is in a meeting) —Oh, if only I had wings like a bird, it Yakati pa lupŋana leleene paso? —Why did would be great! you (SG) pull him away from the meeting? def. Iti lelende pa koroŋ sa, tamen irao takam XXentice someone to do something, lure, som. —We (INC) want something, but are get someone to do something not able to get it. Ni ikamam uraata kini ma ambai kek. Mi XXOh sorry! (express sorrow and sympathy) niom tina kamar mi kayakati pa mbulu O yalei, kembel kat yom. Pa mbu som. —Oh sananŋana tina, ta sua ikami gi. —He sorry, you (PL) are really in trouble. For was doing his work well. But then you there are no betel-nuts. (PL) came and pulled him into that bad XXexpresses frustration behaviour, so now he is being summoned O yalei, mbulu mi tutu boozomen ta [to give an account of his actions]. ipombolmbol mbotŋana ambaiŋana, ta Moori tana imar mi iyakat yo ma niamru iŋgi tomtom tipasaana ma isaana kek. amla Marile, tabe aŋla Birik som. —That —All the customs and laws that would woman came and enticed me into going strengthen/establish/support good living, with her to Marile, and so I did not go to now people have ruined them. Birik [as I had intended]. -yalele V_Tr Redup Toono tana niam amyakat ma imiili kek. XXdistract, disturb, disrupt, hinder Kumbuulu mini pepe. —That [piece of] alt. -yalle land, we (EXC) have taken it back. Don’t Aŋbot kar na, koroŋ boozo iyalele yo, tabe touch it/ do anything to it any more. irao aŋkam kat uraata som. —When I am similar: -yaaru in the village, many things distract me, -yake V_Tr and so I am not able to work well. XXtake out from, take away, draw out, Re, sombe yalele yam som, so iŋgi amsula withdraw, take out some and leave some ma amiili mini kek! —Look, if you (SG) had La ruumu pat kana, mi yake leŋ pat sa not hindered us (EXC), we would have gone imar be aŋkan pa. —Go to the bank and down and come back already! withdraw some money for me and bring it Moori tiŋgi iyalle iti paso! —Why is this here, so I can use it to buy food to eat. woman distracting us (INC)! Ko tiyake ta, mi tizem ta ma imbot. —They -yalpi V_Tr will take one away, and leave another. XXclear of weeds, weed Ŋge tina munŋan ma tinmbot. Yake tasa Zin moori tiyalpi mokleene kizin. —The pepe. —All those pigs are to be left alone. women cleared their garden of weeds. Do not take away any of them. similar: -pun ro, -puru ro, -laamapi -yal V_Tr XXclear vegetation away from something XXshave with razor Kala ma kayalpi ni tiom lak. Imbotmbot la Muŋgu amnono pa yar. Ta buri resa ipet, mbaŋbaŋ ta kembea? —Go and clear away to amyal. —In the past, we (EXC) scraped the vegetation from your (PL) the coconuts. yam 589 -yamus

Should it just stay overgrown like that? Tiyamaana sanaana kizin som. —They similar: -sambar, -deebe were not aware of their sin. see also: -yal Tiyamaana zitun kembei tikam ŋoobo yam1 Pronoun mbulu sa som. —They felt that they had XXus (but not you), us (EXC) done nothing wrong. XXfirst person plural (hearer(s) excluded) Teseeze matan ma tiyamaana kat. —Let’s accusative pronoun afflict them and make them really feel it Ni ipeebe yam su Karapo. —She gave birth [i.e. how badly they have behaved]. to us (EXC) in Karapo. XXexperience personally Amlup yam su beeze ma amkan. —We (EXC) Ni iyamaana taun ka mbulu kek. —He has gathered at the garden house and ate. personally experienced what town life is Niam menmeen yam kat. —We are very like. happy. Zin tomini tiyamaana peteele tana. —They see also: niam, piam, tiam too experienced that famine. -yam2 Genitive suffix yamban N XXour (EXC), our (but not your) XXsago palm frond where pounded sago XXfirst person plural (hearer(s) excluded) pulp is put to be squeezed genitive suffix that occurs on inalienable Meene guuguŋana ta ila nouns ise yamban, mi tipiizi. ko-yam, le-yam —ours (but not yours) —The pounded tomo-yam —our (EXC) father sago is what is lele-yam —our (EXC) insides, feelings, inside put on a sago us frond and squeezed. nomo-yam —our (EXC) hand(s) dial. var. imban (Yangla, Gauru) dial. var. -am (Kabi and Sakar) yambon N -yamaana V_Intr/Tr/SComp XXsoup XXsense, feel ŋge/ ye/ man ka yambon —soup made with Posi timbot ma sombe tiyamaana kuzi, to pork/ fish/ chicken timaŋga. —Cats stay [still] until they Iti tekerrut zeere ma munmun be tonoi sense/ feel a mouse, and then they get up. yambon pa. —We (INC) cut up leafy Takan na, tayamaana kembei suruunu vegetables into small pieces to boil them ambai kat. —When we (INC) eat [it], we into soup. feel that it tastes very good [Lit. ‘its juice Yambon sa imar ma aŋwin lak! —Bring me is very good’]. some soup to eat [Lit. ‘drink’]. Yamaana itum be parei? —How do you (SG) Ni ikam ka narabu mi yambon, ma ikan mi feel yourself [physically]? iwin. —She gave him coconut bread and Ni iyamaana itunu kembei niini ambaimbai. soup, and he ate and drank. —He felt like he was getting well/ better. Yambon ti, suruunu ambai. —This soup’s Ni iyamaana yoyouŋana biibi kat. —He felt taste is good. very great pain. Yambon inamut. —The soup is good-tasting. Ni iyamaana itunu kembei ni kopoono. -yamus V_Tr —She felt that she was pregnant. XXwipe clean XXrealise what one has done, become Amkuŋ kaŋar makiŋ, to amyamus aware of one’s wrongdoing ndapndap/kuŋ niini pa zeere kemyo. To tana, ni ikam mbulu ŋoobo kat. Tamen —After we (EXC) finish pounding the galip ikam sua tiŋga na, tere kembei ni iyamaani nuts, then we wipe off the pestle with risa som. —That man he did really wrong kemyo fern leaves [to get the last bit of oil]. behaviour. But when he spoke like that, Amyamus kuŋ niini ma isu, mi amkokor we saw/understood that he was not aware kaŋar ŋonoono ma isula timbiiri, to of his wrongdoing at all. amkam zeere mi amyamus kuŋ leleene. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z yan 590 -yaŋgwiiri yaŋ mosolo/ mosoolo —We (EXC) clean the pestle, and it is put XXheavy rain, downpour down, and we collect the mashed galip Yaŋ mosolo kat ta isu i. Irao tapa som. —A nuts and put them down in a wooden really heavy rain is coming down. We (INC) dish, then we take some vegetable leaves can’t go walking [now]. and wipe off the inside of the mortar. yaŋ nagotgot Kala kayamus didi ki urum ma iŋgeeze, pa XXheavy rain lumtutu ipasaana kek. —Go and wipe the Uriizi na, yaŋ nagotgot, mi koozi na pe som. walls of the church clean, for mould has —The day before yesterday there was a made it [look] bad. -yamusmus heavy rain, but today there is not too much. V_Tr Redup yaŋ ŋgalŋgal XXrub repeatedly in order to make smooth XXrain drops are coming down one by one Akum isap nakabasi kiini, to iyamusmus pa Kombot mi tere yaŋ ŋgalŋgalŋana ti ma sanpepa ma izamaaga kat. —Akum hewed imap to tala. —Wait and once we (INC) see an axe handle, and then kept sanding it these rain drops ending, then we will go. with sandpaper until it was very smooth. -kan yaŋ similar: -pot ‘sand smooth, scrub’ XXbe in rain, get wet in rain yan N_Event Zin munmun tikanan yaŋ mi tiyopenpeen zin construction: ka yan pa tiiŋgi. —The little kids were [playing] XXintense pain associated with the in the rain and got themselves dirty in the spreading of an infection mud. mbeete ka yan, napalis ka yan, sarŋana -yaŋgwiiri V_Tr ka yan —intense pain associated with XXtear down, demolish, raze, sweep away an ordinary sore, magically caused sore, Nio aŋyaŋgwiiri ruumu tio isu lene. —I tore swelling down my house. def. Ka yan, na ka yoyouŋana ta ikam ti Wo ipet, mi iyaŋgwiiri zin reete ma tikam ma tayamaana kat. —Ka yan is pain borok. —There was a flood, and it swept associated with [some disease] that away the bridges and they collapsed. affects us (INC) and we really feel it. similar: -reege Mbeete kini biibi som, mi ka yan ikami tabe XXscatter around, throw around irao ipa som. —His sore was not all that Nio aŋyaŋgwiiri zin buk. —I threw the big, but the pain from it made him unable books around. to walk. Anutu ko imaŋga pa ka koi bizin, mi yaŋ N iyaŋgwiiri zin ma tiko pirik. —God will XXrain attack his enemies and scatter them and Yaŋ biibi isu. —A big rain came down./ It they will run away in different directions. rained heavily. XXthrow away, squander (used of money Yaŋ ipun yo ma aŋsaana kat. —The rain that is wasted on all sorts of insignificant hit me and I got drenched (Lit. ‘I was in a things) bad way’). Ni iyaŋgwiiri moni ma imap kek. —He was Yaŋ ipembesmbeeze toono. —Rain softens careless with the money and now it is all the ground. gone. Yaŋ itoptop su ruumu leleene. —Rain is similar: -pasaana dropping down inside the house. -yaŋgwirwiiri V_Tr Redup Yaŋ ti inok topŋana men. —This rain just Koroŋ ta boozomen, ta nu yaŋgwirwiiri men. keeps on falling. yaŋ ikiriuriu —You (SG) are careless with everything. yaŋgwirwiiriŋa- koroŋŋa- XX few drops of rain fall XX yaŋ kumbu mbinbin one who is always carelessly wasting or squandering things XXrain tapers off Nu na yaŋgwirwiiriŋom koroŋŋom! —You (SG) Yaŋ kumbu mbinbin kek. Kamaŋga ma tala. are always careless with things. —The rain has tapered off. Get up and def. Ipotom kosa sa som. Iyaŋgwirwiiri men let’s go. Yaŋla 591 -yapat ma ilala lene. —He doesn’t save anything. -yapaala V_Tr He is continually throwing it all away. XXbreak into pieces, divide up, apportion -paryaŋgwiiri V_Middle out, give out in small measures (used of XXbreak up and become divided scattered, money, clothing, food, fish) disunified Yapaala ye mazaana mi takan. —Divide up Zin tilup zin ma tiwe tamen kek. Mi the fish into pieces and we’ll (INC) eat it. som. Tiparyaŋgwiiri zin mini, mi koozi Kayapaala pat ma irao zin. —Divide up the tiparmbot molo pizin. —They had united money among them. and become one [group]. But not for Kayapaala kini ma irao zin uunu uunu. long. They broke up again and today are —Divide up the food and distribute it to keeping apart from each other. each clan group. dial. var. -yauŋgiiri (Marile) Kayapaala mburu ma iwe tel. Ta imbot Yaŋla N_Proper tiŋgi, ta isala Lablab, mi toro ilela Birik. XXYangla village, the people of Yangla —Divide the clothing into three groups. village One is to stay here, one goes up to Lablab, dial. var. kar kori, ndasui (Gauru), abal and another one goes to Birik. (Birik and Marile) -yapalpaala V_Tr Redup yaŋoyaŋo N Redup Mi ye ru tina tomini, ina ni iyapalpaala mi XXwater spirits (viewed as being very izarra la kizin. —And those two fish as dangerous, especially associated with well, he broke [them] into pieces, and the Sambaana, Tarawe, Mbam and Mare gave [them] to them. rivers) -paryapaala def. Tipunun zin tomtom ma timetmeete. Tise XXdivide up into different groups tomtom matan. —They kill people. They Nio ko aŋwe uunu be tiparyapaala zin ma appear to people. timbot ndelndelŋa. —I will be the cause Zin yaŋoyaŋo timbot yok lwoono. Murin of them dividing up into different groups ŋonoono na Mbam. —Water spirits live in and staying apart [from each other]. rivers. Their true place is the Mbam river. see also: -balak similar: yok lwoono kan -yapas V_Tr XX -yaŋyaaŋa V_Intr_Stative take something without permission, XXbe out of breath, be short of breath, steal, pinch pant, be huffing and puffing def. Kembei ta kuumbu i. —It is like stealing. Aŋloondo ma aŋla ma keteŋ pas mi Koi tio peseene laamuru ta aŋpalweeze se aŋyaŋyaaŋa. —I was running and going tiŋgi. Mi iŋgi aŋnin na, peseene lamata tel and got out of breath and was panting. men. Peseene ru, ko tomtom sa iyapas kek. similar: kete- -pas, -wat kete- Iŋgi asiŋ ta imar iyapas koŋ koi tio ti? —I yaŋyaaŋaŋana N_Inal_Stative had ten bundles of tobacco leaves that XXbreathing problem, asthma, pneumonia I hung up here. But now when I count Mete yaŋyaaŋaŋana ikami. —He has a [them], there are only eight bundles. disease [causing] breathing problems. Somebody must have pinched two yaŋyaŋ V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Redup bundles. Now who has come and stolen construction: paŋa yaŋyaŋ my tobacco? XXpoorly growing, not growing well (used similar: -seket, -kem, kuumbu mainly of vegetation) -yapat V_Intr Kini taŋga, su iŋgalut ma paŋa yaŋyaŋ. XXbe quiet, be silent, calm down Itum kat som. —That food over there, Kayapat, pa niam amkam uraata. —Be the forest is covering it and it is growing quiet, for we (EXC) are working. poorly. It is not growing well. Taŋ paso! Yapat. —Why do you (SG) cry! Be Tipupi mi paŋaana yaŋyaŋ. —They cut the quiet. hair off from both sides of his head. note: Kampalap dialect form note: Birik dialect form dial. var. -maane, -mane (Central) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -yaper 592 -yaraama

-yaper V_Tr see also: -yapuras, -zun XX throw something forcefully at something -yapyaabakaala V_Tr Redup and hit it XXprotect, give shade to Ni karau su pa pat, mi iyaper lae pa ŋge Ke tiŋgi iyapyaabakaala ruumu. —This tree lutuunu ma kiriŋ kiriŋ. —He quickly gives shade to the house. grabbed a stone [from the ground] and yar1 N threw it forcefully at the piglet and hit it, XXobsidian stone (used in the past for and it fell down and was waving its limbs. shaving and performing circumcisions, Kam pat mi yaper ŋge tana, pa isus mokleene obtained from New Britain ) tio. —Take a stone and throw it hard at Muŋgu, tamanda bizin tino kezen pa yar. that pig, for it has rooted up my garden . —In the past, our (INC) fathers used to similar: -likat scrape [=shave] their chins with pieces of -yapuras1 V_Intr obsidian. XXgive birth prematurely (with the result Tipal zin naŋgaŋ pa yar. —They cut the that the baby is not able to survive) young boys [i.e. their foreskins] with def. Moori ta ni kopoono ma puulu kini tabe pieces of obsidian. ikam tomtom pa i, imap zen. Puulu kini ru yar mataanaŋana —sharp obsidian stone ma iŋgi imbot, mi naana ikami ma tere i -yar2 V_Tr kembei pikin imbol som, ambai som. Ina XXshare, divide out, deal out, distribute tana ta amso naana iyapuras. —A woman Tayar pepa ma ikot zin tomtom be tire mi is pregnant, but her months until the time tipaata. —Let’s deal out the papers to of birth are not yet completed. She has everyone, so they can look at [them] and around two months left, but the mother read [them]. gives birth to the baby, and we (EXC) see it Tiyar kini ma ikot urum urum. —They is not strong, not good. Then we say that divided the food up and gave it to each the mother gives birth prematurely. clan/ men’s house. -yapuras2 V_Tr similar: -rai, -reege XXuntie, open a knot -yar, -yarkaala Yapuras wooro pa ŋge. —Untie the rope XXspread out, spread out in order to protect from the pig. Zin moori tiyar mi be pikin tikeene se. —The XXpull free, pull off (sometimes with back women spread out sleeping mats for the and forth movement, done to release kids to sleep on. things that are jammed or stuck, may note: Marile dialect form result in some damage) dial. var. -war, -warkaala (Central) Moori tana izibuuru ma namaana ileege -yaraama V_Tr la pat. To mbura pakpak ma iyapuras XXcontrol, restrain, subdue namaana. —The woman was collecting Aŋyaraama ituŋ pa sua. —I controlled prawns and her hand got stuck inside a myself and did not say anything. stone. Then she struggled until she pulled Yaraama lutum. Kokena ila taŋga ma ileŋ her hand free. sua sanaana mi ikam imar. —Restrain Ye iyapuras mban pa kwiili. —The fish pulled your (SG) son. Otherwise he might go there the bait off of the hook [and got away]. and hear bad talk and bring it here. La yapuras kanda kuramba sa. —Go and Ni irao iyaraama itunu som, mi kalŋaana pull up some betel pepper roots for us (INC). izalla sorok. —He could not control -yapuzun V_Tr himself, and so he kept screaming XXpull off something that comes off easily, without reason. slide off Tiyaraama keten malmalŋana som. —They Moori ta kiri silŋana isala namaana na, ni did not control their anger. iur yok ma sop se namaana, to iyapuzun Iti irao tayaraama zin mi tapazalzal zin. kiri. —The woman who had an armlet on —We (INC) should restrain them and keep her arm put soap and water on her arm correcting them. and slid the armlet off XXpreoccupy, control yarman 593 -yataaŋa

Bisnes ku iyaraamu, tana kamam kat and then we will go. uraata ki lupuuŋu som. —Because your -yasipir V_Intr (SG) business preoccupies you, you are not XXslip, slip and slide properly doing community work. Wwa riŋariŋa, kokena yasipir to mel. Pa lele -yaramraama V_Tr Redup sipirpir. —Walk carefully lest you slip and yarman N fall. For the ground is very slippery. XXwater in a canoe Aŋyasipir mabe aŋmel. —I slipped and was def. Sombe wooŋgo sumbuunu, to yok izze ma about to fall down. ipot la wooŋgo leleene, to iwe yarman. —If similar: -kam giris a canoe has a hole in it, then water keeps see also: -sipir coming up and making a puddle inside the -yasureege V_Tr canoe, and then it becomes yarman. XXbreak, spoil, destroy, tear down Yarman imbot la wooŋgo mbuleene. Kam Mi tiyasureege kar Yerusalem ma borok su niimi ma niimi yarman tana ila ne. —There lene. —And they completely tore down is water inside the canoe. Take a scoop Jerusalem. and bail it out. similar: -pasaana kat XX yas N pull off, take down, remove XXblack earth (comes from the Kovai area Asiŋ ila iyasureege sooŋgo pa mbolkai tio? of Umboi Island, or West New Britain, —Who has taken off the taboo marker is smeared on one’s skin as a sign of from my betel-nut palm? mourning) Aŋyasureege kis ta aŋpeene kil pa i, to yok Timoŋ kulin pa yas. Pa ton imeete. —They isu lene mi meene ŋonoono imbot mat. —I smeared black earth on their skins as a took off the pegs that I put to support the sign of mourning. For their older brother dish for the watery sago starch, and then had died. the water ran away and the sago flour was see also: koskoozo visible. XX -yasasaara V_Tr squander, fritter away, waste XXsnatch, take by hand and pull something Ni indou mbio pa lutuunu, mi isu ma away hurriedly, drag, grab iyasureege ma imap. —He collected Ikuundi be tila, som mi nio aŋyasasaari ma valuables for his son [for his coming isu pa naana ka bolboolo. —She carried him brideprice payment], but then frittered intending to take him away, but I snatched them all away all on other things. him down from his mother’s shoulders. note: This is one of the few compound verbs Aŋyasasaara lae pa lutuŋ, kokena igaaba zin consisting of three roots: -ya -su -reege. pa mbulu tana. —I grabbed my son away, -yataaŋa V_Intr lest he accompany them in that behaviour. XXbreathe in deeply, take a deep breath To tiyasasaara Simon be ikwaara ke before diving pambaaraŋana ki Yesu. —Then they Nio aŋyataaŋa ma biibi. —I took a deep grabbed Simon to carry Jesus’ cross. breath. Nu yasasaara sorok pelpeele tio? Pelpeele Mbot. Aŋyataaŋa muŋgu, to aŋsula mini. ku? —Do you (SG) think you can just freely —Wait a bit. I will take in a deep breath grab my basket? Is it yours? first, and then I will go down [under the -yaseebe V_Tr water] again. XX XXpull off a bunch of bananas, betel-nuts breathe one’s last breath before dying Yaseebe koŋ pin timiini tasa ma imar. —Pull Ni iyataaŋa mi imeete. —He breathed his off a bunch of bananas for me. last and died. XX -yasepseebe V_Tr Redup sigh in disgust Kombot mi kayasepseebe mbu ma kanda Yesu niini gesges pizin, mi iyataaŋa ma biibi kanda muŋgu, to kala. —Stay and break mi iso: —Jesus was weary of them, and off some betel-nuts for each one of us (INC), sighed deeply and said: a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z yatupaŋgo 594 ye

