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Conservation Biological Control of Key Pests of Brussels Sprouts (Brassicae Oleracea L

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Conservation Biological Control of Key Pests of Brussels Sprouts (Brassicae Oleracea L Promoters: Prof. Dr. ir. L. Tirry and Prof. Dr. ir. P. De Clercq Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Agrozoology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Dean: Prof. dr. ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck Rector: Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Conservation biological control of key pests of Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. gemmifera) By Ir. Joachim Moens Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Dutch translation: Biologische beheersing van de belangrijkste plaaginsecten in spruitkool (Brassica oleracea L. gemmifera) door het behoud van hun natuurlijke vijanden Please refer to this work as follows: Moens, J. 2013. Conservation biological control of key pests of Brussels sprouts (Brassicae oleracea L. gemmifera). PhD thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ISBN-number: 978-90-5989-658-1 This study was funded by the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT-project S-050623). The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. The author and promoters give the permission to use this study for consultation and to copy parts of it for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material should be obtained from the author. Woord vooraf Bij het schrijven van deze laatste tekst, kom ik tot het besef dat de eindstreep in zicht is. Het behalen van deze eindstreep liep niet altijd over een even effen parcours en zou nooit gelukt zijn zonder de steun en hulp van vele mensen. Aan al deze mensen: een dikke merci!!! Toch zijn er enkele personen die ik extra in de aandacht wil zetten. Als eersten wil ik mijn beide promotoren bedanken: Patrick De Clercq en Luc Tirry. Zij waren het die mij de kans gaven aan dit project te starten en mij het volle vertrouwen gaven om dit tot een goed einde te brengen. Verder wil ik hun ook danken voor het geduld dat ze opbrachten en de raad die ze meegaven telkens wanneer ik voor hun deur stond met de woorden: ‘k heb een vraagske? Daarnaast kon ik op jullie steun en raad blijven rekenen na het spruitkoolproject. Zonder al te veel te pushen, herinnerden jullie mij tijdig aan het schrijven van mijn doctoraat. Merci voor alles! Dan hebben we Leen, collega/vriendin, bureaugenoot, labo-genoot, veldwerkster, luisterend oor en nog zoveel meer. Bedankt om samen met mij aan dit project te starten en niet op te geven. Ook al was de stapel (vieze, vuile) potjes nog zo hoog, met een babbel en een lach sloegen we ons er wel door. Nick, met de lieveheersbeestjes van jou ben ik in de wereld van de kleine beestjes terecht gekomen en er nog niet uitgeraakt. Tijdens en na het spruitkoolproject kon ik op je rekenen, niet alleen voor de gewone losse babbels, maar ook voor het gespecialiseerd statistisch werk. Zoals Maarten het verwoorde, nen crème van nen kerel! Ook je vader, Prof. Dr. ir. Dirk Berkvens, wil ik danken voor de hulp in tijden van statistische nood. Allebei, nen dikke merci! Bedankt Jochem, voor de morele steun, het verzorgen van de vrolijke noot in de soms wel moeilijke tijden en de emmers zever (gezever) die we samen hebben verzameld. Naast deze personen zijn er nog een heleboel andere personen die de dagen op den unief in het labo aangenaam maakten: Leen, Nick, Jochem, Maarten, Sara, Thijs, Bjorn, Veronic, Brecht, Tung, Annelies, Dominiek, Rik en Didier. Zonder jullie zou de sfeer op het labo, niet zijn geweest zoals ze was. Bedankt allen! Verder wil ik mijn zwemcollega’s: Jochem, Ruben, Brecht en Astrid bedanken voor de wekelijkse (of toch bijna wekelijkse) zwemsessies die we hielden om toch een beetje beweging te hebben gedurende onze middagpauzes. De thesisstudenten: Stef, Stefanie, Dieter en Lies voor hun dagelijkse opofferingen die ze soms moesten maken. Daarnaast gaat mijn dank ook uit naar de mensen van de proefcentra voor de hulp en babbels tijdens het veldwerk: Sofie, Nathalie, Hilde, Liesbet(h), Tijl, Leen, Dominiek, Christel. Ook de collega’s van de Hogeschool (Lucien, Véronique, Anneleen, …) wil ik danken voor de vrijheid die ze me gaven als ik af en toe eens weg moest voor mijn doctoraat en de steun en luisterbereidheid de voorbije drie jaren. Ook de leden van de examencommissie (prof. Dr.ir. Stefaan De Smet [voorzitter], prof. Dr. ir. Kris Verheyen [secretaris], prof. Dr. ir. Marie-Christine Van Labeke en prof. Dr. Felix Wäckers) wil ik danken voor de tijd die ze spendeerden aan het zorgvuldig nalezen van dit werk en het maken van aanbevelingen ter aansterking van dit werk. Ook mijn vriend(inn)en wil ik danken voor het telkens moeten aanhoren van: “sorry, maar dat zal niet gaan want ik moet werken voor mijn …” Dit zal nu veranderen! Broers ook jullie wil ik bedanken voor het altijd aanwezig zijn in mijn leven, voor de morele steun (en soms afbraak) en het inspringen in het labo/veldwerk wanneer nodig. Bedankt! De laatste dankbetuigingen gaan uit naar mijn ouders en vriendin: Mama en papa: bedankt voor alles! Moeilijk samen te vatten in enkele woorden, Bedankt! Mijn liefste Evelinetje!!! Zonder al je steun en liefde, je opofferingen (weekends, avonden,…), al het huishoudelijk werk (en al het andere) dat je deed, zou het me nooit gelukt zijn om het tot nu vol te houden. Een supergrote, mooie medaille voor moed en zelfopoffering ligt voor jou klaar! Verder wil ik je ook nog danken om mij er altijd op te wijzen realistisch te blijven met mijn niet altijd even haalbare “life”-lines, (die meestal wel behaald werden mits meer tijd). Voor al de rest schieten woorden soms te kort. Dikke kus! Table of contents Table of contents ........................................................................................................................ i List of abbrevations ................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1 _________________________________________________________________ 1 Introduction, objectives and thesis outline 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Objectives and thesis outline ....................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 _________________________________________________________________ 7 A litature review 2.1 The pest-complex in Brussels sprouts and their natural enemies ................................ 8 2.1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Brevicoryne brassicae L. ...................................................................................... 8 2.1.2.1 Taxonomy ..................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2.2 Distribution ................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2.3 Morphology ................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2.4 Biology .......................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2.5 Host plant and damage ................................................................................ 11 2.1.2.6 Natural enemies .......................................................................................... 12 2.1.2.7 Episyrphus balteatus as natural enemy of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae ..................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.3 Mamestra brassicae L. ....................................................................................... 15 2.1.3.1 Taxonomy ................................................................................................... 15 2.1.3.2 Distribution ................................................................................................. 16 2.1.3.3 Morphology ................................................................................................. 16 2.1.3.4 Biology and life-cycle ................................................................................. 20 2.1.3.5 Host spectrum and damage ......................................................................... 21 i 2.1.3.6 Natural enemies of the cabbage moth ......................................................... 22 2.1.3.7 Microplitis mediator as natural enemy of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae ..................................................................................................................... 23 2.1.4 Plutella xylostella L. .......................................................................................... 25 2.1.4.1 Taxonomy ................................................................................................... 25 2.1.4.2 Distribution ................................................................................................. 25 2.1.4.3 Morphology ................................................................................................. 25 2.1.4.4 Biology and life cycle ................................................................................. 26 2.1.4.5 Host spectrum and damage ......................................................................... 28 2.1.4.6 Natural enemies of the diamondback moth ...............................................
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