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The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff
The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff This study appears as part III of Toumanoff's Studies in Christian Caucasian History (Georgetown, 1963), pp. 277-354. An earlier version appeared in the journal Le Muséon 72(1959), pp. 1-36 and 73(1960), pp. 73-106. The Orontids of Armenia Bibliography, pp. 501-523 Maps appear as an attachment to the present document. This material is presented solely for non-commercial educational/research purposes. I 1. The genesis of the Armenian nation has been examined in an earlier Study.1 Its nucleus, succeeding to the role of the Yannic nucleus ot Urartu, was the 'proto-Armenian,T Hayasa-Phrygian, people-state,2 which at first oc- cupied only a small section of the former Urartian, or subsequent Armenian, territory. And it was, precisely, of the expansion of this people-state over that territory, and of its blending with the remaining Urartians and other proto- Caucasians that the Armenian nation was born. That expansion proceeded from the earliest proto-Armenian settlement in the basin of the Arsanias (East- ern Euphrates) up the Euphrates, to the valley of the upper Tigris, and espe- cially to that of the Araxes, which is the central Armenian plain.3 This expand- ing proto-Armenian nucleus formed a separate satrapy in the Iranian empire, while the rest of the inhabitants of the Armenian Plateau, both the remaining Urartians and other proto-Caucasians, were included in several other satrapies.* Between Herodotus's day and the year 401, when the Ten Thousand passed through it, the land of the proto-Armenians had become so enlarged as to form, in addition to the Satrapy of Armenia, also the trans-Euphratensian vice-Sa- trapy of West Armenia.5 This division subsisted in the Hellenistic phase, as that between Greater Armenia and Lesser Armenia. -
John Mamikonean's History of Taron
John Mamikonean's History of Taron Translator's Preface Among classical Armenian sources, the History of Taron attributed to the otherwise unknown Yovhannes (John) Mamikonean, is a peculiar work. The author of this medieval romance claims to have compiled it in 680-81 from shorter, earlier accounts written by the abbots of the monastery of Glak in the district of Taron (in southwestern historical Armenia, to the west of Lake Van). Actually, scholars are convinced that the work is an original composition of a later period (post-eighth century), written as a deliberate forgery. The History of Taron, despite its name, is not a history. Rather, it is a relatively short "historical" romance in five parts, purporting to describe significant events occurring in the district of Taron during the Byzantine-Iranian wars when the shah of Iran was Xosrov II (590-628). During Xosrov's reign Taron was frequently invaded by the Iranians. The History describes the actions of five generations of Mamikoneans (Taron's princely house), in defending and avenging the district. Each section or cycle of the story is devoted to the exploits of one of the defenders: Mushegh, Vahan, Smbat, his son Vahan Kamsarakan, and the latter's son Tiran. The heroes are at times superhumanly brave or duplicitous, wise or cunning, humble or bombastic, humane or brutally merciless as the situation requires. Above all, they are the holy warriors of St. Karapet (their patron saint), and they zealously defend the monastery of Glak as well as all the churches and Christians in the district. Much of the narration describes battles fought and the cunning tactics used by the Taronites to defeat the invading Iranians. -
The Armenians the Peoples of Europe
The Armenians The Peoples of Europe General Editors James Campbell and Barry Cunliffe This series is about the European tribes and peoples from their origins in prehistory to the present day. Drawing upon a wide range of archaeolo gical and historical evidence, each volume presents a fresh and absorbing account of a group’s culture, society and usually turbulent history. Already published The Etruscans The Franks Graeme Barker and Thomas Edward James Rasmussen The Russians The Lombards Robin Milner-Gulland Neil Christie The Mongols The Basques David Morgan Roger Collins The Armenians The English A.E. Redgate Geoffrey Elton The Huns The Gypsies E. A. Thompson Angus Fraser The Early Germans The Bretons Malcolm Todd Patrick Galliou and Michael Jones The Illyrians The Goths John Wilkes Peter Heather In preparation The Sicilians The Spanish David Abulafia Roger Collins The Irish The Romans Francis John Byrne and Michael Timothy Cornell Herity The Celts The Byzantines David Dumville Averil Cameron The Scots The First English Colin Kidd Sonia Chadwick Hawkes The Ancient Greeks The Normans Brian Sparkes Marjorie Chibnall The Piets The Serbs Charles Thomas Sima Cirkovic The Armenians A. E. Redgate Copyright © Anne Elizabeth Redgate 1998,2000 The right of Anne Elizabeth Redgate to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 1998 First published in paperback 2000 2468 10975 3 1 Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 1JF Blackwell Publishers Inc. 350 Main Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148 USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. -
Modern Armenia 1St Edition Free Download