-yataŋtaaŋa V_Intr Redup Zin kuumbuŋan tila tiyautiŋgiiri mburu tio yatupaŋgo Intj ta inmbot la ruumu leleene. —The robbers XXhelp me! (expresses distress, a cry for help) went [and] rummaged through all of my def. Moori sa ire yoyouŋana kat, mi iyak things that were in the house. ta kembei: “O yatupaŋo yatupaŋo.” Zin Asiŋ ta iyautiŋgiiri taaŋga tio? Iru sokorei tomtom tileŋ, to timar be tiuuli. —A woman kini isula? —Who has rummaged through experiences great suffering, and cries out my basket? What things of his was he like this: “O yatupango, yatupango.” When looking for down inside it? people hear it, then they will come to help -yauyau V_Tr Redup her. XXpack up all one’s belongings when -yatut V_Tr moving to a new location (nothing is left XXpull and break (used of long, thin things behind) like rope and string) Ni iyauyau mburu kini, mi imiili ma ila ki Yatut wooro sa ma imar bekena tepezekat wal kini. Irao imbot tio mini som. —She bek pa. —Break off some string and bring packed up all her things and returned to it so we can tie the bag shut with it. her own relatives. She is not going to live XXtear into pieces with me any longer. Ni imoto: Kokena iwal biibi tiyatuti. —He -yazuumu V_Tr was afraid that the crowd might pull him XXstrip off (leaves from edible leafy into pieces. vegetables) -yatutut V_Tr Redup Yazuumu kemyo ruunu isula kuuru mi piri Ni iyatutut sen ma re. —He pulled the kiini la lene. —Strip off the kemyo fern chains and ropes and broke them. leaves down into the pot and throw away yaumismis N Redup the stem. XXsnack, light refreshments before the real Asiŋ iyazuumu peege tana? —Who stripped meal is served (like biscuits or a piece of off that betel pepper [leaves and peppers]? sugarcane) Yesu iyazuumu sanaana tio ma ila lene. def. Kini musaari ta imuuŋgu pa mbombo —Jesus stripped my sins away. kwoono. Kaimer tona kini biibi ila ma tikan. dial. var. -yapuras (Northern) —A small amount of food that is given to ye1 N people before they work. Afterwards a large XXfish (generic) amount of food goes to them and they eat. ye kusuunu —gall bladder of a fish Tomtom tikam uraata piti, to tikan ye mbaraana —roe of a fish yaumismis muŋgu ma kini ŋonoono ko imar ye ŋgaraana —gills of a fish kaimer. —When people work for us (INC), ye ŋgauliini/ ŋgalwiini —scales of a fish then they have a little snack first, and the ye sisirŋana/ sisiraana/ tiiri (matan real food comes later. matanŋan) —dorsal fin/ back fin of a fish -yautapaara V_Tr (with spikes) XXpush away one by one, broom away, ye talŋaana —fins on the side of a fish, rake something small and light with a pectoral fin quick movement Iŋga ye murin tau. —That place over there Yautapaara zin guava runrun tiŋga ma tila is a good fishing spot/ a place where len. —Broom away the guava leaves over there are a lot of fish. there. ye uunu —school of fish Kam malwe mi yautapaara lele. —Take a Ye iko. —The fish swims/ moves. broom and just push away the worst of Ye kolkol ma imbotmbot. —The fish is the rubbish. [There is no need to sweep moving its fins but does not go anywhere. properly.] Man tikoliuliu ye. —The birds are flying see also: -siiri around the fish [in order to drive them -yautiŋgiiri V_Tr together]. XXplunder, rob, tear through the house, Man ndiili tiral sala ye ŋwaana. ransack, rummage through (=Tiralpandeeŋe ye.) —The ndiili birds -ye 595 -yel

soared in circles over the fish. (=They yeaa Intj rounded up the fish.) alt. ywee ye ka yambon —fish soup XXHumph! (expresses scorn) -keene ye —catch a fish with a fishing line Yeaa, pakuru! —Humph, you (SG) are [just] -ŋgal ye —catch a fish by spearing it showing off! -kam ye pa pu (=-waaza) —catch a fish Yeaa, pakaam. Yo sorokŋom! —Humph, with a net you (SG) are lying. You don’t have any Ye boozo tila titi la pu tana. —A lot of fish status! got caught in that net. yeei Intj Kinke ye pa pu. —Remove the fish from the XXYikes! (expresses that one is startled and net. frightened) -puŋit ye —clean out the internal organs of def. 1. Tomtom sa ipiri mooto ima ku, to nu a fish in preparation for cooking re ma murur mi so sua: “Yeei!” Pa moto -no/ -swiili/ -saaba/ -kurik ye ŋgauliini isu tau. —Someone throws a snake at you (SG), —scrape the scales off of a fish and then you see it and are surprised and note: For different fish names, see the say: “Yeei!” For you are afraid. Semantic Fields section. def. 2. Mbeŋ mi re kosa izugutgut ma ima ku, tomtom ki tikamam ye/ wal ye kan mi so nu moto, to so sua tina mi ko. —At XXfishermen night you (SG) dimly see something moving ye luluunu ta in the darkness and coming towards you, XXone pair of fish, two fish and if you are afraid, then you say this ye tuuru ta and run away. XXone rope of fish XXYuck! (expresses disgust when one ye uteene experiences something unpleasant) XXclan leader (Lit. ‘head of the fish’) def. 3. Tomtom sa ipandaaga te, to iso sua def. Ni ta imuŋmuuŋgu pa urum kini. —He is tana. Pa leleene be ipandaaga som. Toro the one that that leads his clan. na, re i, to so sua tana. Pa nu lelem be ni -ye2 V_Tr ipandaaga pepe, mi nu itum ta kembena. XXhave sexual intercourse (note: This sense —Someone steps on some excrement, and of the word is a taboo item.) then he says this. For he doesn’t want to Tomooto iye moori. —The man had sex step on it. Or, another [meaning], you (SG) with the woman. see him [step on some excrement], and -ye kuli- pa then say this. For you don’t want him to XXrisk oneself, fully commit oneself to step on it, and neither do you yourself something, give oneself unreservedly, want to step on it either. willing to sacrifice oneself, dare yeeleŋana N_Inal_Event [Something has happened, and there is a construction: ka- yeeleŋana strong desire to take revenge. Therefore XXpay back, punishment, penalty a person is willing to risk everything Nu pun tomtom ma imeete, mi ko ma la lem, and go ahead. Or people have started tana kom yeeleŋana ko ise ki toŋmatiziŋ something, and suddenly they realise ku. —You (SG) killed a person and then there is danger in going ahead, but there ran away, therefore your punishment/ is even greater danger if they stop. So penalty will fall on your brothers. they decide to take the risk of continuing dial. var. ka- mbaara, pokotŋana, kadoono, to going ahead.) pataŋana (Central) Ni iye kuliini pa malmal, pa tipun tiziini dial. var. ka- ŋgeelŋaan (Gauru) ma imeete. —He is determined to fight, -yel1 V_Intr because they killed his younger brother. alt. -yeele Paulus iye kuliini pa uraata ki Merere. XXgrasp at and miss —Paul risked his life for the Lord’s work. Nio aŋsala mbu mi nomoŋ iyeele pa. —I see also: -kunyaara, lele- imet pa climbed up a betel-nut palm, but my hand a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -yel 596 -yeryer

was not able to get any nuts. were using as a sea anchor for the boat. Nomoŋ iyeele pa papai ma aŋkam som. —I XXcut short, cut off, interrupt (an activity grabbed at the papaya and missed, and or event) [so] I did not get it. Ni iyembut sua kizin, iso: “Irao!” —He cut XXdeficient in, lacking in, wanting, fall their talk short, and said: “Enough!” short of Anutu iyembut swon ma imap karau men. Ko tiom tasa iyel pa ma iŋgi, to imborene. —God cut short their life spans, and they —One of you might be deficient in some ended quickly. way, and so be left behind [i.e. they won’t XXdivide, separate be able to make it to heaven]. Meeteŋana men ko iyembut ituru. —Only Anutu, ni iyel/ iyeele pa kosa sa som. Ni iute death will separate us. koroŋ ta boozomen. Koroŋ ta munŋaana Ni iyembut itunu pa waene bizin pakan. —He men katuunu na, ni itutamen. Kosasa ipa separated himself from some of his friends. ndemeene som. —God is not deficient XXtake a shortcut in anything. He knows everything. He Zin tiyembut ma tila. —They took a shortcut. alone is the ultimate controller/ owner of XXgo across the sea everything. Nothing is impossible for him. To amzem mutu tana, mi amyembut ma amla see also: -tat, -pa ndeme- mutu toro. —Then we (EXC) left that island -yel2 V_Tr and went across to another island. XXshake -yembut mbun Nio aŋyel pelpeele tio. —I shook my basket. XXcancel a debt Nio aŋsala we, mi aŋyel ŋonoono isula Ni iyembut mbun kizin ma imborene. —He toono. —I climbed up the mango and canceled their debt. shook some fruit down to the ground. -yembutmbut V_Tr Redup see also: -tir To ti, ni iyembutmbut sua mete. —That -yelyel V_Tr Redup fellow keeps interrupting talk too much. Zin tamuriŋ tiyelyel kakaaba. —The girls -yembut A pa uraata were shaking the rattles. XXfire someone from a job (Lit. ‘cut A with see also: -yelkatkat, -tir regard to work’) -yelkatkat V_Tr Redup Biibi tio isombe iyembut yo pa uraata. —My XXshake, cause to convulse boss intends to fire me from [my] job. Bubuŋana sananŋana iyelkatkat tomtom -yembut ula tina, mi iyak ma itop su toono. —An evil XXdivorce, end a marriage (Lit. ‘cut off a spirit shook [convulsed] that man, and he marriage’) screamed and fell down on the ground. Ni iyembut ula kizin, mi iziiri kusiini ma ila -yelke V_Tr ne. —He ended their marriage and sent XXshake water inside something to rinse it his wife away. out (pots, bottles) yembutŋana N_Inal_Event Yelke kuuru tana be sop ila ne. —Shake XXcutting some water around inside that pot to ula yembutŋana ka sua —talk about divorce rinse away the soap. (Lit. ‘talk about marriage cutting’) -yembut V_Tr yeŋyeeŋge N Redup XXcut off (generic term, used of physical XXearthquake objects, talk, behaviour) Aŋre yeŋyeeŋge tana. —I experienced (Lit. XXcut crosswise (across the long axis of ‘saw’) the earthquake. something) Molo som na yeŋyeeŋge biibi kat itok toono Tila tiyembut komkom ruunu. —They went ma toono ikam kat. —It was not long [and] cut off some komkom palm fronds. before a really big earthquake shook the Erot iyembut Yoan ŋgureene. —Herod cut ground and the ground jerked. off John’s head (Lit. ‘neck’). -yeryer V_Intr Redup Tiyembut re pa pat biibi ta tibiigi wooŋgo pa na. XXhowl, cry in a loud voice, wail (in —They cut the rope from the big stone they anguish) -yes 597 -yo Lupŋana biibi ki narabu ta ka yis somŋana i Ni iyeryer ma isaana kat. Pa lutuunu imeete XXfeast of unleavened bread that occurs ma iŋgi be isula naala i. —He wailed following the Jewish Passover festival terribly. For his child has died and is now when no yeast is allowed in the house, about to go down into the grave. and only bread made without yeast/ Zin ko tiyeryer ma zoŋon ŋekŋek. —They leaven could be eaten will howl and grind their teeth [in pain]. yo Ni itaŋ ma iyeryer. —He cried and wailed. 1 Intj XXGreat!, Wonderful!, Way to go!, Good -yes V_Intr/Tr on you!, Keep on doing it! (expresses XXburn, sting, hurt (one’s skin, used of fire, approval “I like what you are doing/ medicine, ant bites, millipedes, jellyfish, saying. Do it even more!”) etc.) Zin menmeen zin mi kalŋan izalla ma tizzo You keseene iyes ti. —The coals of the fire ta kembei: “Yo! Kereege ma isu lene kat! burnt us (INC). —They were happy and in a loud voice Marasin ti iyes kat. —This medicine really were saying like this: “Great! Tear it down stings. completely!” Zin neeze mbasirin ise mbeete/ matanda XXexpresses sarcastic disapproval keteene na iyes kat. —If the urine of red Yo! Nok punŋan ma mete ikam zin, mako ants gets on a sore/ in our eyes, it really kam zin? —Wonderful! If you (SG) continue stings/ burns. hitting them and they get sick, will you similar: -tuntun be able to take care of them? [implied no, XXscold angrily, (be) angry and shout at, you won’t]. bawl out yo2 Pronoun Zin kolman tiyes zin naŋgaŋ pa mbulu XX sananŋana ta zin tikam na. —The elders me (first person singular accusative really scolded the youngsters for the bad pronoun) behaviour that they had done. Ni iru yo. —He looked for me. -yesyes V_Intr/Tr Redup Menmeen yo. —I am happy. -yespokpok V_Tr Redup Mete ikam yo. —I got sick./ I became ill. XXburn badly, burn and cause to blister [Lit. ‘Sickness got/did me.’] Zoŋ iyespokpok kuliŋ. —The sun burnt my Iŋgi be tipun yo pa pat! —They are about to skin and it is blistered. hit me with stones. XXscold really angrily see also: nio, tio, pio, -ŋ -yo3 V_Tr Uriizi, Motmootobi iyespokpok yo ma tau. XX —The other day old Motmooto really gave collect, gather it to me/scolded me. Nio aŋla aŋyo we pakan. —I went and yis N collected some mangoes. XXyeast, leaven Lutuŋ bizin ko tila tiyo kanda kini. —My loan from: Tok Pisin, English children will go collect some food for us. narabu ta ka yis somŋana i —bread without Ni imaŋga mi iyo zin tomtom kini, to pai. yeast/ unleavened bread —He got going and collected his people, Titooro palawa raama yis. —They made and then [they began] the journey. dough with yeast. Yo koroŋ sala mbalia. —Gather the things Yis musari kat, ina irao izil pa palawa biibi [and put them] up on the bed. ma imap. —A very small amount of yeast Zin kuumbu kan tiyo mburu tiam ma imap. is enough to go through a large amount of —The thieves took away all of our things. -yo pat flour/ dough. XX yisŋa- N_Inal_Stative collect money/contributions, collect taxes XXhaving yeast, containing yeast Zin tiyo pat boozo kat, mi tiseŋgeere ila pa Kakan koroŋ yisŋana sa pa mazwaana tana zin toŋmatiziŋ kizin ta timbot ŋoobo na. pepe. —Do not eat anything with yeast in —They collected a lot of money and sent it it during that time. to their relatives who were in need. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z yo barau! 598 yok -yo kumbu- -yo sua ise ki XXwalk slowly XXadd to what has been said Ni iyo kumbuunu ma isa pa sokorei ipet Tomtom sa iyo sua pakan ise ki sua tiam tiŋgi pini. —He walked slowly and waited for pepe. —Let no one add any talk to our whatever might happen to him. (EXC) talk here. -yo kwo-/ -yo sua -yoyo/ -yyo V_Tr Redup XXchat a long time, rattle on, yak/yack tomtom ta iyyo takesŋana i Tiyyo kwon pa sua sorok sorok. —They are XXtax collector just rattling on. -yogeege V_Tr XXcriticise someone, complain about XXcollect together things that are located Mbulu kini irao tomtom lelen som. Tanata in different places tiyyo kwon pini. —His behaviour is not Zin moori tila ma tiyogeege kaŋar. —The acceptable to people. That is why they women went and collected galip nuts. keep criticising him. Ni ko iyogeege pat. —He will collect the -yo ila money. XXpull through -yogegeege V_Tr Redup Ni isil lu makiŋ, mi iyo tumbuunu ila. —After Tiyogegeege kini mi tiluplup lela diditu. she wove the armlet out of lu plants, she —They kept collecting the food and made the hanging decorations and gathering it into storage areas. attached them to the armlet. yo barau! Intj XXput on clothing XXYes!, Great!, Excellent! (expresses happy Loŋa mi yo mburu ku ila nim, pa molo som surprise and approval) to belo itaŋ. —Quickly go and put on your def. Wal kiti tikam kanda koroŋ ambaiŋana, [better] clothes, for it won’t be long and to toso: “Yo barau!” Sua tana toso raama then the [church] bell will ring. lelende ambai. —Our (INC) people give us -yo nama- something good to eat, and then we say XXfiddle, do some little handcraft, do “Yo barau.” That talk, we say it with good slowly insides [i.e. happiness]. Nu yo nomom paso? —What are you Yo barau, ambai kat! —Great, [that is] fiddling with? really good! -yo nama- ka muk yoara N XXmeddle with somebody else’s work XXnorthwest wind, year, age Koyo nomoyom ka muk pa koroŋ kini pepe. note: Kampalap dialect form —Don’t meddle with the thing he is dial. var. iwaara (Central) working on. [Let him finish it himself.] see also: ndaama -yo ŋgele yok1 N XXhave a discussion XXwater (fresh, the substance) Zin kolman tiyo ŋgele sala urum. —The old Tikam koŋ yok lomoŋana ma aŋwin. —They men were having a discussion up in the gave me some cold water to drink. clan house. Yok ireere pa pat tiŋga. —Water comes out XXstart to talk (used of babies) of that stone over there. Pikin iyo ŋgele kek? E, iyo ŋgele kek. Wai, Ikam yok putuunu kini ma ila ikut. —She karau men! —Has the child begun to took her water container and went a filled talk? Yes, she is already talking. Wow, [it it up with water. happened] very quickly! yok ŋgalaŋŋana —clear/ clean water XXtalk a lot, rattle on yok muunduŋana —dirty water Koyo ŋgele pepe! —Don’t talk so much! XXriver, stream, spring (bodies of freshwater) -yo orooro Amla yok ma amwe. —We (EXC) went to the XXmake noise (Lit. ‘pull noise’) river and bathed. Ziŋoi ta tiyo orooro ma timar? —Who are Buzur imbot yok ma imbot su tomini. the ones making noise and coming? —There is game in the rivers and also in the forest. yok 599 yok yok kamŋana Koroŋ tipepen yok mi tai leleene. —Things XXbaptism, baptising filled up the bodies of freshwater and the tomtom ki yok kamŋana —baptising sea. person, John the Baptist (in the Bible) Yok ilol toono. —Water covered the earth. yok kezeene/ zilŋaana—side of a river, Yok ipen ma izalla izalla ma ilip pa abal uten river bank uten. —The water filled the area and rose yok kopolwoono up and up and over the mountain tops. XXpool of water in the middle of a river, or Yok imaaga kat zen. —The river has not a stream that has nearly dried up dried up yet. yok kunduunu/ uteene Yok iŋgwol. —The river is stagnant/ not XXsource of a river, head of a river flowing rapidly. yok kwoono yok ta ka li biibi —a river with a very deep XXmouth of a river spot XXamnion yok magat —shallow water Pikin yok kwoono imapaala. —The amnion Zin tindu yok. —They crossed the river. broke. Yok mata pot. —Still water, standing water yok lepeene (not running as usual) XXspring, water that comes up from inside XXsemen (euphemism for buzi- ‘semen’) the ground similar: tomooto yok kini, suru- -kam yok def. Yok imbot toono o raŋ sumbuunu, mi ireere ma isu pa yok biibi. —The water is XXbe baptised -kam yok pa in a hole in the ground or in rocks, and flows down into a larger body of water. XXbaptise La mi kut kanda yok lepeene tiŋga, pa ina Biŋsu Bamla ta ikam yok pa tumbuyam bizin. yok lomoŋana. —Go and fetch us (INC) some —It was the missionary [George] Bamler water from that spring, for it is cold water. who baptised our (EXC) grandparents. -kut yok yok lepen lepen ta yok irereere pa i —springs XX of water from which water flows fill up a narrow-mouthed container with yok lwoono water from a source of running water XX lele ta ka yok somŋana middle of a river zin yok lwoono kan (=yaŋoyaŋo) XXplace without water, desert -ndu yok water spirits yok mata yaryaaraŋana XX cross a body of water, ford XX -pabukbuk yok living water, water of life (in the Bible) yok mbolŋana XXcause to bubble up, fill something so that XXalcoholic drink (Lit. strong drink’) water bubbles up inside it (like bottles) Tiwin yok mbolŋana ma ŋgar izin ikankaana. Kam botol tio ma la, to pabukbuk mi lili —They drank strong [i.e. alcoholic] drink muŋgu, to kut mi imar. —Take my bottle and their thinking became confused. and go, then let water bubble up inside it yok namaana and rinse it first, and then fill it and bring XXbranch or fork of a river it back. yok naana -se yok XXcreature type (in the Central Dialect, a XXget water, fetch water, scoop up water -win katkat yok ma -meete long thin creature that lives in rivers and which should not be disturbed ) XXdrown XXinsect type (in the Marile dialect, an insect Ni iwin katkat yok ma imeete. —He that flies near the surface of the water drowned and died. yok nder yok baen XX XX gutter, pipe along which water runs wine yok ndunduŋa- yok bukbukŋana XXwaterfall XXspring that is bubbling up a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z yok 600 yom indu yok Yok ndunduŋana ta ikam ŋguruŋ ŋguruŋ a. XXcubit’s measure —A waterfall is making the low-pitched Sombe tikin koroŋ tana, to re ru mi indu rumbling noise over there. yok (=tubut namanda). —If they measure yok niini itartaara (=mburaana izzu zen) that thing, then [it should be] two arm XXcurrent in a river is strong spans and one cubit Kamar to keteege zin pikin mi kamaare. Pa similar: -but nama- yok niini itartaara. Mburaana izzu zen. -yok3 V_Intr —Come and hold the children and come XX across [the river]. For the current in the agree river is still strong. It hasn’t subsided yet. Niam amyok be ni ila Lae. —We (EXC) agreed Amlae na som, pa yok niini itartaara. —When for him to go to Lae./ We (EXC) agreed that he could go to Lae. we (EXC) tried to go across, we couldn’t, for the current in the river was still strong. Niam amyok pa sua kini som. —We (EXC) did yok pakaana mbaaga/ mbaagi not agree with what he said. XX the other side of the river / this side of the agree that something can be borrowed river Ni iwi yo pa buza tio, mi nio aŋyok pa. —He yok putuunu asked me for my bush knife and I agreed XX to it. water container XX yok talŋgumŋana approve, accept XXpothole (where water stays a long time) Sombe moori tamaana iyok pa tomooto tana see also: lapot som, inako iwooli som. —If the woman’s yok tatiliuŋana father does not approve/ accept that man, XXlake, pond then she will not marry him. yok touŋana Anutu iyok pa patoronŋana kini. —God XXwell (Lit. ‘dug up water’) approved of/ accepted his offering. (sua) yokŋana yok zalaana XX XXdried out creek bed where water used to agreement, permission, approval, yes flow answer, affirmative answer Nio aŋkam yokŋana sa pa wiŋana tiom yok2 N tina zen. Tana kombot muŋgu. —I have construction: ka- yok not given approval to your request yet. XXvertical crease between one’s upper lip Therefore wait first. and their nose -yokyok V_Intr Redup Moori koponŋan na, tikan ŋgwaata ma koroŋ Tomtom taiŋgi iyokyok men. —This person ki lele taiŋgi pepe. Kokena tipeebe, tona always agrees. pikin tisaana. Naman somŋan, o kumbun (kwo-) yokyokŋa- N_Inal_Stative itutu, pikin zuruunu imapaala se ta ka XXalways agreeing yok i. —Pregnant women should not eat Tomtom taiŋgi, ni kwo yokyokŋana men. sago grubs or other things from this area Tana ndemeeri pepe. —This man is a ‘yes’ [where ground spirits live]. For if they do, man. [He always says “Yes,” but does not then when they give birth, the children necessarily do what he has agreed to do.] will be defective. They won’t have arms, So don’t trust him. or only a stump for a leg, or the lip of the yok putu N child will be broken at the vertical crease XX between his/her upper lip and nose [=The timber on which rafters rest child will have a cleft palate]. def. Mbal, to parpaara naana ise, to yok Ŋuruunu isu ma imamaaza, to ka mbakereene putu ise. To siel ise pa. —The top plate, imbot se ka yok. —When mucus runs then another piece of wood goes on top of down and dries up, then the dried up them, then the wood on which the rafters residue from it is left on the vertical crease sit goes on top. Then the rafters go on top between the upper lip and nose. of that. yom1 Pronoun similar: kuzu- tuunu XX XXelbow (inner part of elbow) you (PL), you (plural) (second person -yom 601 yoozo

