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Located in Western Asia[15] [16] on the Armenian Highlandsit is Modern Armenia 1st edition by Turkey to the west, to the north, the de facto independent and to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave Modern Armenia 1st edition Nakhchivan to the south. Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under the Great in the 1st century BC and became the first state in the world to adopt as its official religion Modern Armenia 1st edition the late 3rd or early 4th century AD. Under the Bagratuni dynastythe Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia was restored in the 9th century. Declining due to the wars against the Byzantines, the kingdom fell in and Armenia was soon after invaded by the Seljuk Turks. An Armenian principality and later a kingdom Cilician Armenia was located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between the 11th and 14th centuries. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of and came under the rule of the Ottoman and Persian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empirewhile most of the Modern Armenia 1st edition parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I1. Infollowing the Russian Revolutionall non-Russian countries declared their independence after the Russian Empire ceased to exist, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. Bythe state was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Modern Armenia 1st edition Soviet Republicand in became a founding member of the Soviet Union. Inthe Transcaucasian state was dissolved, transforming its constituent states, including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republicinto full Union republics. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Armenia is a developing country and ranks 81st on the Human Development Index While Armenia is geographically located in the South , it is generally considered geopolitically European. Since Armenia aligns itself in many respects geopolitically with Europethe country is a member of numerous European organizations including the Council of Europethe Eastern PartnershipEurocontrolthe Assembly of European Regionsand Modern Armenia 1st edition European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Armenia supports the de facto independent Artsakhwhich was proclaimed in Armenia also recognises the Armenian Apostolic Churchthe world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] Koryun[29] and . Additionally, while it is agreed that Arme was located to the immediate west of and therefore in the regionthe location of the older site of Armani is a matter of debate. Some modern researchers have placed it in the same general area of Arme, near modern Samsat[37] and have suggested it was populated, at least partially, by an early Indo-European-speaking people. According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Arama lineal descendant of . Jubilees also apportions the Mountains of Ararat to Shemwhich Jubilees expounds to be apportioned to Aram. Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the mountains of Ararat. There is evidence of an early civilisation in Armenia in the Bronze Age and earlier, dating to about BC. Archaeological surveys in and at the Areni-1 cave complex have resulted in the discovery of the world's earliest known leather shoe[44] skirt, [45] and wine-producing facility. Historically, this event coincides with the destruction Modern Armenia 1st edition Akkad by the Gutian dynasty of Sumer in BC, [47] a time when Hayk may have left with the "more than members of his household" as told in the legend, and also during the beginning of when a Mesopotamian Dark Age was occurring due to the fall of the Akkadian Empire in Modern Armenia 1st edition which may have acted as a backdrop for the events in the legend making him leave Mesopotamia. Several Bronze Age cultures and states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Trialeti-Vanadzor cultureHayasa-Azziand Mitanni located in southwestern historical Armeniaall of which are believed to have had Indo-European populations. Each of the aforementioned nations and confederacies participated in the ethnogenesis of the . is the world's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation. During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity Modern Armenia 1st edition was called Armenia by neighbouring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empireas part of the latters' territories. The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in BC under King and begun the rule of the . In the next centuries, Armenia was in the Persian Empire 's sphere of influence during the reign of Tiridates Ithe founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armeniawhich itself was a branch of the . Throughout its history, the kingdom Modern Armenia 1st edition Armenia enjoyed both periods of independence and periods of autonomy subject to contemporary empires. Religion in was historically related to a set of beliefs that, in Persia, led to the emergence of Zoroastrianism. It particularly focused on the worship of Mithra and also included a pantheon of gods such as AramazdVahagnAnahitand Astghik. The country used the solar Armenian calendarwhich consisted of 12 months. Christianity spread into the country as early as AD Modern Armenia 1st edition to this, during the latter part of the Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian country. After the fall of the Kingdom of Armenia inmost of Armenia was incorporated Modern Armenia 1st edition a marzpanate within the . Following the inChristian Armenians maintained their religion and Armenia gained autonomy. After the Sasanian period — Armenia emerged as Arminiyaan autonomous principality under the Umayyad Caliphatereuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the as well. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognised by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. lasted untilwhen it regained its independence from the weakened Abbasid under . The reemergent Armenian Modern Armenia 1st edition was ruled by the and lasted until In time, several areas of the Modern Armenia 1st edition Armenia separated as independent kingdoms and principalities such as the Kingdom of ruled by the House of Artsruni in the south, Kingdom of Syunik in the east, or Kingdom of Artsakh on the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakhwhile still recognising the supremacy of the Bagratid kings. Inthe Byzantine Empire Modern Armenia 1st edition . Soon, the Modern Armenia 1st edition Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short lived, as in the Seljuk Empire defeated Modern Armenia 1st edition Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikertestablishing the Modern Armenia 1st edition Empire. Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusadersand saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. Cilicia's significance in Armenian history and statehood is also attested by the transfer of the seat of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, the spiritual leader of the Armenian people, to the region. The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent principality in northern and eastern Armenia known as Zakarid Armeniawhich lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. After incessant invasions, each bringing destruction to the country, with time Armenia became weakened. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasyaand decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th Modern Armenia 1st edition, [70] Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. FromAbbas I of Iran implemented a " scorched earth " policy in the region to protect his north-western frontier against any invading Ottoman forcesa policy that involved a forced resettlement of masses of Armenians outside of their homelands. While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own enclaves and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire including the ruling Turks. However, as Christians under a strict Muslim social structureArmenians faced pervasive discrimination. When they began pushing for more rights within the , Sultan Abdul Hamid IIin response, organised state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between andresulting in an estimated death toll of 80, topeople. The Hamidian massacresas they Modern Armenia 1st edition to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan". During the s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federationcommonly known as Dashnaktsutyunbecame active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of Modern Armenia 1st edition Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed Modern Armenia 1st edition. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favour of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy. In Aprilthe Adana massacre occurred Modern Armenia 1st edition the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,—30, Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. The Armenian reform package was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues. The new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion, because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 AprilArmenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law 29 Mayeventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the . The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts Modern Armenia 1st edition forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre. The events of to are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide. Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. Toynbeean estimatedArmenians died during deportation from — This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on 24 May This federation, however, lasted from only February to Maywhen all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of . The First Republic's short-lived independence was fraught with war, territorial disputesand a mass influx of refugees from Ottoman Armenia, bringing with them disease and starvation. The Entente Powers sought to help the newly founded Armenian state through relief funds and other forms of support. At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. In addition, just days prior, on 5 AugustMihran Damadian of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate. There was even consideration of making Armenia a mandate under the protection of the United States. Modern Armenia 1st edition treaty, however, was rejected by the Turkish National Movementand never came into effect. The movement used the treaty as the occasion to declare itself the rightful government of Turkeyreplacing the monarchy based in Istanbul with a republic based in Ankara. InTurkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed. After the fall of the republic, the soon Modern Armenia 1st edition place inand Modern Armenia 1st edition to the establishment of the Republic of Mountainous Armenia by Armenian forces under command of on 26 April, which fought off both Soviet and Turkish intrusions in the Zangezur region of southern Armenia. After Soviet agreements to include the in Armenia's borders, the rebellion ended and the Red Army took control of the region on 13 July. Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability within USSR. They Modern Armenia 1st edition medicine, Modern Armenia 1st edition, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled with secular policies of USSR. Armenia was not the scene of any battles in World War II. An estimatedArmenians nearly a third of the population served in the Red Army during the war, anddied. It is claimed that the freedom index in the region had seen an improvement after the death of Joseph Stalin in the and emergence of Nikita Khrushchev as the new general secretary of the CPSU. Soon, life in Armenia's SSR began to see rapid improvement. The church, which was limited during the secretaryship of Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in Ina memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in Armenia - Wikipedia

