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Diptera: Syrphidae) and Their Impact on Populations of the Rose Aphid, Macrosípharn Rosoo

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Diptera: Syrphidae) and Their Impact on Populations of the Rose Aphid, Macrosípharn Rosoo cl o!- 7 The ecology of Mebngyna viridíceps and Símosyrphus grandícornis (Diptera: Syrphidae) and their impact on populations of the rose aphid, Macrosípharn rosoo By: Ebrahim Soleyman-Nezhadiyan M. Sc. The University of Shahid Chamran (Ahwaz) A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resource Science at the University of Adelaide Departnrent of Crop Protection The University of Adelaide July 1996 Declaration This work cont¡ins no matcrial which has besn acccptcd for rhc awa¡d of any other degrec or diploma in any univcrsity or othcr tcrdary institution an4 to tl¡c bcst of my knowledgc and bclicf, conains no matcrial previously publistrcd o'r writæn by othcr pcrson, cxccpr wherc duc rcfercnce has bcen made in ttrc æxr This thesis Eay bc madc availablc for loan or photocopying providcd that an acknowlcdgcmcnt is mads in instancc of any tefc¡cncc to this work. Ebúahim Sole¡'man-Nedradiyan, JuIy 1996 I Acknowledgement The long and tedious task of preparing a thesis cannot see the light of the day without appreciable help from supenisors, colleagues, and friends, and to all of them I extend my sincerest gratitude. There are a few, however, who deserve special appreciation. It is due to Dr. Derek Maelzer that this project ever started. His experience in insect ecology and experimental designs was an invaluable source of knowledge before and after his retirement. Dr. Peær Bailey deserves a very special appreciation for sound supervision, patience and criticism. Special thanks to Dr. Roger Laughlin who spent a lot of time reading and criticising this thesis, even though he had retired. Rogey's contribution in setting and repairing of incubators, and in consultation in temperature-dependent experiments was priceless. Thanks also due to Prof. Otto Schmidt for his encouragement during my study. Thanks are due to Dr. Mike Keller for consultation and encouragement and to Dr. Andrew Austin for helpful advice and contributions to identifying s¡,¡phids and their parasioids; to Dr. Peter Cranston for identification of syrphid species; to Dr. Mary Carver for identification of aphids and her generosity in giving me valuable information. The identification of plant species by Mr. David Cooke from Animal and Plant Control Commission and Dr Jenifer Gardner is also appreciated. Also appreciated a¡e the dear fellows of the lab. discussion group who always inspired useful conversations; Jörg Kitt, Dr. Brigitte Tenhumberg, Bijan Hatami, Latif Salehi, Lynne Grbin, Steven Ball, Scott Field, Bill Frost, Hermin Herminanto, and Dwi Iswari. Thanks to Dr. Paul Dangerf,reld for his useful assistance and friendship, to Ms. Margaret Cargill for English comments and to Dr. Estan Eckert for providing the weather data for the project. ü I am thanlful to Anke Johnsen (secretary), Terry Feckner and Dr. Gary Taylor and other members of the Deparunent of Cïop hotection for making my stay here pleasant. I am thankful to The Islamic Republic of kan which provided me with financial assistance to carry out this project. Most of all I would like to thank my wife, Mina, my daughter, Nazia, and my sons, Nima and Pejman, for their patience, and for creating a nice environment at home during my study. lu Melangyra viridiceps S imo syrp hus gr andic ornis r\ \4 .'* a Þ bå />, 4 T F {\l ¿ î t 1 t * )Ç f' f) G ,rf> 11 t I 1ti ^J # ü I )t -,* t Table of Contents Declaration I Acknowledgement ii Table of Contents iv Summary xi Chapter 1 I Introduction 1 Overview 2 Chapter 2 4 Review of Literature 4 2. 1 Taxonomy of S¡nphidae 4 2. I. I Melangyna (Verall) species 5 2. l. 2 Distribution and origin of AustralianMelangyna (Austrosyrphus) 5 2. l. 3 Simosyrph¿r (Bigot); synonymy, origin and distribution 6 2. 2 Imponance of Syrphidae as bio-control agents 6 2. 3 Biology and ecology of Syrphidae 8 2. 3. I Life cycle 8 2. 3. 2 Development period 11 2. 3. 3 Voracity t2 2. 3. 4 Larval behaviour t3 2. 3. 5 Fertility, fecundity and longevity 16 2. 3. 6 Oviposition behaviour I7 2. 3. 7 Food resource selectivity 2t 2. 3. 8 Diurnal activities of adults 24 2. 3. 9 Adults and colours 25 2. 3. lO Mobility and migration 26 2. 3. 11 Natural enemies 27 2. 4 Prospects for increasing syrphid numbers in crops 29 2. 