DOCSLIB.ORG

Animals in Ancient Greek Warfare

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Animals in Ancient Greek Warfare ANIMALS IN ANCIENT GREEK WARFARE: A STUDY OF THE ELEPHANT, CAMEL, AND DOG _______________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________________ by JENNA RAE RICE Dr. Ian Worthington, dissertation supervisor MAY 2020 © Copyright by Jenna Rice 2020 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the [thesis or dissertation] entitled: ANIMALS IN ANCIENT GREEK WARFARE: A STUDY OF THE ELEPHANT, CAMEL, AND DOG Presented by Jenna Rae Rice, a candidate for the degree of doctorate of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. __________________________ Professor Ian Worthington __________________________ Professor Theodore Tarkow __________________________ Professor Susan Langdon __________________________ Professor Dennis Trout __________________________ Professor Lois Huneycutt __________________________ Professor John Frymire To Mom and Dad, who supported me and cheered me on, who made this possible. Thank you. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Ian Worthington, for guiding and supporting my research, encouraging my zoological curiosity, and reading and commenting on drafts of dissertation chapters as well as related conference papers and articles. Thank you to my dissertation committee members, Professors Ian Worthington, John Frymire, Lois Huneycutt, Susan Langdon, Theodore Tarkow, and Dennis Trout, for their willingness to serve on the committee and consider my dissertation for acceptance. My thanks especially to Professor Langdon for teaching me how to navigate CARC’s Beazley Archive and “read” the scenes of Attic pottery, and to Professor Tarkow for our helpful discussions of the Hippaemon epigram. I was fortunate enough to have several chapters evaluated by historians of animal culture, and I am grateful to Professor Emeritus Ken Kitchell for reading and commenting on Part III of the dissertation as well as for sharing his Arts article with me before publication. Thank you to Professor Linda Evans for reading and providing many helpful notes on the camels of Part II and for pointing me in the direction of further human-animal studies. I am greatly appreciative of the many conversations which impacted, stimulated, and helped organize my dissertation research. Thank you to Professor Emerita Barbara Wallach for her patience and advice, and to Profs. Larry Tritle and Tom Palaima, whose conference talks on the ancient combat experience informed my methodology below. Thank you also to Dr. Katia Margariti for our chats on Molossian hounds and for sharing her specialized knowledge. iii Finally, thank you to the University of Missouri’s Department of History, which provided me with the Dissertation Fellowship that enabled me to complete my research in the spring of 2020. iv Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. ii Abbreviations of Ancient Authors ................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Part I: Elephants ............................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 1: Indian Elephants & the Greeks ..................................................................................... 23 Chapter 2: “A Friendly Wall:”The Limitations of War Elephants ................................................ 51 Chapter 3: Alexander’s Elephants & the Diadochs ....................................................................... 91 Chapter 4: Elephants & the Epigonoi .......................................................................................... 140 Part II: Camels ............................................................................................................................. 211 Chapter 5: Camels: The Context .................................................................................................. 217 Chapter 6: Alexander’s Camels ................................................................................................... 244 Part III: Dogs ............................................................................................................................... 282 Chapter 7: Domestication & Perception of the Dog in Ancient Greece ...................................... 290 Chapter 8: Συστρατιώτης Κύων: The Dog in the Ancient Greek Military .................................. 313 Part IV: Horses ............................................................................................................................. 385 Chapter 9: The Early Warhorse ................................................................................................... 391 Chapter 10: Evolved Cavalry in The Classical & Hellenistic Ages ............................................. 412 Summing Up: Final Conclusions ................................................................................................. 456 Appendix 1: Images ..................................................................................................................... 463 Appendix 2: A Note on the Camel Use of the Diadochs ............................................................. 470 Appendix 3: Summary of Beazley Archive Dog and Warrior Scenes ......................................... 