plural accusative pronoun) decoration for us. Nio aŋre yom na, leleŋ ra izanzaana piom. see also: sul ‘shell type’ (used for some of —When I see you poor people, I feel sorry the same purposes as yooro shells) for you. -yooto1 V_Intr Ni ko ipun yom. —He will hit you. XXcome out, come forth from, proceed Menmeen yom sorok paso? —Why are you forth from, exit from, leave from happy for no reason? Nio aŋyooto pa ruumu. —I came out from/ see also: niom, tiom, piom, -yom of the house. -yom2 Genitive suffix Ni iyooto pa ruumu sanaana. —He went XXyour, your (plural) (second person plural free from the prison. genitive suffix that occurs on inalienable Koyooto ma kepet mat be kakan kini. nouns) —Come outside to eat [some] food. ko-yom, le-yom —your (PL), for you (PL) Miiri biibi iyooto pa kuzuunu. —A big tomo-yom —your father breath came out of its nose. kumbu-yom —your leg(s) Ni iyooto pa ituŋ. —S/he came out me [i.e. lele-yom —your insides/feelings; inside you She is my own child]. dial. var. -yem (Northern) Eba iyooto pa Adam. —Eve came forth yomyoom- V_Middle Redup from Adam. XXbe slow at doing -yotyooto V_Intr Redup def. Ikamam uraata riŋariŋa, mataana pa -piyooto V_Tr uraata som. —He does work slowly, his XXcause to come out, bring forth, produce mind is not on the work. Toono ipiyooto kini ŋonoono ma ipet mini. Yomyoomu pa uraata kamŋana pepe. Pa —The land brought forth food again. mbeŋi! —Don’t be so slow in working. It is -piyooto ka uunu getting to be dark. XXexplain the meaning of something Yomyoomu pa pai pepe. Karau! Lele Ni ipiyooto ka uunu ma imbot mat. —He kolouŋana? —Don’t be so slow in walking. made the meaning of it clear. Walk quickly! Is the place near? [No.] piyootoŋana N_Inal_Event -yoŋgelŋgel V_Tr Redup XXcoming out, public display XXstutter Kombot ma man piyootoŋana, to kamar. Ni iyoŋgelŋgel sua. —He stutters when he (Naroogo kumbuunu isu toono). —Wait speaks. until the [dancers wearing] feathered dial. var. -mimi (Central) headdresses come out, and then come. Yooba N_Proper (The dancing is about to begin.) XXYahweh, Jehovah (God’s personal name -yooto2 V_Intr in the Old Testament) XXcry out, shout excitedly when a pig is loan from: English carried to the village Yooba, so yo pa zaala ku. Pei ŋgar tio pa Zin naŋgaŋ tiyooto pizin kolman pa bekena aŋto kat. —Yahweh, show me your tisiŋ ŋge. —The young men shouted in (SG) way. Stir up my thinking, so that I will excitement at the older men because they truly follow it. were carrying a pig. yooro N -yotyooto XXpearl shell (round shape, used for Kalŋan izalla mi tiyotyooto raama peeling root vegetables and made into menmeen zin. Pa zin naŋgaŋ tisou kan yorodiŋ decorations) ŋge ru. —They raised their voices and Amkitiktik mok pa yooro. —We (EXC) cut off kept shouting with happiness. For the taro shoots with a pearl shell. youngsters caught themselves two pigs. Tuurpe yooro ma iwe yorodiŋ. Yorodiŋ ise see also: -loolo, -wooro, -siriini ketende ma iwe lende aigau. —We (INC) yoozo1 N make pearl shells into yorodiŋ decorations. XXdigging stick (sharpened to have a long A yorodiŋ is put on our chest and becomes point, used for breaking up ground, a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -yoozo 602 you

planting taro, bananas, digging holes for zin pa tiiŋgi. —The little kids were house posts, digging toilets, etc.) made of [playing] in the rain and got themselves strong types of wood like mala and teele.) dirty in the mud. La kam yoozo imar ma aŋup toono be yorondiŋ N tapaaza mok. —Go get the digging stick alt. yoorondiŋ/ yorodiŋ and bring it here, and I will break up the XXdecoration made from a pearl shell ground so we (INC) can plant taro. (large, valuable decorations that hang Kasap zin yoozo ma timar bekena tuup from the neck) toono pa biidi. —Sharpen the sticks and Tuurpe yooro ma iwe yorodiŋ. Yorodiŋ ise bring them so we (INC) can break up the ketende ma iwe lende aigau. —We (INC) make ground for [planting] the yams. pearl shells into pearl shell decorations. A -yoozo2 V_Tr pearl shell decoration goes on our chest and XXsmell becomes decoration for us. Me ru tana tiyoozo ŋge kuziini ma tiloondo. Zin moori titwooro yooro ma iwe yorondiŋ. —The two dogs smelled the scent of the —The women filed the pear shells into a pig and started running. pearl shell decorations. Merere kizin pakaamŋan tileŋ sua sa som, -yose V_Intr tiyoozo koroŋ sa som. —Their false gods XXjoin in with someone and follow them do not hear any talk, nor do they smell Tiyose kini mi tila Mereu. —They joined in anything. with him and went to West New Britain yoo! Intj together. XXYes!, Great!, Way to go! (expresses Zin tiyose kini mi tito i pa mbulu mi sua approval “You did that well!”) kamŋana. Ziŋan raama tau. —They joined def. Y irak ma ambai kat. Tabe Z iyok pa in with him and followed him in [his] naroogo kini (=Y), to iso sua tana. Iso behaviour and preaching. For they are raama leleene ambai. —Y dances very together. well. So Z approves of his (=Y’s) dancing We kin ambaiŋana pizin mi patooŋo zin pa and says this. He says it with good mbulu ambaiŋana, to zin tiyose. —Be a insides/happiness. good example for them and show them XXOh boy! (expresses displeasure and good behaviour, and then they [will] join reluctance after repeated provocation “I in with you and follow it. have had enough of this!”) you N def. Y ni ka koi som. To ila ki Z ma isuŋ ka XXfire koi, na Z ikam pini. Ila to ikan makiŋ mi ila Leŋ you sa imar ma aŋla aŋdou. —[Bring] me mini. Inok inok ma Z niini gesges. Beso ila some fire and I will go and kindle [the fire]. mini na, Z niini gesges kat, to iso sua tana. You ikan zin lup. —A fire burnt them all up. Pa leleene be Y inok mbulu tina pepe. —Y You ilolo zin. —The fire was warming them. doesn’t have tobacco. Then he goes to Z Ye imbot sala you. —Fish is [roasting] on and asks for some tobacco and Z gives it the fire. to him. He keeps on doing this until Z is -neene/-kut sala you —roast/smoke tired of it. When he goes again, Z is really something over a fire tired of it, and then says this. For he does -las sala you —heat up over a fire not want Y to keep on doing this. Segergeere you, to ikanan. —Keep [stoking Yoo, imar mini! —Oh boy, here he comes the fire]/[adding firewood to the fire], again! and then the fire will keep on burning. -yopenpeen V_Middle see also: -bayou ‘be hot’ XXmake oneself dirty (with grease, you ibilbil excrement, mud), soil oneself XXfire is burning brightly with flames Pikin iyopenpeeni pa tiene. —The child you bilbilŋana —a flaming fire soiled herself/ made herself dirty with you gubuunu her excrement. XXashes that fall off from a burning piece Zin munmun tikanan yaŋ mi tiyopenpeen of wood -yoyou 603 -yuk you keseene -ndou you XXred coals in a fire XXbuild a fire, start a fire, kindle a fire (Lit. you ka kiliiti ‘heap fire’) XXleftover, incompletely burnt firewood -teege you after a fire has died XXcook (Lit. ‘hold fire’) you ka koi you teegeŋana muriini —kitchen (Lit. ‘place XXsmoke from a fire of holding fire’) you ikan ka you somŋana XXfire burns, fire consumes XXfood that does not need require much You ikan ma biibi! —The fire burned cooking, food that cooks quickly intensely. def. Ineene karau. —It roasts quickly. You ikan urum ma imap. —The fire burnt Leege ma pin na, ka you somŋana. —Leege up the clan house. shellfish and bananas don’t require much you ka kokou cooking. XXwhite ashes -yoyou V_Intr_Stative Redup you ka koskoozo alt. -youyou, -yyou XXcharcoal XXbe painful, hurt, ache you ikumuundu Uteŋ iyyou. —My head hurts. XXfire burns with smoke rising up Tiroŋ ta boozomen iyoyou. —All my bones you ikuruk are aching. XXfire burns down to embers (i.e. the fire yoyouŋana N_Inal_Event has gone out and only coals and ashes XXpain, suffering are left) Ni ire/ iyamaana yoyouŋana biibi. —He you maŋgiliini experienced great pain/suffering. XXsparks from a fire Yoyouŋana ise pini (pikin ikaami). —The you mataana birth pains have started. XXarea above a fire where there is heat Punmeete yoyouŋana tana. —[Do Sombe lende koi iweene, som yagoŋ iweene, something to] stop the pain. to timbit se you mataana bekena you/ka -bayou V_Intr koi iŋgalŋgal (=ikudut) —If we (INC) have XXbe hot tobacco seeds or corn seeds, then we XXhave a fever hang them up over a fire so that the heat/ -pabayou V_Tr smoke from the fire dries them. XXheat up, warm you imeete -piyou kwo- V_Tr XXfire dies out alt. -poyou Niom kala swoi ta you imeete? —Where did XXtrouble someone by asking him to talk a you (PL) go, that [you left] the fire and it lot or tell a lot of stories etc. died? Piyou kwoono rimos! (=Kumbuuli pa sua you miaana rimos.) —Quit asking him to talk! XXflames of a fire (Lit. ‘fire’s tongue(s)’) XXdo something that causes a child to cry you miaana (=sua mataanaŋana/ sua Pikin tana imbel tiŋiizi kek. Piyou kwoono mbolŋana) ipet pa kwo- rimos. Ko ibayou. —That child had cried XXfiery talk (sharp talk/ strong talk) comes enough already. Stop doing whatever is from someone’s mouth causing him to cry. He will get sick. you muriini -yuk V_Intr XXfireplace XXshout (due to fear or anger, saying you uunu something like “Uuwa, uuwa” ) XXarea near a fire def. Mbulu sa ipet pini, imoto, o keteene Zin timbot you uunu ma you ilolo zin. malmal pa wal tikem koroŋ kini sa, to iyuk. —They stayed by the fire and the fire was —Something happens to him, he is afraid, warming them. or he is angry because people have stolen a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z yuugu 604 za- something of his, and then he shouts Za ipemet yaŋ. —Rainbows finish off rain./ making an “Uuwa uuwa” sound. Rainbows signal the end of rain. Nu yuk sula pizin lak. Iŋga tikamam sokorei? Za ka toolo mataana kat./ Za iyaara kat. —Shout down at them. What they doing? —The rainbow is really bright. -yukyuk V_Intr Redup za-2 N_Inal To taŋga, ko kosasa ikami. Pa iŋga iyukyuk XXname a. —That fellow over there, something Paradigm: zoŋ, zom, zaana ~ zaan ~zana, must have happened to him. For he is zanda, zoyam, zoyom, zan shouting loudly. Nio zoŋ Namoŋo. —My name is Namongo. Ni iyukyuk be iti teleŋ mi tala takami. —He Ni iwatwaata zanzan ma ikot zin. —He is shouting so that we (INC) will hear and gave names to each one of them. go get him. Zan imap kat. —Their names are XXcoo completely finished. [=They and their Man uŋkula tiyukyuk su abal. —The uŋkula lineage are wiped out.] bird is cooing on the mountain. Nu zom asiŋ? —What is your (SG) name?/ see also: -yakyak ‘cry out in pain saying Who are you? something like “Ai ai” ’ zaana yokŋana — baptismal name yuugu N see also: pisis XXtaro shoot for planting (top part of a taro XXreputation, fame, glory tuber which is planted again) Ni zaana biibi mi le koroŋ boozo. —His Aŋpaaza yuugu ila tuptup. Iwe biibi, to name is great [i.e. he is famous, important, aŋpaaza sula toono ŋonoono. —I planted a glorious] and he has many possessions. taro shoot in a small mound [first]. When Ampakurkur zom totomen. —We (EXC) it gets bigger, then I will plant it down in continually praise/ exalt your (SG) name. proper ground. Nio bela aŋkam kat uraata. Kokena zoŋ yuugu mataana/ matan matan isaana. —I must do the work well. yuugu zoŋon zoŋon (=ka salundu) —young Otherwise my reputation will suffer. taro sprout Kosoyaara Anutu zaana biibi pizin karkari similar: mok iweene, mok ka seeme ta boozomen. —Proclaim God’s great ywee! Intj fame in all places. XXhumph! (expresses scorn, mockery, XXnamesake, parent-in-law, relative by sneering) marriage of either sex (because use of Ywee, kam kosa kusa tau! —Ah, do their personal name or the kin term is something now [to show your strength], if culturally forbidden) you can)! Mankwoono zoŋ! —Good morning my namesake! Ni ziru zaanabi timbel mbotŋana kek. —He and his father-in-law have lived together a long time. Z zoŋbi —my namesake (older than me) za1 N zoŋri —my namesake (younger than me) XXrainbow -paata za- be Motom la mi re za tiŋga! —Look at that XXname someone or something rainbow over there! Tipaata pikin zaana be Moka. —They Za suruunu ipet. —Part of a rainbow named the child Moka. appeared. -piŋgis za- / -leele za- Za ipet la miiri tiene. —A rainbow appeared XXchange someone’s name after the death in the clouds. of one of their relatives, or to express Za imender be iut yaŋ mi zoŋ. —The his/her customary behaviour rainbow stands to divide/ separate rain Ampiŋgis Ŋasbi zaana mi ampaati be and the sun. Motmootobi. —We (EXC) changed old Ngas’ name and called him ‘Old Worms’. zaaba 605 zaaba -pasaana za- [Because a relative of his was found dead XXruin someone’s reputation, malign, in the forest with a number of maggot- slander infested wounds.] similar: -pasaana uruunu za-ŋa- N_Inal_Stative -pasom za- XXfamous, prestigious, important, XXdespise, disdain, belittle significant, valuable, great, glorious -kam za-/ -ur za- Ni zaanaŋana. —He is famous. XXrecord names, take a census Wal zanŋan ki kar. —The important people Tikam zan se ro. —Their names were of the village. recorded in books. pat zaanaŋana —a great amount of money, zan urŋana expensive XXcensus kar zaanaŋana Babilon. —the famous/great Iŋgi zan urŋana mataana kana. —This was city of Babylon. the first census taken. moori zaanaŋana =mernan, galiki zaaba N —famous woman =clan leader’s first- XX born daughter club made of wood, weapon, instrument wal zanŋan mi zin sorrokŋan tomini for causing injury —famous ones and lowly/unimportant def. Koroŋ ta ipasaana zin tomtom. Koroŋ ones too ki malmal ta tisap pa mala, o pam, o got, Amputun kooto, tona ndemeereŋana. be tirou kan koi bizin. —Something that harms people. It is something for fighting (=kooto zaanaŋana) —We (EXC) stacked up the sago leaves well, and then we were that they make out of Banyan, pam, or got sure there was enough. (=There was a wood in order to hit their enemies. very large amount of thatching.) Timar raama buza mi zaaba. —They came za- somŋa- with knives and clubs. XXinsignificant, unimportant, lacking status Piŋgis zaaba pio. —Deflect/ Ward off the or authority weapon/injury from me, [so that it does Ni za somŋana. —He is not important. He not harm me]. zaaba kwo- is insignificant./ He lacks authority. XX zin wal ta zan somŋan i —the ones who are injury, wound insignificant/ ordinary people Amre i na, irao kembei zaaba kwoono ki ŋge za- pa som. —When we (EXC) examined him, it XX didn’t look like a wound caused by a pig. have authority for something, authorised XX for, have the right to danger Ni zaana pa uraata tiŋgi. —He has the Nio aŋbot la zaaba kwoono kek. —I am authority to do this work. already in real danger. Niam zoyam pa uraata ta kembena som. Tiurur zitun ila zaaba kwoono. —They keep putting themselves into dangerous —We (EXC) do not have the authority to do such work. situations. zaaba kwo- muri- Ni zaana be ikam koroŋ ta boozomen ki XX tamaana. —He has the right to receive wound, scar everything belonging to his father. Zaaba ta tikam pini na, kwon murin murin za- imender pa ta imbotmbot la kuliini. —The scars of the XXbe a candidate for some office injuries they caused him, are still there Ni zaana imender pa mboroŋan. —He is a on his body. -teege zaaba pa candidate to be an elder. XX -pamender za- injure, attack with weapons XXnominate someone (for an office) Aŋteege zaaba pizin. —I attacked them Tipamender ziru zan makiŋ, to… —After with weapons. -kam zaaba pa/ -kam siŋ pa they nominated the two of them, then… XXkill, hurt, harm, cause injury to a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z zaala 606 zaala zaala keteene Kar ikam zaaba pini. (=Kar ipuni). —He XXmiddle of the road (i.e. not at the side of died in a car accident. (=The car hit him.) wal zaaba ka- it), on the road Ni imbutultul su zaala keteene. —He was XXgroup of people organised to attack sitting in the middle of the road. other people with weapons, army zaala kwoono zin zaaba kan ki Rom —Roman soldiers XXentrance, gateway similar: malmal kan ‘fighting ones/ army’ zaala lwoono zaala N XXalong the way, midway XXpath, road Timar pa zaala lwoono, mi amdeeŋe zin. Zaala molo som. —It is not far away. —They were coming on their way here Tito zaala ta ila pa lele bilimŋana. —They and we (EXC) ran into them. followed the road that goes to the Ni ipet kizin su zaala lwoono. —He wilderness. appeared to them on the road. see also: zala- ‘track, way, path’ Sombe tindeeŋe yo su zaala lwoono, na XXway, manner tikowo pio. —If they run into me on the Leyom zaala sa som. —You (PL) have no road, they run away from me. way out/ no way of escape/ no way of moori zaala lwoono ka- succeeding. XXprostitute (Lit. ‘middle of the road Aŋur zaala piom be… —I arranged a way woman’) for you (PL) to… Mbot molo pizin moori zaala lwoono kan. zaala ta mburu imar pa kar —the manner —Stay away from prostitutes. in which things come to the village zaala naman naman (=zaala lwon lwon) zaala ki mbotŋana mata yaryaaraŋana XXpaths branching off in different —way to [have/experience] eternal life XX directions way of life zaala zilŋaana Nio lutuŋ ta nu. Tamen nu toto zaala tio som. XXroadside, edge of the road — You (SG) are my son. But you do not -pakaala zaala pa follow my way of life. XXprevent somebody from doing Ni itoto zaala ambaiŋana. —He follows a something, obstruct, block, impede good way of life. -paŋoobo pa zaala zaala ndeeŋeŋana —way of righteousness, XXgo astray/ wander away from the road right way of living Zin tipaŋobŋoobo pa zaala ambaiŋana. zaala sananŋana —bad way of life —They keep wandering away from the zaala ki meeteŋana —road/way of life good way of life. leading to death -pazal zaala pa similar: mbulu XXprepare for, arrange a way, make a way XXcovenant, dispensation, arrangement (in for something to happen the Bible) Nu ta pazal zaala pio be anaŋ ikam yo ma Anutu ipekel zaala muŋguŋana ki tutu pa aŋsu. —It was you (SG) who prepared the zaala popoŋana ta ambai ma ambai kat. way for my mother to give birth to me. —God has replaced the old covenant of Kapazalzal zaala pini be imar. —Prepare a law with a new covenant that is very good. road for him to come. XXopportunity, chance similar: -urpe zaala pa Zaala sa ko ipet piti be tala. —We (INC) will -ru zaala (pa NP) (be S) somehow have the opportunity/chance to XXlook for a way to do something, seek go. zaala boogoŋana how to do something, try to figure out what to do XXcrossroads Niam amru zaala pa. Ko amkam parei? Ni imender la zaala boogoŋan. —He was —We (EXC) are looking for solution for it. standing at the crossroads. zaala kokoogoŋana What are we to do? Amrru zaala pini. —We (EXC) are trying to XXtwisting path, crooked path figure out what to do about him. zaara 607 -zal