FREE MODERN ARMENIA 1ST EDITION PDF Gerard Libaridian | 9781351504911 | | | | | Roman Armenia - Wikipedia Located in Western Asia[15] [16] on the Armenian Highlandsit is Modern Armenia 1st edition by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave Modern Armenia 1st edition Nakhchivan to the south. Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BC and became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion Modern Armenia 1st edition the late 3rd or early 4th century AD. Under the Bagratuni dynastythe Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia was restored in the 9th century. Declining due to the wars against the Byzantines, the kingdom fell in and Armenia was soon after invaded by the Seljuk Turks. An Armenian principality and later a kingdom Cilician Armenia was located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between the 11th and 14th centuries. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and Persian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empirewhile most of the Modern Armenia 1st edition parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I1. Infollowing the Russian Revolutionall non-Russian countries declared their independence after the Russian Empire ceased to exist, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. -
The Horse and the Lion in Achaemenid Persia: Representations of a Duality
arts Article The Horse and the Lion in Achaemenid Persia: Representations of a Duality Eran Almagor Independent Researcher, P.O. Box 3410, Jerusalem 91033, Israel; [email protected] Abstract: This paper explores the ambiguous Persian Achaemenid attitude towards the horse and the lion. It examines the way these animals appear in imperial official presentations, local artifacts throughout the empire and Greek textual representations. In the case of the stallion, it looks at the imagery of horse riding or the place of the horse in society and religion alongside the employment of steeds in chariots. Images of the lion are addressed in instances where it appears to be respected as having a significant protective power and as the prey of the chase. This paper attempts to show that this ambiguity corresponds roughly to the dual image of the Persians as both pre-imperial/nomad Citation: Almagor, Eran. 2021. The and imperial/sedentary (and hence allegedly luxurious), a schism that is manifest in both the Horse and the Lion in Achaemenid self-presentation of the Achaemenids and in the Greek texts. Persia: Representations of a Duality. Arts 10: 41. https://doi.org/ Keywords: horse; lion; Achaemenid; Ancient Persia; animals; Assyrian Empire; Medes; nomads; art 10.3390/arts10030041 history; archaeology Academic Editors: Branko F. van Oppen de Ruiter and Chiara Cavallo In a passage from Diodorus Siculus, the courtier Tiribazus, faced with charges of treason, tells his judges how once he had saved the Great King’s life: Received: 4 June 2020 Once -
Joseph Roisman
-j I a Joseph Roisman ALEXANDER S VETERANS AND THE EARLY WARS OF THE SUCCESSORS JN 71019 The Fordyce W. Mitchel Memorial Lecture Se ries, sponsored by the Department of History at the University of Missouri-Columbia, began in October 2000. Fordyce Mitchel was Professor of Greek History at the University of Missouri Columbia until his death in 1986. In addition to his work on fourth-century Greek history and epigraphy, including his much-cited Lykourgan Athens: 338-322, Semple Lectures 2 (Cincinnati, 1970), Mitchel helped to elevate the ancient his tory program in the Department of History and to build the extensive library resources in that field. The lecture series was made possible by a generous endowment from his widow, Mrs. Marguerite Mitchel. It provides for a biennial series of lectures on original aspects of Greek history and society, given by a scholar of high international standing. The lectures are then revised and arc currently published by the University of Texas Press. PREVIOUS MITCHEL PUBLICATIONS: Carol G. Thomas, Finding People in Early Greece (University of Missouri Press, 2005) Mogens Herman Hansen, The Shotgun Method: The Demography of the Ancient Greek City-State Culture (University of Missouri Press, 2006) Mark Golden, Greek Sport and Social Status (University of Texas Press, 2008) ALEXANDER S VETERANS AND THE EARLY WARS OF THE SUCCESSORS by Joseph Roisman JLCU1 0 5203 dve UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS, AUSTIN Copyright 2012 by the University of Texas Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 2012 Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to: Permissions University of Texas Press P.O. -
History of Medieval Armenia