472 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 489 VITA ............................................................................................................................................ 508 v Abbreviations of Ancient Authors Ael. Aelian Aen.Tact. Aeneas Tacticus Aes. Aeschylus App. Appian Ar. Aristophanes Arist. Aristotle Arr. Arrian Curt. Curtius DH Dionysius of Halicarnassus Diod. Diodorus Siculus Eur. Euripides Hdt. Herodotus Jos. Josephus Just. Justin Lib. Libanius Nep. Cornelius Nepos Paus. Pausanias Plut. Plutarch Poll. Julius Pollux Polyaen. Polyaenus Polyb. Polybius Thuc. Thucydides Xen. Xenophon vi ANIMALS IN ANCIENT GREEK WARFARE: A STUDY OF THE ELEPHANT, CAMEL, AND DOG Jenna Rae Rice Professor Ian Worthington, Dissertation Supervisor ABSTRACT My dissertation asserts that the study of animals is integral to the thorough understanding of the ancient military landscape, and three animals in particular warrant particular attention: the elephant, camel, and dog. I place these animals into the broader context of ancient warfare through the use of human-animal studies, zoological research, archaeological studies, and careful historical analysis, proving their impact in the Greco- Macedonian military. I contend that the war elephant’s tactical significance is overstated by modern scholarship and requires a re-evaluation, concluding that due to a combination of physiological and behavioral reasons, elephants were not compatible with Greek military practices. They were, however, compatible with Diadoch politics, and were used by generations of Seleucids and Ptolemies as an emblem of legitimacy, martial strength, and royalty. I consider the military value of the camel within the Greek realm, arguing that it has been largely ignored and requires analysis from a fresh perspective. I use recent zoological studies to argue against scholarship that dismisses the camel’s abilities to tolerate extreme environments, and I assess the its value within the army of Alexander the Great through a series of specific case studies. Subsequently, I investigate the use of dogs in the ancient military sphere through a study of literary and archaeological sources. I show how dogs participated both directly in battle (Ionia) and in a more auxiliary fashion as guards, hunters, and companions. Finally, I present a survey of scientific vii archaeological, and historical studies of the ancient warhorse, considering its status within the scholarly community as a goal and model for future studies of other animals that functioned in the ancient military sphere. 1 Introduction Photo 1 Right Wall of Memorial; Photo: Jeanne R. Rice, used with permission. In 2004, London’s Hyde Park unveiled the Animals in War Memorial, the first British war memorial dedicated not to a specific military animal, but to all animals incorporated into human conflict throughout time. Designed by David Backhouse, the memorial is comprised of two curving walls of Portland stone with bas-relief carvings of participating animals and a series of bronze sculptures, including two pack mules, a horse, and a dog. The wall depicts a menagerie, including elephants, dromedaries, Bactrian camels, cows, bison, horses in gas masks, a mule, dog, ram, cat, and three carrier pigeons. The monument reads: "This monument is dedicated to all the animals that served and died alongside British and Allied forces in wars and campaigns throughout time." Below this, in smaller, starker font: “They had no choice.” 2 The memorial was neither managed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff
    The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff This study appears as part III of Toumanoff's Studies in Christian Caucasian History (Georgetown, 1963), pp. 277-354. An earlier version appeared in the journal Le Muséon 72(1959), pp. 1-36 and 73(1960), pp. 73-106. The Orontids of Armenia Bibliography, pp. 501-523 Maps appear as an attachment to the present document. This material is presented solely for non-commercial educational/research purposes. I 1. The genesis of the Armenian nation has been examined in an earlier Study.1 Its nucleus, succeeding to the role of the Yannic nucleus ot Urartu, was the 'proto-Armenian,T Hayasa-Phrygian, people-state,2 which at first oc- cupied only a small section of the former Urartian, or subsequent Armenian, territory. And it was, precisely, of the expansion of this people-state over that territory, and of its blending with the remaining Urartians and other proto- Caucasians that the Armenian nation was born. That expansion proceeded from the earliest proto-Armenian settlement in the basin of the Arsanias (East- ern Euphrates) up the Euphrates, to the valley of the upper Tigris, and espe- cially to that of the Araxes, which is the central Armenian plain.3 This expand- ing proto-Armenian nucleus formed a separate satrapy in the Iranian empire, while the rest of the inhabitants of the Armenian Plateau, both the remaining Urartians and other proto-Caucasians, were included in several other satrapies.* Between Herodotus's day and the year 401, when the Ten Thousand passed through it, the land of the proto-Armenians had become so enlarged as to form, in addition to the Satrapy of Armenia, also the trans-Euphratensian vice-Sa- trapy of West Armenia.5 This division subsisted in the Hellenistic phase, as that between Greater Armenia and Lesser Armenia.