4. I Feeding habits and abundance 29 2. 4. 2 Plant diversity and abundance 30 2. 4. 3 Plants attractive to syrphids 32 2. 5 Techniques for estimating syrphid abundance and activity 34 2. 5. I Standard walk-recording 34 2. 5. 2 Water traps 35 2. 5. 3 Suction traps 37 2. 5. 4 Sampling forimmature stages 38 2. 6 The rose aphid Macrosíphwn rosae þ.) 39 2. 6. I Taxonomy, origin and distribution 39 2. 6. 2 Biology 39 2. 6. 2. I Life cycle 39 2. 6. 2. 2 Host plants 40 2. 6. 2. 3 Damageby M.rosae 40 Chapter 3 4l General Materials and Methods 4t 3. 1 Sites of study 4T 3. 1. I The Cla¡emont rose garden planting 4t Maintenance of the Claremont rose garden 45 3. l. 2 Otherrose gardens 45 3. 2 Climate of South Australia 46 3. 3 Culture 47 3. 3. I Culture of Acyrthosiphwnpiswn 47 3. 3. 2 Culture of syrphids 48 3. 3. 3 Oviposition unit 48 3. 3. 4 Release cages 48 3. 3. 5 Field cages 48 3. 3. 6 Rotatable table 48 3. 4 Optimum elevation of food in cages 5l 3. 4. I Introduction 51 3. 4. 2 Materials and methods 51 3. 4. 3 Results 51 Chapter 4 53 Seasonal occurrence of adult hoverflies 53 4. I Introduction 53 4. 2 Materials and methods 54 4. 2. 7 Seasonal occurrence of adult syrphids 55 4. 2. l. I Catches in suction traps 55 'Water 4. 2. l. 2 traps 57 4. 2. l. 3. Census walk 57 4. 2. 2 Capture-recapture method 58 4. 2. 2. I Preliminary experiments 58 Comparison between holding methods 58 The effect of the site of ma¡ks on the body of M. viridiceps 60 4. 2. 2. 2 Estimating populations at Cla¡emont 60 4. 3 Results 6l 4. 3. 1 The number of daisy flowers 6l 4. 3. 2 Suction trap 65 4. 3. 2. I Comparison between numbers of catches in shade and sun 65 4. 3. 2. 2 Relationship between weather variables and numbers of adults caught in suction traps 67 4. 3. 3 rü/atertraps 68 4. 3. 3. 1 Numbers caught in summer 68 4. 3. 3. 2 Numbers caught in other seasons 68 4. 3. 4 Comparison between traps and census walk 7l 4. 3. 5 Estimating the population of adult M. viridiceps by the capture-recapture method 7l 4. 3. 5. I Prreliminary experiments 7l 4. 3. 5. 2 Estimatingthe numberof populations of M. viridiceps 7l 4. 4 Discussion 74 4. 4. I Seasonal changes ofM.viridiceps and S. grandicornis 74 4. 4. 2 Oversummering and overwintering 74 4. 4. 3 Factors which influence the census-walk method and trap catches 75 4. 4. 3. I Census-walk method 75 4. 4. 3. 2 Suction traps 75 4. 4. 3. 3 Water naps 76 4. 4. 4 Capture-recapture method 77 Chapter 5 79 Diurnal flight activity patterns of the syrphid flies, M. viridíceps and S. grandicornis 79 5. I Introduction 79 5. 2 Materials and methods 79 5. 2. L W'inter flight activity 79 5. 2. 2 Summer flight activity 80 5. 2. 2. 1 Activity on weeds and the daisy, C.frutescens 80 5. 2. 2. 2 Diurnal activity in sunny and shady areas 8l 5. 3 Results 8l 5. 3. I Winter flight activity 8l 5. 3. 1. I Flight activity between 1200-1400 81 5. 3. 1. 2 Diurnal activity and temperature threshold 83 5. 3. 2 Summer flight activity 83 5. 3. 2. 1 Diurnal activity on marguerite daisy and weeds 83 5. 3. 2. 2 Diurnal activity in sunny and shady areas 87 5. 4 Discussion 88 Chapter 6 90 Pollen and flower selectivity by Melangynaviridiceps and Simosyrphus grandícornis 90 6. I Introduction 90 6. 2 Materials and methods 92 6. 2. I Attractiveness of different colours 92 6. 2. 2 Selectivity in the field and pollen determination 93 6. 2. 2. I Description of Claremont site 93 6. 2. 2. 2 Sources of specimens and pollen determinations 93 6. 2. 2. 3 Comparsion of the quantity and diversity consumed by males and females 96 6. 2. 2. 4 Ranking flower availability 96 Availability of weed flowers 97 Availability on shrubs 97 Availability of flowers on Eucalyprs and Acaciatees 98 6. 2. 2. 5 Preference study using suction traps 98 6. 2. 3 Preference experiments in the laboratory 99 6. 2. 3. I Wind-tunnel experimenr 99 6. 2. 3. 2 Preference experiment in the glasshouse 99 Experiment 1: Selection between two species of daisy flowers 99 Experiment 2: Selection between African daisy (Asteraceae),EucalyptusandAcaciaflowers 100 Experiment 3: Selection between African daisy and nvo weed flowers 101 6. 3 Results 101 6. 3. I Attraction to different colours 101 6. 3. 2 Selectivity in the field 103 6. 3. 2. I Flower availability and usage of pollen by syrphid flies 103 6. 3. 2. 2 Availability and usage of daisy flowers 109 6. 3. 3 Comparison of pollen quanriry and diversity 113 6. 3. 4 Laboratory selectivity experiments 115 6. 3. 4. 1 Windrunnelexperiments 115 6. 3. 4.
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