While Armenia Minor had become a Modern Armenia 1st edition state and incorporated into the Roman Empire proper during the 1st century AD, Greater Armenia remained an independent kingdom under the Arsacid dynasty. Throughout this period, Armenia remained a bone of contention between Rome and the Parthian Empireas well as the Sasanian Empire that succeeded the latter, and the casus belli for several of the Roman—Persian Wars. Only in — was Emperor Trajan able to conquer and incorporate it as a short-lived province. In the late 4th century, Armenia was divided between Rome and the Sasanians, who took control of the larger part of the Armenian Kingdom and in the mid-5th century abolished the Armenian monarchy. In the 6th and 7th centuries, Armenia once again became a battleground between the East Romans Byzantines and the Sasanians, until both powers were defeated and replaced Modern Armenia 1st edition the Muslim Caliphate in the mid-7th century. Throughout most of its history Modern Armenia 1st edition this period, under the reign of the Arsacid Dynastythe was divided among Roman-loyalists, Parthian-loyalists or neutrals. Armenia often served as a client state or vassal at the frontier of the two large empires and their successors, the Byzantine and Sassanid empires. For the next years, Armenia remained under Roman influence. Towards the middle of the 1st century AD, the rising Parthian influence disputed Roman supremacy, which was re-established by the campaigns of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo. This conflict ended after the Battle of Rhandeiain an effective stalemate and a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the Arsacid line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the Roman emperor. Trajan Modern Armenia 1st edition resolved to make this vassal-state a province, and Modern Armenia 1st edition shift to eastern frontier of the Roman empire generally Armenia yielded to its Modern Armenia 1st edition and became a Roman governorship Trajan thereupon advanced and occupied Mesopotamia InTrajan invaded the Parthian Empire because he wanted to reinstate a vassal king in Armenia a few years before fallen under Parthian control. Trajan then deposed the Armenian king Parthamasiris and ordered the annexation of Armenia to the Roman Empire as a new province. The new province reached the shores of the Caspian Sea and bordered to the Modern Armenia 1st edition with the Caucasian Iberia and Albaniatwo vassal states of Rome. Modern Armenia 1st edition rebellion by the Parthian pretender Sanatruces was put down, though sporadic resistance continued and Vologases III of Parthia managed to secure an area of south-eastern Armenia just before Trajan's death in August After Trajan's death, his successor Hadrian decided not to maintain the province of Armenia. InHadrian gave Armenia up, and installed Parthamaspates as its king. Parthamaspates was soon defeated by the Parthians, and again fled to the Romans, who granted him the co-rule of in western Greater Armenia as a consolation. Sohaemus was named king of Armenia by Roman emperor Antoninus Pius in Ina Roman counter-attack under Statius Priscus defeated the Parthians in Armenia and reinstalled Sohaemus as the Romans' favored candidate on the Armenian throne. Armenia was in frequent dispute between the two empires and their candidates for Modern Armenia 1st edition Armenian throne, a situation which lasted until the emergence of a new power, the Sasanians. Rome's power and influence Modern Armenia 1st edition over the years since, but Armenia retained its independence, even if only as a vassal state, although it was a Roman ally against the Sasanian Empire. When Roman emperor Septimius Severus sacked the Parthian capital of Ctesiphonmany Armenian soldiers were in his army. In Modern Armenia 1st edition second half of the 3rd century, the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon and areas of southern Armenia were sacked by the Romans under Emperor Carusand all Armenia, after half a century of Persian rule, was ceded to Diocletian in as a vassal territory. Ina treaty was signed between the East Roman and Sassanid Persian empires, which divided Armenia between the two. The Persians retained the Modern Armenia 1st edition part of Armenia "Persarmenia" while the Romans received a small part of Western Armenia. Another treaty followed between andthe Peace of Acilisene usually dated c. The area under East Roman control thus increased, but still, about four fifths of the old Kingdom of Armenia remained under Persian rule. Unlike Armenia Minor west of the Euphrateswhich had been constituted into full provinces Armenia I and Armenia II under the Diocese of Pontus already in the time of Diocletianthe new territories retained a varying level of autonomy. Armenia Maiorthe northern half, was constituted as a civitas Modern Armenia 1st edition under a civil governor titled comes Armeniaemeaning that it retained internal autonomy, but was obliged to pay tribute and provide soldiers for the regular East Roman army. It was a major center in Armenia Minor P'ok'r Hayk'remaining so until the end of the 4th century. The Satrapies Latin : Gentes in the south on the other hand, which had been under Roman influence already sincewere a group of six fully autonomous principalities allied to the Empire civitates foederatae : IngileneSopheneAntziteneAsthianeneSophanene and Balabitene. In return, they received their royal insignia, including red shoes, from the emperor. The situation remained unchanged for near a century, until a large-scale revolt by the satraps in against Emperor Zeno r. In its aftermath, the satraps were stripped of their sovereignty and their rights of hereditary succession, being in effect reduced to the status of tax-paying and imperially-administered civitates stipendariae. Modern Armenia 1st edition Justinian I r. Already soon after his accession inthe dux Armeniae responsible for Armenia Minor and the comes Modern Armenia 1st edition were abolished, and the military forces of the Armenian territories were