QUANTUM COLLEGE INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE DIPLOMA PROGRAMME HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL ARMENIA COURSE COMPANION YEREVAN – 2016 Recommended by the Academic Council of Yerevan State University Faculty of History Malkhasyan Mikayel, PhD in History, Yerevan State University History of Medieval Armenia. Course companion. - Yerevan, Quan- tum College, 2016. – 102 p. The course companion is set for the medieval period of the History of Armenia course (Armenian Curriculum) in the IB DP of Quantum College. The course aims to explore the decisive events and essential characteristics of the medieval history of Armenia, providing students with different research perspectives and recent development in the area. This book can also be helpful for the Armenian studies educational pro- grams for high school and undergraduate students in the Republic of Armenia and the Diaspora. Scientific editor: Artak Movsisyan, Doctor of History, Professor, YSU Editors: Yevgenya Ghalumyan, Armen Gabrielyan & Lusya Manukyan ISBN 978-9939-846-12-5 ¡ ¡ 2 Course Companion definition The IB Diploma Programme Course Companions are resource materials designed to support students throughout their two-year DP course of study in a particular subject. They help students gain an understanding of what is expected from the study of an IB DP subject while presenting content in a way that illustrates the purpose and aims of the IB. They reflect the philosophy and approach of the IB and encourage a deep understanding of each subject by making connections to wider issues and providing opportunities for critical thinking. The books mirror the IB philosophy of viewing the curriculum in terms of a whole-course approach; the use of a wide range of resources, interna- tional mindedness, the IB learner profile and the IB DP core require- ments, theory of knowledge, the extended essay, and creativity, action, service (CAS). -
The Byzantine Empire and the Early Bagratids
Goodyear 1 A Forgotten Friendship: The Byzantine Empire and the Early Bagratids By Michael Goodyear Georgetown University Undergraduate Editor: Stefan Broekhuizen **Not reviewed by a member of the GU faculty Michael Goodyear graduated from the University of Chicago in 2016, receiving an A.B. with honors in History and Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, as well as a minor in Latin American Studies. The focus of his studies was Byzantine history and he wrote his honors thesis on Byzantine and Armenian relations between the ninth and eleventh centuries. At the University of Chicago, he was an editor of the Chicago Journal of History. Goodyear 2 One of the most important eras in Byzantine domestic and foreign policies toward the Armenians began with the reign of Emperor Basil I (r. 867-886). Basil inaugurated the longest-lasting ethnically Armenian Byzantine dynasty. Moreover, Basil and his heirs promoted friendly relations with the Armenians settled in the Byzantine Empire and Armenia. This prompted the formation of alliances with the new Armenian state and its ruling Bagratid Dynasty, initiating a period of peace and good relations between Armenia and Byzantium. In instituting this policy of goodwill towards the Armenians, Basil I furthered the model of his predecessor, Bardas Caesar. These amicable relations continued under Leo VI (r. 886-912) and his wife, Zoe Karbonopsina. Although several works exist on Byzantium and its relations with other peoples, there has been a deficiency in research on its interactions with the Armenians. Exact population numbers are not known for this period, but, along with Slavs and Jews, Armenians constituted one of the largest and most influential Byzantine minorities during the period from 582-107.1 Several historians who have studied Byzantine-Armenian interactions during this era concluded that the Macedonian Dynasty had planned to conquer Armenia since Basil I took the throne. -
The Romance of Alexander the Great by Pseudo-Callisthenes
THE ROMANCE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT BY PSEUDO-CALLISTHENES Translated from the Armenian Version with an Introduction by Albert Mugrdich Wolohojian COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London 1969 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 HE PRESENT VOLUME developed from the work submitted in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. degree at Columbia University in 1964. 1 am deeply indebted to Professor Law ton P. G Peck- ham, who encouraged the translation from the beginning and patiently saw it through its successive revisions. I also thank Professor W. T. H. Jackson of Columbia and Professor J. Undank of Rutgers University for their suggestions and com- ments. I deeply regret that this acknowledgment of their interest and encouragement will not be seen by Professor Ben Edwin Perry of the University of Illinois, whose wide range of schol- arly interests included Armenian letters, and Mr. Artin K. Shalian of New York, whose nobility of heart and mind is a shining memory. This book is a tribute to the Mechitarist Fathers of Venice and their late abbot, my beloved uncle, Archbishop S. Oulou- hodgian. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION i A HISTORY OF THE GREAT WORLD CONQUEROR, ALEXANDER OF MACEDON 23 NOTES 160 BIBLIOGRAPHY 188 INDEX 191 Alexander crossing the Stranga From Ms No. 424 in the Library of the Mechitarist Congregation, San Lazzaro, Venice. INTRODUCTION O F THE MANY legends of antiquity that flourished again in the vernaculars of the Middle Ages, none caught the fancy of so many and so diverse peoples as the fantastic adventures of King Alexander of Macedon. By the seventeenth century, the fanciful biography of the Macedonian world conqueror had appeared in over eighty versions in twenty-four languages.1 It was, then, not historical accounts2 that were to fascinate the popular imagination of the Middle Ages so much as the Ro- mance composed probably in Alexandria sometime before the fourth century A.D. -