    [Show full text]
  • Cleopatra II and III: the Queens of Ptolemy VI and VIII As Guarantors of Kingship and Rivals for Power
    Originalveröffentlichung in: Andrea Jördens, Joachim Friedrich Quack (Hg.), Ägypten zwischen innerem Zwist und äußerem Druck. Die Zeit Ptolemaios’ VI. bis VIII. Internationales Symposion Heidelberg 16.-19.9.2007 (Philippika 45), Wiesbaden 2011, S. 58–76 Cleopatra II and III: The queens of Ptolemy VI and VIII as guarantors of kingship and rivals for power Martina Minas-Nerpel Introduction The second half of the Ptolemaic period was marked by power struggles not only among the male rulers of the dynasty, but also among its female members. Starting with Arsinoe II, the Ptolemaic queens had always been powerful and strong-willed and had been a decisive factor in domestic policy. From the death of Ptolemy V Epiphanes onwards, the queens controlled the political developments in Egypt to a still greater extent. Cleopatra II and especially Cleopatra III became all-dominant, in politics and in the ruler-cult, and they were often depicted in Egyptian temple- reliefs—more often than any of her dynastic predecessors and successors. Mother and/or daughter reigned with Ptolemy VI Philometor to Ptolemy X Alexander I, from 175 to 101 BC, that is, for a quarter of the entire Ptolemaic period. Egyptian queenship was complementary to kingship, both in dynastic and Ptolemaic Egypt: No queen could exist without a king, but at the same time the queen was a necessary component of kingship. According to Lana Troy, the pattern of Egyptian queenship “reflects the interaction of male and female as dualistic elements of the creative dynamics ”.1 The king and the queen functioned as the basic duality through which regeneration of the creative power of the kingship was accomplished.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion Milns, R D Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Summer 1966; 7, 2; Proquest Pg
    Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion Milns, R D Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Summer 1966; 7, 2; ProQuest pg. 159 Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion R. D. Milns SOME TIME between the battle of Gaugamela and the battle of A the Hydaspes the number of battalions in the Macedonian phalanx was raised from six to seven.1 This much is clear; what is not certain is when the new formation came into being. Berve2 believes that the introduction took place at Susa in 331 B.C. He bases his belief on two facts: (a) the arrival of 6,000 Macedonian infantry and 500 Macedonian cavalry under Amyntas, son of Andromenes, when the King was either near or at Susa;3 (b) the appearance of Philotas (not the son of Parmenion) as a battalion leader shortly afterwards at the Persian Gates.4 Tarn, in his discussion of the phalanx,5 believes that the seventh battalion was not created until 328/7, when Alexander was at Bactra, the new battalion being that of Cleitus "the White".6 Berve is re­ jected on the grounds: (a) that Arrian (3.16.11) says that Amyntas' reinforcements were "inserted into the existing (six) battalions KC1:TCt. e8vr(; (b) that Philotas has in fact taken over the command of Perdiccas' battalion, Perdiccas having been "promoted to the Staff ... doubtless after the battle" (i.e. Gaugamela).7 The seventh battalion was formed, he believes, from reinforcements from Macedonia who reached Alexander at Nautaca.8 Now all of Tarn's arguments are open to objection; and I shall treat them in the order they are presented above.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Achaemenid Persia on Fourth-Century and Early Hellenistic Greek Tyranny