Ru lem zaala be pera Malei. —Look for a potatoes spread out and get all tangled up. way for yourself to go out to Malai Island. Mbutmbuutu izaara ma ilol toono. —The Tirru len zaala be tikam len pat. —They are grass has spread and covered the ground. always looking for ways to get themselves -zarzaara V_Intr Redup some money. -zaban V_Intr XXbe stumped, not knowing what to do construction: kete- (i)zaban Pataŋana tiŋgi ikam yo ma aŋrru zaala kat. XXget out of breath, be out of breath —This problem has me really stumped. [I Ni iloondo ma keteene izaban. —He ran and don’t know what to do about it.] got out of breath. -saŋsaŋ pa zaala Ni iŋguŋ ma keteene zaban. —He coughed XXgo astray from a road or path, diverge and was out of breath. from a road or path, get lost Yaŋyaaŋa ikami ma keteene (i)zaban kek. Zin tisaŋsaŋ pa Anutu zaala kini. —They —He has breathing problems and is out of have gone astray from God’s way. breath. -to zaala similar: yaŋyaaŋa, kete- ipas, -wat kete-, XXfollow a road or path kete- meke -ur zaala zabe- N_Inal XXestablish/ arrange a way of doing XXdry leaf (used of bananas) something, make a way for something to Yembut pin zabeene tana mi warkaala happen kaari, to yo biidi isula. Kokena kuliini Yooba iur zaala pizin Israel mi tipa ma tilae imesek, o mata kweene imet, nako biidi mbaaga. —Yahweh made a way for the loŋa mi ibuuzu. Irao imbot ma molo na people of Israel and they crossed over to som. —Cut off that dry banana leaf and the other side. spread it inside the netbag, then put the XXgive directions to someone about to how yams inside. Otherwise their skins will to do something get scratched, or their stems will get -urpe zaala pa broken off, and then the yams will rot XXprepare, arrange for quickly. They won’t last a long time. Kuurpe zaala pini be imar. —Prepare a road similar: pin ruunu mazozoŋana for him to come. pin sabene -we zaala pa XXbanana bug XXmeans for something, make a way for Kere yom pa pin sabene. Ko tiloondo pa something to happen, make possible, talŋoyom. —Watch out lest the banana instrumental cause bugs run into your (PL) ears. Nu ta we zaala be tikam yok mbolŋana imar note: Northern dialect form kar. —It was you (SG) who made it possible dial. var. mbule bogboogoŋana, pin zabeebe for alcohol to come to the village. (Yangla) Yesu Krisi ta iwe zaala piti be tala kar -zabzap V_Tr Redup saamba. —It is Jesus Christ who is the XXshape, carve, hew (using a machete or way for us (INC) to go to heaven. an axe) Mose ta iwe zaala pa tutu. —The law came Reduplication of -sap through Moses. zagzak N Redup zaara1 N XXtrap for catching bandicoots, pigs XX small white sea shells used for making Tipo zagzak pa moozo ma ŋge. —They decorations made a zagzak trap to catch bandicoots Zaara ila mogar. —Small white shells went and pigs. into making the headband. Zagzak ipunun moozo ma ŋge. —The zagzak -zaara2 V_Intr trap catches bandicoots and pigs. XX spread out on the surface (used of -zal V_Intr_Stative vegetation), creep XXbe straight Serembat izaara mi iparteege i. —The sweet a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z zala- 608 zala-

Zaala tana izal kat. —That road is very came back following the same path again. straight. Yesu iru zalaana be imender ma som, to ilu i Ila ri, to izal. —Once it goes a bit further, ise wooŋgo. —Jesus looked in vain for a then it will be straight. place to stand, so then he jumped up onto XXcorrect, approved, right a canoe. Sua kini ila ma izal kat pa tomtom talŋan. Tomtom sa ko iute zalaana ta imar pa i na —As his talk continued, it was straight/ som. —Nobody will know the path by correct to people’s ears [i.e. people which he will come. approved of what he had to say]. Yok ito zalaana. —The river follows its Mbulu kizin izal men. —Their behaviour course. was perfectly straight. Miiri zalaana imbot ki parei mi imar? similar: -ndeeŋe ‘find, right, correct’ —From which way did the wind blow? XXsettled, resolved see also: zaala ‘road, way, path’ Ka sua izal zen. —The talk about it is not XXstory line, plot straight yet./ The issue is not settled to Sua zalaana ta kembei. —The story line people’s satisfaction yet. goes like this. -pazal V_Tr XXway, space to enter, way of access XXstraighten, correct, admonish, reprove Naso king zaanaŋana zalaana be imar. —In Nu pazal lutum som, tabe ikamam mbulu that way, the famous king would have a bozboozo. —You (SG) did not straighten out way to come in. your son, so now he is doing all kinds of Ru zolom sa be beleu sala ruumu uteene mi [bad] behaviour. urpe ŋgeele. —Look for a way for yourself Pazal kitiimbi tana. —Straighten that post. to get up on the roof and fix the ridge cap. -pazalzal V_Tr Redup Ruumu leleene sik ma zalaana som. —The zalŋa- N_Inal_Stative house was full and there was no way for XXstraight him to enter in. Ke tana, zalŋana kat. —That tree is very zalambuku- N_Inal straight. XXcorner of something XXflat stomached (i.e. not pregnant, such Kam buza ta aŋur su zalambukuunu. —Take women are fit to do some jobs which the knife that I put in the corner. pregnant women aren’t) yok zalaana Moori tana, ni zalŋana be koŋgo i pa uraata XXdried up creek bed where water used to som. Kere zin pakan, to tila. —That run woman, she is not straight [i.e. she is not def. Yok zalaana kembei ta yok ibogboogo, flat stomached/ she is pregnant. She is mi ta imaaga, mi yok izem tana ma ito not fit] to be sent to [do the] work. Look toro. Maagaŋana ta yok zalaana. —Yok for some others to go. zalaana is like where a river divides into pazalŋana N_Inal_Stative two branches, and one [branch] dries up, XXcorrection, straightening, admonishing, and the water leaves that one and follows reproof the other one. The dried up one is a yok Niom pakan kala pa uraata. Pa niam iŋgi zalaana ‘dried up creek bed’. amla pa sua pazalŋana. —You (PL) others -ru zala- (pa NP) go to work. For right now we (EXC) are XXbe in need of something, distressed going to straighten the talk. because of the lack of something, miss sua pazalŋana something, be in trouble (with no XXcorrection, admonishment, reproof solution to the problem, Lit. ‘seek a way’) zala- N_Inal Motom iŋgal ŋgariŋ kini: Kokena iru zalaana XXtrack, way, path that someone has pa. —Remember to take her stick for followed, course, place to handling hot stones; otherwise she will be Paradigm: zoloŋ, zolom, zalaana ~ zalaan ~ in trouble because of not having it. zalana, zalanda, zoloyam, zoloyom, zalan Kam lem koroŋ pataaŋa, to mar. Kokena mar Nio aŋmar mi aŋmiili pa zoloŋ mini. —I to ru zolom. —Bring your things when you -zalala/ -zalla 609 zaraaba

(SG) come. Otherwise when you come, you Sakail ipazamaaga ke ma izamaaga kat. will find yourself in need [of them]. —Sakail sanded the timber really smooth. Zin tiru zalan. Len ŋge som, timbiiri som, ko see also: -yamus tikam padei? —They are in trouble. They -zamzam V_Intr Redup don’t have pigs, [or] wooden dishes, what XXfeebly do something, move or walk will they do? slowly without strength, slowly do Irao iru zalaana pa koroŋ sa som. —He is something not going to lack anything. Zamzam paso? Petelu? —Why are you (SG) XXtry to find a way, look for a solution to a moving so slowly? Are you hungry? problem, seek a solution, try to figure out Kam parei ta kini werek ma ila lene na? Aŋbotmbot pataŋana leleene mi aŋru zoloŋ. Nomom zamzam? —What did you (SG) do —I am in trouble and trying to find a way that the food spilled on the ground? Are out. your hands weak? -ru zala- pa sua similar: mbura- som XXnot know what to say, unable to -zanzaana V_Intr Stative respond, be speechless, think hard how XXdeteriorate, go bad, get worse what to say, discomfited, disconcerted, Reduplication of -saana confounded -zanzan V_Tr Redup Tiru zalan pa sua. Ko tipekel be parei? XXgrab something away, snatch away —They did not know what to say. How Reduplication of -san should they answer? za-ŋa- N_Inal_Stative -zalala/ -zalla V_Intr Redup XXfamous, great, large XXclimb up, go up, ascend wal zanŋan —great or famous people Reduplication of -sala pat zaanaŋana —great amount of money zalzaala N Redup see also: za- ‘name, reputation, fame’ XXtree type (similar to Tok Pisin aila, has -zaŋzaaŋa V_Tr Redup edible nuts) XXambush, lie in wait -zalzal V_Tr Redup Reduplication of -saaŋa XX go along the side of something zara1 N Reduplication of -sal XXfish type (lives in rivers, has large eyes) -zamaaga V_Intr_Stative def. Ye zara, ina mata berekŋana. XXbe smooth (used of things like plywood, (=mataana biibi) —The zara fish, it has paper, masonite), be shiny, be dry and large eyes. slippery Ni ipeene ye zara kunaanabi ta. —He shot a alt. -zagmaaga, -zama huge zara fish. Nio aŋyamus palaŋ pa manaaba ki tumbuŋ zara-2 Quantifier ma izamaaga kat. —I planed the plank dial. var. zera- (Northern) with my grandfather’s adze until it was XXgroup of five (classifier used when really smooth. counting things in groups of five. Items Sala ni tana pepe. Pa lwoono izagmaaga. counted this way include: betel-nuts, —Don’t climb up that coconut. Its trunk is crayfish, sago grubs, galip nuts, taro, too slippery. sweet potatoes, and some fruits) see also: -sipirpir ‘wet and slippery’ mbu zaraana ta —five betel-nuts -zamakmaaga V_Intr Redup zaraana ru —ten XXbe slippery, be too smooth Ziriŋ zin mok ma zaran laamuru ila urum Zoŋ ikam ma mbu lwoono izamakmaaga. tataŋa. —Divide up the taro, [giving] 50 —The sun has made the trunk of the to each clan house. betel-nut palm smooth/slippery. zaraaba Quantifier zamakmaagaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXpacket, package, bundle, something -pazamaaga V_Tr wrapped up, parcel (classifier used for XXsand, make smooth a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -zarra 610 -zeebe

counting things wrapped up in leaves the village that has gone wild and lives in like galip nuts, betel-nuts, sago, sago the forest [recognised by the ownership grubs, etc.) marks cut into its ear]. def. koroŋ ta tuzuk pa ro. Tuzuk pa kolo, Aa ina ŋge zazuubu. Keneeni men mi takan. ŋgeene, gol, googo, kiniimbi ma kun ruunu. —Ah, that is a feral pig. Just cook it and —something that we (INC) wrap in a leaf. let’s eat it [there is no need to inform the We wrap [things] with [different types of owner]. leaves used for wrapping things]. ze N was zaraaba ta —one bundle of aibika XXtusk of a pig narabu zaraaba lamata —five packets of (When it grows tapioca bread large and moni zaraaba ta curls around, XXten kina it is used for moni zaraaba laamuru —one hundred kina decorations.) zaraabaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Ze, ina koroŋ zaanaŋana. —Pig tusks, they XXwrapped are something important/valuable. Ina so zaraabaŋana? Iŋgi peege. —What is Ŋge ka ze ise kek. —The pig’s tusks have that wrapped up thing? These are betel- come up already. peppers. Ŋge ka ze ila ma sik. —The pig’s tusks have Ni izuk meene zaraabaŋana ta. —She grown and completely curled around. wrapped up one packet of sago. XXdecoration made out of pig tusks (worn -zarra V_Tr Redup during ceremonies) XXhand/offer something Sap ze ma ŋgeere ze ru ila mbata. Ŋgeere Reduplication of -sara makiŋ, to ila ketem, mi tiktik pa kar keteene -zarzar V_Intr_Stative Redup mi iwal tire. —Carve the pig tusks and XXswell, becoming swollen tie two of them together. After you (SG) Reduplication of -sar have tied [them], then [put it around your zaza1 V_Intr_Uninfl Redup neck so it hangs] on your chest, and walk XXdo something excessively, overdo proudly in the village and others will see it. something, immoderately do, do too much -zebzeebe1 V_Tr Redup Ni iwin ma zaza. —He drank excessively. XXpull down and break off a cluster (used Kam uraata ma zaza pepe! —Don’t work of betel-nuts, bananas, etc.) too much. Reduplication of -seebe Zin kolman tiwwa zaza pa mbeŋ som. —Older -zebzeebe2 V_Tr Redup people should not walk too much at night. XXfill, insert zazaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Reduplication of -zeebe XXvery big, huge, great -zeebe V_Tr ruumu zazaŋana kat —a really huge house XXfill, push inside, insert into, put into a XXbigger, larger container Koroŋ zazaŋana iyaara pa aigule, ki koroŋ Zeebe kini isula ŋgamar ma bok. —Fill the raurauŋana pa mbeŋ. —The bigger thing basket with food. would shine during the day, and the lesser Bubuŋana ko izeebe yom. —The Spirit will thing at night. fill you (PL). similar: magor, kunaanabi, siŋaanabi, biibi Ŋgar sananŋana izeebi. —He is filled with kat bad thinking. -zaza/ -zza2 V_Tr Redup Zin ko tizeebe yom lela ruumu sanaana. XXwait for someone —They will put you (PL) into prison. Reduplication of -sa Hait, zeebe buza ku tana isula muriini mini! zazuubu N_Stative —Hey, put your knife back down into its XXferal, domestic animal that has gone wild place! def. Ŋge kar kana ta ila imbot su. —A pig of Tomtom tizeebe ruumu kini ma bok. —People completely filled his house. -zeele 611 -zeeze

Zin ko tizeebe lem taaŋga, to imar. —They Noi aigau weŋgargaaraŋana muŋgu, to noi will fill your (SG) basket [with gifts] and siŋsiŋŋana, mi zelzeele pa weŋgargaaraŋana then [they will bring it] back. [done for tina. —Boil some yellow plants first, then newly married people] then boil some red ones, and put the red XXdress oneself, put on (clothes) ones between the yellow ones. Amzeebe yam pa mburu popoŋana. —We -zelzeele V_Intr/Tr Redup (EXC) put on new clothes. XXbe a mixture of different kinds, be -zeebe ute- pa marbled XXget involved, concentrate in something, Ŋge ti na, mazaana izelzeele. Pa mazaana caught up in (said about others but not ri, mi mbuyeene ri. —This pork is about oneself) marbled. For [it has] a bit of meat, and Ni izeebe uteene lela uraata leleene kek, [then] a bit of fat. mana zin timar. Tamen ni ikam ŋgar pa zelzeeleŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup uraata men. Tanata ire zin som mi zin XXmarbled, intermingled timiili ma tila. —He was already very mazaana zelzeeleŋana —marbled meat caught up in his work, when they came. zeene N But he just kept thinking of his work. XXfish type (lives in ocean, big, flat, edible, That is why he did not notice them, and its back fin contains poison) out they returned and went back. Zeene isombe iŋgalu, nako re yoyouŋana Nu zeebe utem ila sorok. Pa nu sua biibi. —If a zeene fish stabs you (SG), you ku? —You (SG) are getting involved in will experience great pain. something that does not concern you. Is it zeere N your talk? [No.] XXleafy vegetables, edible greens (generic -zebzeebe V_Tr Redup term, also includes things like cabbage) -zeebekaala V_Tr Tonoi kanda zeere sa. —Lets boil ourselves XXpatch up, plug up (INC) some leafy vegetables to eat. Re kosasa mi zeebekaala paip tana muŋgu, Tezem zeere kanŋana pepe. Aigule ta mako tiurpe. —Look for something and boozomen na, iti takanan. Pa zeere patch up that pipe for the time being, and ipombol siŋindi mi tirondo. —We (INC) they will fix it [properly later]. must not abandon eating leafy vegetables. -kelzeebe V_Tr Every day we [should] eat [them]. For XXshove into, push into (using a bit of force) greens strengthen our blood and bones. Kelzeebe ke tana ma ilela kat. —Shove that see also: Semantic fields section: Edible stick in all the way. leafy vegetable plants (Zeere) Kelzeebe kou isula kaari. —Push the lime zeeze1 N down into the netbag [The bag is filled XXplug, stopper, cork (often made out of with other things]. rolled up leaves) -zeele V_Intr/Tr Tuurpe zeeze pa kiniimbi ruunu. —We (INC) XXmingle different things together, mix, make plugs from kiniimbi leaves. put something between Pel zeeze be isula botol kwoono, kokena yok Sombe amur lele sa be biidi isula, to pin ma imiliŋ. —Roll a plug to go down into the teu ma koroŋ ta boozomen i, sa irao ila mouth of the bottle, so that the water izeele biidi tana som. —If we (EXC) set aside does not spill. an area for a yam garden, then bananas, Pel zeeze mi zeeze yok putuunu. —Roll a sugarcane, or any other thing cannot be plug and plug up the water container. [planted] among the yams. -zeeze2 V_Tr Zin moori tizeele aigau pa naroogo. —They XXplug up a hole with something women mingled different colourful plants Tizeeze toono sumbuunu pa ro. Kokena together [into decorations] for the dance moozo iyooto. —They plugged up the hole ceremony. with leaves, so that the bandicoot could not get out. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -zegzek 612 -zem -zeeze talŋa- To tizem pupŋana, pa lele imarmar. —Then XXstop up one’s ears, unresponsive, ignore they stopped the haircutting, for it was Nu zeeze talŋom paso? Leŋ sua som? —Why getting to be dawn. have you (SG) stopped up your ears? Tizem uraata biibi tana ma imborene. [=Why are you being so unresponsive?] —They left that big job [unfinished]. Didn’t you hear what was said? XXlet, allow, permit Tizeeze talŋan ma sik pa sua ŋonoono. Ni ko izem zin ma tila na som. —He will —They completely plugged up their ears not let them go. against the true talk/truth. Kiskis yo pepe. Zem yo be aŋla. —Don’t Zeeze talŋom. Kokena leŋ sua sanaana. hold me. Let me go. —Stop up your (SG) ears. Otherwise you Nio aŋzem zin ima nomoyom be komboro might hear [some] bad talk. zin. —I leave them in your (PL) hands for -zezeeze V_Tr Redup you to look after them. -zeezekaala V_Tr Tizem zitun ima nomom. —They put XXplug up themselves in your (SG) hands. Zeezekaala ke sumbuunu, pa po ilela. -zem itu- ila ki —Plug up the tree hole. For a big monitor XXbe preoccupied with, devote oneself lizard went inside. to, give oneself to, be wrapped up in turkeŋa zeeze N_Inal_Stative something, absorbed in, caught up in XXsecret, private, confidential (something Mazwaana tiŋgi, ni niini ila kizin pikin revealed only to selected people, not ziŋan nan som. Pa ni izem itunu la ki public) uraata ki politiks. —At this time, he does ŋgar turkeŋa zeeze —knowledge that is not think of the children and their mother. secret, not spoken publicly, private For he is so preoccupied with politics. Kombot raama zin kolman. Naso tikipiiri XXyield oneself to someone yom pa ŋgar turkeŋa zeeze be kombot Ni izem itunu ila ki Merere pa uraata kini. ambai pa. —Stay with the old men. Then (=Izem itunu uraata kini, mi ikam uraata they will instruct and strengthen you (PL) ki Merere men.) —He yielded himself to with some secret/ private knowledge, so the Lord for his work. (=He left his own that you will live well by means of it. work, and did only the Lord’s work.) -zegzek V_Tr Redup -zem itu- pa XX take skin off, remove skin, strip off, skin, XXabandon some activity and devote peel, oneself fully to something else, give Reduplication of -sek oneself to -zeizei V_Tr Redup XX Ni izem itunu pa naroogo. Ipiri itunu kat. insist, be determined, meddle with —He gave himself fully to the dancing. Reduplication of -sei He really threw himself into it.