Rediscovering Armenia
REDISCOVERING ARMENIA An Archaeological/Touristic Gazetteer and Map Set for the Historical Monuments of Armenia Brady Kiesling June 2000 Yerevan/Washington DC This document is aimed at encouraging interest in Armenia; no restriction is place on duplication of this electronic version for personal use. The author would appreciate acknowledgment of the source of any substantial quotations from this work. Please send corrections/suggestions to: [email protected] i Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................ i Index to Maps ........................................................ iii Author’s Preface ........................................................ iv Sources and Methods ..................................................... iv Timeline .............................................................. vi Archaeological Etiquette ............................................ vi Armenian Alphabet and Monument Dating ................................. vi Note on Transliteration: ........................................... vii Armenian Terms Useful for Getting Lost With ........................... ix Bibliography .......................................................... ix HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA .......................... 1 ARMENIAN MONASTERIES ..................................................... 3 YEREVAN CITY ............................................................. 5 Archaeology ............................................................ 6 The Erivan Fortress -
The Background of the Nation of Armenia
THE BACKGROUND OF THE NATION OF ARMENIA Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the Biblical mountains of Ararat. The original In , Arsacid Armenia was the first sovereign nation to accept Christianity as a state religion. The Armenians later fell under Byzantine, Sassanid. The most horrific massacre took place in April during World War I, when the Turks ordered the deportation of the Armenian population to the deserts of Syria and Mesopotamia. Just as positive change began to come to the region, however, the nation and its education system suffered the devastating blow of a massive earthquake in The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. By the time of Arab invasion in Armenia, ruled by prince Theodore Rshtuni, was virtually independent. Arminiya lasted until , when it regained its independence from the weakened Abbasid Caliphate under Ashot I of Armenia. In , after Abdulhamid had felt compelled to promise Britain, France, and Russia that he would carry out reforms, large-scale systematic massacres took place in the Armenian provinces. The Armenian reform package was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues. The most significant among those was the Federation of Khamsa in Artsakh today's Nagorno-Karabakh , which consisted of five allied principalities. Shirakatsi's writing gained renown outside Armenia for pioneering ideas such as tailoring material according to age and emphasizing not only content but methods of teaching. Turkey has an anti-Armenian policy. One of the first institutions of higher education, the Academy of Tatev, was founded in the ninth century. Taking advantage of the favourable political conditions created by the World War I, they began the "final resolution of the Armenian question" on April 24th, , by executing hundreds of Armenian intellectuals of Constantinople without trial. -
ARMENIAN HISTORY TIMELINE: Key Dates
ARMENIAN HISTORY TIMELINE: Key Dates 1. Formative Era and the Kingdom of Ararat 5000 BC Armenian language becomes a separate Indo-European language 2700 BC First mention of Haya in Akkadian inscriptions 2260 BC First mention of Armenia in Sumerian inscriptions 1300 BC Founding of Kingdom of Ararat (Urartu) 782 BC Founding of Erebuni/Erevan 585 BC Yervandian Dynasty (570-200) established when Kingdom of Ararat falls to Persians (Medes) 520 BC Armenia translated as Urartu in Behistun Inscription commemorating Darius' Persian Empire 336 BC Alexander the Great, Armenia incorporated into Seleucid Kingdom 2. Artashesian Kingdom 189 BC Artashes I – Consolidated Armenian State, founds Armenian dynasty that reaches its height under Tigran the Great and rules until 31 AD 95 BC Tigran the Great consolidates Armenian state with neighbors against Rome 0 Birth of our Lord, Jesus Christ 33 The Crucifixion and Resurrection of our Lord, Jesus Christ 35-60 The Apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew bring Christianity to Armenia 3. Arshakuni Kingdom 66 Trdat I crowned King – founding Arshakuni dynasty that ruled Armenia through 428 during Armenia's conversion to Christianity 4. Adoption of Christianity, Golden Age 301 St. Grigor (Gregory the Illuminator) converts King Trdat III to Christianity and Armenia becomes the first Christian nation 303 Etchmiadzin (meaning the only-begotten descended) is established after St. Gregory has a vision 325 The First Ecumenical Council is held in Nicea; the Nicene Creed is formulated, St. Aristakes (St. Gregory's son, later catholicos, attends from Armenia) 353 St. Nerses the Great (-373), St. Gregory's great grandson, establishes schools, hospitals, orphanages, monasteries 354 St.