subordinated to a new magister militum per Armeniam at Theodosiopolis. Innew reforms were enacted that abolished the autonomy of the trans-Euphrates territories and formed four new regular provinces. The region was the focus of prolonged warfare in the Byzantine—Sasanian War of — After the onset Modern Armenia 1st edition the Muslim conquests and the Arab conquest of Armeniaonly the western parts of Armenia remained in Byzantine hands, forming part of the theme of Armeniakon. Armenia remained dominated by the thereafter, and was ruled by a succession of Caliphate-appointed emirs as well as local princes. With the ebbing of the Caliphate's power and the fracturing of its outlying territories into autonomous statelets, the Byzantines were able to re-assert their influence over the Armenian principalities during the campaigns of Modern Armenia 1st edition Kourkouas in the early 10th century. In the first half of the 11th century, under Basil II and his successors, most of Armenia came under direct Byzantine control, which lasted until the Battle of Manzikert inwhen all Armenia fell to the Seljuks. The influence of Christianity was felt in the 1st century after Christ: Christianity was first introduced by the apostles Bartholomew and Jude Thaddeus. Thus both Saints are considered the patron saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Apostle Bartholomew is said to have been executed in Albanopolis in Armenia. According to popular hagiography, the apostle was flayed alive and beheaded. According to other accounts he was crucified upside down head downward like St. He is said to have been martyred for having converted Polymius, the king of Armenia, to Christianity. Enraged by the monarch's conversion, and fearing a Roman backlash, king Polymius's brother, prince Astyages, ordered Bartholomew's torture and execution, which Bartholomew courageously endured. However, there are no records of any Armenian King of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia with the name Polymius. Current scholarship indicates that Bartholomew more likely died in Kalyan in India, where there was an official named Polymius. Armenia became the first country to establish Christianity as its state religion when, in an event traditionally dated toGregory the Illuminator convinced Tiridates IIIthe king of Armenia, to convert to Christianity. As a consequence of Diocletian 's victory over the Sassanids, all of Armenia was once again a vassal state of Rome by Rome secured in this way a wide zone of cultural influence east of Anatoliawhich led to a wide diffusion of Syriac Christianity from a center at Nisibis in the first decades of the 4th century, and to the eventual full Christianization of Armenia. St Gregory and his son Aristaces were successful in the full Christianization of all Armenians in the first half of the 4th century, mainly after Roman emperor Constantine legalised Christianity in the Roman Empire in It Modern Armenia 1st edition a well recognized historical fact that the Armenians were the first nation in the world to formally adhere to Christianity. This conversion was followed in the 4th and 5th centuries by a process of institutionalization and Armenization of Christianity in Armenia. Indeed, Gregory the Illuminator became the organizer of the Armenian Church hierarchy. From that time, the heads of the Armenian Church have been called Catholicos and still hold the Modern Armenia 1st edition title. Gregory chose as the site of the "Catholicosate" the capital city of actual Ejmiatsinin in Armenia and built there the as a vaulted basilica in Vahan MamikonianRoman governor of Armenia, in ordered the dilapidated basilica to be Modern Armenia 1st edition with a new cruciform church, still standing in the modern Armenia. The continuous upheavals, which characterized the political scenes of Armenia in the next centuries, made the political power move to safer places often related to the Eastern Roman Empire. The Church center moved as well to different locations together with the political authority, ending in Byzantine Cilicia in the 13th century [15]. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from First Armenia. Name People Language. Stone and Copper Age Shulaveri-Shomu culture c. . period of Armenia — Early modern age. Perso - Ottoman period Iranian Armenia — Modern age. Independence First Republic of Armenia — Further information: Roman—Parthian War of 58— Main articles: and Byzantine Armenia. Acilisene Camachus Citharizum Theodosiopolis in Armenia. The Provinces of the Roman Empire. Chapter IX, p. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, Modern Armenia 1st edition, vol. New York: Robert Appleton Company, The Twelve: Lives and Legends of the Apostles. Armenian Genocide Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Armenian national liberation movement more Modern Armenia 1st edition Index. History of Anatolia. Provinces of the early Roman Empire AD. Modern Armenia 1st edition Roman and Byzantine provinces 4th—7th centuries AD. As found in the Notitia Dignitatum. Provincial administration reformed and dioceses established by Diocletianc. Permanent praetorian prefectures established after the death of Constantine Modern Armenia 1st edition. Empire permanently partitioned after Modern Armenia 1st edition of Ravenna and Africa established after After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the theme system in c. Western Roman Empire — Taurica Quaestura exercitus Spania History of the Roman and Byzantine Empire in modern territories. Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact. Borders of the Roman Empire. Categories : States and territories established in the s States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century Provinces Modern Armenia 1st edition the Roman Empire Armenia in the Roman era States and territories established in the 1st century BC s Modern Armenia 1st edition the Roman Empire establishments disestablishments Turkey in the Roman era. Armenia - Modern Armenia | Britannica

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