-zem V_Tr Ni izem itunu pa mbulu ambaiŋana, mi ta XX leave from some place, withdraw from, buri itoto mbulu sananŋana men. —He depart from left behind good behaviour and now is Ni izem ruumu kini, mi ipera mat. —He left following only bad behaviour. his house and went outside. -zemzem V_Tr Redup XX leave someone behind, abandon Zin tizemzem sanaana kamŋana som. Ni izem waene ma imborene, mi ila iwoolo —They do not stop sinning. kana moori toro. —He abandoned his zemŋa- N_Inal_Stative wife, and went off and married himself XXone left behind, abandoned another woman. Moori taŋga, ni atoŋ zemŋana. Pa ni izemi su Yooba, zem yo pepe. —Yahweh, do not mi ila lene Mosbi ta alok kek. —That woman abandon me. over there, she was abandoned by my older XX leave out something brother. For he left her behind and went Aŋzem suruunu ri. —I left out a bit. away to Port Moresby a long time ago. XXstop/ quit/ cease doing something -zemke 613 zigzik

-zemke V_Middle Ni tomtom zeŋzeŋŋana. Izemzem siŋi som. XXsleep deeply, sleep soundly, fall into a —He is a man for chewing betel-nut. He deep sleep (Lit. ‘leave-remove/snap off ‘) never stops chewing. Aŋkeene ma aŋzemke yo kat. —I slept very XXmagician, sorcerer, shaman (who often soundly. spits betel-nut juice on people as part of zen Adv_PredP the magical ritual) XXnot yet (negative perfect aspect) wal zeŋzeŋŋan —magic workers, sorcerers Nu we kek, som zen? —Have you (SG) zernaŋnaaŋga N Redup washed already or not? XXinsect type on water Wooŋgo imar zen. —The boat hasn’t come def. Zernaŋnaaŋga tiwwa pa yok bibip pa yet. mazwaana ki re (o kaŋar). Tiyaago men, Tamen mbulu tana ko ipet loŋa zen. —But tino pat ma tisala tisula, munŋaana tikeete that will not happen very soon. ma tisala abal. To tere zin mini som. —Z. ...zen, mi... insects move in rivers during the south- XXbefore east wind time (or [during] the galip nut Tamanda imeete zen, mi isope yam ma [season]). They just swim, climb up on iso:… —Before our (INC) father died, he rocks and go back down again, they all go advised us (EXC) and said:… as a group up on the mountain. Then we Nu mar zen, mi tomtom ta ikam koŋ kini. do not see them anymore. —Before you (SG) came, somebody else zerwaŋ zerwaŋ N Redup came and brought me [some] food to eat. XXfirefly Pa nio aŋsu zen, mi ni imbotmbot. —He was note: Marile dialect form alive before I was born. dial. var. upsol (Central) see also: kek ‘has V-ed’ (perfect aspect) -zerzer V_Tr Redup pa sa zen XXsend away, drive away, dismiss XXnever, never yet Reduplication of -ser Nio aŋre i pa sa zen. —I have never seen him. -zeze/ -zze1 V_Intr Redup zeen XXrise, come up (moving towards the XX not yet (and it will still be a very long speaker) time before it happens) Reduplication of -se (EXC) Ŋgar tiam ipet zeen! —Our -zeze/ -zze2 V_Tr Redup understanding hasn’t appeared yet, [and XXget water, fetch water it is going to still be a long time before we Reduplication of -se do understand.] -zibuuru V_Intr/Tr Oo, urlaŋana ku imbol zeen. —Oh, your (SG) XXcatch crayfish/ prawns with a net faith is still not yet strong. (usually women’s work) Nu la zen? Zeen…. —Haven’t you gone yet? Zin moori tikam kiizi kizin ma tila yok No, and it will still be a while before I go. Kuuzu ma tizibuuru ŋgereeme. —The -zeŋzeeŋge 1 V_Intr Redup women took their crayfish nets and went XX laugh to the Kuuzu river and caught crayfish. Reduplication of -seeŋge -ziburbuuru V_Intr Redup -zeŋzeeŋge2 V_Tr Redup -zibziibi V_Tr Redup XXjoin, add to XXcatch, grasp, seize Reduplication of -seeŋge Reduplication of -siibi -zeŋzeŋ V_Intr/Tr Redup zigzik N_Event Redup XXchew betel-nut XXdestruction, vandalism, ruin, harm, XXwork magic by chewing betel-nut and damage (for no good reason) spitting on people def. Ipasaana sorok. —He damages [things] Reduplication of: -seŋ for no reason. zeŋzeŋŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXone who chews a lot of betel-nut a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z ziigi 614 -zil

Ni ikam zigzik pa was tio. —He ruined my -ziiri V_Tr aibika. XXdrive away, get rid of Zin naŋgaŋ tikam zigzik ma tien isu ruumu Ziiri koroŋ tana ma ila ne! —Get rid of that leleene. —The youngsters did damage by thing! defecating inside the house. Kiziiri zin wal sananŋan ma tiko pa kar. Mbulu ki malmal ma zigzik ilol toono ma —Drive the bad people away from the imap kek. —The behaviour of warfare and village. destruction has covered the whole earth. see also: -ser ‘send away, dismiss’ zigzikŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXexcommunicate, expel (from a group) XXdestructive Tiziiri i pa lupŋana kizin. —They tomtom zigzikŋana, wal zigzikŋan excommunicated/ expelled him from —destructive person, destructive people their congregation/ meeting/ group. mbulu zigzikŋana —vandalism, destructive XXexorcise, drive out (evil spirits) behaviour Yesu iziiri zin bubuŋana sanaŋan pizin -wi zigzik tomtom. —Jesus exorcised/drove out evil XXblow in short bursts spirits from people. Sombe malmal ipet, inako tiwi ma tiwi -ziiri mete zigzik mi karau. —If there was a fight, XXheal then they would blow [the trumpet shell] Ni iziiri mete tio ila ne ma kuliŋ iŋgeeze in short, quick bursts. mini. —He healed me of my illness (Lit. ziigi N ‘drove my illness away’), and now my skin XXoutermost edge, area closest to the outside is clean again. [=I am well.] walls inside a house (used mainly of a -zirziiri V_Tr Redup sleeping place) -zil V_Intr Aŋkeene la ziigi be kuliŋ ilomo. —I slept at XXgo through a hole, disappear into, go the outer edge in order to be cool. through and out of sight zigziigi N Redup Kuzi izil pa sumbuunu ma isula. —The rat nama lutuunu zigziigi —little finger went down through the hole. similar: zilŋa- ‘side, edge’ Tuunu izil pa pat ma ila lene. —An eel Possible loan from the Tuam dialect of the disappeared into the stones and got away. Mutu language, cf. ziige ‘side, edge’ XXpenetrate, go through -ziili V_Tr Yis musari kat, ina irao izil palawa biibi ma XXpenetrate parallel to the surface of imap. —A very small amount of yeast can something, slide under the skin, stick penetrate throughout a large amount of (e.g. a splinter of something) flour/dough. Ke tipiini iziili kumbuŋ. —A splinter from -zilzil V_Intr/Tr Redup the wood went into my foot. XXslither, go in and out Soolo iziili kumbuŋ lutuunu. —A splinter Mooto izilzil pa mbunmbuutu leleene. —The from the floor went into my toe. snake slithered through the grass. Meene mataana/ kotiizi iziili nomoŋ. —The XXfill up holes sago thorn went into my hand. Kam zim mi zilzil wooŋgo ka ndi mi Ye ndaraana iziili nomoŋ ma iyes. —The sopooro. —Take some sap/resin from a fish gills stuck my hand and it stings. zim tree and patch up the canoe’s side XXslide/put through, interlace (used of boards and end boards. strips that are being woven so as to Zilzil sumbun sumbun pa kuzi. Ko tise, to make a pattern) tikan kumbum. —Fill up the holes [in the Ni iteege kiri kapalaana, mi iziili ma ito house’s floor to block the] rats. Otherwsie mos pa. —As she wove the basket, she they will come up and bite your (SG) feet. interlaced the strip following the design. Ni ikam tiigi ta ma izilzil pa koroŋ kembei -zilziili V_Tr Redup ta zim na bekena ipakaala sumbun see also: -zil ‘penetrate, go through’ sumbun. —She took a tiigi basket, and filled up the holes with something like zilŋa- 615 -ziri

zim tree sap/resin. be kusuŋ zin pa koroŋ som. —People who Tizilzil didi sumbun sumbun pa kon. —They are not related, you (PL) should be ashamed/ filled the holes in the wall because of embarrassed to ask them for things. ghosts [to prevent them from coming in]. zin Pronoun -zilkaala V_Tr XXthey, them (third person plural XXpatch up, fill (holes) nominative/ accusative pronoun) Zilkaala sumbun sumbun ta kuzi tiwwa pa i. Zin timar kek. —They have come. —Patch up the holes that the rats have Zin tikam zigzik pa kar. —They do made. destructive behaviour in/to the village. similar: -pakaala Re zin! —Look at them! zilŋa- N_Inal Pun zin ma timeete! —Kill them! XXside, edge see also: kizin, pizin, -n Naŋgaŋ timbutul su urum zilŋaana. —The ziŋan Pronoun young men are sitting beside the men’s XXthey together (third person plural house. combinatory pronoun) zaala zilŋaana —side of the path Ni ziŋan lutuunu bizin loŋa men, mi tise kar zilŋaana —edge of the village wooŋgo ma tipera. —Together with his Keene, to tooru ma zilŋom pakaana isula. children, they quickly got on the boat, —When you (SG) lie down, turn yourself so and went out to sea. that you are on your side. ziŋoi Pronoun zilŋa- uunu XXwho (PL)?, who all XXbeside Ziŋoi (ta) timar? —Who all came? Ni irakrak su zilŋoŋ uunu. —He danced Nu re ziŋoi? —Whom all did you see? beside me. Niom ziŋoi? —Who all are you? zim N Wai, nio waeŋ bizin ziŋoi tabe aŋur leleŋ XXtree type pizin? —Hey, who are my neighbours that Tisek zim kuliini, mi tino keteene be tiŋgal I should love them [Lit. ‘put my insides to la wooŋgo ka ndi sumbuunu. —They them’]? stripped the outer bark off of the zim tree see also: asiŋ ‘who (singular)?’ and shaved the inner [to get material] to -ziŋziŋ V_Tr Redup plug up the holes in the side boards of the XXseveral people carry something hanging canoe. from a stick on their shoulders XXsap/resin of this tree type (which is used Reduplication of: -siŋ as a kind of glue and as caulking for -ziri V_Middle plugging up holes), caulk XXmove oneself (used of people), shift Ŋgal zim pa leleene mi pa mat tomini. —Put one’s position or location the zim sap/resin inside and also outside. Tiziri ti ma tala lele taŋga. —Let us (INC) zim siŋiini —sap/resin of a zim tree shift over to that area. zimelŋa- N_Inal Tiziri zin ma tila tikeene mokleene. Pa ŋge XXunrelated, not having blood relatives tikanan kini kizin. —They moved and nearby (often people who have moved to went and slept in the garden. For the pigs a village from another area) were eating their food. def. tomtom ndelŋana, tomtom toro, -ziriri/ -zirri V_Middle Redup leembeŋana —a person who is from a Mi zin tizirri zin ma tila pa zoŋ uunu. different family [i.e. not one of us], a —And they kept moving towards the east. visitor Ni tomtom zirriŋana. —He is someone Tomtom tana, ni zimelŋana. Pa ni uunu who is always moving from one place to toro. —That person is unrelated [to us]. another. For he is from a different blood line. see also: -siri ‘move something’ Tomtom zimelŋan, to koyom miaŋyaŋ pizin a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -ziriŋ 616 zoŋ

-ziriŋ V_Tr Ziru matan ipeere kek. —The eyes of both XXdivide up evenly, share out equally of them were opened. Ni iziriŋ ŋgereeme ma irao zin. —She XXhe with him/ her, she with him/ her, with divided up the shrimps among them. (third person dual combinatory pronoun) Ziriŋ zin ni ma me tomoota ila urum tataŋa. Motoŋ ila na, aŋre Bob ziru waene timar. —Divide up the coconuts, [giving] twenty —When I looked, I saw Bob coming with groups of four to each clan. his wife. Ziriŋ zin mok ma zaran laamuru ila urum -zirziiri V_Tr Redup tataŋa. —Divide up the taro, [giving] 50 XXsweep to each clan house. XXdrive away, get rid of see also: -rai ‘distribute’ Reduplication of: -siiri, -ziiri XX sort, categorise zitun Pronoun Ziriŋ ye ma bibip tila ki pakaana mi alt. ditun munmun tila ki pakaana. —Sort the fish XXthemselves and [put] the big ones to one side and the XXthird person plural reflexive-emphatic little ones to the other side. pronoun -ziriŋriŋ V_Tr Redup Kewe kwon pepe. Zitun timar ma tiso, to zirir Adv_Pred0&1 ambai. —Don’t speak on their behalf. It XXslanted, tilted, at an angle, unlevel would be better if they themselves came Tebol imbot zirir, izal kat zen. Ise isu ri. and spoke. Izirir tau. —The table is at an angle, it is see also: itu- ‘self’ not straight yet. Part of it is higher, and -zolzol V_Tr part of it is lower. It is tilted. XXhew, hollow out Kere wiimbi ma izal kat, to korou kiruuŋu XXopen ila. Kokena imbot zirir. Ina ambai som. Reduplication of -sol1, -sol2 —Make sure the bearer is truly level and -zom V_Tr only then hit the nail into it. It would not XXgrope for, feel for something with hands be good for it to be at an angle. def. namaana irru pa -zirir V_Intr Nio aŋzom ŋgereeme/ tuunu ila yok leleene. XXgo down a slope —I groped for crayfish/ eels in the river. Zirir pa dogo ma sula, to kam. —Go down Zomzom pelpeele tio paso? —Why are you the slope and then you (SG) will get it. feeling for things inside my basket? To tizirir pa dogo ma tisula, mi tiwin katkat XXfondle, caress yok ma timetmeete. —Then they went Tozom zin moori pa mbeŋ. —We (INC) fondle down the slope, and drowned. women at night. XXbe at an angle -zomzom V_Tr Redup Zoŋ mataana izirir ma be isula. —The sun see also: -zorom ‘find by touching, feel for’ is at an angle and is about to go down. zoŋ N [=1-4 PM] XXsun -ziriri/ -zirri V_Tr/Middle Redup Zoŋ ise, mana la. —After the sun has risen, XXmove from one place to another then go. XXwander around Zoŋ pok ma ise. —The sun is just coming up. Reduplication of -siri and -ziri Zoŋ ikanan yo pa aigule. —The sun was zirkuumbu N burning me during the day. XXscorpion Mbulu pakan ko ipet pa zoŋ ma puulu be Sombe zirkuumbu iŋgalu, nako re iwe kilalan. —Some things will happen to yoyouŋana biibi. —If a scorpion stings you the sun and the moon as signs/ portents/ (SG), then you will experience [Lit. ‘see’] a omens. lot of pain. Ni isan mburu ma isu, be zoŋ ikan mi miiri ziru Pronoun iteege. —She spread the clothes out for XXthey two, the two of them, both of them the sun to dry and get some wind/air. (third person dual nominative pronoun) Zoŋ ilas yam ma ambel uraata. —The sun zoŋo- 617 zoŋo-

burned us (EXC) and we kept working hard. Lele ta imbotmbot la ki zoŋ uunu, zaana zoŋ palakuutu, aigule palakuutu —midday Eden. —There was a place in the east, its zoŋ ilae —after midday (Lit. ‘the sun goes name [was] Eden. aside’) zoŋ iyaara zoŋ isula —the sun sets, late afternoon, XXsun shines time when the sun is setting Aigule boozo, zoŋ iyaara risa som. —For Zoŋ ise ma ila zoŋ isula na aŋkam uraata. many days, the sun did not shine at all. —From sunrise to sunset, I worked. lele ta zoŋ ise / lele ta zoŋ izze pa i Zoŋ ise ma mataana kat. —The sun rose and XXeast was very hot/intense. lele ta zoŋ isula / lele ta zoŋ izulla pa i Rou mi zoŋ isula na, manman pwoono XXwest itoptop su lene. —In the afternoon when -mbuk zoŋ mataana pa the sun sets, hibiscus flowers drop off. XXmagical practice to prevent someone Zoŋ isula pa abal. —The sun sets towards from succeeding (in catching fish etc.) the mountain. Ni imbuk zoŋ mataana be zin moori tana tila Zoŋ ikiskis men. —It has been a long dry tiru buzur ma som. —He tied the sun’s season (Lit. ‘the sun keeps holding on’) eye [=worked some magic], so that the zoŋ biibi, zoŋ aras women who are going to look for meat XXdrought (Lit. ‘big sun descends’) will not be successful. Iŋgi be zoŋ biibi isu. —A time of drought is zoŋo- N_Inal about to begin. XXtooth, teeth similar: menmeende Pikin tina, zoŋoono piizi? —That child, how zoŋ mataana many teeth does he/she have? XXdisk of the sun Zoŋoono se ru tise kek. —Two of his teeth Zoŋ mataana ise. —The disk of the sun have appeared. rose. Pikin zoŋoono ndaama kana ise i. —The Zoŋ mataana imeete, mi zugut biibi izuk child’s front teeth have appeared. toono. —The eye of the sun died [during the Zoŋoŋ uunu iyoyou. —The base of my tooth day] and a great darkness covered the land. hurts./ My gums hurt. XXtime Seeŋge riŋa riŋa, ko zoŋom ipolpol/ itoptop! Zoŋ mataana ikam piizi? —What time is it? —Laugh quietly lest your teeth break/ (Lit. ‘How much does the eye of the sun fall off! do?’) zoŋo- imenel —teeth hurt due to eating Zoŋ mataana ikam kembei aigule something acidy palakuutu. —It was around midday. zoŋoono ipol/ imapaala. —His tooth broke. Zoŋ mataana ikam tel. —It was 3 o’clock. zoŋoono imirri —His tooth is loose (but Zoŋ mataana imolo aigule palakuutu. —It is hasn’t yet fallen out) past noon. zoŋoono ŋekŋek —grind one’s teeth XXclock, watch, timepiece Zoŋoono tui kana isu lene, mi popoŋana ise Aŋgiimi leŋ zoŋ mataana popoŋana. —I mini. —His baby teeth (Lit. ‘milk teeth’) bought myself a new watch. have come out, and new ones have XXhot sun appeared. Aiss, zoŋ mataana men. —Wow, the sun is see also: waŋ ‘molar’, mor ‘dog teeth’ very intense, it is very hot. zoŋo- murumŋana i Koozi, zoŋ mataana pe som. —Today the XXteeth have fallen off one by one sun is not too hot/bright. Zoŋom murumŋana i. Maane piam pa sua. zoŋ uunu —You (SG) are one with the fallen out XXeast teeth. Keep quiet and don’t talk to us (EXC). Zin timar pa zoŋ uunu. —They came from zoŋo- puspuuzuŋana the east. XXwhite teeth (person is still young and zin zoŋ uunu kan —the people from the east. healthy) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z zoobo 618 -zooro zoŋo- rooroŋana Tizoogo kemŋana men. —They continued XXfull set of teeth stealing. Ni zoŋoono puspuuzuŋana/ rooroŋana mi similar: -nok(nok), -mbel imeete. —His teeth [were still] white [i.e. -zogzoogo V_Tr Redup He had all of his teeth left when he died XXpersistently do something (=He died at a young age.)] zoŋo- isir Zin tizogzoogo malmal men. —They kept on fighting. XXteeth are visible, smile, show one’s teeth Ni izogzoogo uraata pa woomo men. —He Me zoŋoono izirzir mar pio. —The dog is keeps on working on the garden. showing its teeth at me. -zoogo lele duubu zoŋo ŋirŋir/ zirzir V_Intr XXplay (and make noise) XXwhitecapped waves in the sea Zin pikin tizogzoogo lele, mi tikam orooro yuugu zoŋon zoŋon (=ka- salundu) mete. —The kids kept playing and making XXyoung taro sprout/ shoot ka- zoŋoono a lot of noise. -zogzoogo lele V_Intr Redup XXbad consequence, painful result (often similar: -mbuulu lele bodily harm, Lit. ‘teeth associated with it’) -zooro V_Intr Buza teegeŋana tau re zoŋoono kek! —Now XXdefy, disobey, not co-operate with, you (SG) have seen/experienced the painful consequences of holding a knife! resist, oppose, rebel against, disagree Amnok sua ma som, mi ni inoknok with, argue against, dispute —They are too disobedient. zooroŋana ta buri ire ka zoŋoono. —We Zin tizooro mete. Ni izooro la kolman kalŋan. —He (EXC) kept talking [to her], but she kept disobeyed/ defied the old men. on rebelling against [us] so now she is —You (SG) seeing/experiencing the consequences of Nu zooro sua tio totomen. continually disobey me. it. [=She has gotten pregnant]. kar zoŋoono Niom keleŋleŋ la kalŋaana men, mi kozoori XXphysically strong person som? Kokena ni ipakankaana zin tomtom. ke zoŋoono —You (PL) just kept listening to him speak, XXforked stick and did not try to oppose him? It will not ŋgereeme zoŋoono be good if he confuses people. XX XXpincers of a crab claim as one’s own without any basis Ni izooro sorok pa pat, mi ni pat kini som. zoobo N 1 —He claimed the money, but it was not XXladle, big spoon, dipper his money. Muŋgu, zin kolman tikam mbooro ma iwe Toono taŋga, toono kini som. Mi ni izooro zoobo be tizoobo yambon isula mbooro pa. —That land over there is not his land. kizin mi tiwin. —In the past, our (INC) But he claims it as his own. ancestors would take a coconut shell to be similar: -sei le-, -so sua mbolŋana a ladle, so they could dip soup into their XXbe too much coconut shell dishes and drink it. Kini izooro iti. —There is more food than Kakam lende zoobo sa be tiniimi yok pa. we (INC) can eat. —Take a dipper along, so we (INC) can bail -zorzooro V_Intr/Tr Redup out water with it. XXcontinuously rebel, disobey, resist, similar: niimi push (against) -zoobo V_Tr 2 Niamru amkeene sala mbalia, mi ni XXdip (used of soup, food, water) izorzooro yo ma aŋla aŋla ma aŋtop sula Aŋzoobo koŋ yambon la mbooro. —I dipped toono. —The two of us (EXC) slept on the some soup for myself into a coconut shell. bed, and he kept pushing against me until -zoogo V_Tr XX I fell off onto the ground. continue to do something, keep on doing XXpush one’s way past something Ni izorzooro ma ila mataana. —He pushed his way to the front. -zorom 619 -zugutgut