    THE INFLUENCE OF ACHAEMENID PERSIA ON FOURTH-CENTURY AND EARLY HELLENISTIC GREEK TYRANNY Miles Lester-Pearson A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11826 This item is protected by original copyright The influence of Achaemenid Persia on fourth-century and early Hellenistic Greek tyranny Miles Lester-Pearson This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of St Andrews Submitted February 2015 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Miles Lester-Pearson, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 88,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2010 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2011; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2010 and 2015. Date: Signature of Candidate: 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10444-0 — Rome and the Third Macedonian War Paul J
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10444-0 — Rome and the Third Macedonian War Paul J. Burton Index More Information Index Abdera, Greek city on the h racian coast, 15n. second year 41 , 60 , 174 political disruption sparked by Roman h ird Macedonian War embassy, 143 second year troubles with Sparta, 13 , 82n. 23 brutalized by Hortensius, 140 Acilius Glabrio, M’. (cos. 191), 44 , 59n. 12 embassy to Rome, 140 Aetolian War s.c. de Abderitis issued, 140 , see also second year Appendix C passim given (unsolicited) strategic advice by Abrupolis, king of the h racian Sapaei, 15n. 41 Flamininus, 42 attacks Macedonia (179), 58 , 81 Syrian and Aetolian Wars Acarnania, Acarnanians, 14 second year deprived of the city of Leucas (167), 177 Battle of h ermopylae, 36 – 37 First Macedonian War recovers some cities in h essaly, 36 Roman operations in (211), 25 Aelius Ligus, P. (cos. 172), 112 politicians exiled to Italy (167), 177 Aemilius Lepidus, M. (ambassador) h ird Macedonian War embassy to Philip V at Abydus (200), 28 , second year 28n. 53 political disruption sparked by Roman Aenus and Maronea, Greek cities on the embassy, 143 h racian coast, 40 , 60 , 140 , 174 two executed by the Athenians (201), 28n. 53 declared free by the senate, 46 – 47 Achaean League, Achaeans, 12 – 13 dispute between Philip V and Rome over, Achaean War (146), 194 44 – 45 , 55 , 86 , 92 , 180 Archon- Callicrates debate (175), 61 , 61n. 29 , embassy to Rome from Maronean exiles (186/ 62n. 30 , 94 – 96 5), 45 congratulated by Rome for resisting Perseus Maronean exiles address senatorial (173), 66 , 117 commission (185), 46 conquest of the Peloponnese, 13 , 82n.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Greeks Victor Davis Hanson John Keegan, Series Editor
    SMITHSONIAN HISTORY OF WARFARE WARS OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS VICTOR DAVIS HANSON JOHN KEEGAN, SERIES EDITOR () Smithsonian Books (::::Collins An Imprint ofHarperCollinsPub/ishers For W. K. Pritchett, who revolutionized the study of Ancient Greek warfare Text © 1999 by Victor Davis Hanson Design and layout© 1999 by Cassell & Co. First published in Great Britain 1999 The picture credits on page 240 constitute an extension to this copyright page. Material in the introduction and chapter 5 is based on ideas that appeared in Victor Davis Hanson and john Heath, Who Killed Homer? The Demise if Classical Education and the Recovery ifGreek Wisdom (The Free Press, New York, 1998) 'and Victor Davis Hanson, "Alexander the Kille1~" Quarterly journal ifMilitary History, spring 1998, I 0.3, 8-20. WARS OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS. All rights reserved. No part of this title may be reproduced or transmitted by any means (including photography or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner. For infor­ mation, address HarperCollins Publishers, 10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022. Published 2004 in the United States of America by Smithsonian Books Acknowledgments In association with Cassell Wellington House, 125 Strand London WC2R OBB would like to thank John Keegan and Judith Flanders for asking me Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data I to write this volume on the Ancient Greeks at war. My colleague at Hanson, Victor Davis. California State University, Fresno, Professor Bruce Thornton, kindly Wars of the ancient Greeks I Victor Davis Hanson ; John Keegan, general editor.