Ni izorzooro ma ila imuuŋgu. —He pushed zozo1 N past the others and went to the front [of XXleaves that have been used to cover food the group]. cooking on hot stones similar: -serseere Tipi tiama, to tiro zozo ma ila lene. —Once -parzooro V_Middle we (INC) take the [topmost] hot [cooking] XXpush each other stones off, then we collect the leaves Pikin ru tikeene sala mbalia, mi tiparzooro covering the food and they are thrown zin. —Two children slept on the bed and away. pushed each other. -zozo/ -zzo2 V_Intr/Tr Redup -par(zor)zooro pa V_Intr Redup XXsay, speak, talk, tell XXargue about, dispute Reduplication of -so Zin tiparzorzooro pa sua. —They argued -zuan V_Intr about the talk. XXgrow in abundance (zor)zooroŋa- N_Inal_Stative (Redup) Wooro dabeeze, iti topo wooŋgo pa. Izuan/ XXstubborn, disobedient, defiant, Indom ta tiiŋgi mi abal uunu. —The rebellious, uncooperative dabeeze vine, we (INC) use it to tie the Wal tana, zin zorzooroŋan kat. —Those parts of a canoe together. There is a lot of people, they are very stubborn. it growing in swampy areas. zooroŋana N_Inal_Event see also: -ndom ‘grow (general term for XXstubbornness, uncooperativeness, plants growing’, -tum disobedience, rebellion, defiance zubup N Zooroŋana tio pa tamaŋ kalŋaana, ta iŋgi construction: -pun zubup aŋse koŋ i. —[It was because] I didn’t XXplace made muddy by pigs wallowing listen to my father’s voice/words, that I in it now have to suffer the consequences. XXwallow in wet, dirty, muddy ground Zooroŋana kizin, tabe tila timbiriizi. —[It Zin ŋge tila tipun zubup be ipaluumu zin. was because of] their disobedience, that —The pigs went to wallow in the mud to they went and were lost. cool off. Zin tikam zooroŋana biibi kat. —They did zugut N a lot of disobedient/ rebellious/ defiant XXdarkness, dark behaviour. Uraata imbot, pa iŋgi zugut kek. —The work -zorom V_Tr must be left, because it is now already dark. XXfind by touching, grope for, feel for Indeeŋe tana, lele zugut kek. —At that time, (because of not being able to see properly) it was dark already. Kolman moori tana izorom taaŋga kini. Zugut biibi isu. —There was great darkness. Pa mataana ipis kek. —That old woman Zugut izukkaala lele. —Darkness covered groped for her basket. For she is blind. the area. -zoromrom V_Tr Redup zugut muriini —place of darkness Ni izoromrom zaala be ila. —He tried to zugut naana feel his way along the road. XXspirits associated with darkness Tizoromrom kembei zin wal matan pisŋan i. zugut mandiŋ —They are groping around like blind XXvery great darkness people. -kot zugut see also: -zom ‘grope for, feel for XXwalk in complete darkness something with one’s hands’ Nio aŋkot zugut ma aŋsoborou sala ke -zouzou V_Tr Redup pataana. —I walked in the dark and XXgrasp, grab, put both arms around stumbled over a log. XXtake hold of, catch, -zugutgut V_Intr Redup Reduplication of -sou XXmove in darkness, walk when it is starting to get dark a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -zugzuk 620 -zuŋzuŋ -zukkaala V_Tr Re u. Pa kosa izugutgut ma ima na! —Look XXcover, overshadow out. For there is something walking Zugut biibi izukkaala yo. —A great toward you in the darkness! darkness overshadowed me. Ŋge izugutgut ma ila. —A pig walked away -zulala/ -zulla V_Intr Redup in the darkness. XX mata- zugutgut descend, go down XXnot seeing well, have poor vision (Lit. Reduplication of -sula zulupŋa- ‘eye getting dark’) N_Inal_Stative Motoŋ zugutgut. Irao aŋre buk ma aŋpaata alt. zuluubuŋa- som. —My vision is poor. I can’t see well See under: ni ‘coconut’

enough to read the book. -zulzuulu V_Tr Redup XX XXfeeling faint, being about to faint massage, rub on, stroke (because of hunger, pain, etc.) Reduplication of -suulu

Ni peteli ma mataana zugutgut. —He was -zun V_Tr XX hungry and about to faint. slide something on or off, take off, put on Mburoŋ imap ma motoŋ zugutgut. —My Nio aŋzun ŋgeeme isu pa nomoŋ. —I slid strength is failing and I am feeling faint. the bracelet down off my arm. -zugzuk V_Tr Redup Aŋzun mburu tio isu ma aŋwe. —I took off XXpoint to someone, shrug my clothes and washed. XXblame, suspect, accuse Ni izun mburu ki muuŋgu ma isu lene. Reduplication of -suk —She took off the mourning clothes. -zuk V_Tr Ni ikam ŋgeeme milmilŋan ru ma izun sala XXwrap, cover with leaves (used of sago, tamuriŋ tana namaana. —He took two betel peppers, galip nuts, crayfish etc) shiny armlets and slid them up on the Nio aŋzuk peege pizin Koobo. —I wrapped girl’s arm. up some betel peppers for the inner island To izun kukuugu kini ta kilalan kini imbot people. se na, mi ikam pa lutuunu. —He slid off XXcover his ring which had his seal on it, and gave Ni izuk mataana pa kawaala. —She it to his son. -zunzun covered her face with a piece of cloth. V_Tr Redup -muzun V_Intr You ka koi biibi izuk lele. —A lot of smoke XX covered the area. slip off (because of being too loose or Zugut biibi izuk toono. —A great darkness broken) covered the land. Kiri tio imuzun. —My armlet slipped off. -yapuzun Miiri tiene izuk abal ma sik. —A cloud XX completely covered the mountain. pull off something that comes off easily, -zugzuk V_Tr Redup slide off -zuŋarŋaara Miiri tiene izugzuk re uunu ri. —Clouds V_Intr Redup XX [covered]/ [built up in] the area towards slide along, feel one’s way (especially the southeast a bit. used of turtles and eels) zukŋa- N_Inal_Stative Pen izuŋarŋaara pa keteene. —The turtle XXcovered, wrapped crawls on its belly. Tikam koŋ meene zukŋana ta. —They gave Tuunu izuŋarŋaara ma ipet. —The eel me a wrapped bundle of sago. slithered out and appeared. Kam narabu zukŋana tel sa imar be aŋkam def. Tomtom izuŋarŋaara. =Ipa riŋariŋa mi pizin. —Give me three wrapped up iru zalaana, pa mataana ire kat lele som. bundles of tapioca bread to give to them. —A person walks very slowly/ carefully XXconcealed trying to find his way, because he is not Koroŋ zukŋan, inako kaimer tipeeze ma able to see well.

borok su lene. —Covered/ Concealed -zuŋzuŋ V_Intr/Tr XX things, later they will be opened and ask (someone for something) XX completely exposed. worship, pray zuru 621 -zuuru

Reduplication of -suŋ out. He is biting his lip in anger and is zuru1 N about to hit you (SG). XXscraping shell (used for scraping -ŋa zuru- coconut, made of a pearl shell with teeth XXbite one’s lip in anger filed into it) -zururu/ -zurru V_Tr Redup Kam zuru ku imar ma aŋno ni. —Bring me XXlift up and carry in one’s arms, pick up your scraping shell, and I will scrape some and carry on one’s arms coconut. Reduplication of -suru zuru-2 N_Inal -zurzur V_Intr/Tr XXlip, protruding part XXbe washed away, be carried away Matan mburmbur mi tiŋa zurun. —They Reduplication of -sur were jealous and bit their lips in anger. -zuurke V_Tr zuru- itepe XXput a magical spell on someone, undo a XXlip protrudes a lot magical spell, magically influence wooŋgo zuruunu Sombe wal ki moori tiyok som kat, inako XXfront part of a canoe, bow tikam naborou kizin sa ma tizuurke moori Tila ta wooŋgo zuruunu, to tiputke wooŋgo tana leleene mi leleene imiili mini mi musaari. —They went to the bow, and imborene. Irao iwoolo tomooto tana som. then they loosened the little boat. —If the woman’s family really do not XXsnout agree [to a proposed marriage], then they Ŋge isus toono pa zuruunu. —A pig rooted will do some of their magic and magically around in the ground with its snout. divert the woman’s feelings [away from XXpeninsula the man], so that she no longer likes him, toono zuruunu and then the marriage won’t happen. She XXpeninsula, point, headland is not going to marry that man. Kataka ipo ruumu kini ise lele keteeneŋana similar: -tutke, -serke som, mi ila ta zuruunu kat. —Kataka did dial. var. -surke (Northern) not build his house in a flat area but on -zuuru V_Tr the very tip of the point. XXmove something by sliding it a bit To ambeleu pa mutu tana zuruunu ta iyaara further, slide/ push away, push aside ma ipera. —Then we (EXC) went around a Nio aŋzuuru mburu tio ma ila ŋana. —I peninsula of the island that was sticking pushed my things a bit further away. out. Zin timar ma tizuuru pat biibi tana ilae pa yok zuru- imbuk kwoono. —They came and slid that large XXangry, upset with someone and refusing stone aside from the mouth of the well. to speak to that person, pout (Lit. ‘lip -zuuru ŋgure- protrudes’, often this kind of emotion is XXtaste good (Lit. ‘slides one’s neck’) displayed by the gesture of protruding Kini mbuyeene izuuru ŋgurende ma ambai. the lower lip) —The oil/fat of the food really tastes Ni keteene malmal ma zuruunu imbuk pini, good to us (INC). iso sua som. —She was upset with him similar: -kam ŋgure- and pointed her lips at him, she did not -zurzuuru V_Tr Redup say anything. -puzuuru V_Tr zuru- ipapa XXpush with effort, manage to push, push XXupset off a boat from the shore zuru- puŋpuŋ Puzuuru wooŋgo ma isula ŋana ri. —Push XXupset, angry (Lit. ‘lip is big and round’) the canoe down a bit. -karut/ -karrut zuru- Ni ipuzuuru wooŋgo ma ipera ŋana ri. —He XXbite one’s lower lip in anger (expresses pushed off the canoe from the shore and readiness to attack someone immediately) went out a bit in the sea. Re u. Pa ikarut zuruunu be ipunu. —Look a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z zuzu- 622 zwor

-kelzuuru V_Tr -zuzu/ -zzu2 V_Intr XXpush something down into the water XXcome down, descend, go down (moving Kekelzuuru wooŋgo isula. —Push the canoe toward the speaker) down into the water. Reduplication of: -su -muzuuru V_Intr -zwar V_Intr_Stative XXslide down by itself, be loose and XXslow in doing things, waste time, keep therefore move others waiting, not hurry XXdraw back, recede, go down [of sea level] Ni izwar pa uraata. —He is slow in his work. zuzu-1 N_Inal To taŋga izwar paso? —Why is that guy so XXbreast slow? Bamla imeete na, nio zuzuŋ ise kek. similar: -naunau —When Bamler died, I was already a -zwezwe/ -zzwe V_Tr Redup teenage girl. [Lit. ‘My breasts had risen/ XXdisclose, divulge, reveal (something secret) appeared.’] Reduplication of -swe zuzu- uunu imbukmbuk zwor N Ni zuzu uunu imbukmbuk ma ise kek. —Her XXshell type, clam shell (large, found in the breasts are just starting to grow. [used of deep sea, used for feeding animals) young girls approaching puberty] Zwor na, zin ŋge tikanan kini ila. —Large zuzu- iŋgalŋgal clam shells, the pigs eat from [them]. XXbreasts are just starting to grow Tana ikot zwor mi ŋge tipet. —So he hit the zuzu- itirŋgeeme clam shell [to make a noise and call his XXbreast have grown large, but the girl is pigs for feeding], and the pigs came. not ready for marriage yet Tikotpaala zwor ma tikan leleene def. zuzuunu iwe biibi, tamen irao iwoolo kokouŋana, ma tipo la ke be iwe nakabasi zen. be titaara ke pa. —They break the clam zuzu- igaigai shell open and eat the white inner part XXappearance of breasts of girls that are [i.e. the clam creature], and then tie a about 16-18 years old and getting close stick to it [the shell], so it can become an to marriageable age axe to use for chopping wood. def. Zuzuunu imender. —Her breasts stand. Moori taŋga zuzuunu igaigai kek, kolouŋana be iwoolo. —That girl’s breasts are large enough that she will soon be ready to marry. zuzu- ipolpol XXstate of breasts of women who are ready for marriage [Lit. ‘breasts are collapsing’] Ni irao pa ula, pa zuzuunu ipolpol kek. —She is ready to marry, for her breasts have fallen. zuzu- indaŋdaŋ XXbreasts that are swollen and firm, like those of pregnant woman and nursing mothers Moori taŋga zuzuunu indaŋdaŋ kat. Ko kopoono? —That woman’s breasts look very firm and swollen. Could she be pregnant? zuzu- tukuugu XXbreasts have fallen down completely (used of older women) zuzu- iloondo XXfilariasis sickness in a breast a 623 add firewood to a fire