    [Show full text]
  • CLASSICAL TURKEY Archaeology and Mythology of Asia Minor Wednesday, June 12Th - Wednesday, June 26Th (14 Nights, 15 Days)
    CLASSICAL TURKEY Archaeology and Mythology of Asia Minor Wednesday, June 12th - Wednesday, June 26th (14 Nights, 15 Days) On this trip guests are guided through an in-depth examination of the Greco-Roman civilization in Western Asia Minor. The Aeolian and Ionian cities along the west coast of Anatolia were founded around 1000 B.C. while the Eastern Greek world made its first cultural gains at the beginning of the 7th century BC. We see first hand that Eastern Greek art and culture owe a considerable debt to their long-standing contact with the indigenous Lydian, Lycian and Carian cultures in Anatolia, not forgetting the Phrygians. The Ionian civilization was thus a product of the co-existence of Greeks with the natives of Asia Minor. The voyage of Jason and the Argonauts, legend of the Hellespont, the Iliad of Homer, Alexander the Great’s pilgrimage to Troy, Cleanthes of Assos, the Library of Pergamum, the legend of Asclepius, Coinage & Customs of the Lydians, the wealth of Croesus, the Temple of Diana, and the Oracle at Didyma will assist us in comprehending the creativity and inspiration of the period. Day 1 Istanbul Special category (4-star) hotel Guests are met by the tour director at the Atatürk Airport and are then taken to the hotel and assisted through check-in. Group participants meet each other and staff with a welcome drink before sitting down to dinner. (D) Day 2 Istanbul Special category (4-star) hotel This morning we visit the Istanbul Archaeology Museum (main building). The facade of the building was inspired by the Alexander Sarcophagus and Sarcophagus of the Mourning Women, both housed inside the Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • Roma Dönemi Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Ticaretinde Kiyi Kilikya Bölgesi'nin Yeri Ve Önemi
    T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI KLASİK ARKEOLOJİ BİLİM DALI ROMA DÖNEMİ DOĞU AKDENİZ DENİZ TİCARETİNDE KIYI KİLİKYA BÖLGESİ’NİN YERİ VE ÖNEMİ AHMET BİLİR DOKTORA TEZİ Danışman YRD. DOÇ. DR. MEHMET TEKOCAK Konya 2014 II T. C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Bilimsel Etik Sayfası Adı Soyadı Ahmet Bilir Numarası 104103011001 Ana Bilim / Bilim Dalı Arkeoloji / Klasik Arkeoloji Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans Doktora Öğrencinin Roma Dönemi Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Ticaretinde Tezin Adı Kıyı Kilikya Bölgesi’nin Yeri Ve Önemi Bu tezin proje safhasından sonuçlanmasına kadarki bütün süreçlerde bilimsel etiğe ve akademik kurallara özenle riayet edildiğini, tez içindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, ayrıca tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada başkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel kurallara uygun olarak atıf yapıldığını bildiririm. Öğrencinin imzası (İmza) III T. C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Doktora Tezi Kabul Formu Adı Soyadı Ahmet Bilir Numarası 104103011001 Ana Bilim / Bilim Dalı Arkeoloji / Klasik Arkeoloji Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans Doktora Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mehmet Tekocak Tez Danışmanı Öğrencinin Roma Dönemi Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Ticaretinde Tezin Adı Kıyı Kilikya Bölgesi’nin Yeri Ve Önemi Yukarıda adı geçen öğrenci tarafından hazırlanan Roma Dönemi Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Ticaretinde Kıyı Kilikya Bölgesi’nin Yeri Ve Önemi Yeri başlıklı bu çalışma ……../……../…….. tarihinde yapılan savunma sınavı sonu- cunda oybirliği/oyçokluğu ile başarılı bulunarak, jürimiz tarafından yüksek lisans tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Ünvanı, Adı Soyadı Danışman ve Üyeler İmza IV Önsöz Geriye dönüp bakınca hep üniversite yılları, kazılar, bölümün koridorları, dostluklar ve hocalar akla geliyor. Bu süre zarfında hissettiğim duygunun bir tarifi olarak aile sıcaklığı kavramını yakıştırabilirim.