English-Mbula Word List acclaim — ‑loolo acclimated — kuli‑ iur pa accompaniment, decoration of food, betel- nut, tobacco etc — marwaaŋga A accompany — ‑gaaba, ‑twen, -ur a — ta accord with — ‑top la, ‑to a bit — ŋana account (i.e. a report) — mbol a bit more — gegeene accumulate — ‑ndou a bit of life left in a person or animal — accurate — nama‑ alalaŋana, nama‑ matmaataŋa‑ bakŋa‑, ma koŋ, ma pok, tiŋ a little — rimen, riŋa accuse — ‑suk sua, ‑ŋgal sua pa, ‑kuru sua, a little bit — ri sa/ risa ‑kam sua pa, ‑rik sua a little part of a whole (used of food, betel- accuse each other — ‑parsuk sua, ‑parŋgal nuts, etc) — mazubu sua a little while, a bit closer/ further — ŋana, accuse someone else instead — ‑pusuk la ki ŋana ri accustomed to — kunu‑ imet pa, kuli‑ imet a lot — biibi kat, boozo kat, munŋaana ka pa, kuli‑ iur pa tiene, paagapuk, sorok som, munŋaana kelek ache, have pain — ‑yoyou abandon — ‑zem, ‑paserem, ‑tiyaara Achilles tendon area — kumbu‑ dibiini abate — ‑raurau, -su acquainted with — kuli‑ imet pa, kunu‑ imet abscess, boil — mbeteŋgal pa abide by, keep, obey — ‑to across (be across, lie across) — pambaara, able — irao, ‑rao ‑pambaara able to do something really well, skilful — across (go across) — ‑kakat, ‑kapela, ‑lae nama‑ keteene pa, mata‑ mbolŋa‑, nama‑ mbaaga, ‑ndu, ‑yabakes, -yembut mbinimbini act (a role in a drama) — ‑toombo kunuunu able to read, speak well, quickly — kwo‑ act important — ‑pakaka itu‑ iraurau, kwo‑ potpot, kwo‑ imarra act like one does not hear (stubborn) — able to understand, recognise — mata‑ talŋa- imun, talŋa‑ ŋgungun, talŋa- imbol, ŋgar imbol, lele‑ imbol, ŋgar ise kek pampam, -zeeze talŋa- abort, miscarry, give birth prematurely — act like one is strong and invincible — tiro‑ ise ‑we siŋ, -su le-, -yapuras act on someone else’s behalf — ‑kam about, concerning — pa, ka, ki ruŋgu‑, ‑we nama‑ about to (happen, become, do) — iŋgi be, act rashly — ‑kan kete‑, kete‑ gurukguruk ikamam be, mabe, roŋroŋ, reŋreŋ act respectfully towards — ‑pou pa, le- ŋger pa about to go unconscious — mata‑ zugutgut, act unfriendly towards — ‑ur ŋgis pa mata‑ imbelmbel, mata‑ kokouŋana ise action is interrupted before it is completed — above — kor, sala Som, mi... absolution — sanaana reegeŋana action that is happening now and visible — absolve from sin, forgive — ‑reege sanaana gi, i absorb, suck in — ‑sen action that is happening now but is not visible absorbed in, captivated, fascinated — or is somehow remote — a, ga ‑pasiksik, -zem itu- ila ki, -palpaala mata- Acts (the book of Acts in the Bible) — Uraata abstain from — ‑sapaara Kizin Ŋgoŋana abundant (of food) — kini isu ma isaana adamant — keze‑ mbolŋana, ute‑ imbol, kini biibi ŋgar imbol accept, approve of — ‑yok pa Adam’s apple — maraituumbu, ŋgure‑ accidentally or involuntarily do something mbukuunu — mata‑ sorok, ‑pa‑ma‑ ~ ‑pa‑mV‑ add — ‑seeŋge, ‑kam seeŋge, verb + seeŋge, (‑pamapaala, ‑pamaraaza -pamiliŋ) ‑pagaaba add firewood to a fire — ‑segeere A b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z add, give, do more 624 all add, give, do more — ‑kam gegeene pa age suitable for marriage — ruŋgu- irao pa additional — tomen ula, swo- ki ula additional something, extra — gegeene age when a child is able to recognise additional items accompanying a slaughtered surroundings, remember — mata‑ imbol pig — marwaaŋga aggravate — ‑patuntun lele‑, ‑kuru lele‑, adept — nama‑ mbeezeŋa‑ ‑pasiŋsiŋ mata‑ adequate — ‑rao aggressive — tiro‑ ise, ‑kam tiro‑ administer — ‑mboro, -kam peeze pa aghast (and therefore unable to swallow one’s admonish — ‑pazal, ‑tut spittle) — ŋgelbuk ikam admonishment — sua pazalŋana, sua agitated, churning (water) — belutŋa‑ tutŋana agitate to start fighting — ‑kam kumbu‑ adolescent — kaibiŋa‑, naŋgaŋ agitator — tomtom kerekereŋa‑ adopt, adopted — ‑ut, utŋa‑ agree, be of same mind — ‑yok pa, ‑lup lele‑, adorn, make nice — ‑peŋgeeze, ‑pakaibiim ŋgar raraate adult — kolman, tomtom agree to, consent to — ‑yok pa, ‑mbuk sua adult (fertile age, working age) — kaibiim, pa, ute‑ se pa, ute‑ kat pa kaibiŋa‑ agree, yes, “I agree with you in that” Intj. — advance — ‑poloondo E!, Soo‑om!, Takena!, Ta tina! advantage, rush/ try to take advantage — agree unthinkingly — kwo‑ iyokyok pa sorok ‑serseere agreeable — lele‑ tamenŋa adversary, enemy — ka‑ koi agreement, promise — sua mbukŋana advice, give advice — ‑pombol, ‑sope, Ah! — Waiss!, A ra, A raa! ‑maata kwo‑, ‑tut Ah! (expresses adoration) Intj. — A! adze (used for shaping timber) — manaaba Ah at last! (expresses relief) Intj. — Ulei! affect in a bad way— ‑pun ahead, go ahead of — ‑muuŋgu affect strongly — ‑ŋgal lele‑ ahead, go ahead of a group — ‑pekeete afflict — ‑pasaana, ‑seeze mata‑, -paseŋeeŋe Aibika Hibiscus (vegetable with dark green afraid (to be a. for one’s life) — ‑moto ka‑ leaves) — was afraid of heights — ‑kaka aid, help (material or non‑material) — ulaaŋa afraid to do something — ‑moriri, ‑leele aid, help (usually material) — uuluŋana afraid, feel afraid — kuli‑ imoto, ‑moto aimlessly — sorok afraid (not be afraid) — ‑leele som, ‑nin kosa aimlessly walk around — leŋleŋ ma ‑la/‑mar som, lele‑ imet pa air, weather — lele afraid, make afraid — ‑pamoto air, wind — miiri after, behind, then — makiŋ to, ndeme‑, to ajar — ‑maŋaŋ after a short while — molo som to, rimen to alang‑alang, kunai grass — rie, re, ri aftereffect, consequence —ka- ŋonoono, ka- alarm, frighten — ‑pakeŋkeŋ kumbu‑, zoŋoono, toŋana, toyaŋana -pamoto, ‑parru kopo‑ after midday — zoŋ ilae alarmed (become alarmed at) — ‑ kopo‑ after that — tona ikam keu, kete‑ikam keŋ, ‑seŋeeŋe after, go after — ‑keto, ‑renaana alarmed and distressed because of afternoon (time around 5‑6 PM) — rourou/ something bad happening in the village — rorou/ rrou/ rou, mbia seleŋleeŋge kar kopo‑ isolooŋgo afternoon (late), evening— rou biibi, rou ka alcoholic drink — yok mbolŋana lele alert, be alert — mata‑ ise, mata‑ iŋgal itu‑ afterwards — kaimer algae (green, slimy growth on trees and again — mini, meen stones) — lum again and again — tapaara alive — kalaŋa‑, mata‑ iyaryaara, against, go against — ‑kunyaara, matmaataŋa‑ ‑rambuuzu, ‑seebe, ‑selaala alive, make alive — ‑payaara age, years — ka‑ ndaama, yoaara all — lup, ‑map, munŋaana men, ta boozomen, iwal, karkari ta boozomen all do together 625 appointed time angry, make angry all do together — baram — ‑pamalmal kete‑, all join in (with no one left out) ‑pamalmal lele‑, ‑pas kete‑ — ‑wat se animal protein, meat, game tuunu — buzur all kinds of evil animal, domestic 4‑legged animal, general — mbulu bozboozo, ŋgar term bozboozo — mbili, koroŋ kar kana all kinds of nameless little things animals (wild) — buzur, koroŋ su kana — animosity, enmity ŋgirokŋgirok, koroŋ sorok sorok — koi all‑powerful ankle — kumbu‑ weŋge mbukuunu — mbura‑ keskeezeŋa‑ anklet, decoration alone — itu‑ tamen — mbelele alone (having no relatives nearby) annihilate, destroy — ‑kas, ‑pambiriizi, -reege — announce zimelŋa‑ — ‑sotaara, ‑soyaara, ‑peeze sua already announce something new — ‑pityaara kao — kek, ket, kozokek, go, o announcement alter, change, distort (what has been said) — — sua sotaaraŋana announcer in the village — soŋaaŋ ‑piŋgis sua, ‑peleembe sua annoy amazed — kwo‑ itaanda pa, ‑ŋa nama‑ pa — ‑mbuulu, ‑pagesges ambush annoyed — gesgesŋa‑, ni‑ gesges pa — ‑saaŋa, ‑zaŋzaaŋa annoyed at having to listen to something amend, abandon (bad behaviour) — ‑baziriŋ — amnion talŋa‑ gesges pa, talŋa‑ (i)yoyou pa — yok kwoono another (one) amongst, midst — mazwa‑ — toro amputated, leftover stump of a body part another, additional — tomen — answer ‑tutu — ‑pekel kalŋa‑, ‑pekel kwo‑, ‑pekel ancestors — u‑ bizin, tumbu‑ bizin sua, pekelŋana ancestral beginning answer ‘yes’ (by nodding) — ‑tur la — u‑ ant (see Semantic Fields list) ancestry (common a.), blood — siŋ tamen, — neeze, moolo antennae of insect, crayfish — kulkuulu keembe uunu ta anticipate, hope, wait for anchor — pat ta ikis wooŋgo — ‑ur mata‑ pa ancient, very old anxiety — ŋgumtur — aliŋgumoraŋa‑, aliŋa‑, anxious alok kekŋa‑ — ‑kam ŋgar boozo, kopo‑ rru, lele‑ and imbukbuk (pa) — mi, ma anxious, have ‘butterflies’ in one’s stomach and ... will — mi ko and after that ... then will — kopo‑ kutkut, kete‑ kutkut — mana ko anxious, hurry because of anxiety and after that will..., and then will... — tonabe — kete‑ and if pitpit — miso anxious, make someone anxious and so — tabe — ‑parru and so, back to the story (resumes the main kopo‑ any (non‑specific) event line of a story after a digression) — — sa anything, something — kosa, kosa sa tana apart verb + and that is why, therefore — tanata — ndel, ‑mbot ndel and then apostle, sent one — ŋgoŋana — mibe, tona appeal (for mercy) and then…will — mako — ‑pamuŋai lele‑, ‑so sua and yet, but, however — tamen muŋaiŋana anaesthetize, make unconscious appear — pet, ‑per, pok, ‑se — appear suddenly + motion verb -pametmeete — borok , ber angel + motion verb, ‑seboogo — aŋela appear to be anger, wrath — kete malmalŋana — ruŋgu‑ kembei angered easily appearance — mata‑, ruŋgu‑ — kete‑ malmalŋa‑, lele‑ appease tataŋa — ‑paluumu lele‑, ‑urpe lele‑, angle, at an angle — ‑sukuundu, ‑terre, ‑zirir ‑patoron angry appoint — ‑ur pa uraata — kete‑ malmal, ni‑ puliizi pa, kete‑ appointed time, appointment, make an ipakpak, kete‑ ibayou, ‑ŋa zuru‑, zuru‑ appointment imbuk, ni‑ sanaana pa, mata‑ putuunu pa — nol, ‑ur nol A b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z apportion (done to food items) 626 ask many people about something apportion (done to food items) — ‑rai, -kam army — wal zaaba kan, malmal kan mos, ‑kam ras, ‑ur ras, ‑te, ‑yapaala around, approximately — kembei, irao apportion food unevenly — ‑peteŋgis kini around, go around something in order to get apportion out, distribute (land) — ‑pemet past it — ‑pasal toono around, go around something, surround — appraise, evaluate — mata‑ ito, ‑tiiri approach ‑liu, ‑koliu, ‑papiliu, ‑tatiliu, ‑sasiliu — ‑garau, ‑la kolouŋana, ‑koŋuru, arouse — ‑patuntun lele‑, ‑pei kete‑, -pese ‑paŋuru aroused, enthusiastic, interested in — kete‑ appropriate — ‑top la, ‑ndeeŋe approval (Well done!) Intj. ise pa, ni- ise pa — A barau!, Yoo!, arraign, take to court — ‑pamender Yo barau!, Aa lagoi!, A ina so!, Yo!, A ina arrange — ‑urpe buri! arrange a away approve, accept — ‑ur/ -urpe zaala pa, — ‑yok pa ‑pazal zaala pa approximately — kembei, irao arrange a net (in order to catch pigs or fish) April — Ayo buzaana / Karatete — ‑raara pu area — lele, toono arrange a time for meeting area above eyes — ‑ur nol, ‑mbuk — mata‑ koraana nol area above, top of — kora- arrange in a straight line area behind houses — ‑parooro — lombuleene arrange one’s clothes modestly — area between eyes and nose — mata‑ uunu area close to earlobe ‑ŋgaraŋkaala — talŋa‑ uunu arrange things, line up, stack up — ‑ŋgas area located in a seawards direction from the arrest speaker — karau lae pa, ‑kis, ‑teege — ndapet arrive — ‑pet, ‑pera, ‑mar area located in an inland direction from the arrive at the beach touching it, land speaker — ‑korok — ndalea lela, sorlela area near a fire — you uunu arrow area or time with a particular purpose — peene lutuunu, kaara niini — art design — kon patwen, mos leene (mokleene, uraata leene) artery — ura‑ area that is uncut or overgrown — su as, like area where a pig net is set up to catch pigs — ke, kei, kembei — as, while, whereas — mi pusou lene as far up/ down as, as far as area where the flat land along a beach ends — koŋ sala, tuŋ and the ground level starts to rise sharply + la, sala, sula as for — ina, na — nonor ka se as well area which is ready for gardening after having — tomini, tomeen ascend — ‑sala, ‑se been burnt off — kuma ashamed area without any food or water (rare word) — ka- miaŋ, kuli‑ ikam miaŋ ashes (white) — kokou, you ka kokou — mbulekeŋa‑, mbinaareŋa- ashes that fall from volcano, a burning piece areca palm, betel-nut — mbu, mbolkai of wood argue — you gubuunu — ‑zooro, ‑parzooro pa, ‑ŋooŋo, aside, go aside, move aside — ‑lae, -laŋgis ‑seebe kao, ‑seebe kaiwo, ‑kam kao, ask a question — ‑wi ‑parŋgamaara, ‑padaada sua, ‑parkam sua ask someone for something, beg argument — ‑suŋ, — kao ‑zuŋzuŋ argumentative — kaoŋa‑, zooroŋa- ask a rhetorical question, ask stupid questions arm bone — peeŋge — ‑wi kankaana arm, hand — nama‑, nama‑ lwoono ask continuously for armband/ armlet types — ‑pasepeele — wolwol, lokoloko, ask forcefully, harshly — ‑wi sasaara ŋgeeme, kiri ask spirit beings to do bad to someone armlet, mark of grief (woven) — — mbelele, ‑suŋ sosor woŋwoŋ, kukuugu ask in order to hear well — ‑wipe armpit — bege‑ ask many people about something arm span — — re, reo ‑winaana/ -winanaana ask one person repeatedly 627 babysitter (regular) ask one person repeatedly — ‑wisese attract ask, keep asking someone for something — ‑kam kete‑, ‑kam lele‑, ‑kam — mata‑, ‑keene, ‑palpaala mata‑, ‑mban ‑taŋroro attractive — kaibiim, atektekŋa‑, asleep (fall asleep) — kwo‑ pot, ‑keene, -tur assassinate mbuyeeneŋa‑ — ‑punke, ‑teege siŋ attractive, make something attractive — assault — ‑teege zaaba pa assemble ‑pakaibiim — ‑lup, ‑mokor attractiveness — kaibiim assign a price to — ‑ur kadoono August assign a task/job to someone + — Aigere / Man mbuleena mamaaza — ‑ur uraata aunt — na-, na- musaana motion verb +nama- authority, have authority, authorized for, be assign blame to — ‑ur uunu ise / imar under someone’s authority assign importance or significance to — za‑ pa, ‑mbot la (kopo‑) mbarma‑, -mbot la nama- something — pataŋa‑ ise avenge assign portions of land — ‑pokot, ‑ur kadoono pa — ‑pemet toono avert — ‑piŋgis assign, reserve for — ‑roogo, ‑ur pa avert one’s eyes, avoid looking at someone assist, help — ‑uulu, ‑lae ki, ‑mender pa, ‑ur — mata‑ isukuundu/ isutuundu, ‑piŋgis nama‑ pa, -kam kete-, -we silou pa , assistance mata‑ pa, ‑turke mata‑ mata‑ pambaara — nama-, ulaaŋa, uuluŋana avoid, fear something — ‑papolop assistant — silou avoid someone associate with — ‑mbot molo pa, ‑we — ‑gaaba, ‑lup raama, seryaŋ ‑garaurau avoid someone (because of respect, fear, associate with each other — ‑pargarau, shyness) — ‑pok pa, mata‑ koikoi pa ‑parlup avoid something by moving aside — ‑laŋgis, associated with — ka‑, ki associates ‑piŋgis — wal ki, bizin, naŋgaŋ ki, wae‑ avoid, make someone to avoid something — bizin, gaabaŋa‑ ‑papolop asthma, shortness of breath — yaŋyaaŋaŋana awake astonished — mata‑ ambai, mata‑ ikam pak, — kwo‑ itaanda, ‑ŋa nama, ‑pol, ‑keenekaala mata‑ som, ‑pamaata ‑murur pa aware astray, go astray, get lost — -kilaala, mata‑ ‑ŋgal, ‑mbot mat — ‑paŋoobo pa pa, ‑kanamaala, ‑reki, -ute zaala, ‑saŋsaŋ (pa zaala) aware of surroundings (of child) at — mata‑ — ki, pa, ila, imar, ima, isu, ise, isula, imbol isala, isama, isuma aware, feel — ‑yamaana at first — mata popoten away, go away atone for sin — ‑la le‑, ‑pera — ‑reege sanaana, ‑mus away, go away secretly — ‑keut sanaana away (run away, escape from some problem) atonement — sanaana urpeŋana, sanaana — ‑ko pa, ‑koki itu‑, ‑kunkat reegeŋana away, stay away from — ‑mbot molo pa attach, be attached to — ‑pasekap, ‑sekap axe attach something to something flat, put onto, — nakabasi axe that is blunt — nogo join together — ‑pakap attach tightly, tighten — ‑riibi, ‑daada attack — ‑maŋga pa, ‑kamyaara, ‑teege zaaba pa B attack and scatter — ‑maŋgayaara babble — kwo‑ pereu pereu, kwo‑ perper attack verbally — kwo‑ ipun, ‑kam sua, -ŋa attempt, try sorok — ‑toombo, ‑laaŋa ten baby — atuk, tutuk, pikin siŋsiŋŋana, pikin attention getter (‘Listen to me’) — O! attention, get someone’s attention musaari — ‑kam baby teeth — zoŋo- tui kana mata‑ baby-sit attention, pay attention — ‑kam peŋ pa — mata‑ ila pa babysitter (regular) — peŋ tuunu a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z back, backside 628 be in process of doing something back, backside — ndeme‑ banded, striped — balutŋa‑ back and forth, up and down — ‑su ma ‑se, bandicoot — moozo, moonzo ‑zzu ma ‑zze bandoleer (long string, made of seashells) — back of leg — kumbu‑ mazaana natabu back of the ankle — kumbu‑ dibiini bang shut — kolok back of the hand — nama‑ ndemeene banging sound — koloŋ koloŋ back of the neck — ka‑ bolboolo bank — ruumu pat kana back of the neck where hair ends — leke‑ bank (of a river) — yok kezeene back off — sek ma ‑miili baptise — ‑kam yok, ‑kam yok pa back part of a canoe, boat, or other vehicle — bargainer, businessman — roukeeli ka mbuleene tomtom back part of the head — ŋuzu‑ bargaining, business — mburooŋo back to front (change) — ‑pabeleu bark (of a tree) — ke kuli‑ back up someone, stand up for — ‑mender pa bark (of dogs) — ‑kukuk backbone, spine — ka‑ mooto, ndeme‑ kiini barnacles, small shells attached to driftwood bad — sananŋa‑, kalaan(a) som, bakaiŋa‑ and bottoms of boats — lonŋen bad thinking/ behaviour — ŋgar bozboozo, barren, unable to have children — kopo‑ mbulu bozboozo somŋa‑, pepe somŋa‑ bad (become bad, go bad) — ‑saana, barrier, set up a barrier to keep something ‑zanzaana from moving — ŋgat, ‑ŋgat bad hunter — napumon barrier, make a barrier around something — bad place, hell — kar sanaana ‑didikaala bad spirit, evil spirit — bubuŋana sananŋa‑ barter, exchange goods, do business, trade — bad language, profanity — sua sananŋana, ‑kam mburooŋo, roukeeli, mbalpuni sua sosor, kombol base (=Tok Pisin as) — u‑ bad trait — napis base of a fence — ŋge ndomoono bad way, village is in bad way — kar kopoono base of a mountain — abal uunu isolooŋgo base of wisdom teeth of humans — waŋ badger, force, pester — -ŋgomaŋmaŋ, uunu ‑maŋmaŋ, -paseŋeeŋe, -pasepeele, baseless — soroksorok, usomŋana -pazonoogo basket (made of cane, New Britain design) bad‑tasting — baiŋa‑, pakpakŋa- — tiigi bag (classifier for coral lime) — momo basket types (made of coconut leaves) — bail out (water) — ‑niimi, -zoobo kiri, kapalaana, meene siŋ, nakaral, bail out (of jail), pull out — ‑weene ŋgamar, pelpeele, ŋgomsaaba, taaŋga, bait — mban saaga, nasaka baked goods made of flour — palawa bastard (illegitimate child, born out of balance oneself — ‑pamarra itu‑ wedlock) — tama- somŋa- bald — sipirŋa‑, ute‑ sipir, ute‑ mbooro bat — mbia, mbaia ball — sapup bathe, bathing — ‑we, weŋana ball (loan from English) — mbal batten (long pieces of wood to which roofing bamboo types: — kaukau, ko, pul, korobu, is attached) — piliiti somsom bawdy, immodest — naikikiŋa‑, salasalaŋa- ban, put a taboo on — ‑potom, ‑ŋgalsek bawl out — -ŋa, -ŋasasaara, ‑yes, -yespokpok ban (for ceremonial reasons) — ŋgalseki bay — maata, toono lumbuunu, lele banana (general term) — pin lumbuunu banana (wild) — pinpin be — ‑mbot banana bug — mbule bogboogoŋana, pin be aware of limited time or resources — ‑reki sabene, pin zabeebe be in abundance, a lot of (used of small banana leaf (dry) — pin zabeene, ruunu objects, nuts, also of money) — ‑mozooro mazozoŋana be in process of doing something — ‑urur be, bandage — ‑po –kamam be be, sit close together 629 betel-pepper and lime be, sit close together — ‑ŋeeŋe, ‑mbutul la beginning — mataana, mata popoten, u‑ mbata, ‑sekap behalf of (do on behalf of) beach — ‑we kwo‑, ‑kam — sousou, peende, piindi, tai uunu ruŋgu‑, ‑giibi pa ndomo‑ beads — kapimolo behave disrespectfully towards beam (main beam) at the top ridge of a roof — ‑peŋeu behave in a respectful manner — le- ŋger pa, — nakur bear fruit, produce -pou, -miaŋkaala — ‑piyooto ŋonoono, ‑ur behave in a way which shows one is upset — ŋonoono, ‑pu bear in mind -ŋu, ‑ur ŋgis pa — ‑ur se ndomo‑, ‑po se behave in certain way — ‑kam mbulu mata‑/ ndomo‑, ‑leŋkis behaviour (normal, characteristic) bear the penalty of wrongdoing/sin — mbulu, — ‑baada ŋgolo ka kadoono, pataŋana ise ki, yeeleŋana/ behaviour that is to be followed, example — ka- ŋgeelŋaan/ ka- mbaara ise ki bear witness to kumbu‑ tuunu — ‑pombol sua pa behind — ndeme‑, kaimer bear, give birth — ‑peebe, ‑kam tomtom belief, faith bearer, bearing timber in house construction — urlaŋana believe — ‑urla ki, ‑ur lele‑ ila ki — wiimbi believe and act accordingly — ‑kan la sua, beat, hit — ‑pun, ‑unun beat against, hit against, run into ‑kan mar sua — ‑porou believers — wal urlaŋan, wal ki Krisi sala, ‑soborou sala belittle, despise, have contempt for, look beat in a race, win — boŋzalut, -lip (pa) down on — ‑pasom, mata‑ pasom, kwo‑ beating, pulsating — ‑kam kutkut beautiful ‑pasom, ‑repiili, mata‑ belek — mata‑ iŋgeeze, kaibiim, bell (larger) — koŋ atektekŋa- bell (small) — keleŋkeleŋ beautify — ‑peŋgeeze, ‑pakaibiim belligerent, act belligerently/ aggressively beauty — — kaibiim tiro‑ ise, ‑kam tiro‑ because — pa, paso belly, stomach because of that (reason‑result) — kopo‑, kete-, ka- pepeebe — tana belonging to — le‑, ka‑ because of someone, for the sake of someone below something happens — meleebe — ndomo‑ pa below, really far below — meleeba because of that — takena (ta) belt bêche-de-mer, sea cucumber (see Semantic — pus bench — mbalia, paŋ Fields) — tut bend beckon to come — ‑liibi, ‑lek, -miliibi — ‑koolo bend (make bent) — ‑kunkun, ‑pakunkun become — ‑we bend (with effort) become a cause of separation, obstacle — ‑piliibi — bend and break off — ‑seboogo ‑we mbukuunu pa bend by pulling down — ‑yaliibi become excited, feel good — ni‑ ise bend down become someone’s possession — ‑turuunu — ‑we le‑ bend down in order to avoid something — bed, place where one sleeps — mbalia, muri‑ bedbug ‑raaba — bidbiidi bend down, sag down — -ndu bedrock — raŋ bend into a hook shape bee — ‑pakoleege — bigil naana bend over — ‑tuundu beer — yok mbolŋana bend down by pulling beeswax — ‑ya — bigil ŋonoono bent, curved — ‑keebe, keebeŋa‑, ‑koogo, beetle (big, black) — mbuuru before ‑koogoŋa‑, ‑liibi, liibiŋa‑, kunkunŋa‑, — mana, muŋgu, zen mi... keloogoŋa‑ before, go before — ‑muuŋgu beseech, ask for beg — ‑taŋroro, -suŋ — ‑suŋ, ‑taŋroro beside — zilŋa‑ uunu begin to speak — kwo‑ ikaaga betel-pepper begin with — peege — ‑pumuuŋgu betel-pepper and lime — paŋgasŋana a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z betel-nut, areca nut 630 blow inside (used of rain) betel-nut, areca nut — mbu, mbolkai black-skinned (used of Bougainville people, betel-nut, things needed for chewing (=betel- whose skins are very dark) — aigap nut, betel pepper, and lime) — siŋi black with clouds (used of the sky) — between — mazwa‑, mbasaŋa‑ ‑palakoikoi, ‑tungap between the beginning and the end, in the black colour, charcoal, ink — koskoozo middle — lwoono bladder — pot between, go between — ‑udut blade — mataana beware of — ‑re, mata‑ iŋgal itu‑, mata- se blame — ‑suk sua, ‑ŋgal sua, ‑rik sua, ‑ur bewilder, confuse, mix up — ‑kus uunu ise/ imar bewildered, confused — mata‑ mburri, blame someone else — ‑pusuk sua ila ki ‑kankaanaŋa‑, talliŋa‑ bland — guma, kasakasaŋa‑ beyond, go beyond/ over — ‑molo blarney, empty talk — napospos biceps — peeŋge blaspheme — ‑pasaana sua pa, ‑pasaana big — biibi, bibip (PL), biibiŋa‑, tumŋa‑ za‑, -pasaana uru-, ‑piri sua sananŋa‑ pa big (become big) — ‑we biibi, -tum blazing (fire) — ‑bilbil, ŋirŋirŋa‑ big (bigger than) — zazaŋa‑‑ bleed — siŋ ikam, siŋ ireere, siŋ ipurri big (having a large volume, used of baskets) bleeding and oozing skin — ‑matata — madabaanaŋa‑ bleed internally (+ blood clotting) — ‑siŋ big (unusually big) — mata- swaalaŋana idaabakaal‑ big and loose — ‑ŋgoloŋgoloŋ bless — ‑kampe, ‑pombol big and round — ‑puŋpuŋ blessed — kampeŋana ki Merere imbot se ki bigger one of a set — naana blessing — kampeŋana, pombolŋana biggish, somewhat big — biibiŋa‑ blind — mata‑ ipis, mata‑ pisŋa‑ bind — ‑po, ‑kau blinded by something bright — mata‑ ikullu bird (generic) — man blink one’s eyes — mata‑ kolom bird of prey — man mboŋ blinking, twinkling — ‑kam pirik pirik birth, give birth — ‑peebe, ‑kam tomtom bliss — salem birthplace — lele ta pese- isula pa na blistered — ‑berebere (Marile form) bislama, sea cucumber (see Semantic Fields) blistered — ‑supup, pokpok — tut bloated, swollen — -putput, -kerkeere, bit, a bit — ri, rimen, ŋana -wokwok, wokwokŋa‑ bit, part — koroŋŋa‑, kimbiŋa- block — ‑pakaala, ‑pakaala zaala pa, bite — ‑kan, ‑ŋa, ‑pit ‑pumun zaala, ‑sekaala, ‑didikaala bite and hold on to — ‑ŋakiskis block flowing water, current — ‑peene yok, bite in half — ‑ŋgorut ‑peenekaala bite off, bite to test — ‑ŋit block the way by sleeping near something — bite one’s lip (indicates anger) — ‑karrut ‑keenekaala zuru‑, ‑ŋa zuru‑ blocked stomach (causing constipation) — biting (used of insects) — kwo‑ŋa‑ ‑karakaala kopo‑ bits — muunu blood — siŋ, siŋi‑ bits and pieces — surun surun blood bubbling out — siŋ ipurri bitter, bad‑tasting — ‑pakpak, pakpakŋa‑ blood clotting inside body — siŋ idaabakaal‑ black, dark — ‑gabgap, gabgapŋa‑ blood is flowing — siŋ iloondo black, become black, purple — ‑toto blood on one’s hands — ‑teege siŋ pa black (used only of pigs) — koskoozoŋa‑ blood relative — toŋmatiziŋ, keembe uunu black and bruised skin — kuli‑ ikutuunu tamen, siŋ tamen black earth, ground — yas, to blood vessel, vein — ura‑ black eye — ‑siŋ idaabakaala mata‑, mata- bloody — siŋŋa‑ itoto bloom — ‑ruŋ, ‑kun kandaara black liquid (of squid, octopus), gall — kusu‑ blow away — ‑wilaala, ‑palaklak, ‑pirie, ‑wike black palm — got blow in the wind — ‑kalkal blow inside (used of rain) — ‑ŋaara blow off with force 631 break by pulling (like rope) blow off with force — ‑pasaaba bottomless, baseless — usomŋana blow on — ‑wi bounce — ‑keltapaara blow on strongly — ‑wisasaara bounce back, off — ‑sirpok, ‑serpok blow one’s nose — ‑puŋus boundary — kambasa, mbut, ŋgalaŋ, pi, blow out from mouth — ‑pures seŋgaaŋa blow something back and forth — ‑pamirri bountiful in food — kiniŋa‑ blowfish — ndok bow (bow and arrow) — peene naana, peene blue (bright blue) — keskeezeŋa‑ kaara bluff — ‑pakaka bow (front of a canoe) — wooŋgo mataana, blunt (dull) — mata- pambu(kaala)ŋa‑, mata woongo ndomoono somŋa-, ndutŋa‑, ŋgumgumŋa‑ bow down, kneel down — ‑kan su, -lek/ blunt, direct, forthright talker (with anger) — -mbut kumbu-, -ŋgun kumbu- mbuku- kwo‑ keteketeŋa‑, ‑so kat la mata‑ bow one’s head — ‑tuundu blunt, make blunt (by filing incorrectly) — bowstring — palam, peene ka palam ‑deede box, coffin — koror blurry-eyed — mata‑ koborbooro boy — pikin tomooto, naŋgaŋ board a ship, go aboard — ‑se wooŋgo, keŋ boys who have just been circumcised — molku ‑se/ ‑sala wooŋgo brace — silou board off an opening — ‑punkaala brackish water — kuruk boast, brag, show off — ‑kam ni‑, -pakur itu‑ brag — ‑pakur itu‑, ‑widit itu‑ uru‑, ‑kam boat, ship, canoe — wooŋgo napaala bodily product, excretion — mbuŋi‑ brag and challenge someone to a fight — body — ni‑, ŋono‑, kuli‑ ‑kam ni‑ body, part of the body that experiences braid — ‑perek physical sensations — ni‑ braid, tie together (leaves, rope) — ‑mbat bogged down, sink down — ‑dubup brain — ŋgora, ŋgora‑ boil under arm — mbakerker brainy, smart — ka‑ ŋgar biibi, ŋgarŋa‑ boil, abscess — mbeteŋgal branch, divide — ‑boogo, ‑bogboogo boil over, boil up, bubble up — buk ma ise branch, fork (of a tree, river, road) — (ke, boil, cook in water — ‑noi yok, zaala) nama‑ bone — tiro‑ branch, sprout, put out new branch — bone marrow of the spinal cord — tembel salundu, -salundu boom, thudding noise — ‑kam kuŋ brave, not afraid of consequences — ‑zem border, boundary — kambasa, mbut, ŋgalaŋ, itu‑, lele‑ imet pa, ‑nin kosa som, pi, seŋgaaŋa ‑kunyaara, ‑ye kuli‑ pa bore a hole into something — ‑kir, ‑mbenpis, bread (white bread) — pir, (m)beret ‑patokooro bread made with coconut and tapioca — borrow something — ‑wi pa koroŋ be ikam narabu uraata pa breadfruit seed — kun ka kiliizi boss, master, lord — biibi breadfruit tree — kun both of them — ziru breadth — babaŋa‑ both of us (EXC) — niamru break — ber, ‑borok, ‑mapaala, ‑met, both of us (INC) — ituru ‑mureege, ‑pol both of you — niomru break a law — ‑molo tutu both sides — pakaana pakaana break a promise/ contract — ‑reege sua bother — ‑mbuulu, ‑pagesges, ‑paseŋeeŋe, mbukŋana pazonoogo‑ break and split in half by striking — ‑roupaala bother verbally — ‑mbuulu kwo‑ pa break by bending — ‑bokat bothered by, irritated by — ni‑ gesges pa break by biting — ‑ŋgorpaala bottom — mbule‑ break by hitting — ‑kot, ‑kotpaala bottom plate of a wall — kuzizaala break by pulling (like rope) — ‑yatut a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z break by tearing 632 brother, brotherhood relationship break by tearing — ‑raaza breasts have just started to grow break by throwing — zuzu‑ — ‑petepaala ise, zuzu‑ imbukmbuk, zuzu‑ iŋgalŋgal break down, destroy — -reege, ‑yasureege breasts of girls that are getting close to break in half — ‑kotpaala, ‑peete marriageable age — zuzu‑ igaigai break in the middle, break in two — ‑pol breasts that are swollen and firm break into crumbs — zuzu‑ — ‑mumu, ‑kinmumu indaŋdaŋ break into halves — ‑supaala breath break into pieces — bubuŋa‑, miiri — ‑te, -yapaala breath one’s last breath — ‑pas, ‑yataaŋa break long things into pieces — ‑petekat breathe air break into pieces (using stone) — ‑kam miiri — ‑kot, breathe in, inhale — ‑sen ‑kotyaara breathe in deeply break into pieces with one’s fingers — ‑yataaŋa — breathe with difficulty — kete‑ nono, ‑wat ‑kinpaala, ‑kinmumu break nuts and heap them together kete‑, ‑yaŋyaaŋa — breathing problem — yaŋyaaŋaŋana ikam ‑kotgeege breeze — mirmiiri break off — ‑bokat, ‑boogo, ‑ke, ‑seboogo, bride , — moori ula popoŋana, moori ‑seebe, ‑pameke, ‑pit ‑yaseebe roogoŋa‑, roogokaalaŋa‑ break off, come loose — ‑kam pok bridegroom break off a relationship — tomooto ula popoŋana — ‑map pa, -yembut brideprice — moori puliini, moori kadoono break off by bending— ‑boogo, ‑seboogo brideprice (arrangements for) break off one thing out of a bunch — moori — ‑pit ŋgiimiŋana break off something from its base — ‑kat brideprice for widowed woman who gets break/ cut off completely — (ma) put remarried break open (chick coming out of its egg) — ‑kel pampam — bright, shiny — -killi, killiŋa-, ‑milmil, ‑kotpaala milmilŋa‑ break open making a sound — ‑kam kak bright, intense colour break or cut using a sharp stick or knife — keskeezeŋa- — brightness, light, glory — azuŋka ‑kelpaala bring — ‑kam le‑ / ‑kam ka‑, ‑kam pa, break someone’s bone — ‑petekat tiro‑ + horizontal motion verb break something accidentally -kam/ ‑ur — ‑pamapaala bring down, push down — ‑pamuzu break up (=divide up) — ‑yapaala bring enough of something break up and scatter — nama‑ tuŋ — ‑yaŋgwiiri bring forth, bring out into view — ‑piyooto break up ground with a digging stick — ‑up bring someone or something break up into groups — ‑ur — ‑balak, ‑paryapaala, bring to a halt — ‑punmeete -yapaala bring to conclusion break up the ground for planting, plough — ‑posop — bring together — ‑kokorkaala, -lup, -yo ‑taara toono, ‑up bring up again an issue — ‑piyou kao break wind, fart — si‑ bring up irrelevant points, deviate from topic break with one’s teeth — ‑ŋgorpaala — ‑boogo sua break with one’s teeth, crunch — ‑ŋgor brisk walk break/ broken into two — pai londi, (-pa) tiktik — ma ŋes bristly, stinging hairs — momoozo break, tear off — ‑kenut broad, wide, width breast — ‑baba, babaŋa‑ — zuzu‑ broken in two — ŋes breastfeed — ‑piwin broken, (be/become broken) breastplate — -mapaala, — mburu malmal kana ta metŋa‑, ŋes, paalaŋa‑, ‑saana isekaala ka‑ mbooro brood (used of chickens) breasts bent down (women who are ready for — ‑pereebe, ‑pereebekaala marriage) — zuzu‑ ipolpol brook breasts have fallen down completely (of older — yok broom away — ‑siiri, ‑yautapaara women) — zuzu‑ tukuugu broom made of coconut leaf ribs breasts have grown large — malwe — zuzu‑ itirŋgeeme brother, brotherhood relationship — toŋmatiziŋ brother‑in‑law 633 buzzing sound brother‑in‑law — iwa‑ (iwaŋ, iwom, iwaana) burn — ‑kan, ‑las, ‑neene, ‑palas, ‑tun brother‑in‑law (term of address for one’s burn (hurt, sting) — ‑yes sister’s husband after her death) — ka- kes burn and cause to blister — ‑yespokpok brother’s widow — ka‑ nooro burn down to glowing coals — ‑tiŋirŋir brown (light reddish brown) hair colour burn incense — ‑ruk — (‑)seseeze, seseezeŋa‑ burn the mouth — ‑sopooro brown (used of dogs) — semseemeŋa‑ burn up — ‑kansaaba brown coloured (used only of pigs) — buriigi, burn up quickly — ‑kan sasaara, ŋurŋur buriigi muk baram brown in colour — wo tieneŋa‑, toonoŋa‑ burned down to red coals — ‑kuruk bruised and swollen — ‑berebere burning, itching of skin — tuntunŋana brush, wipe off by using some instrument — burnt, black food (not edible any more) — ‑wailep ‑pokpok brush teeth — ‑pot zoŋo‑, ‑mum zoŋo‑ burnt, scorched outside (inside still raw) — bubble up — buk ma ise, isala ‑koikoi, koikoiŋa‑, ‑kalakoikoi bubbles caused by playing in water — ‑kam burrow into — ‑toutou duboolo, ‑kam muniŋniŋ burst — ‑mapaala buck, go against — ‑kotyaara, -kunyaara, burst open — boros -rambuuzu, ‑seebe, -selaala burst up into view, appear — pok ma ise bud of a coconut tree — woŋwoŋ bury — ‑twi buddy, friend — ndaŋ, toro‑ bush fowl — tiau budget, check one’s means for doing bush, forest (uninhabited) — su, sok, su something — ‑pitpit itu‑ ma keŋkeŋ kat mbitiŋana build — ‑pamender, ‑po, ‑pun bushes (new growth) — kaskas build a fire — ‑ndou you business arrangement — mburooŋo, build a shelter — ‑raaza biriŋ/ saŋarai roukeeli, mbalpuni build by tying the parts together — ‑po business deal slips by (unsuccessful) — build walls — ‑didi mburooŋo isipir building — ruumu, ruumu poŋana business man — roukeeli ka tomtom, bulge, swell up — ‑kerkeere, ‑mbuk, -sar tomtom ki mbalpuni bulging eyes — mata‑ putput bustle, busy preparing something — bulging stomach — kopo‑ putput, kopo- ititi, ‑seleeŋge kopo‑ wokwok busy — ‑su ma ‑se, ‑zzu ma ‑zze, tata ikam bullets — peene lutuunu busy doing something with hands — nama‑ bump against — ‑tut, ‑tutkat rikrikŋa‑ bump into — ‑soborou sala, ‑porou sala busyness — tata bump into something with the result that one but — mi, tamen starts to bleed — ‑tutpaala but (when starting to argue) — mi ta bumpy, rough surface — mbuŋarŋar but as for — miso bunch — ndunduuruŋan but did not succeed — ma som bunch (used only of bananas) — timiini butcher up — ‑kaaza, -pal bunch of green drinking coconuts tied butter — bata together — taltal butterfly — karkoolo bunch of nuts — kureene buttock — mbule‑ bunch, bundle of five (classifier used for buttock decoration (men’s) — pesel counting tobacco) — peseene buttock decoration (women’s) — namul, mul bundle — zaraaba buttock muscle — mbule‑ putuunu bundle of tobacco — repreebe, porpooro buttress roots of a tree — ke dibi‑ bundle of, bundled — pezekatŋa‑ buy — ‑ŋgiimi bundle which can be carried by one person — buy a wife, pay brideprice — ‑ŋgiimi moori bada buzzing sound (made by insects) — ŋuŋuŋ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z calf (of a cow) 634 carry under one’s arm canoe platform sideboard — kaata uteene C canoe with an outrigger — wooŋgo calf (of a cow) saamaŋana — makau lutuunu canoe without an outrigger — mon calf (of a leg) — kumbu‑ mazaana capable call (noun) — ‑rao kat, -mata- mosŋa-, ‑mata‑ — bobi ŋonoono, mata‑ mbolŋa‑, nama- mosŋa- call (verb) — ‑boobo capable of working, grown up call for by making clicking sounds with the lips — kaibiŋa‑ capsize — ‑tapel — ‑mus pa captain — (tomtom) peeze ka‑ call for dog (using the sound ‘ŋai’) — ‑ŋai captivate call hoping to receive favourable answer — ‑palpaala mata‑/ ŋgar, -pasiksik — care about, spare — ‑leele, ‑potom ‑boobo ten la care for call on a spirit for help or to put curse on — mata‑ pa, mata‑ kombo pa/ komboŋa‑, -mbes ki, -mboro someone — ‑boobo ki care for a small infant call on spirit beings to give success — ‑kam peŋ — care for plants — ‑patar ‑patoron carefree — le- pataŋana sa som, lele‑ ipotpot call out a message loudly — ‑paŋarai careful call out in different directions — mata‑se, mata‑ mosmos pa, ‑re la — pa, ‑repe ‑booboyaara careful, skilful call out, scream — nama‑ mosŋa‑, nama‑ — ‑yak mbeezeŋa‑, ‑kam nama‑ keteene pa, -kam call someone aside secretly — ‑luŋke call urgently with a loud voice kat uraata — carefully — kat, riŋa, riŋariŋa, ririŋa ‑boobosasaara carefully, properly do something — ‑potor ki call with loud voice (in the context of a careless about, rushing too much nakanmut dance) — ‑kam — ‑siriini aras aras, ‑kam baŋase, kete‑ pitpit call, invite someone to come — ‑boobo careless, not concentrating, not paying call, name — ‑paata attention calloused — mata‑ lawe lawe, mata‑ sirra — kuli‑ ipokpok pa, mata‑ sorok callus — pet carelessness calm (emotionally) — baŋase — lele‑ iluumu, kete‑ caretaker of a church building, Levite — iluumu, lele‑ luumuŋa‑, lele‑ isu urum tuunu calm by stroking — ‑suulu cargo, luggage, possessions calm down a child by diverting attention — mburu — carried away — ‑sur, ‑zurzur ‑pagerger carry away calm down another person — ‑kelke, ‑kwaaza, ‑sur, ‑waaza — ‑potor lele‑, carry holding to one’s breast, carry a child — ‑pamormor lele‑ ‑kwaara calm down the sea — ‑pun tai carry something that is hanging down from calm oneself down — ‑suulu kete‑ one’s hand calm weather (with no wind) — ‑piye — taun carry in one’s arms — ‑mbaraara calm, quiet — ‑ur ni‑, ‑maane, ‑yapat carry on a pole, stretcher calming talk — ‑siŋ — sua potorŋa‑ carry on one’s back — ‑mbis Calvary (in the Bible) — lele ta zaana carry on one’s head or on the back of the neck ‘Tomtom Uteene Putuunu’ — ‑kuundu campsite — naliu, saapu carry on the hip can — ‑mbisiŋ — irao, ‑rao carry hanging from one’s head — ‑poi Canarium almond tree (=Tok Pisin galip) — carry on one’s back, or shoulder, carry kaŋar something hanging from one’s shoulder — candidate for — (za‑) imender candle (made out of a dry coconut) ‑baada — carry something heavy as a group — ŋgwaara ‑roŋrooŋgo cane (see Semantic Fields) — teene carry on one’s shoulder canoe, boat, ship — ‑kwaara — wooŋgo carry under one’s arm — ‑wiliŋ canoe mast — wooŋgo ka palyaara carve 635 changing weather carve — ‑sap, ‑zabzap, -kan leleene, -ŋgal cause to get caught on, get snagged on — leleene, -sol ‑pakoleege carve a design — ‑pun mos cave — raŋ sumbuunu case, box (made of wood) — koror cease being sluggish/slothful — ‑tiyaara cassava, tapioca — manioka ka‑ pit cassowary — kaiwor cease from (bad behaviour) — ‑baziriŋ cast away — ‑piri cease to be angry with someone — lele‑ cast/throw down — ‑palkeete imiili (pa) cast down (because of hunger or worry) — cedar tree — ainer niŋniŋ ‑kam moondo, ŋgumtur ikam census — zan urŋana castrate — ‑pal lembe‑ centre — lukutuunu casual — mata‑ sorok centrepost of a clan house — urum ka nasil casualty — uri centipede — mailoŋ ka kulkuulu, suugu cat — posi ceremonial area where young men are catch — ‑siibi instructed/ initiated — bar, pulaata catch crayfish using one’s hands — ‑sou ceremonial feast — mailaŋ ŋgereeme ceremonially prepare pigs to be killed in a catch crayfish with a net — ‑zibuuru feast — ‑mbit ŋge ŋgereeme ceremony — uraata biibi catch fish with a fishing line — ‑keene cessative (‘Stop doing something!’) — irao, catch fish, fishing — ‑keene, ‑waaza, ‑kam ye ndabok, palak, rimos catch in a snare, with a rope string — ‑keene chalk — ko catch seafood at night — ‑nuumbu, ‑tun challenge — ‑kam azaaŋa, -ŋgal mata‑, ‑ru catch the scent of — kuzu‑ ise, ‑kam kuzi‑ mbura‑, ‑ru tiro‑ catch, take hold of — ‑siibi, ‑sou chance, opportunity — (-)urŋase ki, zaala categorise — -pitpeleele, -ziriŋ ipet caterpillar stage — deede, molku change — ‑leele, ‑tooro caterpillar type — azazwe, deede kasekŋana change (one’s clothing, take somebody’s Caucasian people (Europeans and Asians) — place) — ‑kel tubudu, anuut, puspuuzuŋa‑, pura change a place of something, divert — ‑rik caught, get caught on — ‑leege, ‑koleege change direction secretly — ‑beleu caught, get caught (in a net) — ‑ti change of clothes — kelŋa‑ caught, get caught between — ‑mberut change someone’s name — ‑leele/ ‑piŋgis za- caught, get caught up with, captivated — change one’s mind — ‑peleele itu‑, ‑tooro ‑palpaala mata‑ ŋgar caulk — zim change one’s mind about a business deal — cause — -kam ma, ‑pa‑/ ‑pV‑ ‑tooro mburooŋo cause (be the cause of someone doing change one’s position a bit — ‑muzik something) — ‑we kunkel/uunu pa change one’s talk — -piŋgis sua, mia‑ cause difficulty, distress, bother — bogboogo, ‑tooro sua ‑paseŋeeŋe, -pagesges, -pazonoogo change one’s thinking — ŋgar itooro, -tooro cause people to talk a lot — ‑piyou kao ŋgar cause sickness or an allergic reaction — ‑ur change one’s ways — ‑tooro lele‑/ mbulu kos pa change the topic — kwo‑ ikakes, kwo‑ cause someone to become angry — ‑pas iyabakes pa kete‑, ‑pamalmal kete‑ change what has been said — ‑tooro sua, cause to be dazed or feel faint — ‑pamburri ‑piŋgis sua, ‑pabeleu mia‑, ‑peleembe sua, mata‑ ‑pambuleele sua cause to be disgraced — ‑pamiaŋ changing weather (sun and rain alternating) — ‑kan pa ru

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z chapter 636 clan, clan house chapter — sua pakaana chin — keze‑ character defect — napis chip off — ‑kotke characteristic behaviour — mbulu, ŋgolo choke — ‑bibiizi ŋgure‑, ‑leege ŋgure‑ characteristically doing something — kamŋa‑ choke off, prevent from growing — ‑ŋgalut charcoal — koskoozo, you ka koskoozo ‘choke up’ while speaking — kalŋa‑ imurur charge, give strong talk to — kwo‑ ikel, kwo‑ choose — ‑peikat, ‑roogo, ‑roogokaala imbol pa, ‑maata kwo‑ pa, ‑ŋeres choose another route in order to slip away chase (sweeping movement) to guide to a secretly — ‑pabeleu certain place — ‑taaba choosy — ‑peleele chase after — ‑kamtoto, ‑keto choosy concerning food — ‑kitiini chase away — ‑kamyaara, ‑naana chop down — ‑kas, ‑taara chasten, chastise — ‑ŋgal mata‑, -pazal, chop up a long object into short pieces — -balis ‑tarkat chat — ‑so le‑ sua Christ — Krisi, Mesia chat a long time — ‑yo kwo‑, kwo‑ kwo‑, Christian brothers and sisters — toŋmatiziŋ kwo‑ imbeeze ta ki Krisi i chatty — kwo‑ perper sorok Christians — wal urlaŋan, wal ki Krisi cheapskate, stingy, miserly — kete- borbor, Christmas Eve — Mbeŋ Potomŋana kete- koroŋŋa-, kete- molo mete, kete- chubby (plump) — ndekndekŋa‑, tumkatŋa‑ rokokaala, mata‑ konŋa‑, nama‑ lululŋa‑, church building — urum, urum Merere, -rutruutu, ute- imbol, ute- patŋa- urum potomŋana cheat, cheating — ‑watke, watkeŋa‑ church service — suŋŋana check (on) — ‑lou, ‑loukaala church, congregation — lupŋana ta ki Krisi check, count the people — mata‑ ikir, mata- i, goloa pinin churn — ‑tooro check, examine — ‑tiiri, ‑gabiizi, ‑pitpit churning — belutŋa‑ cheek — paŋa‑ cicada type — siizi kaŋarŋar chest — kete‑, ka‑ mbooro cigar — yaboro chest is heaving — kete‑ kutkut circle, encircle — -tatiliu chew betel-nut — ‑seŋ, ‑zeŋzeŋ circle (draw around something) — ‑riskaala, chew betel-nut mixture without lime — ‑seŋ -ris tatiliuŋa‑ aipina circular — tatiliuŋa‑ chew on — ‑ŋo circumcise — ‑reete, ‑pal chew out, scold — ‑ŋasasaara, ‑yes, circumcision — reeteŋana ‑yespokpok citizen — kartu chew some plant or the bark of a tree and claim as one’s own without basis — ‑zooro thereby release someone from magical pa, ‑sei le‑ influences — ‑kanke claim, reserve for oneself by looking after the chew the combination of betel-nut, betel area — ‑patarpi, patarŋa‑ pepper, and lime — siŋi paŋgasŋana clam, shellfish (general name) — ŋgeele chewed betel-nut — mum clamshell (large, used for feeding animals) — chicken — man, antare, tatariigi zwor chicken (wild) — tiau clan house part where men usually sit — chief (traditional) — kon tumbuunu pooto chief official — ute‑ putuunu clan leader — merere, ye uteene child — lutu‑, pikin clan leader (led in warfare, witchcraft, peace, child given to another village in order to putting on feasts, and dance ceremonies) satisfy a ceremonial obligation — kuundu — kon tumbuunu childbirth — pepe clan symbol, totem, mark of clan identity — childish — ŋgar naŋgaŋŋana us child‑rearing — pemyam, peŋ (-kam peŋ) clan, clan house — urum childhood — naŋgaŋŋa‑