    [Show full text]
  • Stories from Greek History
    TO ARCHIBALD R.B. HALDANE Conditions and Terms of Use My dear Archie, Copyright © Heritage History 2010 Some rights reserved Do you remember that bright summer morning last This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an year when we lay out on the lawn and read together the organization dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history "Labours of Heracles," and how you once interrupted to ask "if books, and to the promotion of the works of traditional history authors. the tales were true?" The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public domain and are no longer protected by the original copyright. They may The tales in this little book are true, and beside the therefore be reproduced within the United States without paying a royalty winter fire I wrote them, fancying that I still had your eager to the author. face beside me, heard still your eager demand for "another The text and pictures used to produce this version of the work, story." Will you like these as well, I wonder? however, are the property of Heritage History and are subject to certain Your loving friend restrictions. These restrictions are imposed for the purpose of protecting the Ethelwyn Lemon integrity of the work, for preventing plagiarism, and for helping to assure that compromised versions of the work are not widely disseminated. In order to preserve information regarding the origin of this text, a copyright by the author, and a Heritage History distribution date are TABLE OF CONTENTS included at the foot of every page of text.
    [Show full text]
  • Antiochus IV Rome
    Chapter 22 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 11 & 12 Babylon Medo- 445BC 4 Persian Kings Persia Alex the Great Greece N&S Kings Antiochus IV Rome Gap of Time Time of the Gentiles 1wk 3 ½ years Opposing king. Greek Empire Chapter 8 Alexander The Great King of the South King of the North 1. Ptolemy I Soter 1. Seleucus I Nicator 2. Antiochus I Soter 2. Ptolemy II Philadelphus 3. Antiochus II Theos 3. Ptolemy III Euergetes 4. Seleucus II Callinicus 5. Seleucus III Ceraunus 4. Ptolemy IV Philopator 6. Antiochus III Great 5. Ptolemy V Epiphanes 7. Seleucus IV Philopator 6. Ptolemy VI Philometor 8. Antiochus IV Epiphanes Daniel 9:27 The 70th Week 1 Week = 7 years 3 ½ years 3 ½ years Apostasy Make a covenant Stop to Temple sacrifice with the many Stop to grain offering Abomination of Desolation Crush the elect (Jews) Jacob’s Distress Jacob’s Trouble Tribulation Daniel 11:35 Some of those who have insight will fall, in order to refine, purge and make them pure until the end time; because it is still to come at the appointed time 1 John 3:2-3 2 Beloved, now we are children of God, and it has not appeared as yet what we will be. We know that when He appears, we will be like Him, because we will see Him just as He is. 3 And everyone who has his hope fixed on Him purifies himself, just as He is pure. Zechariah 13:7-9 8 “It will come about in all the land,” Declares the LORD, “That two parts in it will be cut off and perish; But the third will be left in it.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Customs of the Ancient Macedon Macedonian National Traditio The
    Page No.23 2. Customs of the Ancient Macedonians in Macedonian National Tradition Lidija Kovacheva Assistant Professor Classical (ancient) studies University EURO Balkan Skopje Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of ORCID iD: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1652-1460 URL: http://eurobalkan/academia.edu E-Mail: [email protected] Abstract: The impact of the methodological research of this paper is to highlight ancient Macedonian customs and their influence in the modern Republic of Macedonia. Rather than being altered, vestiges of the past are almost unchanged in some rural areas, as are Macedonian folk beliefs. Indigenous traditions of the ancient Macedonians abounded with numerous ritual activities, although to some extent correspond with the customs of other ancient peoples. However, these practices do have specific features that characterize the folk tradition of the ancient Macedonians interpreted and can be seen as guardians of the Macedonian identity. Although 2,000 years have passed from the ancient period to the present, and it is a bit hypothetical to interpret the rudiments of customs and celebrations from that time, we can allow ourselves to conclude that certain ritual actions from the ancient period, although modified, still largely correspond to the current Macedonian folk customs and beliefs, both in terms of the time of celebration and in terms of ritual actions, procedures and symbolism. Their continuity reflects the Macedonian identity, from antiquity to today. Keywords: Customs, beliefs, ancient Macedonian, Macedonian folk tradition, vestiges Vol. 4 No. 1 (2016) Issue- March ISSN 2347-6869 (E) & ISSN 2347-2146 (P) Customs of the Ancient Macedonians in Macedonian National Tradition by Kovacheva, L.
    [Show full text]